Subject: [PATCH v4] doc: Apply consistent formatting to sample SQL statements

From: Erik Wienhold <[email-masked]>
Date: Thu, 16 Oct 2025 10:30:21 +0200

Use uppercase SQL keywords consistently throughout the documentation to
ease reading.  Also add a single space between keywords/names and tuples
which is a common convention, such as after keyword VALUES.  Additional
whitespace is added in a couple of other places where it improves
readability.
---
 doc/src/sgml/advanced.sgml               |   4 +-
 doc/src/sgml/bloom.sgml                  |  12 +--
 doc/src/sgml/btree-gist.sgml             |   8 +-
 doc/src/sgml/charset.sgml                |   4 +-
 doc/src/sgml/config.sgml                 |   6 +-
 doc/src/sgml/cube.sgml                   |   8 +-
 doc/src/sgml/datatype.sgml               |  18 ++--
 doc/src/sgml/datetime.sgml               |   6 +-
 doc/src/sgml/dblink.sgml                 |  26 +++---
 doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml                    |  32 ++++----
 doc/src/sgml/dict-int.sgml               |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/dml.sgml                    |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/ecpg.sgml                   |  10 +--
 doc/src/sgml/event-trigger.sgml          |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/func/func-aggregate.sgml    |   4 +-
 doc/src/sgml/func/func-binarystring.sgml |   4 +-
 doc/src/sgml/func/func-bitstring.sgml    |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/func/func-comparison.sgml   |   4 +-
 doc/src/sgml/func/func-comparisons.sgml  |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/func/func-json.sgml         |   4 +-
 doc/src/sgml/func/func-matching.sgml     |   8 +-
 doc/src/sgml/func/func-srf.sgml          |   4 +-
 doc/src/sgml/func/func-string.sgml       |   8 +-
 doc/src/sgml/func/func-subquery.sgml     |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/func/func-xml.sgml          |  20 ++---
 doc/src/sgml/hstore.sgml                 |   8 +-
 doc/src/sgml/indices.sgml                |   6 +-
 doc/src/sgml/isn.sgml                    |  12 +--
 doc/src/sgml/logical-replication.sgml    |  36 ++++----
 doc/src/sgml/logicaldecoding.sgml        |  24 +++---
 doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml            |   4 +-
 doc/src/sgml/manage-ag.sgml              |   4 +-
 doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml             |   4 +-
 doc/src/sgml/pgcrypto.sgml               |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/pgstattuple.sgml            |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/pgsurgery.sgml              |  12 +--
 doc/src/sgml/planstats.sgml              |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/plperl.sgml                 |   8 +-
 doc/src/sgml/plpgsql.sgml                |  54 ++++++------
 doc/src/sgml/plpython.sgml               |  20 ++---
 doc/src/sgml/pltcl.sgml                  |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/protocol.sgml               |  12 +--
 doc/src/sgml/queries.sgml                |  16 ++--
 doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_table.sgml        |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_view.sgml         |   4 +-
 doc/src/sgml/ref/create_domain.sgml      |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/ref/create_function.sgml    |  12 +--
 doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml       |  22 ++---
 doc/src/sgml/ref/merge.sgml              |   4 +-
 doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_rewind.sgml          |   8 +-
 doc/src/sgml/ref/prepare.sgml            |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/ref/psql-ref.sgml           |  16 ++--
 doc/src/sgml/ref/select.sgml             |  18 ++--
 doc/src/sgml/ref/update.sgml             |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/ref/values.sgml             |   6 +-
 doc/src/sgml/rowtypes.sgml               |   6 +-
 doc/src/sgml/rules.sgml                  |   2 +-
 doc/src/sgml/seg.sgml                    |   4 +-
 doc/src/sgml/syntax.sgml                 |  14 ++--
 doc/src/sgml/tablefunc.sgml              | 100 +++++++++++------------
 doc/src/sgml/tcn.sgml                    |  22 ++---
 doc/src/sgml/textsearch.sgml             |  12 +--
 doc/src/sgml/typeconv.sgml               |   6 +-
 doc/src/sgml/xfunc.sgml                  |  34 ++++----
 64 files changed, 364 insertions(+), 364 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/advanced.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/advanced.sgml
index e15a3323dfb..82e82c13457 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/advanced.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/advanced.sgml
@@ -101,12 +101,12 @@ SELECT * FROM myview;
 
 <programlisting>
 CREATE TABLE cities (
-        name     varchar(80) primary key,
+        name     varchar(80) PRIMARY KEY,
         location point
 );
 
 CREATE TABLE weather (
-        city      varchar(80) references cities(name),
+        city      varchar(80) REFERENCES cities (name),
         temp_lo   int,
         temp_hi   int,
         prcp      real,
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/bloom.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/bloom.sgml
index ec5d077679b..3f6d38f377b 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/bloom.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/bloom.sgml
@@ -101,12 +101,12 @@ CREATE INDEX bloomidx ON tbloom USING bloom (i1,i2,i3)
 <programlisting>
 =# CREATE TABLE tbloom AS
    SELECT
-     (random() * 1000000)::int as i1,
-     (random() * 1000000)::int as i2,
-     (random() * 1000000)::int as i3,
-     (random() * 1000000)::int as i4,
-     (random() * 1000000)::int as i5,
-     (random() * 1000000)::int as i6
+     (random() * 1000000)::int AS i1,
+     (random() * 1000000)::int AS i2,
+     (random() * 1000000)::int AS i3,
+     (random() * 1000000)::int AS i4,
+     (random() * 1000000)::int AS i5,
+     (random() * 1000000)::int AS i6
    FROM
   generate_series(1,10000000);
 SELECT 10000000
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/btree-gist.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/btree-gist.sgml
index a4c1b99be1f..301765e7531 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/btree-gist.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/btree-gist.sgml
@@ -95,14 +95,14 @@ SELECT *, a &lt;-&gt; 42 AS dist FROM test ORDER BY a &lt;-&gt; 42 LIMIT 10;
   EXCLUDE USING GIST (cage WITH =, animal WITH &lt;&gt;)
 );
 
-=&gt; INSERT INTO zoo VALUES(123, 'zebra');
+=&gt; INSERT INTO zoo VALUES (123, 'zebra');
 INSERT 0 1
-=&gt; INSERT INTO zoo VALUES(123, 'zebra');
+=&gt; INSERT INTO zoo VALUES (123, 'zebra');
 INSERT 0 1
-=&gt; INSERT INTO zoo VALUES(123, 'lion');
+=&gt; INSERT INTO zoo VALUES (123, 'lion');
 ERROR:  conflicting key value violates exclusion constraint "zoo_cage_animal_excl"
 DETAIL:  Key (cage, animal)=(123, lion) conflicts with existing key (cage, animal)=(123, zebra).
-=&gt; INSERT INTO zoo VALUES(124, 'lion');
+=&gt; INSERT INTO zoo VALUES (124, 'lion');
 INSERT 0 1
 </programlisting>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/charset.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/charset.sgml
index 02bf4cf22b8..3aabc798012 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/charset.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/charset.sgml
@@ -570,13 +570,13 @@ CREATE COLLATION
 
 <screen>
 CREATE COLLATION mycollation5 (provider = icu, deterministic = false, locale = 'en-US-u-kn-ks-level2');
-SELECT 'aB' = 'Ab' COLLATE mycollation5 as result;
+SELECT 'aB' = 'Ab' COLLATE mycollation5 AS result;
  result
 --------
  t
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT 'N-45' &lt; 'N-123' COLLATE mycollation5 as result;
+SELECT 'N-45' &lt; 'N-123' COLLATE mycollation5 AS result;
  result
 --------
  t
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
index 06d1e4403b5..565812f7fcc 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
@@ -6393,9 +6393,9 @@ ANY <replaceable class="parameter">num_sync</replaceable> ( <replaceable class="
         contradict the constraints.  For example:
 
 <programlisting>
-CREATE TABLE parent(key integer, ...);
-CREATE TABLE child1000(check (key between 1000 and 1999)) INHERITS(parent);
-CREATE TABLE child2000(check (key between 2000 and 2999)) INHERITS(parent);
+CREATE TABLE parent (key integer, ...);
+CREATE TABLE child1000 (CHECK (key BETWEEN 1000 AND 1999)) INHERITS (parent);
+CREATE TABLE child2000 (CHECK (key BETWEEN 2000 AND 2999)) INHERITS (parent);
 ...
 SELECT * FROM parent WHERE key = 2400;
 </programlisting>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/cube.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/cube.sgml
index 0fb70807486..a11c0cbd767 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/cube.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/cube.sgml
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@
    For example, the nearest neighbor of the 3-D point (0.5, 0.5, 0.5)
    could be found efficiently with:
 <programlisting>
-SELECT c FROM test ORDER BY c &lt;-&gt; cube(array[0.5,0.5,0.5]) LIMIT 1;
+SELECT c FROM test ORDER BY c &lt;-&gt; cube(ARRAY[0.5, 0.5, 0.5]) LIMIT 1;
 </programlisting>
   </para>
 
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ SELECT c FROM test ORDER BY c ~&gt; 3 DESC LIMIT 5;
    This union:
   </para>
 <programlisting>
-select cube_union('(0,5,2),(2,3,1)', '0');
+SELECT cube_union('(0,5,2),(2,3,1)', '0');
 cube_union
 -------------------
 (0, 0, 0),(2, 5, 2)
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ cube_union
    </para>
 
 <programlisting>
-select cube_inter('(0,-1),(1,1)', '(-2),(2)');
+SELECT cube_inter('(0,-1),(1,1)', '(-2),(2)');
 cube_inter
 -------------
 (0, 0),(1, 0)
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ cube_inter('(0,-1),(1,1)','(-2,0),(2,0)');
    </para>
 
 <programlisting>
-select cube_contains('(0,0),(1,1)', '0.5,0.5');
+SELECT cube_contains('(0,0),(1,1)', '0.5,0.5');
 cube_contains
 --------------
 t
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/datatype.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/datatype.sgml
index b81d89e2608..92bcfa14ef9 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/datatype.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/datatype.sgml
@@ -717,7 +717,7 @@ NUMERIC(3, 5)
 SELECT x,
   round(x::numeric) AS num_round,
   round(x::double precision) AS dbl_round
-FROM generate_series(-3.5, 3.5, 1) as x;
+FROM generate_series(-3.5, 3.5, 1) AS x;
   x   | num_round | dbl_round
 ------+-----------+-----------
  -3.5 |        -4 |        -4
@@ -1259,7 +1259,7 @@ SELECT '52093.89'::money::numeric::float8;
     semantically insignificant and disregarded when comparing two values
     of type <type>character</type>.  In collations where whitespace
     is significant, this behavior can produce unexpected results;
-    for example <command>SELECT 'a '::CHAR(2) collate "C" &lt;
+    for example <command>SELECT 'a '::CHAR(2) COLLATE "C" &lt;
     E'a\n'::CHAR(2)</command> returns true, even though <literal>C</literal>
     locale would consider a space to be greater than a newline.
     Trailing spaces are removed when converting a <type>character</type> value
@@ -3288,10 +3288,10 @@ CREATE TABLE holidays (
     num_weeks integer,
     happiness happiness
 );
-INSERT INTO holidays(num_weeks,happiness) VALUES (4, 'happy');
-INSERT INTO holidays(num_weeks,happiness) VALUES (6, 'very happy');
-INSERT INTO holidays(num_weeks,happiness) VALUES (8, 'ecstatic');
-INSERT INTO holidays(num_weeks,happiness) VALUES (2, 'sad');
+INSERT INTO holidays (num_weeks, happiness) VALUES (4, 'happy');
+INSERT INTO holidays (num_weeks, happiness) VALUES (6, 'very happy');
+INSERT INTO holidays (num_weeks, happiness) VALUES (8, 'ecstatic');
+INSERT INTO holidays (num_weeks, happiness) VALUES (2, 'sad');
 ERROR:  invalid input value for enum happiness: "sad"
 SELECT person.name, holidays.num_weeks FROM person, holidays
   WHERE person.current_mood = holidays.happiness;
@@ -4112,7 +4112,7 @@ SELECT macaddr8_set7bit('08:00:2b:01:02:03');
     <title>Using the Bit String Types</title>
 
 <programlisting>
-CREATE TABLE test (a BIT(3), b BIT VARYING(5));
+CREATE TABLE test (a bit(3), b bit varying(5));
 INSERT INTO test VALUES (B'101', B'00');
 INSERT INTO test VALUES (B'10', B'101');
 <computeroutput>
@@ -4687,8 +4687,8 @@ SET xmloption TO { DOCUMENT | CONTENT };
 <programlisting>
 CREATE DOMAIN posint AS integer CHECK (VALUE &gt; 0);
 CREATE TABLE mytable (id posint);
-INSERT INTO mytable VALUES(1);   -- works
-INSERT INTO mytable VALUES(-1);  -- fails
+INSERT INTO mytable VALUES (1);   -- works
+INSERT INTO mytable VALUES (-1);  -- fails
 </programlisting>
    </para>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/datetime.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/datetime.sgml
index 3e24170acbf..5905f5fa550 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/datetime.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/datetime.sgml
@@ -942,17 +942,17 @@ $ <userinput>cal 9 1752</userinput>
    definition when you need it: do the arithmetic in time
    zone <literal>UTC+12</literal>.  For example,
 <programlisting>
-=&gt; SELECT extract(julian from '2021-06-23 7:00:00-04'::timestamptz at time zone 'UTC+12');
+=&gt; SELECT extract(julian FROM '2021-06-23 7:00:00-04'::timestamptz AT TIME ZONE 'UTC+12');
            extract
 ------------------------------
  2459388.95833333333333333333
 (1 row)
-=&gt; SELECT extract(julian from '2021-06-23 8:00:00-04'::timestamptz at time zone 'UTC+12');
+=&gt; SELECT extract(julian FROM '2021-06-23 8:00:00-04'::timestamptz AT TIME ZONE 'UTC+12');
                extract
 --------------------------------------
  2459389.0000000000000000000000000000
 (1 row)
-=&gt; SELECT extract(julian from date '2021-06-23');
+=&gt; SELECT extract(julian FROM date '2021-06-23');
  extract
 ---------
  2459389
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/dblink.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/dblink.sgml
index 808c690985b..070795992f6 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/dblink.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/dblink.sgml
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ dblink(text sql [, bool fail_on_error]) returns setof record
      <listitem>
       <para>
        The SQL query that you wish to execute in the remote database,
-       for example <literal>select * from foo</literal>.
+       for example <literal>SELECT * FROM foo</literal>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ dblink(text sql [, bool fail_on_error]) returns setof record
 <programlisting>
 SELECT *
     FROM dblink('dbname=mydb options=-csearch_path=',
-                'select proname, prosrc from pg_proc')
+                'SELECT proname, prosrc FROM pg_proc')
       AS t1(proname name, prosrc text)
     WHERE proname LIKE 'bytea%';
 </programlisting>
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ SELECT *
 CREATE VIEW myremote_pg_proc AS
   SELECT *
     FROM dblink('dbname=postgres options=-csearch_path=',
-                'select proname, prosrc from pg_proc')
+                'SELECT proname, prosrc FROM pg_proc')
     AS t1(proname name, prosrc text);
 
 SELECT * FROM myremote_pg_proc WHERE proname LIKE 'bytea%';
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ SELECT * FROM myremote_pg_proc WHERE proname LIKE 'bytea%';
 
 <screen>
 SELECT * FROM dblink('dbname=postgres options=-csearch_path=',
-                     'select proname, prosrc from pg_proc')
+                     'SELECT proname, prosrc FROM pg_proc')
   AS t1(proname name, prosrc text) WHERE proname LIKE 'bytea%';
   proname   |   prosrc
 ------------+------------
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ SELECT dblink_connect('dbname=postgres options=-csearch_path=');
  OK
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT * FROM dblink('select proname, prosrc from pg_proc')
+SELECT * FROM dblink('SELECT proname, prosrc FROM pg_proc')
   AS t1(proname name, prosrc text) WHERE proname LIKE 'bytea%';
   proname   |   prosrc
 ------------+------------
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ SELECT dblink_connect('myconn', 'dbname=regression options=-csearch_path=');
  OK
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT * FROM dblink('myconn', 'select proname, prosrc from pg_proc')
+SELECT * FROM dblink('myconn', 'SELECT proname, prosrc FROM pg_proc')
   AS t1(proname name, prosrc text) WHERE proname LIKE 'bytea%';
   proname   |   prosrc
 ------------+------------
@@ -793,7 +793,7 @@ dblink_open(text connname, text cursorname, text sql [, bool fail_on_error]) ret
      <listitem>
       <para>
        The <command>SELECT</command> statement that you wish to execute in the remote
-       database, for example <literal>select * from pg_class</literal>.
+       database, for example <literal>SELECT * FROM pg_class</literal>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
@@ -848,7 +848,7 @@ SELECT dblink_connect('dbname=postgres options=-csearch_path=');
  OK
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT dblink_open('foo', 'select proname, prosrc from pg_proc');
+SELECT dblink_open('foo', 'SELECT proname, prosrc FROM pg_proc');
  dblink_open
 -------------
  OK
@@ -969,7 +969,7 @@ SELECT dblink_connect('dbname=postgres options=-csearch_path=');
  OK
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT dblink_open('foo', 'select proname, prosrc from pg_proc where proname like ''bytea%''');
+SELECT dblink_open('foo', 'SELECT proname, prosrc FROM pg_proc WHERE proname LIKE ''bytea%''');
  dblink_open
 -------------
  OK
@@ -1106,7 +1106,7 @@ SELECT dblink_connect('dbname=postgres options=-csearch_path=');
  OK
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT dblink_open('foo', 'select proname, prosrc from pg_proc');
+SELECT dblink_open('foo', 'SELECT proname, prosrc FROM pg_proc');
  dblink_open
 -------------
  OK
@@ -1301,7 +1301,7 @@ dblink_send_query(text connname, text sql) returns int
      <listitem>
       <para>
        The SQL statement that you wish to execute in the remote database,
-       for example <literal>select * from pg_class</literal>.
+       for example <literal>SELECT * FROM pg_class</literal>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
@@ -1583,7 +1583,7 @@ contrib_regression=# SELECT dblink_connect('dtest1', 'dbname=contrib_regression'
 (1 row)
 
 contrib_regression=# SELECT * FROM
-contrib_regression-# dblink_send_query('dtest1', 'select * from foo where f1 &lt; 3') AS t1;
+contrib_regression-# dblink_send_query('dtest1', 'SELECT * FROM foo WHERE f1 &lt; 3') AS t1;
  t1
 ----
   1
@@ -1603,7 +1603,7 @@ contrib_regression=# SELECT * FROM dblink_get_result('dtest1') AS t1(f1 int, f2
 (0 rows)
 
 contrib_regression=# SELECT * FROM
-contrib_regression-# dblink_send_query('dtest1', 'select * from foo where f1 &lt; 3; select * from foo where f1 &gt; 6') AS t1;
+contrib_regression-# dblink_send_query('dtest1', 'SELECT * FROM foo WHERE f1 &lt; 3; SELECT * FROM foo WHERE f1 &gt; 6') AS t1;
  t1
 ----
   1
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml
index 65bc070d2e5..50e6b900343 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml
@@ -2834,9 +2834,9 @@ GRANT UPDATE
 
 <programlisting>
 -- admin can view all rows and fields
-postgres=&gt; set role admin;
+postgres=&gt; SET ROLE admin;
 SET
-postgres=&gt; table passwd;
+postgres=&gt; TABLE passwd;
  user_name | pwhash | uid | gid | real_name |  home_phone  | extra_info | home_dir    |   shell
 -----------+--------+-----+-----+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------+-----------
  admin     | xxx    |   0 |   0 | Admin     | 111-222-3333 |            | /root       | /bin/dash
@@ -2845,11 +2845,11 @@ postgres=&gt; table passwd;
 (3 rows)
 
 -- Test what Alice is able to do
-postgres=&gt; set role alice;
+postgres=&gt; SET ROLE alice;
 SET
-postgres=&gt; table passwd;
+postgres=&gt; TABLE passwd;
 ERROR:  permission denied for table passwd
-postgres=&gt; select user_name,real_name,home_phone,extra_info,home_dir,shell from passwd;
+postgres=&gt; SELECT user_name, real_name, home_phone, extra_info, home_dir, shell FROM passwd;
  user_name | real_name |  home_phone  | extra_info | home_dir    |   shell
 -----------+-----------+--------------+------------+-------------+-----------
  admin     | Admin     | 111-222-3333 |            | /root       | /bin/dash
@@ -2857,21 +2857,21 @@ postgres=&gt; select user_name,real_name,home_phone,extra_info,home_dir,shell fr
  alice     | Alice     | 098-765-4321 |            | /home/alice | /bin/zsh
 (3 rows)
 
-postgres=&gt; update passwd set user_name = 'joe';
+postgres=&gt; UPDATE passwd SET user_name = 'joe';
 ERROR:  permission denied for table passwd
 -- Alice is allowed to change her own real_name, but no others
-postgres=&gt; update passwd set real_name = 'Alice Doe';
+postgres=&gt; UPDATE passwd SET real_name = 'Alice Doe';
 UPDATE 1
-postgres=&gt; update passwd set real_name = 'John Doe' where user_name = 'admin';
+postgres=&gt; UPDATE passwd SET real_name = 'John Doe' WHERE user_name = 'admin';
 UPDATE 0
-postgres=&gt; update passwd set shell = '/bin/xx';
+postgres=&gt; UPDATE passwd SET shell = '/bin/xx';
 ERROR:  new row violates WITH CHECK OPTION for "passwd"
-postgres=&gt; delete from passwd;
+postgres=&gt; DELETE FROM passwd;
 ERROR:  permission denied for table passwd
-postgres=&gt; insert into passwd (user_name) values ('xxx');
+postgres=&gt; INSERT INTO passwd (user_name) VALUES ('xxx');
 ERROR:  permission denied for table passwd
 -- Alice can change her own password; RLS silently prevents updating other rows
-postgres=&gt; update passwd set pwhash = 'abc';
+postgres=&gt; UPDATE passwd SET pwhash = 'abc';
 UPDATE 1
 </programlisting>
 
@@ -2904,7 +2904,7 @@ CREATE POLICY admin_local_only ON passwd AS RESTRICTIVE TO admin
  admin
 (1 row)
 
-=&gt; select inet_client_addr();
+=&gt; SELECT inet_client_addr();
  inet_client_addr
 ------------------
  127.0.0.1
@@ -2915,7 +2915,7 @@ CREATE POLICY admin_local_only ON passwd AS RESTRICTIVE TO admin
 -----------+--------+-----+-----+-----------+------------+------------+----------+-------
 (0 rows)
 
-=&gt; UPDATE passwd set pwhash = NULL;
+=&gt; UPDATE passwd SET pwhash = NULL;
 UPDATE 0
 </programlisting>
 
@@ -5498,7 +5498,7 @@ CREATE TYPE rainbow AS ENUM ('red', 'orange', 'yellow',
 
 CREATE TABLE my_colors (color rainbow, note text);
 
-CREATE FUNCTION get_color_note (rainbow) RETURNS text AS
+CREATE FUNCTION get_color_note(rainbow) RETURNS text AS
   'SELECT note FROM my_colors WHERE color = $1'
   LANGUAGE SQL;
 </programlisting>
@@ -5523,7 +5523,7 @@ CREATE FUNCTION get_color_note (rainbow) RETURNS text AS
    stored.  Thus, if we write the function above as
 
 <programlisting>
-CREATE FUNCTION get_color_note (rainbow) RETURNS text
+CREATE FUNCTION get_color_note(rainbow) RETURNS text
 BEGIN ATOMIC
   SELECT note FROM my_colors WHERE color = $1;
 END;
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/dict-int.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/dict-int.sgml
index 8dd07b9bc12..b4ce5484823 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/dict-int.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/dict-int.sgml
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
    To test the dictionary, you can try
 
 <programlisting>
-mydb# select ts_lexize('intdict', '12345678');
+mydb# SELECT ts_lexize('intdict', '12345678');
  ts_lexize
 -----------
  {123456}
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/dml.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/dml.sgml
index 458aee788b7..61c64cf6c49 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/dml.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/dml.sgml
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ DELETE FROM products;
    column to provide unique identifiers, <literal>RETURNING</literal> can return
    the ID assigned to a new row:
 <programlisting>
-CREATE TABLE users (firstname text, lastname text, id serial primary key);
+CREATE TABLE users (firstname text, lastname text, id serial PRIMARY KEY);
 
 INSERT INTO users (firstname, lastname) VALUES ('Joe', 'Cool') RETURNING id;
 </programlisting>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ecpg.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ecpg.sgml
index e7a53f3c9d0..fdd35a6c3c7 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ecpg.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ecpg.sgml
@@ -1991,7 +1991,7 @@ EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE :stmt;
     example:
 <programlisting>
 EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;
-const char *stmt = "INSERT INTO test1 VALUES(?, ?);";
+const char *stmt = "INSERT INTO test1 VALUES (?, ?);";
 EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;
 
 EXEC SQL PREPARE mystmt FROM :stmt;
@@ -2042,7 +2042,7 @@ EXEC SQL EXECUTE mystmt INTO :v1, :v2, :v3 USING 37;
 EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;
 char dbaname[128];
 char datname[128];
-char *stmt = "SELECT u.usename as dbaname, d.datname "
+char *stmt = "SELECT u.usename AS dbaname, d.datname "
              "  FROM pg_database d, pg_user u "
              "  WHERE d.datdba = u.usesysid";
 EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;
@@ -6685,7 +6685,7 @@ EXEC SQL CONNECT TO 'unix:postgresql://localhost/connectdb' AS main USER :user;
 EXEC SQL CONNECT TO :db AS :id;
 EXEC SQL CONNECT TO :db USER connectuser USING :pw;
 EXEC SQL CONNECT TO @localhost AS main USER connectdb;
-EXEC SQL CONNECT TO REGRESSDB1 as main;
+EXEC SQL CONNECT TO REGRESSDB1 AS main;
 EXEC SQL CONNECT TO AS main USER connectdb;
 EXEC SQL CONNECT TO connectdb AS :id;
 EXEC SQL CONNECT TO connectdb AS main USER connectuser/connectdb;
@@ -8226,8 +8226,8 @@ main(void)
 <programlisting>
 $int j = 3;
 $CONNECT TO :dbname;
-$CREATE TABLE test(i INT PRIMARY KEY, j INT);
-$INSERT INTO test(i, j) VALUES (7, :j);
+$CREATE TABLE test (i INT PRIMARY KEY, j INT);
+$INSERT INTO test (i, j) VALUES (7, :j);
 $COMMIT;
 </programlisting>
   </para>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/event-trigger.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/event-trigger.sgml
index 1bd9abb6676..c10627554bd 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/event-trigger.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/event-trigger.sgml
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ $$
 ---
 DECLARE
   table_oid oid := pg_event_trigger_table_rewrite_oid();
-  current_hour integer := extract('hour' from current_time);
+  current_hour integer := extract('hour' FROM current_time);
   pages integer;
   max_pages integer := 100;
 BEGIN
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-aggregate.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-aggregate.sgml
index f50b692516b..2ab056d439c 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-aggregate.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-aggregate.sgml
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@
         appear in the array in that order rather than in the input order.
        </para>
        <para>
-        <literal>SELECT json_arrayagg(v) FROM (VALUES(2),(1)) t(v)</literal>
+        <literal>SELECT json_arrayagg(v) FROM (VALUES (2), (1)) t(v)</literal>
         <returnvalue>[2, 1]</returnvalue>
        </para></entry>
        <entry>No</entry>
@@ -1393,7 +1393,7 @@ SELECT count(*) FROM sometable;
  Bar   | Sport |  5
 (4 rows)
 
-<prompt>=&gt;</prompt> <userinput>SELECT make, model, GROUPING(make,model), sum(sales) FROM items_sold GROUP BY ROLLUP(make,model);</userinput>
+<prompt>=&gt;</prompt> <userinput>SELECT make, model, GROUPING (make, model), sum(sales) FROM items_sold GROUP BY ROLLUP (make, model);</userinput>
  make  | model | grouping | sum
 -------+-------+----------+-----
  Foo   | GT    |        0 | 10
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-binarystring.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-binarystring.sgml
index dd7037811af..446b54010b5 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-binarystring.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-binarystring.sgml
@@ -856,8 +856,8 @@
    significant byte first. Some examples:
 <programlisting>
 1234::smallint::bytea          <lineannotation>\x04d2</lineannotation>
-cast(1234 as bytea)            <lineannotation>\x000004d2</lineannotation>
-cast(-1234 as bytea)           <lineannotation>\xfffffb2e</lineannotation>
+cast(1234 AS bytea)            <lineannotation>\x000004d2</lineannotation>
+cast(-1234 AS bytea)           <lineannotation>\xfffffb2e</lineannotation>
 '\x8000'::bytea::smallint      <lineannotation>-32768</lineannotation>
 '\x8000'::bytea::integer       <lineannotation>32768</lineannotation>
 </programlisting>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-bitstring.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-bitstring.sgml
index f03dd63afcc..c73efc6b7c6 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-bitstring.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-bitstring.sgml
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@
 <programlisting>
 44::bit(10)                    <lineannotation>0000101100</lineannotation>
 44::bit(3)                     <lineannotation>100</lineannotation>
-cast(-44 as bit(12))           <lineannotation>111111010100</lineannotation>
+cast(-44 AS bit(12))           <lineannotation>111111010100</lineannotation>
 '1110'::bit(4)::integer        <lineannotation>14</lineannotation>
 </programlisting>
     Note that casting to just <quote>bit</quote> means casting to
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-comparison.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-comparison.sgml
index ecb1d89463a..a41ebe3b709 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-comparison.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-comparison.sgml
@@ -523,13 +523,13 @@
     for both tests.  For example:
 
 <programlisting>
-SELECT ROW(1,2.5,'this is a test') = ROW(1, 3, 'not the same');
+SELECT ROW(1, 2.5, 'this is a test') = ROW(1, 3, 'not the same');
 
 SELECT ROW(table.*) IS NULL FROM table;  -- detect all-null rows
 
 SELECT ROW(table.*) IS NOT NULL FROM table;  -- detect all-non-null rows
 
-SELECT NOT(ROW(table.*) IS NOT NULL) FROM TABLE; -- detect at least one null in rows
+SELECT NOT (ROW(table.*) IS NOT NULL) FROM TABLE; -- detect at least one null in rows
 </programlisting>
 
     In some cases, it may be preferable to
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-comparisons.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-comparisons.sgml
index 6a6e0bd4019..e2cdada5e79 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-comparisons.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-comparisons.sgml
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ AND
    If either of this pair of elements is null, the result of the
    row comparison is unknown (null); otherwise comparison of this pair
    of elements determines the result.  For example,
-   <literal>ROW(1,2,NULL) &lt; ROW(1,3,0)</literal>
+   <literal>ROW(1, 2, NULL) &lt; ROW(1, 3, 0)</literal>
    yields true, not null, because the third pair of elements are not
    considered.
   </para>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-json.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-json.sgml
index b9316ba0ee5..8d6a65083da 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-json.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-json.sgml
@@ -627,7 +627,7 @@
          <returnvalue>[1, true, {"a":null}]</returnvalue>
         </para>
         <para>
-         <literal>json_array(SELECT * FROM (VALUES(1),(2)) t)</literal>
+         <literal>json_array(SELECT * FROM (VALUES (1), (2)) t)</literal>
          <returnvalue>[1, 2]</returnvalue>
        </para></entry>
       </row>
@@ -3423,7 +3423,7 @@ DETAIL:  Missing "]" after array dimensions.
         <returnvalue>2015-02-01</returnvalue>
        </para>
        <para>
-        <literal>JSON_VALUE(jsonb '[1,2]', 'strict $[$off]' PASSING 1 as off)</literal>
+        <literal>JSON_VALUE(jsonb '[1,2]', 'strict $[$off]' PASSING 1 AS off)</literal>
         <returnvalue>2</returnvalue>
        </para>
        <para>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-matching.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-matching.sgml
index ebe0b22c8f6..91a0b7ca0de 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-matching.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-matching.sgml
@@ -412,8 +412,8 @@ substring(<replaceable>string</replaceable>, <replaceable>pattern</replaceable>,
    <para>
     Some examples, with <literal>#&quot;</literal> delimiting the return string:
 <programlisting>
-substring('foobar' similar '%#"o_b#"%' escape '#')   <lineannotation>oob</lineannotation>
-substring('foobar' similar '#"o_b#"%' escape '#')    <lineannotation>NULL</lineannotation>
+substring('foobar' SIMILAR '%#"o_b#"%' ESCAPE '#')   <lineannotation>oob</lineannotation>
+substring('foobar' SIMILAR '#"o_b#"%' ESCAPE '#')    <lineannotation>NULL</lineannotation>
 </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
@@ -600,8 +600,8 @@ substring('foobar' similar '#"o_b#"%' escape '#')    <lineannotation>NULL</linea
    <para>
     Some examples:
 <programlisting>
-substring('foobar' from 'o.b')     <lineannotation>oob</lineannotation>
-substring('foobar' from 'o(.)b')   <lineannotation>o</lineannotation>
+substring('foobar' FROM 'o.b')     <lineannotation>oob</lineannotation>
+substring('foobar' FROM 'o(.)b')   <lineannotation>o</lineannotation>
 </programlisting>
    </para>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-srf.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-srf.sgml
index eafc961c9f9..34a45971aad 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-srf.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-srf.sgml
@@ -247,8 +247,8 @@ FROM (SELECT generate_subscripts(a, 1) AS s, a FROM arrays) foo;
 -- unnest a 2D array:
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION unnest2(anyarray)
 RETURNS SETOF anyelement AS $$
-select $1[i][j]
-   from generate_subscripts($1,1) g1(i),
+SELECT $1[i][j]
+   FROM generate_subscripts($1,1) g1(i),
         generate_subscripts($1,2) g2(j);
 $$ LANGUAGE sql IMMUTABLE;
 CREATE FUNCTION
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-string.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-string.sgml
index 01cc94c234e..449ad85a60e 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-string.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-string.sgml
@@ -1752,11 +1752,11 @@ SELECT format('Hello %s', 'World');
 SELECT format('Testing %s, %s, %s, %%', 'one', 'two', 'three');
 <lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>Testing one, two, three, %</computeroutput>
 
-SELECT format('INSERT INTO %I VALUES(%L)', 'Foo bar', E'O\'Reilly');
-<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>INSERT INTO "Foo bar" VALUES('O''Reilly')</computeroutput>
+SELECT format('INSERT INTO %I VALUES (%L)', 'Foo bar', E'O\'Reilly');
+<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>INSERT INTO "Foo bar" VALUES ('O''Reilly')</computeroutput>
 
-SELECT format('INSERT INTO %I VALUES(%L)', 'locations', 'C:\Program Files');
-<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>INSERT INTO locations VALUES('C:\Program Files')</computeroutput>
+SELECT format('INSERT INTO %I VALUES (%L)', 'locations', 'C:\Program Files');
+<lineannotation>Result: </lineannotation><computeroutput>INSERT INTO locations VALUES ('C:\Program Files')</computeroutput>
 </screen>
     </para>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-subquery.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-subquery.sgml
index a9f2b12e48c..314c82ee1de 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-subquery.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-subquery.sgml
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ EXISTS (<replaceable>subquery</replaceable>)
    and not on the contents of those rows, the output list of the
    subquery is normally unimportant.  A common coding convention is
    to write all <literal>EXISTS</literal> tests in the form
-   <literal>EXISTS(SELECT 1 WHERE ...)</literal>.  There are exceptions to
+   <literal>EXISTS (SELECT 1 WHERE ...)</literal>.  There are exceptions to
    this rule however, such as subqueries that use <token>INTERSECT</token>.
   </para>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-xml.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-xml.sgml
index 21f34467a4f..511bc90852a 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/func/func-xml.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/func/func-xml.sgml
@@ -177,19 +177,19 @@ SELECT xmlconcat('<?xml version="1.1"?><foo/>', '<?xml version="1.1" standalone=
     <para>
      Examples:
 <screen><![CDATA[
-SELECT xmlelement(name foo);
+SELECT xmlelement(NAME foo);
 
  xmlelement
 ------------
  <foo/>
 
-SELECT xmlelement(name foo, xmlattributes('xyz' as bar));
+SELECT xmlelement(NAME foo, xmlattributes('xyz' AS bar));
 
     xmlelement
 ------------------
  <foo bar="xyz"/>
 
-SELECT xmlelement(name foo, xmlattributes(current_date as bar), 'cont', 'ent');
+SELECT xmlelement(NAME foo, xmlattributes(current_date AS bar), 'cont', 'ent');
 
              xmlelement
 -------------------------------------
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ SELECT xmlelement(name foo, xmlattributes(current_date as bar), 'cont', 'ent');
      <replaceable>HHHH</replaceable> is the character's Unicode
      codepoint in hexadecimal notation.  For example:
 <screen><![CDATA[
-SELECT xmlelement(name "foo$bar", xmlattributes('xyz' as "a&b"));
+SELECT xmlelement(NAME "foo$bar", xmlattributes('xyz' AS "a&b"));
 
             xmlelement
 ----------------------------------
@@ -220,12 +220,12 @@ SELECT xmlelement(name "foo$bar", xmlattributes('xyz' as "a&b"));
      valid:
 <screen>
 CREATE TABLE test (a xml, b xml);
-SELECT xmlelement(name test, xmlattributes(a, b)) FROM test;
+SELECT xmlelement(NAME test, xmlattributes(a, b)) FROM test;
 </screen>
      But these are not:
 <screen>
-SELECT xmlelement(name test, xmlattributes('constant'), a, b) FROM test;
-SELECT xmlelement(name test, xmlattributes(func(a, b))) FROM test;
+SELECT xmlelement(NAME test, xmlattributes('constant'), a, b) FROM test;
+SELECT xmlelement(NAME test, xmlattributes(func(a, b))) FROM test;
 </screen>
     </para>
 
@@ -234,10 +234,10 @@ SELECT xmlelement(name test, xmlattributes(func(a, b))) FROM test;
      its data type.  If the content is itself of type <type>xml</type>,
      complex XML documents can be constructed.  For example:
 <screen><![CDATA[
-SELECT xmlelement(name foo, xmlattributes('xyz' as bar),
-                            xmlelement(name abc),
+SELECT xmlelement(NAME foo, xmlattributes('xyz' AS bar),
+                            xmlelement(NAME abc),
                             xmlcomment('test'),
-                            xmlelement(name xyz));
+                            xmlelement(NAME xyz));
 
                   xmlelement
 ----------------------------------------------
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/hstore.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/hstore.sgml
index 44325e0bba0..ee8c16cdcbd 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/hstore.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/hstore.sgml
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ key =&gt; NULL
         with matching values from <type>hstore</type>.
        </para>
        <para>
-        <literal>ROW(1,3) #= 'f1=>11'::hstore</literal>
+        <literal>ROW(1, 3) #= 'f1=>11'::hstore</literal>
         <returnvalue>(11,3)</returnvalue>
        </para></entry>
       </row>
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ key =&gt; NULL
         Constructs an <type>hstore</type> from a record or row.
        </para>
        <para>
-        <literal>hstore(ROW(1,2))</literal>
+        <literal>hstore(ROW(1, 2))</literal>
         <returnvalue>"f1"=&gt;"1", "f2"=&gt;"2"</returnvalue>
        </para></entry>
       </row>
@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ b
         with matching values from <type>hstore</type>.
        </para>
        <para>
-        <literal>populate_record(ROW(1,2), 'f1=>42'::hstore)</literal>
+        <literal>populate_record(ROW(1, 2), 'f1=>42'::hstore)</literal>
         <returnvalue>(42,2)</returnvalue>
        </para></entry>
       </row>
@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@ UPDATE tab SET h = h || hstore('c', '3');
    If multiple keys are to be added or changed in one operation,
    the concatenation approach is more efficient than subscripting:
 <programlisting>
-UPDATE tab SET h = h || hstore(array['q', 'w'], array['11', '12']);
+UPDATE tab SET h = h || hstore(ARRAY['q', 'w'], ARRAY['11', '12']);
 </programlisting>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/indices.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/indices.sgml
index 9c4f76abf0d..6469f032f23 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/indices.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/indices.sgml
@@ -949,19 +949,19 @@ WHERE url = '/index.html' AND client_ip = inet '192.168.100.23';
     command to create the index would look like this:
 <programlisting>
 CREATE INDEX orders_unbilled_index ON orders (order_nr)
-    WHERE billed is not true;
+    WHERE billed IS NOT TRUE;
 </programlisting>
    </para>
 
    <para>
     A possible query to use this index would be:
 <programlisting>
-SELECT * FROM orders WHERE billed is not true AND order_nr &lt; 10000;
+SELECT * FROM orders WHERE billed IS NOT TRUE AND order_nr &lt; 10000;
 </programlisting>
     However, the index can also be used in queries that do not involve
     <structfield>order_nr</structfield> at all, e.g.:
 <programlisting>
-SELECT * FROM orders WHERE billed is not true AND amount &gt; 5000.00;
+SELECT * FROM orders WHERE billed IS NOT TRUE AND amount &gt; 5000.00;
 </programlisting>
     This is not as efficient as a partial index on the
     <structfield>amount</structfield> column would be, since the system has to
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/isn.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/isn.sgml
index 1f08ada6218..857482a19b4 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/isn.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/isn.sgml
@@ -379,20 +379,20 @@ SELECT ean13(upc('220356483481'));
 
 --Create a table with a single column to hold ISBN numbers:
 CREATE TABLE test (id isbn);
-INSERT INTO test VALUES('9780393040029');
+INSERT INTO test VALUES ('9780393040029');
 
 --Automatically calculate check digits (observe the '?'):
-INSERT INTO test VALUES('220500896?');
-INSERT INTO test VALUES('978055215372?');
+INSERT INTO test VALUES ('220500896?');
+INSERT INTO test VALUES ('978055215372?');
 
 SELECT issn('3251231?');
 SELECT ismn('979047213542?');
 
 --Using the weak mode:
 SET isn.weak TO true;
-INSERT INTO test VALUES('978-0-11-000533-4');
-INSERT INTO test VALUES('9780141219307');
-INSERT INTO test VALUES('2-205-00876-X');
+INSERT INTO test VALUES ('978-0-11-000533-4');
+INSERT INTO test VALUES ('9780141219307');
+INSERT INTO test VALUES ('2-205-00876-X');
 SET isn.weak TO false;
 
 SELECT id FROM test WHERE NOT is_valid(id);
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/logical-replication.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/logical-replication.sgml
index b01f5e998b2..ab3b6f8d792 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/logical-replication.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/logical-replication.sgml
@@ -365,17 +365,17 @@
     <para>
      Create some test tables on the publisher.
 <programlisting>
-/* pub # */ CREATE TABLE t1(a int, b text, PRIMARY KEY(a));
-/* pub # */ CREATE TABLE t2(c int, d text, PRIMARY KEY(c));
-/* pub # */ CREATE TABLE t3(e int, f text, PRIMARY KEY(e));
+/* pub # */ CREATE TABLE t1 (a int, b text, PRIMARY KEY (a));
+/* pub # */ CREATE TABLE t2 (c int, d text, PRIMARY KEY (c));
+/* pub # */ CREATE TABLE t3 (e int, f text, PRIMARY KEY (e));
 </programlisting></para>
 
     <para>
      Create the same tables on the subscriber.
 <programlisting>
-/* sub # */ CREATE TABLE t1(a int, b text, PRIMARY KEY(a));
-/* sub # */ CREATE TABLE t2(c int, d text, PRIMARY KEY(c));
-/* sub # */ CREATE TABLE t3(e int, f text, PRIMARY KEY(e));
+/* sub # */ CREATE TABLE t1 (a int, b text, PRIMARY KEY (a));
+/* sub # */ CREATE TABLE t2 (c int, d text, PRIMARY KEY (c));
+/* sub # */ CREATE TABLE t3 (e int, f text, PRIMARY KEY (e));
 </programlisting></para>
 
     <para>
@@ -1028,9 +1028,9 @@ HINT:  To initiate replication, you must manually create the replication slot, e
    <para>
     Create some tables to be used in the following examples.
 <programlisting>
-/* pub # */ CREATE TABLE t1(a int, b int, c text, PRIMARY KEY(a,c));
-/* pub # */ CREATE TABLE t2(d int, e int, f int, PRIMARY KEY(d));
-/* pub # */ CREATE TABLE t3(g int, h int, i int, PRIMARY KEY(g));
+/* pub # */ CREATE TABLE t1 (a int, b int, c text, PRIMARY KEY (a, c));
+/* pub # */ CREATE TABLE t2 (d int, e int, f int, PRIMARY KEY (d));
+/* pub # */ CREATE TABLE t3 (g int, h int, i int, PRIMARY KEY (g));
 </programlisting></para>
 
    <para>
@@ -1125,7 +1125,7 @@ Publications:
     definition as the one on the publisher, and also create the subscription
     <literal>s1</literal> that subscribes to the publication <literal>p1</literal>.
 <programlisting>
-/* sub # */ CREATE TABLE t1(a int, b int, c text, PRIMARY KEY(a,c));
+/* sub # */ CREATE TABLE t1 (a int, b int, c text, PRIMARY KEY (a, c));
 /* sub # */ CREATE SUBSCRIPTION s1
 /* sub - */ CONNECTION 'host=localhost dbname=test_pub application_name=s1'
 /* sub - */ PUBLICATION p1;
@@ -1269,12 +1269,12 @@ Publications:
    <para>
     Create a partitioned table on the publisher.
 <programlisting>
-/* pub # */ CREATE TABLE parent(a int PRIMARY KEY) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+/* pub # */ CREATE TABLE parent (a int PRIMARY KEY) PARTITION BY RANGE (a);
 /* pub # */ CREATE TABLE child PARTITION OF parent DEFAULT;
 </programlisting>
    Create the same tables on the subscriber.
 <programlisting>
-/* sub # */ CREATE TABLE parent(a int PRIMARY KEY) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+/* sub # */ CREATE TABLE parent (a int PRIMARY KEY) PARTITION BY RANGE (a);
 /* sub # */ CREATE TABLE child PARTITION OF parent DEFAULT;
 </programlisting></para>
 
@@ -1476,7 +1476,7 @@ Publications:
    <para>
     Create a table <literal>t1</literal> to be used in the following example.
 <programlisting>
-/* pub # */ CREATE TABLE t1(id int, a text, b text, c text, d text, e text, PRIMARY KEY(id));
+/* pub # */ CREATE TABLE t1 (id int, a text, b text, c text, d text, e text, PRIMARY KEY (id));
 </programlisting></para>
 
    <para>
@@ -1528,7 +1528,7 @@ Publications:
      <literal>s1</literal> that subscribes to the publication
      <literal>p1</literal>.
 <programlisting>
-/* sub # */ CREATE TABLE t1(id int, b text, a text, d text, PRIMARY KEY(id));
+/* sub # */ CREATE TABLE t1 (id int, b text, a text, d text, PRIMARY KEY (id));
 /* sub # */ CREATE SUBSCRIPTION s1
 /* sub - */ CONNECTION 'host=localhost dbname=test_pub application_name=s1'
 /* sub - */ PUBLICATION p1;
@@ -1537,9 +1537,9 @@ Publications:
     <para>
      On the publisher node, insert some rows to table <literal>t1</literal>.
 <programlisting>
-/* pub # */ INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(1, 'a-1', 'b-1', 'c-1', 'd-1', 'e-1');
-/* pub # */ INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(2, 'a-2', 'b-2', 'c-2', 'd-2', 'e-2');
-/* pub # */ INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(3, 'a-3', 'b-3', 'c-3', 'd-3', 'e-3');
+/* pub # */ INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1, 'a-1', 'b-1', 'c-1', 'd-1', 'e-1');
+/* pub # */ INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (2, 'a-2', 'b-2', 'c-2', 'd-2', 'e-2');
+/* pub # */ INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (3, 'a-3', 'b-3', 'c-3', 'd-3', 'e-3');
 /* pub # */ SELECT * FROM t1 ORDER BY id;
  id |  a  |  b  |  c  |  d  |  e
 ----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
@@ -1594,7 +1594,7 @@ Publications:
 
 /* sub # */ CREATE TABLE tab_gen_to_gen (a int, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 100) STORED);
 /* sub # */ CREATE SUBSCRIPTION sub1 CONNECTION 'dbname=test_pub' PUBLICATION pub1;
-/* sub # */ SELECT * from tab_gen_to_gen;
+/* sub # */ SELECT * FROM tab_gen_to_gen;
  a | b
 ---+----
  1 | 100
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/logicaldecoding.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/logicaldecoding.sgml
index b803a819cf1..2a327ac0b92 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/logicaldecoding.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/logicaldecoding.sgml
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ postgres=# SELECT * FROM pg_logical_slot_get_changes('regression_slot', NULL, NU
 -----+-----+------
 (0 rows)
 
-postgres=# CREATE TABLE data(id serial primary key, data text);
+postgres=# CREATE TABLE data (id serial PRIMARY KEY, data text);
 CREATE TABLE
 
 postgres=# -- DDL isn't replicated, so all you'll see is the transaction
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ postgres=# SELECT * FROM pg_logical_slot_get_changes('regression_slot', NULL, NU
 (0 rows)
 
 postgres=# BEGIN;
-postgres=*# INSERT INTO data(data) VALUES('1');
-postgres=*# INSERT INTO data(data) VALUES('2');
+postgres=*# INSERT INTO data (data) VALUES ('1');
+postgres=*# INSERT INTO data (data) VALUES ('2');
 postgres=*# COMMIT;
 
 postgres=# SELECT * FROM pg_logical_slot_get_changes('regression_slot', NULL, NULL);
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ postgres=# SELECT * FROM pg_logical_slot_get_changes('regression_slot', NULL, NU
  0/0BA5A8A8 | 10298 | COMMIT 10298
 (4 rows)
 
-postgres=# INSERT INTO data(data) VALUES('3');
+postgres=# INSERT INTO data (data) VALUES ('3');
 
 postgres=# -- You can also peek ahead in the change stream without consuming changes
 postgres=# SELECT * FROM pg_logical_slot_peek_changes('regression_slot', NULL, NULL);
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ Example 1:
 $ pg_recvlogical -d postgres --slot=test --create-slot
 $ pg_recvlogical -d postgres --slot=test --start -f -
 <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Control</keycap><keycap>Z</keycap></keycombo>
-$ psql -d postgres -c "INSERT INTO data(data) VALUES('4');"
+$ psql -d postgres -c "INSERT INTO data (data) VALUES ('4');"
 $ fg
 BEGIN 693
 table public.data: INSERT: id[integer]:4 data[text]:'4'
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ Example 2:
 $ pg_recvlogical -d postgres --slot=test --create-slot --enable-two-phase
 $ pg_recvlogical -d postgres --slot=test --start -f -
 <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Control</keycap><keycap>Z</keycap></keycombo>
-$ psql -d postgres -c "BEGIN;INSERT INTO data(data) VALUES('5');PREPARE TRANSACTION 'test';"
+$ psql -d postgres -c "BEGIN; INSERT INTO data (data) VALUES ('5'); PREPARE TRANSACTION 'test';"
 $ fg
 BEGIN 694
 table public.data: INSERT: id[integer]:5 data[text]:'5'
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ $ pg_recvlogical -d postgres --slot=test --drop-slot
   </para>
 <programlisting>
 postgres=# BEGIN;
-postgres=*# INSERT INTO data(data) VALUES('5');
+postgres=*# INSERT INTO data (data) VALUES ('5');
 postgres=*# PREPARE TRANSACTION 'test_prepared1';
 
 postgres=# SELECT * FROM pg_logical_slot_get_changes('regression_slot', NULL, NULL);
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ postgres=# SELECT * FROM pg_logical_slot_get_changes('regression_slot', NULL, NU
 (3 rows)
 
 postgres=# COMMIT PREPARED 'test_prepared1';
-postgres=# select * from pg_logical_slot_get_changes('regression_slot', NULL, NULL);
+postgres=# SELECT * from pg_logical_slot_get_changes('regression_slot', NULL, NULL);
     lsn     | xid |                    data
 ------------+-----+--------------------------------------------
  0/0168A060 | 529 | COMMIT PREPARED 'test_prepared1', txid 529
@@ -216,9 +216,9 @@ postgres=# select * from pg_logical_slot_get_changes('regression_slot', NULL, NU
 
 postgres=#-- you can also rollback a prepared transaction
 postgres=# BEGIN;
-postgres=*# INSERT INTO data(data) VALUES('6');
+postgres=*# INSERT INTO data (data) VALUES ('6');
 postgres=*# PREPARE TRANSACTION 'test_prepared2';
-postgres=# select * from pg_logical_slot_get_changes('regression_slot', NULL, NULL);
+postgres=# SELECT * from pg_logical_slot_get_changes('regression_slot', NULL, NULL);
     lsn     | xid |                          data
 ------------+-----+---------------------------------------------------------
  0/0168A180 | 530 | BEGIN 530
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ postgres=# select * from pg_logical_slot_get_changes('regression_slot', NULL, NU
 (3 rows)
 
 postgres=# ROLLBACK PREPARED 'test_prepared2';
-postgres=# select * from pg_logical_slot_get_changes('regression_slot', NULL, NULL);
+postgres=# SELECT * from pg_logical_slot_get_changes('regression_slot', NULL, NULL);
     lsn     | xid |                     data
 ------------+-----+----------------------------------------------
  0/0168A4B8 | 530 | ROLLBACK PREPARED 'test_prepared2', txid 530
@@ -830,7 +830,7 @@ typedef void (*LogicalOutputPluginInit) (struct OutputPluginCallbacks *cb);
      provided catalog tables using
 <programlisting>
 ALTER TABLE user_catalog_table SET (user_catalog_table = true);
-CREATE TABLE another_catalog_table(data text) WITH (user_catalog_table = true);
+CREATE TABLE another_catalog_table (data text) WITH (user_catalog_table = true);
 </programlisting>
      Note that access to user catalog tables or regular system catalog tables
      in the output plugins has to be done via the <literal>systable_*</literal>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml
index dc59c88319e..120bac8875f 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml
@@ -614,8 +614,8 @@
     examine this information is to execute queries such as:
 
 <programlisting>
-SELECT c.oid::regclass as table_name,
-       greatest(age(c.relfrozenxid),age(t.relfrozenxid)) as age
+SELECT c.oid::regclass AS table_name,
+       greatest(age(c.relfrozenxid), age(t.relfrozenxid)) AS age
 FROM pg_class c
 LEFT JOIN pg_class t ON c.reltoastrelid = t.oid
 WHERE c.relkind IN ('r', 'm');
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/manage-ag.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/manage-ag.sgml
index fe4cb4410cd..bb9efb97ceb 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/manage-ag.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/manage-ag.sgml
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ CREATE TABLESPACE fastspace LOCATION '/ssd1/postgresql/data';
    parameter to the relevant command. For example, the following creates
    a table in the tablespace <literal>space1</literal>:
 <programlisting>
-CREATE TABLE foo(i int) TABLESPACE space1;
+CREATE TABLE foo (i int) TABLESPACE space1;
 </programlisting>
   </para>
 
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ CREATE TABLE foo(i int) TABLESPACE space1;
    Alternatively, use the <xref linkend="guc-default-tablespace"/> parameter:
 <programlisting>
 SET default_tablespace = space1;
-CREATE TABLE foo(i int);
+CREATE TABLE foo (i int);
 </programlisting>
    When <varname>default_tablespace</varname> is set to anything but an empty
    string, it supplies an implicit <literal>TABLESPACE</literal> clause for
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml
index f3bf527d5b4..fc64df43e3f 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml
@@ -1137,7 +1137,7 @@ postgres   27093  0.0  0.0  30096  2752 ?        Ss   11:34   0:00 postgres: ser
      Here are examples of how wait events can be viewed:
 
 <programlisting>
-SELECT pid, wait_event_type, wait_event FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE wait_event is NOT NULL;
+SELECT pid, wait_event_type, wait_event FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE wait_event IS NOT NULL;
  pid  | wait_event_type | wait_event
 ------+-----------------+------------
  2540 | Lock            | relation
@@ -1150,7 +1150,7 @@ SELECT a.pid, a.wait_event, w.description
   FROM pg_stat_activity a JOIN
        pg_wait_events w ON (a.wait_event_type = w.type AND
                             a.wait_event = w.name)
-  WHERE a.wait_event is NOT NULL and a.state = 'active';
+  WHERE a.wait_event IS NOT NULL AND a.state = 'active';
 -[ RECORD 1 ]------------------------------------------------------&zwsp;------------
 pid         | 686674
 wait_event  | WALInitSync
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/pgcrypto.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/pgcrypto.sgml
index bc5c74ad017..6fc2069ad3e 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/pgcrypto.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/pgcrypto.sgml
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ digest(data bytea, type text) returns bytea
     If you want the digest as a hexadecimal string, use
     <function>encode()</function> on the result.  For example:
 <programlisting>
-CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION sha1(bytea) returns text AS $$
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION sha1(bytea) RETURNS text AS $$
     SELECT encode(digest($1, 'sha1'), 'hex')
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL STRICT IMMUTABLE;
 </programlisting>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/pgstattuple.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/pgstattuple.sgml
index c747a5818ab..54d8f90245e 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/pgstattuple.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/pgstattuple.sgml
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ pending_tuples | 0
       <function>pgstathashindex</function> returns a record showing information
       about a HASH index.  For example:
 <programlisting>
-test=&gt; select * from pgstathashindex('con_hash_index');
+test=&gt; SELECT * FROM pgstathashindex('con_hash_index');
 -[ RECORD 1 ]--+-----------------
 version        | 4
 bucket_pages   | 33081
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/pgsurgery.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/pgsurgery.sgml
index 29bccd7f36d..68186122a22 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/pgsurgery.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/pgsurgery.sgml
@@ -34,17 +34,17 @@
       intended use of this function is to forcibly remove tuples that are not
       otherwise accessible. For example:
 <programlisting>
-test=&gt; select * from t1 where ctid = '(0, 1)';
+test=&gt; SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE ctid = '(0, 1)';
 ERROR:  could not access status of transaction 4007513275
 DETAIL:  Could not open file "pg_xact/0EED": No such file or directory.
 
-test=# select heap_force_kill('t1'::regclass, ARRAY['(0, 1)']::tid[]);
+test=# SELECT heap_force_kill('t1'::regclass, ARRAY['(0, 1)']::tid[]);
  heap_force_kill
 -----------------
 
 (1 row)
 
-test=# select * from t1 where ctid = '(0, 1)';
+test=# SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE ctid = '(0, 1)';
 (0 rows)
 
 </programlisting>
@@ -70,19 +70,19 @@ test=&gt; vacuum t1;
 ERROR:  found xmin 507 from before relfrozenxid 515
 CONTEXT:  while scanning block 0 of relation "public.t1"
 
-test=# select ctid from t1 where xmin = 507;
+test=# SELECT ctid FROM t1 WHERE xmin = 507;
  ctid
 -------
  (0,3)
 (1 row)
 
-test=# select heap_force_freeze('t1'::regclass, ARRAY['(0, 3)']::tid[]);
+test=# SELECT heap_force_freeze('t1'::regclass, ARRAY['(0, 3)']::tid[]);
  heap_force_freeze
 -------------------
 
 (1 row)
 
-test=# select ctid from t1 where xmin = 2;
+test=# SELECT ctid FROM t1 WHERE xmin = 2;
  ctid
 -------
  (0,3)
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/planstats.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/planstats.sgml
index 068b804a18d..e57867ba617 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/planstats.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/planstats.sgml
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, TIMING OFF, BUFFERS OFF) SELECT * FROM t WHERE a = 1 AND b = 1
     <function>pg_mcv_list_items</function> set-returning function.
 
 <programlisting>
-SELECT m.* FROM pg_statistic_ext join pg_statistic_ext_data on (oid = stxoid),
+SELECT m.* FROM pg_statistic_ext JOIN pg_statistic_ext_data ON (oid = stxoid),
                 pg_mcv_list_items(stxdmcv) m WHERE stxname = 'stts2';
  index |  values  | nulls | frequency | base_frequency
 -------+----------+-------+-----------+----------------
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/plperl.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/plperl.sgml
index 8007261d022..ad51fb8054c 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/plperl.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/plperl.sgml
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ $$ LANGUAGE plperl;
    could be defined as:
 
 <programlisting>
-CREATE FUNCTION perl_max (integer, integer) RETURNS integer AS $$
+CREATE FUNCTION perl_max(integer, integer) RETURNS integer AS $$
     if ($_[0] &gt; $_[1]) { return $_[0]; }
     return $_[1];
 $$ LANGUAGE plperl;
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ $$ LANGUAGE plperl;
    rather than a null value:
 
 <programlisting>
-CREATE FUNCTION perl_max (integer, integer) RETURNS integer AS $$
+CREATE FUNCTION perl_max(integer, integer) RETURNS integer AS $$
     my ($x, $y) = @_;
     if (not defined $x) {
         return undef if not defined $y;
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ $$ LANGUAGE plperl;
    references to Perl arrays.  Here is an example:
 
 <programlisting>
-CREATE OR REPLACE function returns_array()
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION returns_array()
 RETURNS text[][] AS $$
     return [['a&quot;b','c,d'],['e\\f','g']];
 $$ LANGUAGE plperl;
@@ -588,7 +588,7 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION lotsa_md5 (INTEGER) RETURNS SETOF foo_type AS $$
     return;
 $$ LANGUAGE plperlu;
 
-SELECT * from lotsa_md5(500);
+SELECT * FROM lotsa_md5(500);
 </programlisting>
     </para>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/plpgsql.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/plpgsql.sgml
index e937491e6b8..c7e80a954c0 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/plpgsql.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/plpgsql.sgml
@@ -555,7 +555,7 @@ CALL sum_n_product(2, 4, NULL, NULL);
 
 <programlisting>
 CREATE FUNCTION extended_sales(p_itemno int)
-RETURNS TABLE(quantity int, total numeric) AS $$
+RETURNS TABLE (quantity int, total numeric) AS $$
 BEGIN
     RETURN QUERY SELECT s.quantity, s.quantity * s.price FROM sales AS s
                  WHERE s.itemno = p_itemno;
@@ -1023,7 +1023,7 @@ IF count(*) &gt; 0 FROM my_table THEN ...
 tax := subtotal * 0.06;
 my_record.user_id := 20;
 my_array[j] := 20;
-my_array[1:3] := array[1,2,3];
+my_array[1:3] := ARRAY[1, 2, 3];
 complex_array[n].realpart = 12.3;
 </programlisting>
     </para>
@@ -1037,8 +1037,8 @@ complex_array[n].realpart = 12.3;
      within a <application>PL/pgSQL</application> function just by writing
      the command.  For example, you could create and fill a table by writing
 <programlisting>
-CREATE TABLE mytable (id int primary key, data text);
-INSERT INTO mytable VALUES (1,'one'), (2,'two');
+CREATE TABLE mytable (id int PRIMARY KEY, data text);
+INSERT INTO mytable VALUES (1, 'one'), (2, 'two');
 </programlisting>
     </para>
 
@@ -2861,7 +2861,7 @@ WHEN SQLSTATE '22012' THEN ...
      As an example, consider this fragment:
 
 <programlisting>
-INSERT INTO mytab(firstname, lastname) VALUES('Tom', 'Jones');
+INSERT INTO mytab (firstname, lastname) VALUES ('Tom', 'Jones');
 BEGIN
     UPDATE mytab SET firstname = 'Joe' WHERE lastname = 'Jones';
     x := x + 1;
@@ -2905,7 +2905,7 @@ END;
 <programlisting>
 CREATE TABLE db (a INT PRIMARY KEY, b TEXT);
 
-CREATE FUNCTION merge_db(key INT, data TEXT) RETURNS VOID AS
+CREATE FUNCTION merge_db(key INT, data TEXT) RETURNS void AS
 $$
 BEGIN
     LOOP
@@ -2918,7 +2918,7 @@ BEGIN
         -- if someone else inserts the same key concurrently,
         -- we could get a unique-key failure
         BEGIN
-            INSERT INTO db(a,b) VALUES (key, data);
+            INSERT INTO db (a, b) VALUES (key, data);
             RETURN;
         EXCEPTION WHEN unique_violation THEN
             -- Do nothing, and loop to try the UPDATE again.
@@ -4466,20 +4466,20 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION update_emp_view() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
             IF NOT FOUND THEN RETURN NULL; END IF;
 
             OLD.last_updated = now();
-            INSERT INTO emp_audit VALUES('D', current_user, OLD.*);
+            INSERT INTO emp_audit VALUES ('D', current_user, OLD.*);
             RETURN OLD;
         ELSIF (TG_OP = 'UPDATE') THEN
             UPDATE emp SET salary = NEW.salary WHERE empname = OLD.empname;
             IF NOT FOUND THEN RETURN NULL; END IF;
 
             NEW.last_updated = now();
-            INSERT INTO emp_audit VALUES('U', current_user, NEW.*);
+            INSERT INTO emp_audit VALUES ('U', current_user, NEW.*);
             RETURN NEW;
         ELSIF (TG_OP = 'INSERT') THEN
-            INSERT INTO emp VALUES(NEW.empname, NEW.salary);
+            INSERT INTO emp VALUES (NEW.empname, NEW.salary);
 
             NEW.last_updated = now();
-            INSERT INTO emp_audit VALUES('I', current_user, NEW.*);
+            INSERT INTO emp_audit VALUES ('I', current_user, NEW.*);
             RETURN NEW;
         END IF;
     END;
@@ -4634,10 +4634,10 @@ CREATE TRIGGER maint_sales_summary_bytime
 AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON sales_fact
     FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION maint_sales_summary_bytime();
 
-INSERT INTO sales_fact VALUES(1,1,1,10,3,15);
-INSERT INTO sales_fact VALUES(1,2,1,20,5,35);
-INSERT INTO sales_fact VALUES(2,2,1,40,15,135);
-INSERT INTO sales_fact VALUES(2,3,1,10,1,13);
+INSERT INTO sales_fact VALUES (1, 1, 1, 10,  3,  15);
+INSERT INTO sales_fact VALUES (1, 2, 1, 20,  5,  35);
+INSERT INTO sales_fact VALUES (2, 2, 1, 40, 15, 135);
+INSERT INTO sales_fact VALUES (2, 3, 1, 10,  1,  13);
 SELECT * FROM sales_summary_bytime;
 DELETE FROM sales_fact WHERE product_key = 1;
 SELECT * FROM sales_summary_bytime;
@@ -5226,12 +5226,12 @@ CREATE FUNCTION foo() RETURNS integer AS '
       For string literals inside the function body, for example:
 <programlisting>
 a_output := ''Blah'';
-SELECT * FROM users WHERE f_name=''foobar'';
+SELECT * FROM users WHERE f_name = ''foobar'';
 </programlisting>
       In the dollar-quoting approach, you'd just write:
 <programlisting>
 a_output := 'Blah';
-SELECT * FROM users WHERE f_name='foobar';
+SELECT * FROM users WHERE f_name = 'foobar';
 </programlisting>
       which is exactly what the <application>PL/pgSQL</application> parser would see
       in either case.
@@ -5294,24 +5294,24 @@ a_output := a_output || $$ AND name LIKE 'foobar'$$
       <xref linkend="plpgsql-porting-ex2"/>.
       For example:
 <programlisting>
-a_output := a_output || '' if v_'' ||
-    referrer_keys.kind || '' like ''''''''''
+a_output := a_output || '' IF v_'' ||
+    referrer_keys.kind || '' LIKE ''''''''''
     || referrer_keys.key_string || ''''''''''
-    then return ''''''  || referrer_keys.referrer_type
-    || ''''''; end if;'';
+    THEN RETURN '''''' || referrer_keys.referrer_type
+    || ''''''; END IF;'';
 </programlisting>
       The value of <literal>a_output</literal> would then be:
 <programlisting>
-if v_... like ''...'' then return ''...''; end if;
+IF v_... LIKE ''...'' THEN RETURN ''...''; END IF;
 </programlisting>
      </para>
      <para>
       In the dollar-quoting approach, this becomes:
 <programlisting>
-a_output := a_output || $$ if v_$$ || referrer_keys.kind || $$ like '$$
+a_output := a_output || $$ IF v_$$ || referrer_keys.kind || $$ LIKE '$$
     || referrer_keys.key_string || $$'
-    then return '$$  || referrer_keys.referrer_type
-    || $$'; end if;$$;
+    THEN RETURN '$$ || referrer_keys.referrer_type
+    || $$'; END IF;$$;
 </programlisting>
       where we assume we only need to put single quote marks into
       <literal>a_output</literal>, because it will be re-quoted before use.
@@ -5887,7 +5887,7 @@ BEGIN
     END IF;
 
     DELETE FROM cs_active_job;
-    INSERT INTO cs_active_job(job_id) VALUES (v_job_id);
+    INSERT INTO cs_active_job (job_id) VALUES (v_job_id);
 
     BEGIN
         INSERT INTO cs_jobs (job_id, start_stamp) VALUES (v_job_id, now());
@@ -5919,7 +5919,7 @@ BEGIN
     END IF;
 
     DELETE FROM cs_active_job;
-    INSERT INTO cs_active_job(job_id) VALUES (v_job_id);
+    INSERT INTO cs_active_job (job_id) VALUES (v_job_id);
 
     BEGIN
         INSERT INTO cs_jobs (job_id, start_stamp) VALUES (v_job_id, now());
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/plpython.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/plpython.sgml
index 27c4467ba7d..1c563058142 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/plpython.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/plpython.sgml
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ $$ LANGUAGE plpython3u;
    defined as:
 
 <programlisting>
-CREATE FUNCTION pymax (a integer, b integer)
+CREATE FUNCTION pymax(a integer, b integer)
   RETURNS integer
 AS $$
   if a &gt; b:
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ $$ LANGUAGE plpython3u;
    we could check for null inputs in the function body:
 
 <programlisting>
-CREATE FUNCTION pymax (a integer, b integer)
+CREATE FUNCTION pymax(a integer, b integer)
   RETURNS integer
 AS $$
   if (a is None) or (b is None):
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ CREATE TABLE employee (
   age integer
 );
 
-CREATE FUNCTION overpaid (e employee)
+CREATE FUNCTION overpaid(e employee)
   RETURNS boolean
 AS $$
   if e["salary"] &gt; 200000:
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ CREATE TYPE named_value AS (
        example:
 
 <programlisting>
-CREATE FUNCTION make_pair (name text, value integer)
+CREATE FUNCTION make_pair(name text, value integer)
   RETURNS named_value
 AS $$
   return ( name, value )
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ $$ LANGUAGE plpython3u;
        with the column name as key. Example:
 
 <programlisting>
-CREATE FUNCTION make_pair (name text, value integer)
+CREATE FUNCTION make_pair(name text, value integer)
   RETURNS named_value
 AS $$
   return { "name": name, "value": value }
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ $$ LANGUAGE plpython3u;
        Example:
 
 <programlisting>
-CREATE FUNCTION make_pair (name text, value integer)
+CREATE FUNCTION make_pair(name text, value integer)
   RETURNS named_value
 AS $$
   class named_value:
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ CREATE TYPE greeting AS (
      <listitem>
       <para>
 <programlisting>
-CREATE FUNCTION greet (how text)
+CREATE FUNCTION greet(how text)
   RETURNS SETOF greeting
 AS $$
   # return tuple containing lists as composite types
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ $$ LANGUAGE plpython3u;
      <listitem>
       <para>
 <programlisting>
-CREATE FUNCTION greet (how text)
+CREATE FUNCTION greet(how text)
   RETURNS SETOF greeting
 AS $$
   class producer:
@@ -587,7 +587,7 @@ $$ LANGUAGE plpython3u;
      <listitem>
       <para>
 <programlisting>
-CREATE FUNCTION greet (how text)
+CREATE FUNCTION greet(how text)
   RETURNS SETOF greeting
 AS $$
   for who in [ "World", "PostgreSQL", "PL/Python" ]:
@@ -1130,7 +1130,7 @@ $$ LANGUAGE plpython3u;
 <programlisting>
 CREATE FUNCTION try_adding_joe() RETURNS text AS $$
     try:
-        plpy.execute("INSERT INTO users(username) VALUES ('joe')")
+        plpy.execute("INSERT INTO users (username) VALUES ('joe')")
     except plpy.SPIError:
         return "something went wrong"
     else:
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/pltcl.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/pltcl.sgml
index 5a8e4c9d37e..9fd008a99d7 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/pltcl.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/pltcl.sgml
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ $$ LANGUAGE pltcl;
      column names.  Here is an example:
 
 <programlisting>
-CREATE FUNCTION square_cube(in int, out squared int, out cubed int) AS $$
+CREATE FUNCTION square_cube(IN int, OUT squared int, OUT cubed int) AS $$
     return [list squared [expr {$1 * $1}] cubed [expr {$1 * $1 * $1}]]
 $$ LANGUAGE pltcl;
 </programlisting>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/protocol.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/protocol.sgml
index 9d755232873..7546d151830 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/protocol.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/protocol.sgml
@@ -783,9 +783,9 @@
      transaction, unless explicit transaction control commands are included
      to force a different behavior.  For example, if the message contains
 <programlisting>
-INSERT INTO mytable VALUES(1);
+INSERT INTO mytable VALUES (1);
 SELECT 1/0;
-INSERT INTO mytable VALUES(2);
+INSERT INTO mytable VALUES (2);
 </programlisting>
      then the divide-by-zero failure in the <command>SELECT</command> will force
      rollback of the first <command>INSERT</command>.  Furthermore, because
@@ -797,9 +797,9 @@ INSERT INTO mytable VALUES(2);
      If instead the message contains
 <programlisting>
 BEGIN;
-INSERT INTO mytable VALUES(1);
+INSERT INTO mytable VALUES (1);
 COMMIT;
-INSERT INTO mytable VALUES(2);
+INSERT INTO mytable VALUES (2);
 SELECT 1/0;
 </programlisting>
      then the first <command>INSERT</command> is committed by the
@@ -881,9 +881,9 @@ ROLLBACK;
      example into
 <programlisting>
 BEGIN;
-INSERT INTO mytable VALUES(1);
+INSERT INTO mytable VALUES (1);
 COMMIT;
-INSERT INTO mytable VALUES(2);
+INSERT INTO mytable VALUES (2);
 SELCT 1/0;<!-- this typo is intentional -->
 </programlisting>
      then none of the statements would get run, resulting in the visible
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/queries.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/queries.sgml
index 2736868fb06..499e22b9ac8 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/queries.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/queries.sgml
@@ -701,7 +701,7 @@ FROM (VALUES ('anne', 'smith'), ('bob', 'jones'), ('joe', 'blow'))
 
 <synopsis>
 <replaceable>function_call</replaceable> <optional>WITH ORDINALITY</optional> <optional><optional>AS</optional> <replaceable>table_alias</replaceable> <optional>(<replaceable>column_alias</replaceable> <optional>, ... </optional>)</optional></optional>
-ROWS FROM( <replaceable>function_call</replaceable> <optional>, ... </optional> ) <optional>WITH ORDINALITY</optional> <optional><optional>AS</optional> <replaceable>table_alias</replaceable> <optional>(<replaceable>column_alias</replaceable> <optional>, ... </optional>)</optional></optional>
+ROWS FROM ( <replaceable>function_call</replaceable> <optional>, ... </optional> ) <optional>WITH ORDINALITY</optional> <optional><optional>AS</optional> <replaceable>table_alias</replaceable> <optional>(<replaceable>column_alias</replaceable> <optional>, ... </optional>)</optional></optional>
 </synopsis>
 
     <para>
@@ -729,7 +729,7 @@ UNNEST( <replaceable>array_expression</replaceable> <optional>, ... </optional>
 
     <para>
      If no <replaceable>table_alias</replaceable> is specified, the function
-     name is used as the table name; in the case of a <literal>ROWS FROM()</literal>
+     name is used as the table name; in the case of a <literal>ROWS FROM</literal>
      construct, the first function's name is used.
     </para>
 
@@ -778,20 +778,20 @@ SELECT * FROM vw_getfoo;
 <synopsis>
 <replaceable>function_call</replaceable> <optional>AS</optional> <replaceable>alias</replaceable> (<replaceable>column_definition</replaceable> <optional>, ... </optional>)
 <replaceable>function_call</replaceable> AS <optional><replaceable>alias</replaceable></optional> (<replaceable>column_definition</replaceable> <optional>, ... </optional>)
-ROWS FROM( ... <replaceable>function_call</replaceable> AS (<replaceable>column_definition</replaceable> <optional>, ... </optional>) <optional>, ... </optional> )
+ROWS FROM ( ... <replaceable>function_call</replaceable> AS (<replaceable>column_definition</replaceable> <optional>, ... </optional>) <optional>, ... </optional> )
 </synopsis>
 
     <para>
-     When not using the <literal>ROWS FROM()</literal> syntax,
+     When not using the <literal>ROWS FROM</literal> syntax,
      the <replaceable>column_definition</replaceable> list replaces the column
      alias list that could otherwise be attached to the <literal>FROM</literal>
      item; the names in the column definitions serve as column aliases.
-     When using the <literal>ROWS FROM()</literal> syntax,
+     When using the <literal>ROWS FROM</literal> syntax,
      a <replaceable>column_definition</replaceable> list can be attached to
      each member function separately; or if there is only one member function
      and no <literal>WITH ORDINALITY</literal> clause,
      a <replaceable>column_definition</replaceable> list can be written in
-     place of a column alias list following <literal>ROWS FROM()</literal>.
+     place of a column alias list following <literal>ROWS FROM</literal>.
     </para>
 
     <para>
@@ -2232,7 +2232,7 @@ WITH RECURSIVE included_parts(sub_part, part, quantity) AS (
     FROM included_parts pr, parts p
     WHERE p.part = pr.sub_part
 )
-SELECT sub_part, SUM(quantity) as total_quantity
+SELECT sub_part, SUM(quantity) AS total_quantity
 FROM included_parts
 GROUP BY sub_part
 </programlisting>
@@ -2603,7 +2603,7 @@ WHERE w2.key = 123;
    undesirable is
 <programlisting>
 WITH w AS (
-    SELECT key, very_expensive_function(val) as f FROM some_table
+    SELECT key, very_expensive_function(val) AS f FROM some_table
 )
 SELECT * FROM w AS w1 JOIN w AS w2 ON w1.f = w2.f;
 </programlisting>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_table.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_table.sgml
index bea9f90138b..9d23ad5a0fb 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_table.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_table.sgml
@@ -1642,7 +1642,7 @@ ALTER TABLE measurements
 <programlisting>
 ALTER TABLE transactions
   ADD COLUMN status varchar(30) DEFAULT 'old',
-  ALTER COLUMN status SET default 'current';
+  ALTER COLUMN status SET DEFAULT 'current';
 </programlisting>
    Existing rows will be filled with <literal>old</literal>, but then
    the default for subsequent commands will be <literal>current</literal>.
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_view.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_view.sgml
index afbb3d02c7b..7c67c708308 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_view.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_view.sgml
@@ -205,8 +205,8 @@ ALTER VIEW foo RENAME TO bar;
 CREATE TABLE base_table (id int, ts timestamptz);
 CREATE VIEW a_view AS SELECT * FROM base_table;
 ALTER VIEW a_view ALTER COLUMN ts SET DEFAULT now();
-INSERT INTO base_table(id) VALUES(1);  -- ts will receive a NULL
-INSERT INTO a_view(id) VALUES(2);  -- ts will receive the current time
+INSERT INTO base_table (id) VALUES (1);  -- ts will receive a NULL
+INSERT INTO a_view (id) VALUES (2);  -- ts will receive the current time
 </programlisting></para>
  </refsect1>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_domain.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_domain.sgml
index c111285a69c..c2329014ded 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_domain.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_domain.sgml
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ INSERT INTO tab (domcol) VALUES ((SELECT domcol FROM tab WHERE false));
 
 <programlisting>
 CREATE DOMAIN us_postal_code AS TEXT
-CHECK(
+CHECK (
    VALUE ~ '^\d{5}$'
 OR VALUE ~ '^\d{5}-\d{4}$'
 );
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_function.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_function.sgml
index 0d240484cd3..87e331f13bd 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_function.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_function.sgml
@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ END
     parameters.  Thus for example these declarations conflict:
 <programlisting>
 CREATE FUNCTION foo(int) ...
-CREATE FUNCTION foo(int, out text) ...
+CREATE FUNCTION foo(int, OUT text) ...
 </programlisting>
    </para>
 
@@ -676,9 +676,9 @@ CREATE FUNCTION foo(int, int default 42) ...
     parenthesized type modifiers (e.g., the precision field for
     type <type>numeric</type>) are discarded by <command>CREATE FUNCTION</command>.
     Thus for example
-    <literal>CREATE FUNCTION foo (varchar(10)) ...</literal>
+    <literal>CREATE FUNCTION foo(varchar(10)) ...</literal>
     is exactly the same as
-    <literal>CREATE FUNCTION foo (varchar) ...</literal>.
+    <literal>CREATE FUNCTION foo(varchar) ...</literal>.
    </para>
 
    <para>
@@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ CREATE FUNCTION foo(int, int default 42) ...
    Add two integers using an SQL function:
 <programlisting>
 CREATE FUNCTION add(integer, integer) RETURNS integer
-    AS 'select $1 + $2;'
+    AS 'SELECT $1 + $2;'
     LANGUAGE SQL
     IMMUTABLE
     RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT;
@@ -740,7 +740,7 @@ $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
   <para>
    Return a record containing multiple output parameters:
 <programlisting>
-CREATE FUNCTION dup(in int, out f1 int, out f2 text)
+CREATE FUNCTION dup(IN int, OUT f1 int, OUT f2 text)
     AS $$ SELECT $1, CAST($1 AS text) || ' is text' $$
     LANGUAGE SQL;
 
@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ SELECT * FROM dup(42);
    Another way to return multiple columns is to use a <literal>TABLE</literal>
    function:
 <programlisting>
-CREATE FUNCTION dup(int) RETURNS TABLE(f1 int, f2 text)
+CREATE FUNCTION dup(int) RETURNS TABLE (f1 int, f2 text)
     AS $$ SELECT $1, CAST($1 AS text) || ' is text' $$
     LANGUAGE SQL;
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml
index a157a244e4e..f20d565d06f 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml
@@ -2088,7 +2088,7 @@ CREATE TABLE films (
     date_prod   date,
     kind        varchar(10),
     len         interval hour to minute,
-    CONSTRAINT production UNIQUE(date_prod)
+    CONSTRAINT production UNIQUE (date_prod)
 );
 </programlisting>
   </para>
@@ -2128,7 +2128,7 @@ CREATE TABLE films (
     date_prod   date,
     kind        varchar(10),
     len         interval hour to minute,
-    CONSTRAINT code_title PRIMARY KEY(code,title)
+    CONSTRAINT code_title PRIMARY KEY (code, title)
 );
 </programlisting>
   </para>
@@ -2143,7 +2143,7 @@ CREATE TABLE films (
 CREATE TABLE distributors (
     did     integer,
     name    varchar(40),
-    PRIMARY KEY(did)
+    PRIMARY KEY (did)
 );
 
 CREATE TABLE distributors (
@@ -2199,7 +2199,7 @@ CREATE TABLE distributors (
 CREATE TABLE distributors (
     did     integer,
     name    varchar(40),
-    UNIQUE(name)
+    UNIQUE (name)
 );
 </programlisting>
   </para>
@@ -2212,7 +2212,7 @@ CREATE TABLE distributors (
 CREATE TABLE distributors (
     did     integer,
     name    varchar(40),
-    UNIQUE(name) WITH (fillfactor=70)
+    UNIQUE (name) WITH (fillfactor=70)
 )
 WITH (fillfactor=70);
 </programlisting>
@@ -2257,7 +2257,7 @@ CREATE TABLE employees OF employee_type (
    Create a range partitioned table:
 <programlisting>
 CREATE TABLE measurement (
-    logdate         date not null,
+    logdate         date NOT NULL,
     peaktemp        int,
     unitsales       int
 ) PARTITION BY RANGE (logdate);
@@ -2267,7 +2267,7 @@ CREATE TABLE measurement (
    Create a range partitioned table with multiple columns in the partition key:
 <programlisting>
 CREATE TABLE measurement_year_month (
-    logdate         date not null,
+    logdate         date NOT NULL,
     peaktemp        int,
     unitsales       int
 ) PARTITION BY RANGE (EXTRACT(YEAR FROM logdate), EXTRACT(MONTH FROM logdate));
@@ -2277,8 +2277,8 @@ CREATE TABLE measurement_year_month (
    Create a list partitioned table:
 <programlisting>
 CREATE TABLE cities (
-    city_id      bigserial not null,
-    name         text not null,
+    city_id      bigserial NOT NULL,
+    name         text NOT NULL,
     population   bigint
 ) PARTITION BY LIST (left(lower(name), 1));
 </programlisting></para>
@@ -2287,8 +2287,8 @@ CREATE TABLE cities (
    Create a hash partitioned table:
 <programlisting>
 CREATE TABLE orders (
-    order_id     bigint not null,
-    cust_id      bigint not null,
+    order_id     bigint NOT NULL,
+    cust_id      bigint NOT NULL,
     status       text
 ) PARTITION BY HASH (order_id);
 </programlisting></para>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/merge.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/merge.sgml
index c2e181066a4..c02f1946286 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/merge.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/merge.sgml
@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ MERGE INTO wines w
 USING wine_stock_changes s
 ON s.winename = w.winename
 WHEN NOT MATCHED AND s.stock_delta > 0 THEN
-  INSERT VALUES(s.winename, s.stock_delta)
+  INSERT VALUES (s.winename, s.stock_delta)
 WHEN MATCHED AND w.stock + s.stock_delta > 0 THEN
   UPDATE SET stock = w.stock + s.stock_delta
 WHEN MATCHED THEN
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ MERGE INTO wines w
 USING new_wine_list s
 ON s.winename = w.winename
 WHEN NOT MATCHED BY TARGET THEN
-  INSERT VALUES(s.winename, s.stock)
+  INSERT VALUES (s.winename, s.stock)
 WHEN MATCHED AND w.stock != s.stock THEN
   UPDATE SET stock = s.stock
 WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE THEN
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_rewind.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_rewind.sgml
index 928e78cda33..5b155cfa12a 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_rewind.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_rewind.sgml
@@ -372,10 +372,10 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
    a role, named <literal>rewind_user</literal> here:
 <programlisting>
 CREATE USER rewind_user LOGIN;
-GRANT EXECUTE ON function pg_catalog.pg_ls_dir(text, boolean, boolean) TO rewind_user;
-GRANT EXECUTE ON function pg_catalog.pg_stat_file(text, boolean) TO rewind_user;
-GRANT EXECUTE ON function pg_catalog.pg_read_binary_file(text) TO rewind_user;
-GRANT EXECUTE ON function pg_catalog.pg_read_binary_file(text, bigint, bigint, boolean) TO rewind_user;
+GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTION pg_catalog.pg_ls_dir(text, boolean, boolean) TO rewind_user;
+GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTION pg_catalog.pg_stat_file(text, boolean) TO rewind_user;
+GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTION pg_catalog.pg_read_binary_file(text) TO rewind_user;
+GRANT EXECUTE ON FUNCTION pg_catalog.pg_read_binary_file(text, bigint, bigint, boolean) TO rewind_user;
 </programlisting>
   </para>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/prepare.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/prepare.sgml
index 8ee9439f611..998c5e4519c 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/prepare.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/prepare.sgml
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ EXPLAIN EXECUTE <replaceable>name</replaceable>(<replaceable>parameter_values</r
    statement, and then execute it:
 <programlisting>
 PREPARE fooplan (int, text, bool, numeric) AS
-    INSERT INTO foo VALUES($1, $2, $3, $4);
+    INSERT INTO foo VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4);
 EXECUTE fooplan(1, 'Hunter Valley', 't', 200.00);
 </programlisting>
   </para>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/psql-ref.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/psql-ref.sgml
index 7e96a8e1ddb..1ab427d18af 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/psql-ref.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/psql-ref.sgml
@@ -2531,7 +2531,7 @@ Tue Oct 26 21:40:57 CEST 1999
          statement to be executed.  For example, to create an index on each
          column of <structname>my_table</structname>:
 <programlisting>
-=&gt; <userinput>SELECT format('create index on my_table(%I)', attname)</userinput>
+=&gt; <userinput>SELECT format('CREATE INDEX ON my_table (%I)', attname)</userinput>
 -&gt; <userinput>FROM pg_attribute</userinput>
 -&gt; <userinput>WHERE attrelid = 'my_table'::regclass AND attnum &gt; 0</userinput>
 -&gt; <userinput>ORDER BY attnum</userinput>
@@ -2766,8 +2766,8 @@ hello 10
 -- check for the existence of two separate records in the database and store
 -- the results in separate psql variables
 SELECT
-    EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM customer WHERE customer_id = 123) as is_customer,
-    EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM employee WHERE employee_id = 456) as is_employee
+    EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM customer WHERE customer_id = 123) AS is_customer,
+    EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM employee WHERE employee_id = 456) AS is_employee
 \gset
 \if :is_customer
     SELECT * FROM customer WHERE customer_id = 123;
@@ -4023,7 +4023,7 @@ SELECT 1 \bind \sendpipeline
         server as soon as it reaches the command-ending semicolon, even if
         more input remains on the current line.  Thus for example entering
 <programlisting>
-select 1; select 2; select 3;
+SELECT 1; SELECT 2; SELECT 3;
 </programlisting>
         will result in the three SQL commands being individually sent to
         the server, with each one's results being displayed before
@@ -4032,7 +4032,7 @@ select 1; select 2; select 3;
         command before it and the one after are effectively combined and
         sent to the server in one request.  So for example
 <programlisting>
-select 1\; select 2\; select 3;
+SELECT 1\; SELECT 2\; SELECT 3;
 </programlisting>
         results in sending the three SQL commands to the server in a single
         request, when the non-backslashed semicolon is reached.
@@ -5581,7 +5581,7 @@ PSQL_EDITOR_LINENUMBER_ARG='--line '
   input. Notice the changing prompt:
 <programlisting>
 testdb=&gt; <userinput>CREATE TABLE my_table (</userinput>
-testdb(&gt; <userinput> first integer not null default 0,</userinput>
+testdb(&gt; <userinput> first integer NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,</userinput>
 testdb(&gt; <userinput> second text)</userinput>
 testdb-&gt; <userinput>;</userinput>
 CREATE TABLE
@@ -5770,8 +5770,8 @@ testdb=&gt; <userinput>\crosstabview first second</userinput>
 This second example shows a multiplication table with rows sorted in reverse
 numerical order and columns with an independent, ascending numerical order.
 <programlisting>
-testdb=&gt; <userinput>SELECT t1.first as "A", t2.first+100 AS "B", t1.first*(t2.first+100) as "AxB",</userinput>
-testdb-&gt; <userinput>row_number() over(order by t2.first) AS ord</userinput>
+testdb=&gt; <userinput>SELECT t1.first AS "A", t2.first+100 AS "B", t1.first*(t2.first+100) AS "AxB",</userinput>
+testdb-&gt; <userinput>row_number() OVER (ORDER BY t2.first) AS ord</userinput>
 testdb-&gt; <userinput>FROM my_table t1 CROSS JOIN my_table t2 ORDER BY 1 DESC</userinput>
 testdb-&gt; <userinput>\crosstabview "A" "B" "AxB" ord</userinput>
  A | 101 | 102 | 103 | 104
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/select.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/select.sgml
index 5a3bcff7607..9c78252dd0b 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/select.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/select.sgml
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( <replaceable class="parameter">expression</replac
                 [ WITH ORDINALITY ] [ [ AS ] <replaceable class="parameter">alias</replaceable> [ ( <replaceable class="parameter">column_alias</replaceable> [, ...] ) ] ]
     [ LATERAL ] <replaceable class="parameter">function_name</replaceable> ( [ <replaceable class="parameter">argument</replaceable> [, ...] ] ) [ AS ] <replaceable class="parameter">alias</replaceable> ( <replaceable class="parameter">column_definition</replaceable> [, ...] )
     [ LATERAL ] <replaceable class="parameter">function_name</replaceable> ( [ <replaceable class="parameter">argument</replaceable> [, ...] ] ) AS ( <replaceable class="parameter">column_definition</replaceable> [, ...] )
-    [ LATERAL ] ROWS FROM( <replaceable class="parameter">function_name</replaceable> ( [ <replaceable class="parameter">argument</replaceable> [, ...] ] ) [ AS ( <replaceable class="parameter">column_definition</replaceable> [, ...] ) ] [, ...] )
+    [ LATERAL ] ROWS FROM ( <replaceable class="parameter">function_name</replaceable> ( [ <replaceable class="parameter">argument</replaceable> [, ...] ] ) [ AS ( <replaceable class="parameter">column_definition</replaceable> [, ...] ) ] [, ...] )
                 [ WITH ORDINALITY ] [ [ AS ] <replaceable class="parameter">alias</replaceable> [ ( <replaceable class="parameter">column_alias</replaceable> [, ...] ) ] ]
     <replaceable class="parameter">from_item</replaceable> <replaceable class="parameter">join_type</replaceable> <replaceable class="parameter">from_item</replaceable> { ON <replaceable class="parameter">join_condition</replaceable> | USING ( <replaceable class="parameter">join_column</replaceable> [, ...] ) [ AS <replaceable class="parameter">join_using_alias</replaceable> ] }
     <replaceable class="parameter">from_item</replaceable> NATURAL <replaceable class="parameter">join_type</replaceable> <replaceable class="parameter">from_item</replaceable>
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ TABLE [ ONLY ] <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable> [ * ]
        <para>
         Multiple function calls can be combined into a
         single <literal>FROM</literal>-clause item by surrounding them
-        with <literal>ROWS FROM( ... )</literal>.  The output of such an item is the
+        with <literal>ROWS FROM ( ... )</literal>.  The output of such an item is the
         concatenation of the first row from each function, then the second
         row from each function, etc.  If some of the functions produce fewer
         rows than others, null values are substituted for the missing data, so
@@ -571,18 +571,18 @@ TABLE [ ONLY ] <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable> [ * ]
        </para>
 
        <para>
-        When using the <literal>ROWS FROM( ... )</literal> syntax, if one of the
+        When using the <literal>ROWS FROM ( ... )</literal> syntax, if one of the
         functions requires a column definition list, it's preferred to put
         the column definition list after the function call inside
-        <literal>ROWS FROM( ... )</literal>.  A column definition list can be placed
-        after the <literal>ROWS FROM( ... )</literal> construct only if there's just
+        <literal>ROWS FROM ( ... )</literal>.  A column definition list can be placed
+        after the <literal>ROWS FROM ( ... )</literal> construct only if there's just
         a single function and no <literal>WITH ORDINALITY</literal> clause.
        </para>
 
        <para>
         To use <literal>ORDINALITY</literal> together with a column definition
-        list, you must use the <literal>ROWS FROM( ... )</literal> syntax and put the
-        column definition list inside <literal>ROWS FROM( ... )</literal>.
+        list, you must use the <literal>ROWS FROM ( ... )</literal> syntax and put the
+        column definition list inside <literal>ROWS FROM ( ... )</literal>.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
@@ -1927,7 +1927,7 @@ SELECT * FROM unnest(ARRAY['a','b','c','d','e','f']) WITH ORDINALITY;
 
 <programlisting>
 WITH t AS (
-    SELECT random() as x FROM generate_series(1, 3)
+    SELECT random() AS x FROM generate_series(1, 3)
   )
 SELECT * FROM t
 UNION ALL
@@ -2209,7 +2209,7 @@ SELECT 2+2;
    </para>
 
    <para>
-    <literal>ROWS FROM( ... )</literal> is an extension of the SQL standard.
+    <literal>ROWS FROM ( ... )</literal> is an extension of the SQL standard.
    </para>
 
    <para>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/update.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/update.sgml
index 40cca063946..f96858def56 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/update.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/update.sgml
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ UPDATE summary s SET (sum_x, sum_y, avg_x, avg_y) =
 BEGIN;
 -- other operations
 SAVEPOINT sp1;
-INSERT INTO wines VALUES('Chateau Lafite 2003', '24');
+INSERT INTO wines VALUES ('Chateau Lafite 2003', '24');
 -- Assume the above fails because of a unique key violation,
 -- so now we issue these commands:
 ROLLBACK TO sp1;
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/values.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/values.sgml
index 4bf7bfdffee..49131dd884b 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/values.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/values.sgml
@@ -190,11 +190,11 @@ INSERT INTO films VALUES
 
 <programlisting>
 SELECT f.*
-  FROM films f, (VALUES('MGM', 'Horror'), ('UA', 'Sci-Fi')) AS t (studio, kind)
+  FROM films f, (VALUES ('MGM', 'Horror'), ('UA', 'Sci-Fi')) AS t (studio, kind)
   WHERE f.studio = t.studio AND f.kind = t.kind;
 
 UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * v.increase
-  FROM (VALUES(1, 200000, 1.2), (2, 400000, 1.4)) AS v (depno, target, increase)
+  FROM (VALUES (1, 200000, 1.2), (2, 400000, 1.4)) AS v (depno, target, increase)
   WHERE employees.depno = v.depno AND employees.sales &gt;= v.target;
 </programlisting>
 
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * v.increase
 
 <programlisting>
 SELECT * FROM machines
-WHERE ip_address IN (VALUES('192.168.0.1'::inet), ('192.168.0.10'), ('192.168.1.43'));
+WHERE ip_address IN (VALUES ('192.168.0.1'::inet), ('192.168.0.10'), ('192.168.1.43'));
 </programlisting></para>
 
   <tip>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/rowtypes.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/rowtypes.sgml
index bbeac84d46a..31958076eb6 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/rowtypes.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/rowtypes.sgml
@@ -218,9 +218,9 @@ SELECT (my_func(...)).field FROM ...
   First, inserting or updating a whole column:
 
 <programlisting>
-INSERT INTO mytab (complex_col) VALUES((1.1,2.2));
+INSERT INTO mytab (complex_col) VALUES ((1.1, 2.2));
 
-UPDATE mytab SET complex_col = ROW(1.1,2.2) WHERE ...;
+UPDATE mytab SET complex_col = ROW(1.1, 2.2) WHERE ...;
 </programlisting>
 
   The first example omits <literal>ROW</literal>, the second uses it; we
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ UPDATE mytab SET complex_col.r = (complex_col).r + 1 WHERE ...;
   And we can specify subfields as targets for <command>INSERT</command>, too:
 
 <programlisting>
-INSERT INTO mytab (complex_col.r, complex_col.i) VALUES(1.1, 2.2);
+INSERT INTO mytab (complex_col.r, complex_col.i) VALUES (1.1, 2.2);
 </programlisting>
 
   Had we not supplied values for all the subfields of the column, the
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/rules.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/rules.sgml
index 282dcd722d4..50ac9bd4bdb 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/rules.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/rules.sgml
@@ -968,7 +968,7 @@ CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW sales_summary AS
   SELECT
       seller_no,
       invoice_date,
-      sum(invoice_amt)::numeric(13,2) as sales_amt
+      sum(invoice_amt)::numeric(13,2) AS sales_amt
     FROM invoice
     WHERE invoice_date &lt; CURRENT_DATE
     GROUP BY
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/seg.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/seg.sgml
index dc66e24f2f5..d2d37176835 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/seg.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/seg.sgml
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
    when you fetch it? Watch:
 
 <screen>
-test=&gt; select 6.50 :: float8 as "pH";
+test=&gt; SELECT 6.50::float8 AS "pH";
  pH
 ---
 6.5
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ test=&gt; select 6.50 :: float8 as "pH";
    Check this out:
 
 <screen>
-test=&gt; select '6.25 .. 6.50'::seg as "pH";
+test=&gt; SELECT '6.25 .. 6.50'::seg AS "pH";
           pH
 ------------
 6.25 .. 6.50
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/syntax.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/syntax.sgml
index 237d7306fe8..82b4489fb47 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/syntax.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/syntax.sgml
@@ -2331,7 +2331,7 @@ SELECT ARRAY[[1,2],[3,4]];
     an array of the proper kind, not only a sub-<literal>ARRAY</literal> construct.
     For example:
 <programlisting>
-CREATE TABLE arr(f1 int[], f2 int[]);
+CREATE TABLE arr (f1 int[], f2 int[]);
 
 INSERT INTO arr VALUES (ARRAY[[1,2],[3,4]], ARRAY[[5,6],[7,8]]);
 
@@ -2418,7 +2418,7 @@ SELECT ARRAY(SELECT ARRAY[i, i*2] FROM generate_series(1,5) AS a(i));
     expressions (separated by commas) for the row field values, and finally
     a right parenthesis.  For example:
 <programlisting>
-SELECT ROW(1,2.5,'this is a test');
+SELECT ROW(1, 2.5, 'this is a test');
 </programlisting>
     The key word <literal>ROW</literal> is optional when there is more than one
     expression in the list.
@@ -2457,12 +2457,12 @@ SELECT ROW(t.f1, t.f2, 42) FROM t;
     created with <command>CREATE TYPE AS</command>.  An explicit cast might be needed
     to avoid ambiguity.  For example:
 <programlisting>
-CREATE TABLE mytable(f1 int, f2 float, f3 text);
+CREATE TABLE mytable (f1 int, f2 float, f3 text);
 
 CREATE FUNCTION getf1(mytable) RETURNS int AS 'SELECT $1.f1' LANGUAGE SQL;
 
 -- No cast needed since only one getf1() exists
-SELECT getf1(ROW(1,2.5,'this is a test'));
+SELECT getf1(ROW(1, 2.5, 'this is a test'));
  getf1
 -------
      1
@@ -2473,16 +2473,16 @@ CREATE TYPE myrowtype AS (f1 int, f2 text, f3 numeric);
 CREATE FUNCTION getf1(myrowtype) RETURNS int AS 'SELECT $1.f1' LANGUAGE SQL;
 
 -- Now we need a cast to indicate which function to call:
-SELECT getf1(ROW(1,2.5,'this is a test'));
+SELECT getf1(ROW(1, 2.5, 'this is a test'));
 ERROR:  function getf1(record) is not unique
 
-SELECT getf1(ROW(1,2.5,'this is a test')::mytable);
+SELECT getf1(ROW(1, 2.5, 'this is a test')::mytable);
  getf1
 -------
      1
 (1 row)
 
-SELECT getf1(CAST(ROW(11,'this is a test',2.5) AS myrowtype));
+SELECT getf1(CAST(ROW(11, 'this is a test', 2.5) AS myrowtype));
  getf1
 -------
     11
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/tablefunc.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/tablefunc.sgml
index e10fe7009d1..68fc806ce4d 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/tablefunc.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/tablefunc.sgml
@@ -281,22 +281,22 @@ SELECT * FROM crosstab('...') AS ct(row_name text, category_1 text, category_2 t
    <para>
     Here is a complete example:
 <programlisting>
-CREATE TABLE ct(id SERIAL, rowid TEXT, attribute TEXT, value TEXT);
-INSERT INTO ct(rowid, attribute, value) VALUES('test1','att1','val1');
-INSERT INTO ct(rowid, attribute, value) VALUES('test1','att2','val2');
-INSERT INTO ct(rowid, attribute, value) VALUES('test1','att3','val3');
-INSERT INTO ct(rowid, attribute, value) VALUES('test1','att4','val4');
-INSERT INTO ct(rowid, attribute, value) VALUES('test2','att1','val5');
-INSERT INTO ct(rowid, attribute, value) VALUES('test2','att2','val6');
-INSERT INTO ct(rowid, attribute, value) VALUES('test2','att3','val7');
-INSERT INTO ct(rowid, attribute, value) VALUES('test2','att4','val8');
+CREATE TABLE ct (id SERIAL, rowid TEXT, attribute TEXT, value TEXT);
+INSERT INTO ct (rowid, attribute, value) VALUES ('test1', 'att1', 'val1');
+INSERT INTO ct (rowid, attribute, value) VALUES ('test1', 'att2', 'val2');
+INSERT INTO ct (rowid, attribute, value) VALUES ('test1', 'att3', 'val3');
+INSERT INTO ct (rowid, attribute, value) VALUES ('test1', 'att4', 'val4');
+INSERT INTO ct (rowid, attribute, value) VALUES ('test2', 'att1', 'val5');
+INSERT INTO ct (rowid, attribute, value) VALUES ('test2', 'att2', 'val6');
+INSERT INTO ct (rowid, attribute, value) VALUES ('test2', 'att3', 'val7');
+INSERT INTO ct (rowid, attribute, value) VALUES ('test2', 'att4', 'val8');
 
 SELECT *
 FROM crosstab(
-  'select rowid, attribute, value
-   from ct
-   where attribute = ''att2'' or attribute = ''att3''
-   order by 1,2')
+  'SELECT rowid, attribute, value
+   FROM ct
+   WHERE attribute = ''att2'' OR attribute = ''att3''
+   ORDER BY 1,2')
 AS ct(row_name text, category_1 text, category_2 text, category_3 text);
 
  row_name | category_1 | category_2 | category_3
@@ -371,10 +371,10 @@ CREATE TYPE tablefunc_crosstab_N AS (
 <programlisting>
 SELECT *
 FROM crosstab3(
-  'select rowid, attribute, value
-   from ct
-   where attribute = ''att2'' or attribute = ''att3''
-   order by 1,2');
+  'SELECT rowid, attribute, value
+   FROM ct
+   WHERE attribute = ''att2'' OR attribute = ''att3''
+   ORDER BY 1,2');
 </programlisting>
     </para>
 
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ CREATE TYPE my_crosstab_float8_5_cols AS (
 );
 
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION crosstab_float8_5_cols(text)
-    RETURNS setof my_crosstab_float8_5_cols
+    RETURNS SETOF my_crosstab_float8_5_cols
     AS '$libdir/tablefunc','crosstab' LANGUAGE C STABLE STRICT;
 </programlisting>
       </para>
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION crosstab_float8_5_cols(
     OUT my_category_3 float8,
     OUT my_category_4 float8,
     OUT my_category_5 float8)
-  RETURNS setof record
+  RETURNS SETOF record
   AS '$libdir/tablefunc','crosstab' LANGUAGE C STABLE STRICT;
 </programlisting>
       </para>
@@ -572,18 +572,18 @@ row_name   extra   cat1   cat2   cat3   cat4
    <para>
     Here are two complete examples:
 <programlisting>
-create table sales(year int, month int, qty int);
-insert into sales values(2007, 1, 1000);
-insert into sales values(2007, 2, 1500);
-insert into sales values(2007, 7, 500);
-insert into sales values(2007, 11, 1500);
-insert into sales values(2007, 12, 2000);
-insert into sales values(2008, 1, 1000);
-
-select * from crosstab(
-  'select year, month, qty from sales order by 1',
-  'select m from generate_series(1,12) m'
-) as (
+CREATE TABLE sales (year int, month int, qty int);
+INSERT INTO sales VALUES (2007,  1, 1000);
+INSERT INTO sales VALUES (2007,  2, 1500);
+INSERT INTO sales VALUES (2007,  7,  500);
+INSERT INTO sales VALUES (2007, 11, 1500);
+INSERT INTO sales VALUES (2007, 12, 2000);
+INSERT INTO sales VALUES (2008,  1, 1000);
+
+SELECT * FROM crosstab(
+  'SELECT year, month, qty FROM sales ORDER BY 1',
+  'SELECT m FROM generate_series(1, 12) m'
+) AS (
   year int,
   "Jan" int,
   "Feb" int,
@@ -606,14 +606,14 @@ select * from crosstab(
 </programlisting>
 
 <programlisting>
-CREATE TABLE cth(rowid text, rowdt timestamp, attribute text, val text);
-INSERT INTO cth VALUES('test1','01 March 2003','temperature','42');
-INSERT INTO cth VALUES('test1','01 March 2003','test_result','PASS');
-INSERT INTO cth VALUES('test1','01 March 2003','volts','2.6987');
-INSERT INTO cth VALUES('test2','02 March 2003','temperature','53');
-INSERT INTO cth VALUES('test2','02 March 2003','test_result','FAIL');
-INSERT INTO cth VALUES('test2','02 March 2003','test_startdate','01 March 2003');
-INSERT INTO cth VALUES('test2','02 March 2003','volts','3.1234');
+CREATE TABLE cth (rowid text, rowdt timestamp, attribute text, val text);
+INSERT INTO cth VALUES ('test1', '01 March 2003', 'temperature',    '42');
+INSERT INTO cth VALUES ('test1', '01 March 2003', 'test_result',    'PASS');
+INSERT INTO cth VALUES ('test1', '01 March 2003', 'volts',          '2.6987');
+INSERT INTO cth VALUES ('test2', '02 March 2003', 'temperature',    '53');
+INSERT INTO cth VALUES ('test2', '02 March 2003', 'test_result',    'FAIL');
+INSERT INTO cth VALUES ('test2', '02 March 2003', 'test_startdate', '01 March 2003');
+INSERT INTO cth VALUES ('test2', '02 March 2003', 'volts',          '3.1234');
 
 SELECT * FROM crosstab
 (
@@ -784,17 +784,17 @@ SELECT * FROM connectby('connectby_tree', 'keyid', 'parent_keyid', 'pos', 'row2'
     <para>
      Here is an example:
 <programlisting>
-CREATE TABLE connectby_tree(keyid text, parent_keyid text, pos int);
-
-INSERT INTO connectby_tree VALUES('row1',NULL, 0);
-INSERT INTO connectby_tree VALUES('row2','row1', 0);
-INSERT INTO connectby_tree VALUES('row3','row1', 0);
-INSERT INTO connectby_tree VALUES('row4','row2', 1);
-INSERT INTO connectby_tree VALUES('row5','row2', 0);
-INSERT INTO connectby_tree VALUES('row6','row4', 0);
-INSERT INTO connectby_tree VALUES('row7','row3', 0);
-INSERT INTO connectby_tree VALUES('row8','row6', 0);
-INSERT INTO connectby_tree VALUES('row9','row5', 0);
+CREATE TABLE connectby_tree (keyid text, parent_keyid text, pos int);
+
+INSERT INTO connectby_tree VALUES ('row1', NULL,   0);
+INSERT INTO connectby_tree VALUES ('row2', 'row1', 0);
+INSERT INTO connectby_tree VALUES ('row3', 'row1', 0);
+INSERT INTO connectby_tree VALUES ('row4', 'row2', 1);
+INSERT INTO connectby_tree VALUES ('row5', 'row2', 0);
+INSERT INTO connectby_tree VALUES ('row6', 'row4', 0);
+INSERT INTO connectby_tree VALUES ('row7', 'row3', 0);
+INSERT INTO connectby_tree VALUES ('row8', 'row6', 0);
+INSERT INTO connectby_tree VALUES ('row9', 'row5', 0);
 
 -- with branch, without orderby_fld (order of results is not guaranteed)
 SELECT * FROM connectby('connectby_tree', 'keyid', 'parent_keyid', 'row2', 0, '~')
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/tcn.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/tcn.sgml
index 32a1025cc6b..98278fbee37 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/tcn.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/tcn.sgml
@@ -43,32 +43,32 @@
   A brief example of using the extension follows.
 
 <programlisting>
-test=# create table tcndata
+test=# CREATE TABLE tcndata
 test-#   (
-test(#     a int not null,
-test(#     b date not null,
+test(#     a int NOT NULL,
+test(#     b date NOT NULL,
 test(#     c text,
-test(#     primary key (a, b)
+test(#     PRIMARY KEY (a, b)
 test(#   );
 CREATE TABLE
-test=# create trigger tcndata_tcn_trigger
-test-#   after insert or update or delete on tcndata
-test-#   for each row execute function triggered_change_notification();
+test=# CREATE TRIGGER tcndata_tcn_trigger
+test-#   AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON tcndata
+test-#   FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION triggered_change_notification();
 CREATE TRIGGER
-test=# listen tcn;
+test=# LISTEN tcn;
 LISTEN
-test=# insert into tcndata values (1, date '2012-12-22', 'one'),
+test=# INSERT INTO tcndata VALUES (1, date '2012-12-22', 'one'),
 test-#                            (1, date '2012-12-23', 'another'),
 test-#                            (2, date '2012-12-23', 'two');
 INSERT 0 3
 Asynchronous notification "tcn" with payload ""tcndata",I,"a"='1',"b"='2012-12-22'" received from server process with PID 22770.
 Asynchronous notification "tcn" with payload ""tcndata",I,"a"='1',"b"='2012-12-23'" received from server process with PID 22770.
 Asynchronous notification "tcn" with payload ""tcndata",I,"a"='2',"b"='2012-12-23'" received from server process with PID 22770.
-test=# update tcndata set c = 'uno' where a = 1;
+test=# UPDATE tcndata SET c = 'uno' WHERE a = 1;
 UPDATE 2
 Asynchronous notification "tcn" with payload ""tcndata",U,"a"='1',"b"='2012-12-22'" received from server process with PID 22770.
 Asynchronous notification "tcn" with payload ""tcndata",U,"a"='1',"b"='2012-12-23'" received from server process with PID 22770.
-test=# delete from tcndata where a = 1 and b = date '2012-12-22';
+test=# DELETE FROM tcndata WHERE a = 1 AND b = date '2012-12-22';
 DELETE 1
 Asynchronous notification "tcn" with payload ""tcndata",D,"a"='1',"b"='2012-12-22'" received from server process with PID 22770.
 </programlisting>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/textsearch.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/textsearch.sgml
index 89928ed1829..2b79761af0f 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/textsearch.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/textsearch.sgml
@@ -1817,7 +1817,7 @@ SELECT ts_rewrite('a &amp; b'::tsquery, 'a'::tsquery, 'c'::tsquery);
 
 <screen>
 CREATE TABLE aliases (t tsquery PRIMARY KEY, s tsquery);
-INSERT INTO aliases VALUES('a', 'c');
+INSERT INTO aliases VALUES ('a', 'c');
 
 SELECT ts_rewrite('a &amp; b'::tsquery, 'SELECT t,s FROM aliases');
  ts_rewrite
@@ -1842,7 +1842,7 @@ SELECT ts_rewrite('a &amp; b'::tsquery, 'SELECT t,s FROM aliases');
 
 <screen>
 CREATE TABLE aliases (t tsquery primary key, s tsquery);
-INSERT INTO aliases VALUES(to_tsquery('supernovae'), to_tsquery('supernovae|sn'));
+INSERT INTO aliases VALUES (to_tsquery('supernovae'), to_tsquery('supernovae|sn'));
 
 SELECT ts_rewrite(to_tsquery('supernovae &amp; crab'), 'SELECT * FROM aliases');
            ts_rewrite
@@ -1930,7 +1930,7 @@ CREATE TRIGGER tsvectorupdate BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE
 ON messages FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION
 tsvector_update_trigger(tsv, 'pg_catalog.english', title, body);
 
-INSERT INTO messages VALUES('title here', 'the body text is here');
+INSERT INTO messages VALUES ('title here', 'the body text is here');
 
 SELECT * FROM messages;
    title    |         body          |            tsv
@@ -1974,12 +1974,12 @@ SELECT title, body FROM messages WHERE tsv @@ to_tsquery('title &amp; body');
 
 <programlisting>
 CREATE FUNCTION messages_trigger() RETURNS trigger AS $$
-begin
+BEGIN
   new.tsv :=
      setweight(to_tsvector('pg_catalog.english', coalesce(new.title,'')), 'A') ||
      setweight(to_tsvector('pg_catalog.english', coalesce(new.body,'')), 'D');
-  return new;
-end
+  RETURN new;
+END
 $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
 
 CREATE TRIGGER tsvectorupdate BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/typeconv.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/typeconv.sgml
index 1707bd884dc..8e11e91e815 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/typeconv.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/typeconv.sgml
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ SELECT ~ CAST('20' AS int8) AS "negation";
 Here is another example of resolving an operator with one known and one
 unknown input:
 <screen>
-SELECT array[1,2] &lt;@ '{1,2,3}' as "is subset";
+SELECT ARRAY[1,2] &lt;@ '{1,2,3}' AS "is subset";
 
  is subset
 -----------
@@ -523,8 +523,8 @@ This is possible but is not nearly as useful as it might seem, because the
 operator resolution rules are designed to select operators applying to the
 domain's base type.  As an example consider
 <screen>
-CREATE DOMAIN mytext AS text CHECK(...);
-CREATE FUNCTION mytext_eq_text (mytext, text) RETURNS boolean AS ...;
+CREATE DOMAIN mytext AS text CHECK (...);
+CREATE FUNCTION mytext_eq_text(mytext, text) RETURNS boolean AS ...;
 CREATE OPERATOR = (procedure=mytext_eq_text, leftarg=mytext, rightarg=text);
 CREATE TABLE mytable (val mytext);
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/xfunc.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/xfunc.sgml
index 04bf919b343..aefaa4d59b0 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/xfunc.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/xfunc.sgml
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@
     Alternatively, an SQL function can be declared to return a set (that is,
     multiple rows) by specifying the function's return type as <literal>SETOF
     <replaceable>sometype</replaceable></literal>, or equivalently by declaring it as
-    <literal>RETURNS TABLE(<replaceable>columns</replaceable>)</literal>.  In this case
+    <literal>RETURNS TABLE (<replaceable>columns</replaceable>)</literal>.  In this case
     all rows of the last query's result are returned.  Further details appear
     below.
    </para>
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ SELECT add_em(1, 2) AS answer;
      bank account:
 
 <programlisting>
-CREATE FUNCTION tf1 (accountno integer, debit numeric) RETURNS numeric AS $$
+CREATE FUNCTION tf1(accountno integer, debit numeric) RETURNS numeric AS $$
     UPDATE bank
         SET balance = balance - debit
         WHERE accountno = tf1.accountno;
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ SELECT tf1(17, 100.0);
      is:
 
 <programlisting>
-CREATE FUNCTION tf1 (accountno integer, debit numeric) RETURNS numeric AS $$
+CREATE FUNCTION tf1(accountno integer, debit numeric) RETURNS numeric AS $$
     UPDATE bank
         SET balance = balance - debit
         WHERE accountno = tf1.accountno;
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
      The same thing could be done in one command using <literal>RETURNING</literal>:
 
 <programlisting>
-CREATE FUNCTION tf1 (accountno integer, debit numeric) RETURNS numeric AS $$
+CREATE FUNCTION tf1(accountno integer, debit numeric) RETURNS numeric AS $$
     UPDATE bank
         SET balance = balance - debit
         WHERE accountno = tf1.accountno
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ SELECT getname(new_emp());
      with <firstterm>output parameters</firstterm>, as in this example:
 
 <screen>
-CREATE FUNCTION add_em (IN x int, IN y int, OUT sum int)
+CREATE FUNCTION add_em(IN x int, IN y int, OUT sum int)
 AS 'SELECT x + y'
 LANGUAGE SQL;
 
@@ -700,7 +700,7 @@ SELECT add_em(3,7);
      functions that return several columns.  For example,
 
 <screen>
-CREATE FUNCTION sum_n_product (x int, y int, OUT sum int, OUT product int)
+CREATE FUNCTION sum_n_product(x int, y int, OUT sum int, OUT product int)
 AS 'SELECT x + y, x * y'
 LANGUAGE SQL;
 
@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ LANGUAGE SQL;
 <screen>
 CREATE TYPE sum_prod AS (sum int, product int);
 
-CREATE FUNCTION sum_n_product (int, int) RETURNS sum_prod
+CREATE FUNCTION sum_n_product(int, int) RETURNS sum_prod
 AS 'SELECT $1 + $2, $1 * $2'
 LANGUAGE SQL;
 </screen>
@@ -771,7 +771,7 @@ DROP FUNCTION sum_n_product (int, int);
      For example, the bank account debiting routine from earlier could be
      written like this:
 <programlisting>
-CREATE PROCEDURE tp1 (accountno integer, debit numeric, OUT new_balance numeric) AS $$
+CREATE PROCEDURE tp1(accountno integer, debit numeric, OUT new_balance numeric) AS $$
     UPDATE bank
         SET balance = balance - debit
         WHERE accountno = tp1.accountno
@@ -1044,7 +1044,7 @@ SELECT * FROM getfoo(1) AS t1;
 CREATE TABLE tab (y int, z int);
 INSERT INTO tab VALUES (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8);
 
-CREATE FUNCTION sum_n_product_with_tab (x int, OUT sum int, OUT product int)
+CREATE FUNCTION sum_n_product_with_tab(x int, OUT sum int, OUT product int)
 RETURNS SETOF record
 AS $$
     SELECT $1 + tab.y, $1 * tab.y FROM tab;
@@ -1177,7 +1177,7 @@ SELECT x, g FROM tab, LATERAL generate_series(1,5) AS g;
     <para>
      If there is more than one set-returning function in the query's select
      list, the behavior is similar to what you get from putting the functions
-     into a single <literal>LATERAL ROWS FROM( ... )</literal> <literal>FROM</literal>-clause
+     into a single <literal>LATERAL ROWS FROM ( ... )</literal> <literal>FROM</literal>-clause
      item.  For each row from the underlying query, there is an output row
      using the first result from each function, then an output row using the
      second result, and so on.  If some of the set-returning functions
@@ -1193,7 +1193,7 @@ SELECT x, g FROM tab, LATERAL generate_series(1,5) AS g;
      Set-returning functions can be nested in a select list, although that is
      not allowed in <literal>FROM</literal>-clause items.  In such cases, each level
      of nesting is treated separately, as though it were
-     a separate <literal>LATERAL ROWS FROM( ... )</literal> item.  For example, in
+     a separate <literal>LATERAL ROWS FROM ( ... )</literal> item.  For example, in
 <programlisting>
 SELECT srf1(srf2(x), srf3(y)), srf4(srf5(z)) FROM tab;
 </programlisting>
@@ -1286,7 +1286,7 @@ SELECT x, case_generate_series(y &gt; 0, 1, z, 5) FROM tab;
     <para>
      There is another way to declare a function as returning a set,
      which is to use the syntax
-     <literal>RETURNS TABLE(<replaceable>columns</replaceable>)</literal>.
+     <literal>RETURNS TABLE (<replaceable>columns</replaceable>)</literal>.
      This is equivalent to using one or more <literal>OUT</literal> parameters plus
      marking the function as returning <literal>SETOF record</literal> (or
      <literal>SETOF</literal> a single output parameter's type, as appropriate).
@@ -1299,8 +1299,8 @@ SELECT x, case_generate_series(y &gt; 0, 1, z, 5) FROM tab;
      done this way:
 
 <programlisting>
-CREATE FUNCTION sum_n_product_with_tab (x int)
-RETURNS TABLE(sum int, product int) AS $$
+CREATE FUNCTION sum_n_product_with_tab(x int)
+RETURNS TABLE (sum int, product int) AS $$
     SELECT $1 + tab.y, $1 * tab.y FROM tab;
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
 </programlisting>
@@ -1408,7 +1408,7 @@ DETAIL:  A result of type anyelement requires at least one input of type anyelem
      Polymorphism can be used with functions that have output arguments.
      For example:
 <screen>
-CREATE FUNCTION dup (f1 anyelement, OUT f2 anyelement, OUT f3 anyarray)
+CREATE FUNCTION dup(f1 anyelement, OUT f2 anyelement, OUT f3 anyarray)
 AS 'select $1, array[$1,$1]' LANGUAGE SQL;
 
 SELECT * FROM dup(22);
@@ -1423,7 +1423,7 @@ SELECT * FROM dup(22);
      Polymorphism can also be used with variadic functions.
      For example:
 <screen>
-CREATE FUNCTION anyleast (VARIADIC anyarray) RETURNS anyelement AS $$
+CREATE FUNCTION anyleast(VARIADIC anyarray) RETURNS anyelement AS $$
     SELECT min($1[i]) FROM generate_subscripts($1, 1) g(i);
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
 
@@ -1486,7 +1486,7 @@ SELECT anyleast('abc'::text, 'ABC' COLLATE "C");
      This version of <function>anyleast</function> would always use <literal>en_US</literal>
      locale to compare strings:
 <programlisting>
-CREATE FUNCTION anyleast (VARIADIC anyarray) RETURNS anyelement AS $$
+CREATE FUNCTION anyleast(VARIADIC anyarray) RETURNS anyelement AS $$
     SELECT min($1[i] COLLATE "en_US") FROM generate_subscripts($1, 1) g(i);
 $$ LANGUAGE SQL;
 </programlisting>
-- 
2.51.2

--msbjuniwlqa4qqft--