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Message-ID: <fbd82423-5553-4c84-9ceb-c3032b597bc4@aklaver.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Jan 2026 08:51:19 -0800
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Subject: Re: How did VACUUM ANALYZE reclaim large TOAST bloat at disk level in
 PostgreSQL 16?
To: pramod gupta <mail2sony2010@gmail.com>, pgsql-general@postgresql.org
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From: Adrian Klaver <adrian.klaver@aklaver.com>
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On 1/15/26 08:42, pramod gupta wrote:
> Hello Everyone,
> 
> I am encountering the following error while using the *pg_ai_query* 
> extension.
> 
> /test=# SELECT generate_query('show recent orders', null, 'gemini');
> ERROR:  Query generation failed: No API key available for gemini 
> provider. Please provide API key as parameter or configure it in 
> ~/.pg_ai.config.
> test=#
> test=# SELECT generate_query('show recent orders', null, 
> 'google_ai_studio');
> ERROR:  Query generation failed: API key required. Pass as parameter or 
> set OpenAI, Anthropic, or Gemini API key in ~/.pg_ai.config.
> test=#/
> 
>   have verified all required permissions and confirmed that the 
> configuration is correctly placed; however, I continue to receive the 
> above error when using the *pg_ai.config* file.
> 
> If I execute the query by explicitly passing the API key, it works as 
> expected:
> 
> /select generate_query('I want to count the rows in orders 
> tables','MYAPIKEY','gemini');/
> 
> 
> This works perfectly. I would appreciate guidance on how to configure 
> this so that the API key does not need to be passed explicitly in the 
> query. Please let me know if there is any alternative configuration or 
> recommended approach to achieve this.

It is AI it should know the answer.

That being said.

1) Did you, in the config file, follow the format here?:

https://benodiwal.github.io/pg_ai_query/configuration.html.

2) Is the client you are running the query as in the same location as 
~/.pg_ai.config?


> 
> Thanks in advance.
> Pramod Gupta
> ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> 
> On Mon, Dec 29, 2025 at 9:23 PM pramod gupta <mail2sony2010@gmail.com 
> <mailto:mail2sony2010@gmail.com>> wrote:
> 
>     Hello Everyone,
> 
>     We have a table with a total size of ~628 GB, out of which ~601 GB
>     was TOAST data.
>     After running VACUUM ANALYZE on a weekly basis, the table size
>     reduced significantly to ~109 GB, indicating a large amount of bloat
>     removal.
> 
>     I would like to understand:
> 
>     How was VACUUM ANALYZE able to reclaim such a large amount of space,
>     especially for TOAST data?
> 
>     Under what conditions does PostgreSQL reclaim disk space without
>     requiring VACUUM FULL or CLUSTER?
> 
>     Is this behavior expected in PostgreSQL 16, particularly for heavily
>     updated or deleted TOASTed columns?
> 
>     Any insights or documentation references would be greatly appreciated.
> 
>     PostgreSQL version: 16
> 
>     Thanks in advance.
>     Pramod Gupta
> 


-- 
Adrian Klaver
adrian.klaver@aklaver.com