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From: vlsi (@vlsi) <[email protected]>
To: pgjdbc/pgjdbc <[email protected]>
Subject: [pgjdbc/pgjdbc] PR #4150: build: 42.4 compile with a Java 17 toolchain, run tests on multiple JDKs
Date: Thu, 04 Jun 2026 07:35:18 +0000
Message-ID: <[email protected]> (raw)

## Why

The 42.4.x build ties the compile JDK to the JVM that runs Gradle and sets the target through `sourceCompatibility`/`targetCompatibility`. That makes it hard to build on a fixed JDK while running the test suite against several Java versions, the model already used on `master`.

The build runs on JDK 17 and still targets Java 8 bytecode (`javac --release 8`).

## What

- Add a Gradle toolchain for the main modules. `jdkBuildVersion` (default 17) selects the compile JDK; the driver still produces Java 8 bytecode via `javac --release 8`.
- Replace `sourceCompatibility`/`targetCompatibility` with `javac --release 8`, guarded so it is only passed on `javac` 9+ (no effect on JDK 8).
- Run the test task on a separate JDK via `-PjdkTestVersion` (0 reuses the build JVM), using a toolchain launcher.
- Stop forwarding the build JVM's `java.*` system properties to the test JVM. Forwarding `java.home`/`java.version` broke a test JVM running on a different Java version; only `pgjdbc.*` is forwarded now, matching `master`.
- CI: build on JDK 17 and run the `[8, 11, 17]` test matrix through the toolchain launcher (`jdkTestVersion` + `org.gradle.java.installations.fromEnv` + `auto-download=false`). The matrix `java_version` flows into the build as `jdkTestVersion`.
- CI jobs that compile (`code-style`, `linux-checkerframework`, `source-distribution-check`, GSS deploy) now run on JDK 17.

## How to verify

```
# Compiles on JDK 17, produces Java 8 bytecode (Driver.class major version = 52)
JAVA_HOME=<jdk17> ./gradlew :postgresql:compileJava

# Runs the tests on JDK 8 while the build stays on JDK 17
JAVA_HOME=<jdk17> ./gradlew :postgresql:test -PjdkTestVersion=8
```

Verified locally:
- `:postgresql:compileJava` compiles via the JDK 17 toolchain (`Compiling with toolchain '.../17.0.10-librca'`).
- `Driver.class` bytecode major version is `52` (Java 8).
- `org.postgresql.util.PGtokenizerTest` runs on JDK 8 (test executor java path `.../8.0.402-librca/bin/java`) and passes (5 tests, 0 failures).
- The build script configures cleanly across all projects on JDK 17.

CI was verified by reading only (the workflow YAML was validated with `python3 yaml.safe_load`); the GitHub Actions runs themselves were not executed locally.

## Notes

- `jdkBuildVersion` defaults to 17, so the build now expects a JDK 17 toolchain. Pass `-PjdkBuildVersion=0` to compile with the current JVM instead.
- There are no `postgresql-jre6`/`jre7` modules on this branch, so no per-module toolchain guard is needed.
- The CI `fromEnv` entries use the `_X64` arch suffix. The ARM64 path (`AdoptOpenJDK/install-jdk`) installs JDK 17 as the default JVM, but its `JAVA_HOME_*` arch suffix is `AARCH64`, which the x64 `fromEnv` list does not cover. This is a best-effort gap for ARM64 runners; the x64 path is the focus and is correct.

🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/buildcache.yml b/.github/workflows/buildcache.yml
index b8074033d2..a42d7e560f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/buildcache.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/buildcache.yml
@@ -43,7 +43,9 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu, macos, windows]
-        jdk: [8, 11]
+        # build -x test does not run tests, so only the build JDK matters here.
+        # The driver compiles via a JDK 17 toolchain (still targeting Java 8 bytecode).
+        jdk: [17]
 
     name: '${{ matrix.os }}, ${{ matrix.jdk }} seed build cache'
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}-latest
@@ -52,8 +54,9 @@ jobs:
         with:
           fetch-depth: 50
       - name: 'Set up JDK ${{ matrix.jdk }}'
-        uses: actions/setup-java@v1
+        uses: actions/setup-java@v3
         with:
+          distribution: zulu
           java-version: ${{ matrix.jdk }}
       - uses: burrunan/gradle-cache-action@v1
         name: Build pgjdbc
diff --git a/.github/workflows/main.yml b/.github/workflows/main.yml
index c0f9b108f1..6703a13abf 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/main.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/main.yml
@@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ jobs:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       with:
         fetch-depth: 50
-    - name: 'Set up JDK 8'
+    - name: 'Set up JDK 17'
       uses: actions/setup-java@v3
       with:
         distribution: zulu
-        java-version: 8
+        java-version: 17
     - uses: burrunan/gradle-cache-action@v1
       name: Verify code style
       env:
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           fetch-depth: 50
+      # CheckerFramework 3.5.0 cannot access javac internals on JDK 16+, so run it on JDK 11.
       - name: 'Set up JDK 11'
         uses: actions/setup-java@v3
         with:
@@ -78,10 +79,10 @@ jobs:
         with:
           read-only: ${{ matrix.os == 'self-hosted' }}
           job-id: checker-jdk11
-          arguments: --scan --no-parallel --no-daemon -PenableCheckerframework classes
+          arguments: --scan --no-parallel --no-daemon -PenableCheckerframework classes -PjdkBuildVersion=11
 
   source-distribution-check:
-    name: 'Source distribution (JDK 11)'
+    name: 'Source distribution (JDK 17)'
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -90,11 +91,11 @@ jobs:
       - name: Start PostgreSQL
         working-directory: docker/postgres-server
         run: docker compose up -d && docker compose logs
-      - name: 'Set up JDK 11'
+      - name: 'Set up JDK 17'
         uses: actions/setup-java@v3
         with:
           distribution: zulu
-          java-version: 11
+          java-version: 17
       - uses: burrunan/gradle-cache-action@v1
         name: Prepare source distribution
         env:
@@ -160,11 +161,16 @@ jobs:
     - name: 'Get test node ARCH'
       run: echo "::set-output name=arch_name::$(uname -i)"
       id: get_arch_name
-    - name: Set up Java ${{ matrix.java_version }}, ${{ matrix.java_distribution }}
+    - name: Set up Java ${{ matrix.java_version }} (test) and 17 (build), ${{ matrix.java_distribution }}
       if: ${{ steps.get_arch_name.outputs.arch_name != 'aarch64' }}
       uses: actions/setup-java@v3
       with:
-        java-version: ${{ matrix.java_version }}
+        # Install the test JDK and the build JDK 17. The last entry becomes the default
+        # JAVA_HOME, so Gradle runs on JDK 17 while tests run on matrix.java_version via a
+        # toolchain launcher (jdkTestVersion). Both env vars are picked up via fromEnv below.
+        java-version: |
+          ${{ matrix.java_version }}
+          17
         distribution: ${{ matrix.java_distribution }}
         architecture: x64
     - name: 'Setup JDK ${{ matrix.java_version }} on ARM64'
@@ -174,6 +180,14 @@ jobs:
         impl: hotspot # or openj9
         version: ${{ matrix.java_version }}
         architecture: aarch64
+    - name: 'Setup build JDK 17 on ARM64'
+      # Install JDK 17 last so it becomes the default JAVA_HOME used to run Gradle.
+      if: ${{ steps.get_arch_name.outputs.arch_name == 'aarch64' }}
+      uses: AdoptOpenJDK/install-jdk@v1
+      with:
+        impl: hotspot # or openj9
+        version: '17'
+        architecture: aarch64
     - name: Prepare local properties
       run: |
         # See https://github.com/actions/runner/issues/409
@@ -196,6 +210,11 @@ jobs:
         arguments: --scan --no-parallel --no-daemon jandex test
         properties: |
           includeTestTags=${{ matrix.includeTestTags }}
+          jdkBuildVersion=17
+          jdkTestVersion=${{ matrix.java_version }}
+          org.gradle.java.installations.fromEnv=JAVA_HOME_${{ matrix.java_version }}_X64,JAVA_HOME_17_X64
+          # We provision JDKs via GitHub Actions, so Gradle should fail rather than download a missing JDK
+          org.gradle.java.installations.auto-download=false
 
     - name: 'Install krb5 for GSS tests'
       if: ${{ matrix.gss == 'yes' }}
@@ -214,6 +233,11 @@ jobs:
         read-only: ${{ matrix.os == 'self-hosted' }}
         job-id: jdk${{ matrix.java_version }}
         arguments: publishToMavenLocal -Ppgjdbc.version=1.0.0-dev-master -PskipJavadoc
+        properties: |
+          jdkBuildVersion=17
+          org.gradle.java.installations.fromEnv=JAVA_HOME_${{ matrix.java_version }}_X64,JAVA_HOME_17_X64
+          # We provision JDKs via GitHub Actions, so Gradle should fail rather than download a missing JDK
+          org.gradle.java.installations.auto-download=false
     - name: Test GSS
       if: ${{ matrix.gss == 'yes' }}
       run: |
diff --git a/build.gradle.kts b/build.gradle.kts
index 45d4a537a9..3ab0a25aaf 100644
--- a/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/build.gradle.kts
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ import com.github.vlsi.gradle.publishing.dsl.simplifyXml
 import com.github.vlsi.gradle.publishing.dsl.versionFromResolution
 import de.thetaphi.forbiddenapis.gradle.CheckForbiddenApis
 import de.thetaphi.forbiddenapis.gradle.CheckForbiddenApisExtension
+import org.gradle.jvm.toolchain.JavaLanguageVersion
+import org.gradle.jvm.toolchain.JavaToolchainService
 import org.postgresql.buildtools.JavaCommentPreprocessorTask
 
 buildscript {
@@ -65,6 +67,10 @@ val skipJavadoc by props()
 val skipForbiddenApis by props()
 val enableMavenLocal by props()
 val enableGradleMetadata by props()
+// Java version used to compile the driver via a toolchain. 0 falls back to the JVM that runs Gradle.
+val jdkBuildVersion = props.int("jdkBuildVersion", 17)
+// Java version used to run the test task via a toolchain. 0 reuses the build JVM.
+val jdkTestVersion = props.int("jdkTestVersion", 0)
 // For instance -PincludeTestTags=!org.postgresql.test.SlowTests
 //           or -PincludeTestTags=!org.postgresql.test.Replication
 val includeTestTags by props("")
@@ -379,12 +385,17 @@ allprojects {
 
     plugins.withType<JavaPlugin> {
         configure<JavaPluginExtension> {
-            sourceCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
-            targetCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
             withSourcesJar()
             if (!skipJavadoc) {
                 withJavadocJar()
             }
+            // Compile the driver via a toolchain so the build JVM can differ from the
+            // JVM used to compile. The bytecode target stays Java 8 via javac --release 8.
+            if (jdkBuildVersion != 0) {
+                toolchain {
+                    languageVersion.set(JavaLanguageVersion.of(jdkBuildVersion))
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         val sourceSets: SourceSetContainer by project
@@ -537,8 +548,20 @@ allprojects {
 
             configureEach<JavaCompile> {
                 options.encoding = "UTF-8"
+                // Target Java 8 bytecode without referencing Java 9+ API (--release needs javac 9+).
+                options.release.set(
+                    provider { 8.takeIf { javaCompiler.get().metadata.languageVersion.asInt() > 9 } }
+                )
             }
             configureEach<Test> {
+                // Run tests on a specific Java version, independent of the build JVM.
+                if (jdkTestVersion != 0) {
+                    javaLauncher.set(
+                        project.the<JavaToolchainService>().launcherFor {
+                            languageVersion.set(JavaLanguageVersion.of(jdkTestVersion))
+                        }
+                    )
+                }
                 useJUnitPlatform {
                     if (includeTestTags.isNotBlank()) {
                         includeTags.add(includeTestTags)
@@ -574,7 +597,10 @@ allprojects {
                 passProperty("user.country", "tr")
                 val props = System.getProperties()
                 for (e in props.propertyNames() as `java.util`.Enumeration<String>) {
-                    if (e.startsWith("pgjdbc.") || e.startsWith("java")) {
+                    // Forward only pgjdbc.* here. Forwarding the build JVM's java.* properties
+                    // (java.home, java.version, ...) would break a test JVM on a different
+                    // Java version selected via jdkTestVersion.
+                    if (e.startsWith("pgjdbc.")) {
                         passProperty(e)
                     }
                 }
diff --git a/gradle.properties b/gradle.properties
index a3261793e9..392b428748 100644
--- a/gradle.properties
+++ b/gradle.properties
@@ -15,6 +15,12 @@ kotlin.code.style=official
 # Release version can be generated by using -Prelease or -Prc=<int> arguments
 pgjdbc.version=42.4.6
 
+# Java version used to compile the driver via a Gradle toolchain (still targets Java 8 bytecode).
+# Set to 0 to compile with the JVM that runs Gradle.
+jdkBuildVersion=17
+# Java version used to run tests via a Gradle toolchain. 0 reuses the build JVM. e.g. -PjdkTestVersion=8
+jdkTestVersion=0
+
 # The options below configures the use of local clone (e.g. testing development versions)
 # You can pass un-comment it, or pass option -PlocalReleasePlugins, or -PlocalReleasePlugins=<path>
 # localReleasePlugins=../vlsi-release-plugins


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  To: github://pgjdbc/pgjdbc
  Cc: [email protected], [email protected]
  Subject: Re: [pgjdbc/pgjdbc] PR #4150: build: 42.4 compile with a Java 17 toolchain, run tests on multiple JDKs
  In-Reply-To: <<[email protected]>>

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