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As the high cardinality = data are still there, so I first reran with data: >=20 >> With radix_sort on and off, execution time are almost the same. >=20 > Are you by chance running with asserts on? It's happened before, so I > have to make sure. That makes a big difference here because I disabled > diversion thresholds in assert builds so that regression tests (few > cases with large inputs) cover the paths I want, in addition to my > running a standalone stress test. >=20 Yes, assert is always enabled in my sandbox. I can disable assert and = rerun the test later. Best regards, -- Chao Li (Evan) HighGo Software Co., Ltd. https://www.highgo.com/