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* BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW
@ 2024-11-06 08:57 PG Bug reporting form <noreply@postgresql.org>
2024-11-06 11:03 ` Re: BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW David Rowley <dgrowleyml@gmail.com>
0 siblings, 1 reply; 6+ messages in thread
From: PG Bug reporting form @ 2024-11-06 08:57 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: pgsql-bugs@lists.postgresql.org; +Cc: aidar@donorbox.org
The following bug has been logged on the website:
Bug reference: 18690
Logged by: Aidar Uldanov
Email address: aidar@donorbox.org
PostgreSQL version: 16.4
Operating system: Ubuntu
Description:
My following query returns a single average_donation_usd value
```
WITH
transactions AS ( SELECT * FROM transactions_fwd WHERE org_id = 1
),
recurring_payments AS ( SELECT * FROM recurring_payments_fwd WHERE
org_id = 1 )
SELECT AVG(t.usd_amount_cents / 100) AS average_donation_usd
FROM transactions t
JOIN recurring_payments r ON r.id = t.recurring_payment_id
WHERE t.status = 'paid' AND t.deleted_at IS NULL AND t.amount_refunded_cents
= 0
```
But when I wrap it to `select count(*) from (my_query)` i get 288 as a
result, but I expect it to be 1.
```
select count(*)
FROM (
WITH
transactions AS ( SELECT * FROM transactions_fwd WHERE org_id = 1
),
recurring_payments AS ( SELECT * FROM recurring_payments_fwd WHERE
org_id = 1 )
SELECT AVG(t.usd_amount_cents / 100) AS average_donation_usd
FROM transactions t
JOIN recurring_payments r ON r.id = t.recurring_payment_id
WHERE t.status = 'paid' AND t.deleted_at IS NULL AND t.amount_refunded_cents
= 0
);
```
I tried to create materialized views to see it this bug relates to using FWD
tables.
```
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW transactions AS
SELECT * FROM transactions_fwd WHERE org_id = 1;
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW recurring_payments AS
SELECT * FROM recurring_payments_fwd WHERE org_id = 1;
```
And it worked well returning me 1 as a result.
```
select count(*)
FROM (
WITH
transactions AS ( SELECT * FROM transactions WHERE org_id = 1 ),
recurring_payments AS ( SELECT * FROM recurring_payments WHERE
org_id = 1 )
SELECT AVG(t.usd_amount_cents / 100) AS average_donation_usd
FROM transactions t
JOIN recurring_payments r ON r.id = t.recurring_payment_id
WHERE t.status = 'paid' AND t.deleted_at IS NULL AND t.amount_refunded_cents
= 0
);
```
My OS and Postgres version (hosted on heroku)
```
User => select version();
version
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PostgreSQL 16.4 (Ubuntu 16.4-1.pgdg20.04+1) on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu,
compiled by gcc (Ubuntu 9.4.0-1ubuntu1~20.04.2) 9.4.0, 64-bit
(1 row)
```
^ permalink raw reply [nested|flat] 6+ messages in thread
* Re: BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW
2024-11-06 08:57 BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW PG Bug reporting form <noreply@postgresql.org>
@ 2024-11-06 11:03 ` David Rowley <dgrowleyml@gmail.com>
2024-11-06 14:47 ` Re: BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW Aidar Uldanov <aidar@donorbox.org>
0 siblings, 1 reply; 6+ messages in thread
From: David Rowley @ 2024-11-06 11:03 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: aidar@donorbox.org; pgsql-bugs@lists.postgresql.org
On Wed, 6 Nov 2024 at 22:58, PG Bug reporting form
<noreply@postgresql.org> wrote:
> ```
> WITH
>
> transactions AS ( SELECT * FROM transactions_fwd WHERE org_id = 1
> ),
> recurring_payments AS ( SELECT * FROM recurring_payments_fwd WHERE
> org_id = 1 )
> SELECT AVG(t.usd_amount_cents / 100) AS average_donation_usd
> FROM transactions t
> JOIN recurring_payments r ON r.id = t.recurring_payment_id
> WHERE t.status = 'paid' AND t.deleted_at IS NULL AND t.amount_refunded_cents
> = 0
> ```
>
> But when I wrap it to `select count(*) from (my_query)` i get 288 as a
> result, but I expect it to be 1.
>
> ```
> select count(*)
> FROM (
> WITH
>
> transactions AS ( SELECT * FROM transactions_fwd WHERE org_id = 1
> ),
> recurring_payments AS ( SELECT * FROM recurring_payments_fwd WHERE
> org_id = 1 )
> SELECT AVG(t.usd_amount_cents / 100) AS average_donation_usd
> FROM transactions t
> JOIN recurring_payments r ON r.id = t.recurring_payment_id
> WHERE t.status = 'paid' AND t.deleted_at IS NULL AND t.amount_refunded_cents
> = 0
> );
> ```
Can you show the EXPLAIN ANALYZE of both of these queries?
Also, can you work on getting a self-contained reproducer that we can
run to recreate the issue.
David
^ permalink raw reply [nested|flat] 6+ messages in thread
* Re: BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW
2024-11-06 08:57 BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW PG Bug reporting form <noreply@postgresql.org>
2024-11-06 11:03 ` Re: BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW David Rowley <dgrowleyml@gmail.com>
@ 2024-11-06 14:47 ` Aidar Uldanov <aidar@donorbox.org>
2024-11-06 15:10 ` Re: BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW Aidar Uldanov <aidar@donorbox.org>
0 siblings, 1 reply; 6+ messages in thread
From: Aidar Uldanov @ 2024-11-06 14:47 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: David Rowley <dgrowleyml@gmail.com>; +Cc: pgsql-bugs@lists.postgresql.org
Thanks David
I am trying to reproduce it on a new db but I couldn't so far, though I was
able to simplify the queries
```select count(*)
FROM (
SELECT AVG(t.usd_amount_cents / 100) AS average
FROM transactions t
JOIN recurring_payments r ON r.id = t.recurring_payment_id
WHERE t.org_id = 1 AND r.org_id = 1 and t.status = 'paid'
);
```
count
-------
22429
(1 row)
```
select count(*)
FROM (
SELECT AVG(t.usd_amount_cents / 100) AS average
FROM transactions t
JOIN recurring_payments r ON r.id = t.recurring_payment_id
WHERE t.status = 'paid'
);
```
count
-------
1
(1 row)
Those queries are the same and both should return 1 because the inner query
returns just one AVG value. The difference between those two queries is
`t.org_id = 1 AND r.org_id = 1`
Here are SQL explains
explain verbose
select count(*)
FROM (
SELECT AVG(t.usd_amount_cents / 100) AS average
FROM transactions t
JOIN recurring_payments r ON r.id = t.recurring_payment_id
WHERE t.org_id = 1 AND r.org_id = 1 and t.status = 'paid'
);
QUERY PLAN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aggregate (cost=213.22..213.22 rows=1 width=8)
Output: count(*)
-> Foreign Scan (cost=102.30..213.21 rows=1 width=32)
Output: NULL::numeric
Relations: Aggregate on ((((transactions t) INNER JOIN (orgs o))
INNER JOIN (recurring_payments rp)) INNER JOIN (orgs o_1))
Remote SQL: SELECT NULL::numeric FROM (((public.transactions r4
INNER JOIN public.orgs r5 ON (((r4.org_id = r5.id)) AND ((r5.provider_id =
1)) AND ((r4.status = 'paid')))) INNER JOIN public.recurring_payments r7 ON
(((r4.recurrin
g_payment_id = r7.id)))) INNER JOIN public.orgs r8 ON (((r7.org_id = r8.id))
AND ((r8.provider_id = 1))))
(7 rows)
explain verbose
select count(*)
FROM (
SELECT AVG(t.usd_amount_cents / 100) AS average
FROM transactions t
JOIN recurring_payments r ON r.id = t.recurring_payment_id
WHERE t.status = 'paid'
);
QUERY PLAN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
Aggregate (cost=15478.69..15478.69 rows=1 width=8)
Output: count(*)
-> Aggregate (cost=15478.69..15478.69 rows=1 width=32)
Output: NULL::numeric
-> Foreign Scan (cost=396.66..15478.69 rows=820775 width=32)
Relations: (((transactions t) INNER JOIN (orgs o)) INNER
JOIN (recurring_payments rp)) INNER JOIN (orgs o_1)
Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM (((public.transactions r4 INNER
JOIN public.orgs r5 ON (((r4.org_id = r5.id)) AND ((r4.status = 'paid'))))
INNER JOIN public.recurring_payments r7 ON (((r4.recurring_payment_id =
r7.id)))) INNER
JOIN public.orgs r8 ON (((r7.org_id = r8.id))))
(8 rows)
Thanks and regards
Aidar
On Wed, Nov 6, 2024 at 12:03 PM David Rowley <dgrowleyml@gmail.com> wrote:
> On Wed, 6 Nov 2024 at 22:58, PG Bug reporting form
> <noreply@postgresql.org> wrote:
> > ```
> > WITH
> >
> > transactions AS ( SELECT * FROM transactions_fwd WHERE org_id = 1
> > ),
> > recurring_payments AS ( SELECT * FROM recurring_payments_fwd
> WHERE
> > org_id = 1 )
> > SELECT AVG(t.usd_amount_cents / 100) AS average_donation_usd
> > FROM transactions t
> > JOIN recurring_payments r ON r.id = t.recurring_payment_id
> > WHERE t.status = 'paid' AND t.deleted_at IS NULL AND
> t.amount_refunded_cents
> > = 0
> > ```
> >
> > But when I wrap it to `select count(*) from (my_query)` i get 288 as a
> > result, but I expect it to be 1.
> >
> > ```
> > select count(*)
> > FROM (
> > WITH
> >
> > transactions AS ( SELECT * FROM transactions_fwd WHERE org_id = 1
> > ),
> > recurring_payments AS ( SELECT * FROM recurring_payments_fwd
> WHERE
> > org_id = 1 )
> > SELECT AVG(t.usd_amount_cents / 100) AS average_donation_usd
> > FROM transactions t
> > JOIN recurring_payments r ON r.id = t.recurring_payment_id
> > WHERE t.status = 'paid' AND t.deleted_at IS NULL AND
> t.amount_refunded_cents
> > = 0
> > );
> > ```
>
> Can you show the EXPLAIN ANALYZE of both of these queries?
>
> Also, can you work on getting a self-contained reproducer that we can
> run to recreate the issue.
>
> David
>
^ permalink raw reply [nested|flat] 6+ messages in thread
* Re: BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW
2024-11-06 08:57 BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW PG Bug reporting form <noreply@postgresql.org>
2024-11-06 11:03 ` Re: BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW David Rowley <dgrowleyml@gmail.com>
2024-11-06 14:47 ` Re: BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW Aidar Uldanov <aidar@donorbox.org>
@ 2024-11-06 15:10 ` Aidar Uldanov <aidar@donorbox.org>
2024-11-06 15:29 ` Re: BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
0 siblings, 1 reply; 6+ messages in thread
From: Aidar Uldanov @ 2024-11-06 15:10 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: David Rowley <dgrowleyml@gmail.com>; +Cc: pgsql-bugs@lists.postgresql.org
David, after some troubleshooting I found out that the issue with FWD and
bigint values, so when column type int then it works well but after
changing to a bigint type a count() function returns the wrong value.
Here is how to reproduce that
-- ===> remote db schema and data
create table orgs(id int, name varchar, provider_id int);
create table recurring_payments(
id int primary key,
org_id int
);
create table transactions(
id serial primary key,
amount int,
org_id int,
recurring_payment_id int REFERENCES recurring_payments(id)
);
-- populate remote db
insert into orgs(id, name, provider_id) values (1, 'one', 11), (2, 'two',
22);
insert into recurring_payments(id, org_id) values (1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 2);
insert into transactions(amount, org_id, recurring_payment_id) values (1,
1, 1), (2, 1, null), (3, 1, null), (4, 1, 1);
-- <=== remote db
-- ===> host db
-- connect back to base database and create server and fdw
CREATE EXTENSION postgres_fdw;
CREATE SERVER foreign_server
FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
OPTIONS (host 'localhost', port '5432', dbname 'test3');
CREATE USER MAPPING FOR postgres
SERVER foreign_server
OPTIONS (user 'postgres', password '12345');
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE orgs_f (
id int, name varchar, provider_id int
)
SERVER foreign_server
OPTIONS (schema_name 'public', table_name 'orgs');
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE recurring_payments_f (
id int, org_id int
)
SERVER foreign_server
OPTIONS (schema_name 'public', table_name 'recurring_payments');
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE transactions_f (
id serial,
amount bigint,
org_id int,
recurring_payment_id int
)
SERVER foreign_server
OPTIONS (schema_name 'public', table_name 'transactions');
create view transactions_v as
select t.*, o.provider_id as real_org_id
from transactions_f t
join orgs_f o on o.id = t.org_id;
create view recurring_payments_v as
select rp.*, o.provider_id as real_org_id
from recurring_payments_f rp
join orgs_f o on o.id = rp.org_id;
-- This one returns (1 + 4) / 2 = 2.5 which is correct
select avg(t.amount)
from transactions_v t
join recurring_payments_v rp on rp.id = t.recurring_payment_id
where t.real_org_id = 11 and rp.real_org_id = 11;
-- wrapping this to count gives 2 which is not correct
select count(*) from (
select avg(t.amount)
from transactions_v t
join recurring_payments_v rp on rp.id = t.recurring_payment_id
where t.real_org_id = 11 and rp.real_org_id = 11
);
On Wed, Nov 6, 2024 at 3:47 PM Aidar Uldanov <aidar@donorbox.org> wrote:
> Thanks David
>
> I am trying to reproduce it on a new db but I couldn't so far, though I
> was able to simplify the queries
>
> ```select count(*)
> FROM (
> SELECT AVG(t.usd_amount_cents / 100) AS average
> FROM transactions t
> JOIN recurring_payments r ON r.id = t.recurring_payment_id
> WHERE t.org_id = 1 AND r.org_id = 1 and t.status = 'paid'
>
> );
> ```
> count
> -------
> 22429
> (1 row)
>
> ```
> select count(*)
> FROM (
> SELECT AVG(t.usd_amount_cents / 100) AS average
> FROM transactions t
> JOIN recurring_payments r ON r.id = t.recurring_payment_id
> WHERE t.status = 'paid'
>
> );
> ```
> count
> -------
> 1
> (1 row)
>
> Those queries are the same and both should return 1 because the inner
> query returns just one AVG value. The difference between those two queries
> is `t.org_id = 1 AND r.org_id = 1`
>
>
> Here are SQL explains
>
> explain verbose
> select count(*)
> FROM (
> SELECT AVG(t.usd_amount_cents / 100) AS average
> FROM transactions t
> JOIN recurring_payments r ON r.id = t.recurring_payment_id
> WHERE t.org_id = 1 AND r.org_id = 1 and t.status = 'paid'
> );
>
>
> QUERY PLAN
>
>
>
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> Aggregate (cost=213.22..213.22 rows=1 width=8)
> Output: count(*)
> -> Foreign Scan (cost=102.30..213.21 rows=1 width=32)
> Output: NULL::numeric
> Relations: Aggregate on ((((transactions t) INNER JOIN (orgs o))
> INNER JOIN (recurring_payments rp)) INNER JOIN (orgs o_1))
> Remote SQL: SELECT NULL::numeric FROM (((public.transactions r4
> INNER JOIN public.orgs r5 ON (((r4.org_id = r5.id)) AND ((r5.provider_id
> = 1)) AND ((r4.status = 'paid')))) INNER JOIN public.recurring_payments r7
> ON (((r4.recurrin
> g_payment_id = r7.id)))) INNER JOIN public.orgs r8 ON (((r7.org_id = r8.id))
> AND ((r8.provider_id = 1))))
> (7 rows)
>
>
> explain verbose
> select count(*)
> FROM (
> SELECT AVG(t.usd_amount_cents / 100) AS average
> FROM transactions t
> JOIN recurring_payments r ON r.id = t.recurring_payment_id
> WHERE t.status = 'paid'
>
> );
>
> QUERY PLAN
>
>
>
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> -------------------------------------------------
> Aggregate (cost=15478.69..15478.69 rows=1 width=8)
> Output: count(*)
> -> Aggregate (cost=15478.69..15478.69 rows=1 width=32)
> Output: NULL::numeric
> -> Foreign Scan (cost=396.66..15478.69 rows=820775 width=32)
> Relations: (((transactions t) INNER JOIN (orgs o)) INNER
> JOIN (recurring_payments rp)) INNER JOIN (orgs o_1)
> Remote SQL: SELECT NULL FROM (((public.transactions r4
> INNER JOIN public.orgs r5 ON (((r4.org_id = r5.id)) AND ((r4.status =
> 'paid')))) INNER JOIN public.recurring_payments r7 ON
> (((r4.recurring_payment_id = r7.id)))) INNER
> JOIN public.orgs r8 ON (((r7.org_id = r8.id))))
> (8 rows)
>
> Thanks and regards
> Aidar
>
> On Wed, Nov 6, 2024 at 12:03 PM David Rowley <dgrowleyml@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>> On Wed, 6 Nov 2024 at 22:58, PG Bug reporting form
>> <noreply@postgresql.org> wrote:
>> > ```
>> > WITH
>> >
>> > transactions AS ( SELECT * FROM transactions_fwd WHERE org_id =
>> 1
>> > ),
>> > recurring_payments AS ( SELECT * FROM recurring_payments_fwd
>> WHERE
>> > org_id = 1 )
>> > SELECT AVG(t.usd_amount_cents / 100) AS average_donation_usd
>> > FROM transactions t
>> > JOIN recurring_payments r ON r.id = t.recurring_payment_id
>> > WHERE t.status = 'paid' AND t.deleted_at IS NULL AND
>> t.amount_refunded_cents
>> > = 0
>> > ```
>> >
>> > But when I wrap it to `select count(*) from (my_query)` i get 288 as a
>> > result, but I expect it to be 1.
>> >
>> > ```
>> > select count(*)
>> > FROM (
>> > WITH
>> >
>> > transactions AS ( SELECT * FROM transactions_fwd WHERE org_id =
>> 1
>> > ),
>> > recurring_payments AS ( SELECT * FROM recurring_payments_fwd
>> WHERE
>> > org_id = 1 )
>> > SELECT AVG(t.usd_amount_cents / 100) AS average_donation_usd
>> > FROM transactions t
>> > JOIN recurring_payments r ON r.id = t.recurring_payment_id
>> > WHERE t.status = 'paid' AND t.deleted_at IS NULL AND
>> t.amount_refunded_cents
>> > = 0
>> > );
>> > ```
>>
>> Can you show the EXPLAIN ANALYZE of both of these queries?
>>
>> Also, can you work on getting a self-contained reproducer that we can
>> run to recreate the issue.
>>
>> David
>>
>
^ permalink raw reply [nested|flat] 6+ messages in thread
* Re: BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW
2024-11-06 08:57 BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW PG Bug reporting form <noreply@postgresql.org>
2024-11-06 11:03 ` Re: BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW David Rowley <dgrowleyml@gmail.com>
2024-11-06 14:47 ` Re: BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW Aidar Uldanov <aidar@donorbox.org>
2024-11-06 15:10 ` Re: BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW Aidar Uldanov <aidar@donorbox.org>
@ 2024-11-06 15:29 ` Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
2024-11-06 15:46 ` Re: BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW Aidar Uldanov <aidar@donorbox.org>
0 siblings, 1 reply; 6+ messages in thread
From: Tom Lane @ 2024-11-06 15:29 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Aidar Uldanov <aidar@donorbox.org>; +Cc: David Rowley <dgrowleyml@gmail.com>; pgsql-bugs@lists.postgresql.org
Aidar Uldanov <aidar@donorbox.org> writes:
> David, after some troubleshooting I found out that the issue with FWD and
> bigint values, so when column type int then it works well but after
> changing to a bigint type a count() function returns the wrong value.
> create table transactions(
> id serial primary key,
> amount int,
> org_id int,
> recurring_payment_id int REFERENCES recurring_payments(id)
> );
> ...
> CREATE FOREIGN TABLE transactions_f (
> id serial,
> amount bigint,
> org_id int,
> recurring_payment_id int
> )
> SERVER foreign_server
> OPTIONS (schema_name 'public', table_name 'transactions');
While it's sort of interesting that that misbehaves, I do not believe
that postgres_fdw promises to work correctly with foreign-table
definitions that don't match the remote table's actual column
datatypes.
regards, tom lane
^ permalink raw reply [nested|flat] 6+ messages in thread
* Re: BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW
2024-11-06 08:57 BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW PG Bug reporting form <noreply@postgresql.org>
2024-11-06 11:03 ` Re: BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW David Rowley <dgrowleyml@gmail.com>
2024-11-06 14:47 ` Re: BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW Aidar Uldanov <aidar@donorbox.org>
2024-11-06 15:10 ` Re: BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW Aidar Uldanov <aidar@donorbox.org>
2024-11-06 15:29 ` Re: BUG #18690: A count function returns wrong value when using FDW Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
@ 2024-11-06 15:46 ` Aidar Uldanov <aidar@donorbox.org>
0 siblings, 0 replies; 6+ messages in thread
From: Aidar Uldanov @ 2024-11-06 15:46 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>; +Cc: David Rowley <dgrowleyml@gmail.com>; pgsql-bugs@lists.postgresql.org
oh sorry, I might forget to update int to bigint there. Actually both
should be bigint.
First I tried with int type and it works well and after changing to bigint
I got the wrong count value.
Thanks and regards
Aidar
On Wed, Nov 6, 2024 at 4:29 PM Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us> wrote:
> Aidar Uldanov <aidar@donorbox.org> writes:
> > David, after some troubleshooting I found out that the issue with FWD and
> > bigint values, so when column type int then it works well but after
> > changing to a bigint type a count() function returns the wrong value.
>
> > create table transactions(
> > id serial primary key,
> > amount int,
> > org_id int,
> > recurring_payment_id int REFERENCES recurring_payments(id)
> > );
> > ...
> > CREATE FOREIGN TABLE transactions_f (
> > id serial,
> > amount bigint,
> > org_id int,
> > recurring_payment_id int
> > )
> > SERVER foreign_server
> > OPTIONS (schema_name 'public', table_name 'transactions');
>
> While it's sort of interesting that that misbehaves, I do not believe
> that postgres_fdw promises to work correctly with foreign-table
> definitions that don't match the remote table's actual column
> datatypes.
>
> regards, tom lane
>
^ permalink raw reply [nested|flat] 6+ messages in thread
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