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From: Maxim Orlov <[email protected]>
To: Heikki Linnakangas <[email protected]>
Cc: wenhui qiu <[email protected]>
Cc: Alexander Korotkov <[email protected]>
Cc: Ashutosh Bapat <[email protected]>
Cc: Postgres hackers <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: POC: make mxidoff 64 bits
Date: Thu, 30 Oct 2025 19:17:00 +0300
Message-ID: <CACG=ezb53xpK39y2oe8H5BAAEnrtpqAjTF_xKoFZh8z6PJY7zA@mail.gmail.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <[email protected]>
References: <CACG=ezaWg7_nt-8ey4aKv2w9LcuLthHknwCawmBgEeTnJrJTcw@mail.gmail.com>
	<CACG=ezYiLzCSo43uTPzAeq8ZCnGSkAsw061=oMyw5J1NUZ9Jwg@mail.gmail.com>
	<CAExHW5soKc9mhLhroi__yrPD-ymkFbz=e5hyZ34iqjM-cdK9_g@mail.gmail.com>
	<CACG=ezaLdhpFY9_qr7B6s7kkg_=s5S_ZD2=dsSeBNgdWWWuKbg@mail.gmail.com>
	<CACG=ezaFoCx4XEGi4gQWrusYD81LTLTKBUdgs-mEjNwzVarRnw@mail.gmail.com>
	<CACG=ezarNdLaTdr3fdWGyVJEzRAa=Vd5LLmu7VN2r7XL6LH8xA@mail.gmail.com>
	<CAPpHfdtPybyMYBj-x3-Z5=4bj_vhYk2R0nezfy=Vjcz4QBMDgw@mail.gmail.com>
	<CACG=ezaCc4bFfua-VA1NB6wppMPwuMmZiGdrkb-iYK9ZmQa6gg@mail.gmail.com>
	<CAGjGUAJUmSFMunCcK8DXcjLrs2Hfk2kFiaWDTc6ti03S8Echmw@mail.gmail.com>
	<CACG=ezaCKR+--O2TZrm3jYGgpDjdpLXdz3marG6t_=nzP5+Gog@mail.gmail.com>
	<CAGjGUA+uxpbkRaxkZmcSNiGXJ_G3Zj4-gzaiy=94DH7rvE8tig@mail.gmail.com>
	<CACG=ezbPUASDL1eJ+c-ZkJMwRPukvp3EL0q1vSUa1h+fnX8y3g@mail.gmail.com>
	<[email protected]>
	<CACG=ezaABYDepYf24MUNxc2oHRERxXbXHNMP+i-Pr1AXu26x0A@mail.gmail.com>
	<[email protected]>

On Thu, 30 Oct 2025 at 12:10, Heikki Linnakangas <[email protected]> wrote:

>
> Oh I see, the 'base' is not necessarily the base offset of the first
> multixact on the page, it's the base offset of the first multixid that
> is written to the page. And the (short) offsets can be negative. That's
> a frighteningly clever encoding scheme. One upshot of that is that WAL
> redo might get construct the page with a different 'base'. I guess that
> works, but it scares me. Could we come up with a more deterministic scheme?
>
> Definitely! The most stable approach is the one we had before, which
used actual 64-bit offsets in the SLRU. To be honest, I'm completely
happy with it. After all, what's most important for me is to have 64-bit
xids in Postgres, and this patch is a step towards that goal.

PFA v20 returns to using actual 64-bit offsets for on-disk SLRU
segments.

Fortunately, now that I've separated reading and writing offsets into
different functions, switching from one implementation to another is
easy to do.

Here's a quick overview of the current state of the patch:
1) Access to the offset is placed to separate calls:
   MXOffsetWrite/MXOffsetRead.
2) I abandoned byte juggling in pg_upgrade and moved to using logic that
   replicates the work with offsets im multixact.c
3) As a result, the update issue came down to the correct implementation
   of functions MXOffsetWrite/MXOffsetRead.
4) The only question that remains is the question of disk representation
   of 64-bit offsets in SLRU segments.

My thoughts on point (4).

Using 32-bit offsets + some kind of packing:
Pros:
 + Reduce the total disc space used by the segments; ideally it is
   almost the same as before.
Cons:
 - Reduces reliability (losing a part will most likely result in losing
   the entire page).
 - Complicates code, especially considering that segments may be written
   to the page in random order.

Using 64-bit offsets in SLRU:
Pros:
 + Easy to implement/transparent logic.
Cons:
 - Increases the amount of disk space used.

In terms of speed, I'm not sure which will be faster. On the one hand,
64-bit eliminates the necessity for calculations and branching. On the
other hand, the amount of data used will increase.

I am not opposed to any of these options, as our primary goal is getting
64-bit offsets. However, I like the approach using full 64-bit offsets
in SLRU, because it is more clear and, should we say, robust. Yes, it
will increase the number of segment, however this is not heap data in
for a table. Under typical circumstances, there should not be too many
such segments.

-- 
Best regards,
Maxim Orlov.

From dd45bfb97be126c03a1c4e41f5794c5726dcd413 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxim Orlov <[email protected]>
Date: Wed, 29 Oct 2025 14:19:56 +0300
Subject: [PATCH v20 5/5] TEST: Add test for 64-bit mxoff in pg_upgrade

---
 src/bin/pg_upgrade/t/007_mxoff.pl | 461 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 461 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/bin/pg_upgrade/t/007_mxoff.pl

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_upgrade/t/007_mxoff.pl b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/t/007_mxoff.pl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..26fd6e9c5d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/t/007_mxoff.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,461 @@
+
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+use strict;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+
+use Math::BigInt;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::AdjustDump;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::AdjustUpgrade;
+use Test::More;
+
+# This test involves different multitransaction states, similarly to that of
+# 002_pg_upgrade.pl.
+
+unless (defined($ENV{oldinstall}))
+{
+	plan skip_all => 'to run test set oldinstall environment variable to the pre 64-bit mxoff cluster';
+}
+
+# Temp dir for a dumps.
+my $tempdir = PostgreSQL::Test::Utils::tempdir;
+
+# Can be changed to test the other modes.
+my $mode = $ENV{PG_TEST_PG_UPGRADE_MODE} || '--copy';
+
+# Get NextMultiOffset.
+sub next_mxoff
+{
+	my $node = shift;
+
+	my $pg_controldata_path =
+		defined($node->install_path) ?
+			$node->install_path . '/bin/pg_controldata' :
+			'pg_controldata';
+	my ($stdout, $stderr) = run_command([ $pg_controldata_path,
+											$node->data_dir ]);
+	my @control_data = split("\n", $stdout);
+	my $next_mxoff = undef;
+
+	foreach (@control_data)
+	{
+		if ($_ =~ /^Latest checkpoint's NextMultiOffset:\s*(.*)$/mg)
+		{
+			$next_mxoff = $1;
+			last;
+		}
+	}
+	die "NextMultiOffset not found in control file\n"
+		unless defined($next_mxoff);
+
+	return $next_mxoff;
+}
+
+# Consume around 10k of mxoffsets.
+sub mxact_eater
+{
+	my $node = shift;
+	my $tbl = 'FOO';
+
+	my ($mxoff1, $mxoff2);
+
+	$mxoff1 = next_mxoff($node);
+	$node->start;
+	$node->safe_psql('postgres',
+		"CREATE TABLE ${tbl} (I INT PRIMARY KEY, N_UPDATED INT) " .
+		"       WITH (AUTOVACUUM_ENABLED=FALSE);" .
+		"INSERT INTO ${tbl} SELECT G, 0 FROM GENERATE_SERIES(1, 50) G;");
+
+	# consume around 10k mxoff
+	my $nclients = 10;
+	my $update_every = 75;
+	my @connections = ();
+
+	for (0..$nclients)
+	{
+		my $conn = $node->background_psql('postgres');
+		$conn->query_safe("BEGIN");
+
+		push(@connections, $conn);
+	}
+
+	for (my $i = 0; $i < 1000; $i++)
+	{
+		my $conn = $connections[$i % $nclients];
+
+		$conn->query_safe("COMMIT;");
+		$conn->query_safe("BEGIN");
+
+		if ($i % $update_every == 0)
+		{
+			$conn->query_safe(
+				"UPDATE ${tbl} SET " .
+				"N_UPDATED = N_UPDATED + 1 " .
+				"WHERE I = ${i} % 50");
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$conn->query_safe(
+				"SELECT * FROM ${tbl} FOR KEY SHARE");
+		}
+	}
+
+	for my $conn (@connections)
+	{
+		$conn->quit();
+	}
+
+	$node->stop;
+	$mxoff2 = next_mxoff($node);
+
+	return $mxoff1, $mxoff2;
+}
+
+# Consume around 2M of mxoffsets.
+sub mxact_huge_eater
+{
+	my $node = shift;
+	my $tbl = 'FOO';
+
+	my ($mxoff1, $mxoff2);
+
+	$mxoff1 = next_mxoff($node);
+	$node->start;
+	$node->safe_psql('postgres',
+		"CREATE TABLE ${tbl} (I INT PRIMARY KEY, N_UPDATED INT) " .
+		"       WITH (AUTOVACUUM_ENABLED=FALSE);" .
+		"INSERT INTO ${tbl} SELECT G, 0 FROM GENERATE_SERIES(1, 50) G;");
+
+	# consume around 1M mxoff
+	my $nclients = 10;
+	my $update_every = 95;
+	my @connections = ();
+	my $timeout = 10 * $PostgreSQL::Test::Utils::timeout_default;
+
+	for (0..$nclients)
+	{
+		my $conn = $node->background_psql('postgres',
+										  timeout => $timeout);
+		$conn->query_safe("BEGIN");
+
+		push(@connections, $conn);
+	}
+
+	# It's a long process, better to tell about progress.
+	my $n_steps = 200_000;
+	my $step = int($n_steps / 10);
+
+	diag "\nstart to consume mxoffsets ...\n";
+	for (my $i = 0; $i < $n_steps; $i++)
+	{
+		my $conn = $connections[$i % $nclients];
+
+		$conn->query_safe("COMMIT;");
+		$conn->query_safe("BEGIN");
+
+		if ($i % $update_every == 0)
+		{
+			# Perform some non-key UPDATEs too, to exercise different multixact
+			# member statuses.
+			$conn->query_safe(
+				"UPDATE ${tbl} SET " .
+				"N_UPDATED = N_UPDATED + 1 " .
+				"WHERE I = ${i} % 50");
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$conn->query_safe(
+				"SELECT * FROM ${tbl} " .
+				"TABLESAMPLE SYSTEM (85) " .
+				"FOR KEY SHARE");
+		}
+
+		if ($i % $step == 0)
+		{
+			my $done = int(($i / $n_steps) * 100);
+			diag "$done% done...";
+		}
+	}
+
+	for my $conn (@connections)
+	{
+		$conn->quit();
+	}
+
+	$node->stop;
+	$mxoff2 = next_mxoff($node);
+
+	return $mxoff1, $mxoff2;
+}
+
+# Set oldest multixact-offset
+sub reset_mxoff
+{
+	my $node = shift;
+	my $offset = shift;
+
+	my $pg_resetwal_path = $node->install_path . '/bin/pg_resetwal';
+
+	# Get block size
+	my $out = (run_command([ $pg_resetwal_path, '--dry-run',
+							 $node->data_dir ]))[0];
+		$out =~ /^Database block size: *(\d+)$/m or die;
+	my $blcksz = $1;
+
+	# Reset to new offset
+	my @cmd = ($pg_resetwal_path, '--pgdata' => $node->data_dir);
+	push @cmd, '--multixact-offset' => $offset;
+	command_ok(\@cmd, 'set oldest multixact-offset');
+
+	# Fill empty pg_multixact/members segment
+	my $mult = 32 * int($blcksz / 20) * 4;
+	my $segname = sprintf "%04X", $offset / $mult;
+
+	my @dd = ('dd');
+	push @dd, "if=/dev/zero";
+	push @dd, "of=" . $node->data_dir . "/pg_multixact/members/" . $segname;
+	push @dd, "bs=$blcksz";
+	push @dd, "count=32";
+	command_ok(\@dd, 'fill empty multixact-members');
+}
+
+sub get_dump_for_comparison
+{
+	my ($node, $db, $file_prefix, $adjust_child_columns) = @_;
+
+	my $dumpfile = $tempdir . '/' . $file_prefix . '.sql';
+	my $dump_adjusted = "${dumpfile}_adjusted";
+
+	open(my $dh, '>', $dump_adjusted)
+	  || die "could not open $dump_adjusted for writing $!";
+
+	$node->run_log(
+		[
+			'pg_dump', '--no-sync',
+			'--restrict-key' => 'test',
+			'-d' => $node->connstr($db),
+			'-f' => $dumpfile
+		]);
+
+	print $dh adjust_regress_dumpfile(slurp_file($dumpfile),
+		$adjust_child_columns);
+	close($dh);
+
+	return $dump_adjusted;
+}
+
+# Main test workhorse routine.
+# Make pg_upgrade, dump data and compare it.
+sub run_test
+{
+	my $tag = shift;
+	my $oldnode = shift;
+	my $newnode = shift;
+
+	command_ok(
+		[
+			'pg_upgrade', '--no-sync',
+			'--old-datadir' => $oldnode->data_dir,
+			'--new-datadir' => $newnode->data_dir,
+			'--old-bindir' => $oldnode->config_data('--bindir'),
+			'--new-bindir' => $newnode->config_data('--bindir'),
+			'--socketdir' => $newnode->host,
+			'--old-port' => $oldnode->port,
+			'--new-port' => $newnode->port,
+			$mode,
+		],
+		'run of pg_upgrade for new instance');
+	ok( !-d $newnode->data_dir . "/pg_upgrade_output.d",
+		"pg_upgrade_output.d/ removed after pg_upgrade success");
+
+	$oldnode->start;
+	my $src_dump =
+		get_dump_for_comparison($oldnode, 'postgres',
+								"oldnode_${tag}_dump", 0);
+	$oldnode->stop;
+
+	$newnode->start;
+	my $dst_dump =
+		get_dump_for_comparison($newnode, 'postgres',
+								"newnode_${tag}_dump", 0);
+	$newnode->stop;
+
+	compare_files($src_dump, $dst_dump,
+		'dump outputs from original and restored regression databases match');
+}
+
+sub to_hex
+{
+	my $arg = shift;
+
+	$arg = Math::BigInt->new($arg);
+	$arg = $arg->as_hex();
+
+	return $arg;
+}
+
+# case #1: start old node from defaults
+{
+	my $tag = 1;
+	my $old =
+		PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("oldnode${tag}",
+									   install_path => $ENV{oldinstall});
+	$old->init(extra => ['-k']);
+
+	my ($start_mxoff, $finish_mxoff) = mxact_eater($old);
+
+	my $new = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("newnode${tag}");
+	$new->init;
+
+	run_test($tag, $old, $new);
+
+	$start_mxoff = to_hex($start_mxoff);
+	$finish_mxoff = to_hex($finish_mxoff);
+
+	my $next_mxoff = to_hex(next_mxoff($new));
+
+	note ">>> case #${tag}\n" .
+		 " oldnode mxoff from ${start_mxoff} to ${finish_mxoff}\n" .
+		 " newnode mxoff ${next_mxoff}\n";
+}
+
+# case #2: start old node from before 32-bit wraparound
+{
+	my $tag = 2;
+	my $old =
+		PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("oldnode${tag}",
+									   install_path => $ENV{oldinstall});
+
+	$old->init(extra => ['-k']);
+	reset_mxoff($old, 0xFFFF0000);
+
+	my ($start_mxoff, $finish_mxoff) = mxact_eater($old);
+
+	my $new = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("newnode${tag}");
+	$new->init;
+
+	run_test($tag, $old, $new);
+
+	$start_mxoff = to_hex($start_mxoff);
+	$finish_mxoff = to_hex($finish_mxoff);
+
+	my $next_mxoff = to_hex(next_mxoff($new));
+
+	note ">>> case #${tag}\n" .
+		 " oldnode mxoff from ${start_mxoff} to ${finish_mxoff}\n" .
+		 " newnode mxoff ${next_mxoff}\n";
+}
+
+# case #3: start old node near 32-bit wraparound and reach wraparound state.
+{
+	my $tag = 3;
+	my $old =
+		PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("oldnode${tag}",
+									   install_path => $ENV{oldinstall});
+
+	$old->init(extra => ['-k']);
+
+	reset_mxoff($old, 0xFFFFEC77);
+	my ($start_mxoff, $finish_mxoff) = mxact_eater($old);
+
+	my $new = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("newnode${tag}");
+	$new->init;
+
+	run_test($tag, $old, $new);
+
+	$start_mxoff = to_hex($start_mxoff);
+	$finish_mxoff = to_hex($finish_mxoff);
+
+	my $next_mxoff = to_hex(next_mxoff($new));
+
+	note ">>> case #${tag}\n" .
+		 " oldnode mxoff from ${start_mxoff} to ${finish_mxoff}\n" .
+		 " newnode mxoff ${next_mxoff}\n";
+}
+
+# case #4: start old node from defaults
+{
+	my $tag = 4;
+	my $old =
+		PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("oldnode${tag}",
+									   install_path => $ENV{oldinstall});
+
+	$old->init(extra => ['-k']);
+
+	diag "test #${tag} for multiple mxoff segments";
+	my ($start_mxoff, $finish_mxoff) = mxact_huge_eater($old);
+
+	my $new = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("newnode${tag}");
+	$new->init;
+
+	run_test($tag, $old, $new);
+
+	$start_mxoff = to_hex($start_mxoff);
+	$finish_mxoff = to_hex($finish_mxoff);
+
+	my $next_mxoff = to_hex(next_mxoff($new));
+
+	note ">>> case #${tag}\n" .
+		 " oldnode mxoff from ${start_mxoff} to ${finish_mxoff}\n" .
+		 " newnode mxoff ${next_mxoff}\n";
+}
+
+# case #5: start old node from before 32-bit wraparound
+{
+	my $tag = 5;
+	my $old =
+		PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("oldnode${tag}",
+									   install_path => $ENV{oldinstall});
+
+	$old->init(extra => ['-k']);
+	reset_mxoff($old, 0xFFFF0000);
+
+	diag "test #${tag} for multiple mxoff segments";
+	my ($start_mxoff, $finish_mxoff) = mxact_huge_eater($old);
+
+	my $new = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("newnode${tag}");
+	$new->init;
+
+	run_test($tag, $old, $new);
+
+	$start_mxoff = to_hex($start_mxoff);
+	$finish_mxoff = to_hex($finish_mxoff);
+
+	my $next_mxoff = to_hex(next_mxoff($new));
+
+	note ">>> case #${tag}\n" .
+		 " oldnode mxoff from ${start_mxoff} to ${finish_mxoff}\n" .
+		 " newnode mxoff ${next_mxoff}\n";
+}
+
+# case #6: start old node near 32-bit wraparound and reach wraparound state.
+{
+	my $tag = 6;
+	my $old =
+		PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("oldnode${tag}",
+									   install_path => $ENV{oldinstall});
+
+	$old->init(extra => ['-k']);
+
+	reset_mxoff($old, 0xFFFFFFFF - 1_000_000);
+	my ($start_mxoff, $finish_mxoff) = mxact_huge_eater($old);
+
+	diag "test #${tag} for multiple mxoff segments";
+	my $new = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("newnode${tag}");
+	$new->init;
+
+	run_test($tag, $old, $new);
+
+	$start_mxoff = to_hex($start_mxoff);
+	$finish_mxoff = to_hex($finish_mxoff);
+
+	my $next_mxoff = to_hex(next_mxoff($new));
+
+	note ">>> case #${tag}\n" .
+		 " oldnode mxoff from ${start_mxoff} to ${finish_mxoff}\n" .
+		 " newnode mxoff ${next_mxoff}\n";
+}
+
+done_testing();
-- 
2.43.0


From 9ae48f1a66fcb2f1651a168c481214f1f9b6e201 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxim Orlov <[email protected]>
Date: Fri, 24 Oct 2025 11:47:50 +0300
Subject: [PATCH v20 4/5] TEST: bump catversion

To avoid constant CF-bot complains, make catversion bump in a separate
commit.

NOTE: keep it in sync with MULTIXACTOFFSET_FORMATCHANGE_CAT_VER
---
 src/include/catalog/catversion.h | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/include/catalog/catversion.h b/src/include/catalog/catversion.h
index 18e95179ab6..6a13fa3cdb0 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/catversion.h
+++ b/src/include/catalog/catversion.h
@@ -57,6 +57,6 @@
  */
 
 /*							yyyymmddN */
-#define CATALOG_VERSION_NO	202510281
+#define CATALOG_VERSION_NO	999999999
 
 #endif
-- 
2.43.0



Attachments:

  [text/plain] v20-0005-TEST-Add-test-for-64-bit-mxoff-in-pg_upgrade.patch.txt (11.4K, 3-v20-0005-TEST-Add-test-for-64-bit-mxoff-in-pg_upgrade.patch.txt)
  download | inline diff:
From dd45bfb97be126c03a1c4e41f5794c5726dcd413 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxim Orlov <[email protected]>
Date: Wed, 29 Oct 2025 14:19:56 +0300
Subject: [PATCH v20 5/5] TEST: Add test for 64-bit mxoff in pg_upgrade

---
 src/bin/pg_upgrade/t/007_mxoff.pl | 461 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 461 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/bin/pg_upgrade/t/007_mxoff.pl

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_upgrade/t/007_mxoff.pl b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/t/007_mxoff.pl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..26fd6e9c5d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/t/007_mxoff.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,461 @@
+
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+use strict;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+
+use Math::BigInt;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::AdjustDump;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::AdjustUpgrade;
+use Test::More;
+
+# This test involves different multitransaction states, similarly to that of
+# 002_pg_upgrade.pl.
+
+unless (defined($ENV{oldinstall}))
+{
+	plan skip_all => 'to run test set oldinstall environment variable to the pre 64-bit mxoff cluster';
+}
+
+# Temp dir for a dumps.
+my $tempdir = PostgreSQL::Test::Utils::tempdir;
+
+# Can be changed to test the other modes.
+my $mode = $ENV{PG_TEST_PG_UPGRADE_MODE} || '--copy';
+
+# Get NextMultiOffset.
+sub next_mxoff
+{
+	my $node = shift;
+
+	my $pg_controldata_path =
+		defined($node->install_path) ?
+			$node->install_path . '/bin/pg_controldata' :
+			'pg_controldata';
+	my ($stdout, $stderr) = run_command([ $pg_controldata_path,
+											$node->data_dir ]);
+	my @control_data = split("\n", $stdout);
+	my $next_mxoff = undef;
+
+	foreach (@control_data)
+	{
+		if ($_ =~ /^Latest checkpoint's NextMultiOffset:\s*(.*)$/mg)
+		{
+			$next_mxoff = $1;
+			last;
+		}
+	}
+	die "NextMultiOffset not found in control file\n"
+		unless defined($next_mxoff);
+
+	return $next_mxoff;
+}
+
+# Consume around 10k of mxoffsets.
+sub mxact_eater
+{
+	my $node = shift;
+	my $tbl = 'FOO';
+
+	my ($mxoff1, $mxoff2);
+
+	$mxoff1 = next_mxoff($node);
+	$node->start;
+	$node->safe_psql('postgres',
+		"CREATE TABLE ${tbl} (I INT PRIMARY KEY, N_UPDATED INT) " .
+		"       WITH (AUTOVACUUM_ENABLED=FALSE);" .
+		"INSERT INTO ${tbl} SELECT G, 0 FROM GENERATE_SERIES(1, 50) G;");
+
+	# consume around 10k mxoff
+	my $nclients = 10;
+	my $update_every = 75;
+	my @connections = ();
+
+	for (0..$nclients)
+	{
+		my $conn = $node->background_psql('postgres');
+		$conn->query_safe("BEGIN");
+
+		push(@connections, $conn);
+	}
+
+	for (my $i = 0; $i < 1000; $i++)
+	{
+		my $conn = $connections[$i % $nclients];
+
+		$conn->query_safe("COMMIT;");
+		$conn->query_safe("BEGIN");
+
+		if ($i % $update_every == 0)
+		{
+			$conn->query_safe(
+				"UPDATE ${tbl} SET " .
+				"N_UPDATED = N_UPDATED + 1 " .
+				"WHERE I = ${i} % 50");
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$conn->query_safe(
+				"SELECT * FROM ${tbl} FOR KEY SHARE");
+		}
+	}
+
+	for my $conn (@connections)
+	{
+		$conn->quit();
+	}
+
+	$node->stop;
+	$mxoff2 = next_mxoff($node);
+
+	return $mxoff1, $mxoff2;
+}
+
+# Consume around 2M of mxoffsets.
+sub mxact_huge_eater
+{
+	my $node = shift;
+	my $tbl = 'FOO';
+
+	my ($mxoff1, $mxoff2);
+
+	$mxoff1 = next_mxoff($node);
+	$node->start;
+	$node->safe_psql('postgres',
+		"CREATE TABLE ${tbl} (I INT PRIMARY KEY, N_UPDATED INT) " .
+		"       WITH (AUTOVACUUM_ENABLED=FALSE);" .
+		"INSERT INTO ${tbl} SELECT G, 0 FROM GENERATE_SERIES(1, 50) G;");
+
+	# consume around 1M mxoff
+	my $nclients = 10;
+	my $update_every = 95;
+	my @connections = ();
+	my $timeout = 10 * $PostgreSQL::Test::Utils::timeout_default;
+
+	for (0..$nclients)
+	{
+		my $conn = $node->background_psql('postgres',
+										  timeout => $timeout);
+		$conn->query_safe("BEGIN");
+
+		push(@connections, $conn);
+	}
+
+	# It's a long process, better to tell about progress.
+	my $n_steps = 200_000;
+	my $step = int($n_steps / 10);
+
+	diag "\nstart to consume mxoffsets ...\n";
+	for (my $i = 0; $i < $n_steps; $i++)
+	{
+		my $conn = $connections[$i % $nclients];
+
+		$conn->query_safe("COMMIT;");
+		$conn->query_safe("BEGIN");
+
+		if ($i % $update_every == 0)
+		{
+			# Perform some non-key UPDATEs too, to exercise different multixact
+			# member statuses.
+			$conn->query_safe(
+				"UPDATE ${tbl} SET " .
+				"N_UPDATED = N_UPDATED + 1 " .
+				"WHERE I = ${i} % 50");
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$conn->query_safe(
+				"SELECT * FROM ${tbl} " .
+				"TABLESAMPLE SYSTEM (85) " .
+				"FOR KEY SHARE");
+		}
+
+		if ($i % $step == 0)
+		{
+			my $done = int(($i / $n_steps) * 100);
+			diag "$done% done...";
+		}
+	}
+
+	for my $conn (@connections)
+	{
+		$conn->quit();
+	}
+
+	$node->stop;
+	$mxoff2 = next_mxoff($node);
+
+	return $mxoff1, $mxoff2;
+}
+
+# Set oldest multixact-offset
+sub reset_mxoff
+{
+	my $node = shift;
+	my $offset = shift;
+
+	my $pg_resetwal_path = $node->install_path . '/bin/pg_resetwal';
+
+	# Get block size
+	my $out = (run_command([ $pg_resetwal_path, '--dry-run',
+							 $node->data_dir ]))[0];
+		$out =~ /^Database block size: *(\d+)$/m or die;
+	my $blcksz = $1;
+
+	# Reset to new offset
+	my @cmd = ($pg_resetwal_path, '--pgdata' => $node->data_dir);
+	push @cmd, '--multixact-offset' => $offset;
+	command_ok(\@cmd, 'set oldest multixact-offset');
+
+	# Fill empty pg_multixact/members segment
+	my $mult = 32 * int($blcksz / 20) * 4;
+	my $segname = sprintf "%04X", $offset / $mult;
+
+	my @dd = ('dd');
+	push @dd, "if=/dev/zero";
+	push @dd, "of=" . $node->data_dir . "/pg_multixact/members/" . $segname;
+	push @dd, "bs=$blcksz";
+	push @dd, "count=32";
+	command_ok(\@dd, 'fill empty multixact-members');
+}
+
+sub get_dump_for_comparison
+{
+	my ($node, $db, $file_prefix, $adjust_child_columns) = @_;
+
+	my $dumpfile = $tempdir . '/' . $file_prefix . '.sql';
+	my $dump_adjusted = "${dumpfile}_adjusted";
+
+	open(my $dh, '>', $dump_adjusted)
+	  || die "could not open $dump_adjusted for writing $!";
+
+	$node->run_log(
+		[
+			'pg_dump', '--no-sync',
+			'--restrict-key' => 'test',
+			'-d' => $node->connstr($db),
+			'-f' => $dumpfile
+		]);
+
+	print $dh adjust_regress_dumpfile(slurp_file($dumpfile),
+		$adjust_child_columns);
+	close($dh);
+
+	return $dump_adjusted;
+}
+
+# Main test workhorse routine.
+# Make pg_upgrade, dump data and compare it.
+sub run_test
+{
+	my $tag = shift;
+	my $oldnode = shift;
+	my $newnode = shift;
+
+	command_ok(
+		[
+			'pg_upgrade', '--no-sync',
+			'--old-datadir' => $oldnode->data_dir,
+			'--new-datadir' => $newnode->data_dir,
+			'--old-bindir' => $oldnode->config_data('--bindir'),
+			'--new-bindir' => $newnode->config_data('--bindir'),
+			'--socketdir' => $newnode->host,
+			'--old-port' => $oldnode->port,
+			'--new-port' => $newnode->port,
+			$mode,
+		],
+		'run of pg_upgrade for new instance');
+	ok( !-d $newnode->data_dir . "/pg_upgrade_output.d",
+		"pg_upgrade_output.d/ removed after pg_upgrade success");
+
+	$oldnode->start;
+	my $src_dump =
+		get_dump_for_comparison($oldnode, 'postgres',
+								"oldnode_${tag}_dump", 0);
+	$oldnode->stop;
+
+	$newnode->start;
+	my $dst_dump =
+		get_dump_for_comparison($newnode, 'postgres',
+								"newnode_${tag}_dump", 0);
+	$newnode->stop;
+
+	compare_files($src_dump, $dst_dump,
+		'dump outputs from original and restored regression databases match');
+}
+
+sub to_hex
+{
+	my $arg = shift;
+
+	$arg = Math::BigInt->new($arg);
+	$arg = $arg->as_hex();
+
+	return $arg;
+}
+
+# case #1: start old node from defaults
+{
+	my $tag = 1;
+	my $old =
+		PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("oldnode${tag}",
+									   install_path => $ENV{oldinstall});
+	$old->init(extra => ['-k']);
+
+	my ($start_mxoff, $finish_mxoff) = mxact_eater($old);
+
+	my $new = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("newnode${tag}");
+	$new->init;
+
+	run_test($tag, $old, $new);
+
+	$start_mxoff = to_hex($start_mxoff);
+	$finish_mxoff = to_hex($finish_mxoff);
+
+	my $next_mxoff = to_hex(next_mxoff($new));
+
+	note ">>> case #${tag}\n" .
+		 " oldnode mxoff from ${start_mxoff} to ${finish_mxoff}\n" .
+		 " newnode mxoff ${next_mxoff}\n";
+}
+
+# case #2: start old node from before 32-bit wraparound
+{
+	my $tag = 2;
+	my $old =
+		PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("oldnode${tag}",
+									   install_path => $ENV{oldinstall});
+
+	$old->init(extra => ['-k']);
+	reset_mxoff($old, 0xFFFF0000);
+
+	my ($start_mxoff, $finish_mxoff) = mxact_eater($old);
+
+	my $new = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("newnode${tag}");
+	$new->init;
+
+	run_test($tag, $old, $new);
+
+	$start_mxoff = to_hex($start_mxoff);
+	$finish_mxoff = to_hex($finish_mxoff);
+
+	my $next_mxoff = to_hex(next_mxoff($new));
+
+	note ">>> case #${tag}\n" .
+		 " oldnode mxoff from ${start_mxoff} to ${finish_mxoff}\n" .
+		 " newnode mxoff ${next_mxoff}\n";
+}
+
+# case #3: start old node near 32-bit wraparound and reach wraparound state.
+{
+	my $tag = 3;
+	my $old =
+		PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("oldnode${tag}",
+									   install_path => $ENV{oldinstall});
+
+	$old->init(extra => ['-k']);
+
+	reset_mxoff($old, 0xFFFFEC77);
+	my ($start_mxoff, $finish_mxoff) = mxact_eater($old);
+
+	my $new = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("newnode${tag}");
+	$new->init;
+
+	run_test($tag, $old, $new);
+
+	$start_mxoff = to_hex($start_mxoff);
+	$finish_mxoff = to_hex($finish_mxoff);
+
+	my $next_mxoff = to_hex(next_mxoff($new));
+
+	note ">>> case #${tag}\n" .
+		 " oldnode mxoff from ${start_mxoff} to ${finish_mxoff}\n" .
+		 " newnode mxoff ${next_mxoff}\n";
+}
+
+# case #4: start old node from defaults
+{
+	my $tag = 4;
+	my $old =
+		PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("oldnode${tag}",
+									   install_path => $ENV{oldinstall});
+
+	$old->init(extra => ['-k']);
+
+	diag "test #${tag} for multiple mxoff segments";
+	my ($start_mxoff, $finish_mxoff) = mxact_huge_eater($old);
+
+	my $new = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("newnode${tag}");
+	$new->init;
+
+	run_test($tag, $old, $new);
+
+	$start_mxoff = to_hex($start_mxoff);
+	$finish_mxoff = to_hex($finish_mxoff);
+
+	my $next_mxoff = to_hex(next_mxoff($new));
+
+	note ">>> case #${tag}\n" .
+		 " oldnode mxoff from ${start_mxoff} to ${finish_mxoff}\n" .
+		 " newnode mxoff ${next_mxoff}\n";
+}
+
+# case #5: start old node from before 32-bit wraparound
+{
+	my $tag = 5;
+	my $old =
+		PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("oldnode${tag}",
+									   install_path => $ENV{oldinstall});
+
+	$old->init(extra => ['-k']);
+	reset_mxoff($old, 0xFFFF0000);
+
+	diag "test #${tag} for multiple mxoff segments";
+	my ($start_mxoff, $finish_mxoff) = mxact_huge_eater($old);
+
+	my $new = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("newnode${tag}");
+	$new->init;
+
+	run_test($tag, $old, $new);
+
+	$start_mxoff = to_hex($start_mxoff);
+	$finish_mxoff = to_hex($finish_mxoff);
+
+	my $next_mxoff = to_hex(next_mxoff($new));
+
+	note ">>> case #${tag}\n" .
+		 " oldnode mxoff from ${start_mxoff} to ${finish_mxoff}\n" .
+		 " newnode mxoff ${next_mxoff}\n";
+}
+
+# case #6: start old node near 32-bit wraparound and reach wraparound state.
+{
+	my $tag = 6;
+	my $old =
+		PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("oldnode${tag}",
+									   install_path => $ENV{oldinstall});
+
+	$old->init(extra => ['-k']);
+
+	reset_mxoff($old, 0xFFFFFFFF - 1_000_000);
+	my ($start_mxoff, $finish_mxoff) = mxact_huge_eater($old);
+
+	diag "test #${tag} for multiple mxoff segments";
+	my $new = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new("newnode${tag}");
+	$new->init;
+
+	run_test($tag, $old, $new);
+
+	$start_mxoff = to_hex($start_mxoff);
+	$finish_mxoff = to_hex($finish_mxoff);
+
+	my $next_mxoff = to_hex(next_mxoff($new));
+
+	note ">>> case #${tag}\n" .
+		 " oldnode mxoff from ${start_mxoff} to ${finish_mxoff}\n" .
+		 " newnode mxoff ${next_mxoff}\n";
+}
+
+done_testing();
-- 
2.43.0



  [application/octet-stream] v20-0003-Add-test-for-64-bit-mxoff-in-pg_resetwal.patch (4.9K, 4-v20-0003-Add-test-for-64-bit-mxoff-in-pg_resetwal.patch)
  download | inline diff:
From 2a6ae43f5be3a45741c233b001dfb8721c7f8217 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxim Orlov <[email protected]>
Date: Tue, 28 Oct 2025 19:08:26 +0300
Subject: [PATCH v20 3/5] Add test for 64-bit mxoff in pg_resetwal

---
 src/bin/pg_resetwal/meson.build    |   1 +
 src/bin/pg_resetwal/t/003_mxoff.pl | 170 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 171 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/bin/pg_resetwal/t/003_mxoff.pl

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_resetwal/meson.build b/src/bin/pg_resetwal/meson.build
index 290832b2299..1e2dfb38a5b 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_resetwal/meson.build
+++ b/src/bin/pg_resetwal/meson.build
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ tests += {
     'tests': [
       't/001_basic.pl',
       't/002_corrupted.pl',
+      't/003_mxoff.pl',
     ],
   },
 }
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_resetwal/t/003_mxoff.pl b/src/bin/pg_resetwal/t/003_mxoff.pl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3c1b7fa1d33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bin/pg_resetwal/t/003_mxoff.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+use strict;
+use warnings FATAL => 'all';
+
+use Math::BigInt;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
+use Test::More;
+
+sub mxact_eater
+{
+	my $node = shift;
+	my $tbl = shift;
+
+	$node->start;
+	$node->safe_psql('postgres',
+		"CREATE TABLE ${tbl} (I INT PRIMARY KEY, N_UPDATED INT) " .
+		"       WITH (AUTOVACUUM_ENABLED=FALSE);" .
+		"INSERT INTO ${tbl} SELECT G, 0 FROM GENERATE_SERIES(1, 50) G;");
+
+	# consume around 10k multixact-offsetfs
+	my $nclients = 10;
+	my $update_every = 75;
+	my @connections = ();
+
+	for (0..$nclients)
+	{
+		my $conn = $node->background_psql('postgres');
+		$conn->query_safe("BEGIN");
+
+		push(@connections, $conn);
+	}
+
+	for (my $i = 0; $i < 1000; $i++)
+	{
+		my $conn = $connections[$i % $nclients];
+
+		$conn->query_safe("COMMIT;");
+		$conn->query_safe("BEGIN");
+
+		if ($i % $update_every == 0)
+		{
+			$conn->query_safe(
+				"UPDATE ${tbl} SET " .
+				"N_UPDATED = N_UPDATED + 1 " .
+				"WHERE I = ${i} % 50");
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$conn->query_safe(
+				"SELECT * FROM ${tbl} FOR KEY SHARE");
+		}
+	}
+
+	for my $conn (@connections)
+	{
+		$conn->quit();
+	}
+
+	$node->stop;
+}
+
+sub next_mxoff
+{
+	my $node = shift;
+	my ($stdout, $stderr) =
+	  run_command([ 'pg_controldata', $node->data_dir ]);
+	my @control_data = split("\n", $stdout);
+	my $next_mxoff = undef;
+
+	foreach (@control_data)
+	{
+		if ($_ =~ /^Latest checkpoint's NextMultiOffset:\s*(.*)$/mg)
+		{
+			$next_mxoff = $1;
+			last;
+		}
+	}
+	die "NextMultiOffset not found in control file\n"
+		unless defined($next_mxoff);
+
+	return $next_mxoff;
+}
+
+sub reset_mxoff
+{
+	my $node = shift;
+	my $offset = shift;
+		$offset = Math::BigInt->new($offset);
+
+	# Get block size
+	my $out = (run_command([ 'pg_resetwal', '--dry-run', $node->data_dir ]))[0];
+		$out =~ /^Database block size: *(\d+)$/m or die;
+	my $blcksz = $1;
+
+	# Reset to new offset
+	my @cmd = ('pg_resetwal', '--pgdata' => $node->data_dir);
+	push @cmd, '--multixact-offset' => $offset->as_hex();
+	command_ok(\@cmd, 'set oldest multixact-offset');
+
+	# Fill empty pg_multixact/members segment
+	my $mult = 32 * int($blcksz / 20) * 4;
+	my $segname = sprintf "%015X", $offset / $mult;
+
+	my @dd = ('dd');
+	push @dd, "if=/dev/zero";
+	push @dd, "of=" . $node->data_dir . "/pg_multixact/members/" . $segname;
+	push @dd, "bs=$blcksz";
+	push @dd, "count=32";
+	command_ok(\@dd, 'fill empty multixact-members');
+}
+
+my ($off1, $off2);
+
+# start from defaults
+my $node1 = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node1');
+$node1->init;
+$off1 = next_mxoff($node1);
+mxact_eater($node1, "FOO");
+$off2 = next_mxoff($node1);
+note "> start from $off1, finished at $off2\n";
+
+# start from before 32-bit wraparound
+my $node2 = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node2');
+$node2->init;
+reset_mxoff($node2, 0xFFFF0000);
+$off1 = next_mxoff($node2);
+mxact_eater($node2, "FOO");
+$off2 = next_mxoff($node2);
+note "> start from $off1, finished at $off2\n";
+
+# start near 32-bit wraparound
+my $node3 = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node3');
+$node3->init;
+reset_mxoff($node3, 0xFFFFEC77);
+$off1 = next_mxoff($node3);
+mxact_eater($node3, "FOO");
+$off2 = next_mxoff($node3);
+note "> start from $off1, finished at $off2\n";
+
+# start over 32-bit wraparound
+my $node4 = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node4');
+$node4->init;
+reset_mxoff($node4, '0xFFFFFFFF0000');
+$off1 = next_mxoff($node4);
+mxact_eater($node4, "FOO");
+$off2 = next_mxoff($node3);
+note "> start from $off1, finished at $off2\n";
+
+# check invariant
+$node1->start;
+$node2->start;
+$node3->start;
+$node4->start;
+
+my $var1 = $node1->safe_psql('postgres', 'TABLE FOO');
+my $var2 = $node2->safe_psql('postgres', 'TABLE FOO');
+my $var3 = $node3->safe_psql('postgres', 'TABLE FOO');
+my $var4 = $node4->safe_psql('postgres', 'TABLE FOO');
+ok($var1 eq $var2 eq $var3 eq $var4,
+	'check table invariant in all nodes');
+
+$node4->stop;
+$node3->stop;
+$node2->stop;
+$node1->stop;
+
+done_testing();
-- 
2.43.0



  [application/octet-stream] v20-0001-Use-64-bit-multixact-offsets.patch (29.2K, 5-v20-0001-Use-64-bit-multixact-offsets.patch)
  download | inline diff:
From 651dbd070e96059980c50d3dc414ffb7b590bb4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxim Orlov <[email protected]>
Date: Wed, 7 Aug 2024 16:35:22 +0300
Subject: [PATCH v20 1/5] Use 64-bit multixact offsets

Switching to 64-bit multitransaction offsets removes wraparound and the
2^32 limit on their total number.

Author: Maxim Orlov <[email protected]>
---
 src/backend/access/rmgrdesc/mxactdesc.c   |   4 +-
 src/backend/access/rmgrdesc/xlogdesc.c    |   2 +-
 src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c    | 312 ++++------------------
 src/backend/access/transam/xlogrecovery.c |   2 +-
 src/backend/commands/vacuum.c             |   2 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c       |   4 +-
 src/bin/pg_controldata/pg_controldata.c   |   2 +-
 src/bin/pg_resetwal/pg_resetwal.c         |   6 +-
 src/bin/pg_resetwal/t/001_basic.pl        |   2 +-
 src/include/access/multixact.h            |   3 +-
 src/include/c.h                           |   2 +-
 11 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 278 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/rmgrdesc/mxactdesc.c b/src/backend/access/rmgrdesc/mxactdesc.c
index 3ca0582db36..052dd0a4ce5 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/rmgrdesc/mxactdesc.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/rmgrdesc/mxactdesc.c
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ multixact_desc(StringInfo buf, XLogReaderState *record)
 		xl_multixact_create *xlrec = (xl_multixact_create *) rec;
 		int			i;
 
-		appendStringInfo(buf, "%u offset %u nmembers %d: ", xlrec->mid,
+		appendStringInfo(buf, "%u offset %" PRIu64 " nmembers %d: ", xlrec->mid,
 						 xlrec->moff, xlrec->nmembers);
 		for (i = 0; i < xlrec->nmembers; i++)
 			out_member(buf, &xlrec->members[i]);
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ multixact_desc(StringInfo buf, XLogReaderState *record)
 	{
 		xl_multixact_truncate *xlrec = (xl_multixact_truncate *) rec;
 
-		appendStringInfo(buf, "offsets [%u, %u), members [%u, %u)",
+		appendStringInfo(buf, "offsets [%u, %u), members [%" PRIu64 ", %" PRIu64 ")",
 						 xlrec->startTruncOff, xlrec->endTruncOff,
 						 xlrec->startTruncMemb, xlrec->endTruncMemb);
 	}
diff --git a/src/backend/access/rmgrdesc/xlogdesc.c b/src/backend/access/rmgrdesc/xlogdesc.c
index cd6c2a2f650..441034f5929 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/rmgrdesc/xlogdesc.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/rmgrdesc/xlogdesc.c
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ xlog_desc(StringInfo buf, XLogReaderState *record)
 		CheckPoint *checkpoint = (CheckPoint *) rec;
 
 		appendStringInfo(buf, "redo %X/%08X; "
-						 "tli %u; prev tli %u; fpw %s; wal_level %s; xid %u:%u; oid %u; multi %u; offset %u; "
+						 "tli %u; prev tli %u; fpw %s; wal_level %s; xid %u:%u; oid %u; multi %u; offset %" PRIu64 "; "
 						 "oldest xid %u in DB %u; oldest multi %u in DB %u; "
 						 "oldest/newest commit timestamp xid: %u/%u; "
 						 "oldest running xid %u; %s",
diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c
index 9d5f130af7e..93a1e4cfd2a 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c
@@ -92,17 +92,9 @@
 /*
  * Defines for MultiXactOffset page sizes.  A page is the same BLCKSZ as is
  * used everywhere else in Postgres.
- *
- * Note: because MultiXactOffsets are 32 bits and wrap around at 0xFFFFFFFF,
- * MultiXact page numbering also wraps around at
- * 0xFFFFFFFF/MULTIXACT_OFFSETS_PER_PAGE, and segment numbering at
- * 0xFFFFFFFF/MULTIXACT_OFFSETS_PER_PAGE/SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT.  We need
- * take no explicit notice of that fact in this module, except when comparing
- * segment and page numbers in TruncateMultiXact (see
- * MultiXactOffsetPagePrecedes).
  */
 
-/* We need four bytes per offset */
+/* We need 8 bytes per offset */
 #define MULTIXACT_OFFSETS_PER_PAGE (BLCKSZ / sizeof(MultiXactOffset))
 
 static inline int64
@@ -208,10 +200,14 @@ MXOffsetToMemberOffset(MultiXactOffset offset)
 		member_in_group * sizeof(TransactionId);
 }
 
-/* Multixact members wraparound thresholds. */
-#define MULTIXACT_MEMBER_SAFE_THRESHOLD		(MaxMultiXactOffset / 2)
-#define MULTIXACT_MEMBER_DANGER_THRESHOLD	\
-	(MaxMultiXactOffset - MaxMultiXactOffset / 4)
+/*
+ * Multixact members warning threshold.
+ *
+ * If difference bettween nextOffset and oldestOffset exceed this value, we
+ * trigger autovacuumin order to release the disk space, reduce table bloat if
+ * possible.
+ */
+#define MULTIXACT_MEMBER_AUTOVAC_THRESHOLD		UINT64CONST(0xFFFFFFFF)
 
 static inline MultiXactId
 PreviousMultiXactId(MultiXactId multi)
@@ -228,6 +224,24 @@ static SlruCtlData MultiXactMemberCtlData;
 #define MultiXactOffsetCtl	(&MultiXactOffsetCtlData)
 #define MultiXactMemberCtl	(&MultiXactMemberCtlData)
 
+static inline MultiXactOffset
+MXOffsetRead(int entryno, int slotno)
+{
+	MultiXactOffset *offptr =
+		(MultiXactOffset *) MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_buffer[slotno];
+
+	return offptr[entryno];
+}
+
+static inline void
+MXOffsetWrite(int entryno, int slotno, MultiXactOffset offset)
+{
+	MultiXactOffset *offptr =
+		(MultiXactOffset *) MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_buffer[slotno];
+
+	offptr[entryno] = offset;
+}
+
 /*
  * MultiXact state shared across all backends.  All this state is protected
  * by MultiXactGenLock.  (We also use SLRU bank's lock of MultiXactOffset and
@@ -268,9 +282,6 @@ typedef struct MultiXactStateData
 	MultiXactId multiStopLimit;
 	MultiXactId multiWrapLimit;
 
-	/* support for members anti-wraparound measures */
-	MultiXactOffset offsetStopLimit;	/* known if oldestOffsetKnown */
-
 	/*
 	 * This is used to sleep until a multixact offset is written when we want
 	 * to create the next one.
@@ -401,8 +412,6 @@ static bool MultiXactOffsetPrecedes(MultiXactOffset offset1,
 									MultiXactOffset offset2);
 static void ExtendMultiXactOffset(MultiXactId multi);
 static void ExtendMultiXactMember(MultiXactOffset offset, int nmembers);
-static bool MultiXactOffsetWouldWrap(MultiXactOffset boundary,
-									 MultiXactOffset start, uint32 distance);
 static bool SetOffsetVacuumLimit(bool is_startup);
 static bool find_multixact_start(MultiXactId multi, MultiXactOffset *result);
 static void WriteMTruncateXlogRec(Oid oldestMultiDB,
@@ -911,7 +920,6 @@ RecordNewMultiXact(MultiXactId multi, MultiXactOffset offset,
 	int64		prev_pageno;
 	int			entryno;
 	int			slotno;
-	MultiXactOffset *offptr;
 	int			i;
 	LWLock	   *lock;
 	LWLock	   *prevlock = NULL;
@@ -930,10 +938,8 @@ RecordNewMultiXact(MultiXactId multi, MultiXactOffset offset,
 	 * take the trouble to generalize the slru.c error reporting code.
 	 */
 	slotno = SimpleLruReadPage(MultiXactOffsetCtl, pageno, true, multi);
-	offptr = (MultiXactOffset *) MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_buffer[slotno];
-	offptr += entryno;
 
-	*offptr = offset;
+	MXOffsetWrite(entryno, slotno, offset);
 
 	MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno] = true;
 
@@ -1155,78 +1161,6 @@ GetNewMultiXactId(int nmembers, MultiXactOffset *offset)
 	else
 		*offset = nextOffset;
 
-	/*----------
-	 * Protect against overrun of the members space as well, with the
-	 * following rules:
-	 *
-	 * If we're past offsetStopLimit, refuse to generate more multis.
-	 * If we're close to offsetStopLimit, emit a warning.
-	 *
-	 * Arbitrarily, we start emitting warnings when we're 20 segments or less
-	 * from offsetStopLimit.
-	 *
-	 * Note we haven't updated the shared state yet, so if we fail at this
-	 * point, the multixact ID we grabbed can still be used by the next guy.
-	 *
-	 * Note that there is no point in forcing autovacuum runs here: the
-	 * multixact freeze settings would have to be reduced for that to have any
-	 * effect.
-	 *----------
-	 */
-#define OFFSET_WARN_SEGMENTS	20
-	if (MultiXactState->oldestOffsetKnown &&
-		MultiXactOffsetWouldWrap(MultiXactState->offsetStopLimit, nextOffset,
-								 nmembers))
-	{
-		/* see comment in the corresponding offsets wraparound case */
-		SendPostmasterSignal(PMSIGNAL_START_AUTOVAC_LAUNCHER);
-
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
-				 errmsg("multixact \"members\" limit exceeded"),
-				 errdetail_plural("This command would create a multixact with %u members, but the remaining space is only enough for %u member.",
-								  "This command would create a multixact with %u members, but the remaining space is only enough for %u members.",
-								  MultiXactState->offsetStopLimit - nextOffset - 1,
-								  nmembers,
-								  MultiXactState->offsetStopLimit - nextOffset - 1),
-				 errhint("Execute a database-wide VACUUM in database with OID %u with reduced \"vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age\" and \"vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age\" settings.",
-						 MultiXactState->oldestMultiXactDB)));
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * Check whether we should kick autovacuum into action, to prevent members
-	 * wraparound. NB we use a much larger window to trigger autovacuum than
-	 * just the warning limit. The warning is just a measure of last resort -
-	 * this is in line with GetNewTransactionId's behaviour.
-	 */
-	if (!MultiXactState->oldestOffsetKnown ||
-		(MultiXactState->nextOffset - MultiXactState->oldestOffset
-		 > MULTIXACT_MEMBER_SAFE_THRESHOLD))
-	{
-		/*
-		 * To avoid swamping the postmaster with signals, we issue the autovac
-		 * request only when crossing a segment boundary. With default
-		 * compilation settings that's roughly after 50k members.  This still
-		 * gives plenty of chances before we get into real trouble.
-		 */
-		if ((MXOffsetToMemberPage(nextOffset) / SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT) !=
-			(MXOffsetToMemberPage(nextOffset + nmembers) / SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT))
-			SendPostmasterSignal(PMSIGNAL_START_AUTOVAC_LAUNCHER);
-	}
-
-	if (MultiXactState->oldestOffsetKnown &&
-		MultiXactOffsetWouldWrap(MultiXactState->offsetStopLimit,
-								 nextOffset,
-								 nmembers + MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_PAGE * SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT * OFFSET_WARN_SEGMENTS))
-		ereport(WARNING,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
-				 errmsg_plural("database with OID %u must be vacuumed before %d more multixact member is used",
-							   "database with OID %u must be vacuumed before %d more multixact members are used",
-							   MultiXactState->offsetStopLimit - nextOffset + nmembers,
-							   MultiXactState->oldestMultiXactDB,
-							   MultiXactState->offsetStopLimit - nextOffset + nmembers),
-				 errhint("Execute a database-wide VACUUM in that database with reduced \"vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age\" and \"vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age\" settings.")));
-
 	ExtendMultiXactMember(nextOffset, nmembers);
 
 	/*
@@ -1255,7 +1189,8 @@ GetNewMultiXactId(int nmembers, MultiXactOffset *offset)
 
 	LWLockRelease(MultiXactGenLock);
 
-	debug_elog4(DEBUG2, "GetNew: returning %u offset %u", result, *offset);
+	debug_elog4(DEBUG2, "GetNew: returning %u offset %" PRIu64, result,
+				*offset);
 	return result;
 }
 
@@ -1294,7 +1229,6 @@ GetMultiXactIdMembers(MultiXactId multi, MultiXactMember **members,
 	int64		prev_pageno;
 	int			entryno;
 	int			slotno;
-	MultiXactOffset *offptr;
 	MultiXactOffset offset;
 	int			length;
 	int			truelength;
@@ -1418,9 +1352,8 @@ retry:
 	LWLockAcquire(lock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 
 	slotno = SimpleLruReadPage(MultiXactOffsetCtl, pageno, true, multi);
-	offptr = (MultiXactOffset *) MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_buffer[slotno];
-	offptr += entryno;
-	offset = *offptr;
+
+	offset = MXOffsetRead(entryno, slotno);
 
 	Assert(offset != 0);
 
@@ -1467,9 +1400,7 @@ retry:
 			slotno = SimpleLruReadPage(MultiXactOffsetCtl, pageno, true, tmpMXact);
 		}
 
-		offptr = (MultiXactOffset *) MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_buffer[slotno];
-		offptr += entryno;
-		nextMXOffset = *offptr;
+		nextMXOffset = MXOffsetRead(entryno, slotno);
 
 		if (nextMXOffset == 0)
 		{
@@ -1973,7 +1904,7 @@ MultiXactShmemInit(void)
 				  "pg_multixact/members", LWTRANCHE_MULTIXACTMEMBER_BUFFER,
 				  LWTRANCHE_MULTIXACTMEMBER_SLRU,
 				  SYNC_HANDLER_MULTIXACT_MEMBER,
-				  false);
+				  true);
 	/* doesn't call SimpleLruTruncate() or meet criteria for unit tests */
 
 	/* Initialize our shared state struct */
@@ -2150,7 +2081,6 @@ TrimMultiXact(void)
 		slotno = SimpleLruReadPage(MultiXactOffsetCtl, pageno, true, nextMXact);
 		offptr = (MultiXactOffset *) MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_buffer[slotno];
 		offptr += entryno;
-
 		MemSet(offptr, 0, BLCKSZ - (entryno * sizeof(MultiXactOffset)));
 
 		MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno] = true;
@@ -2223,7 +2153,7 @@ MultiXactGetCheckptMulti(bool is_shutdown,
 	LWLockRelease(MultiXactGenLock);
 
 	debug_elog6(DEBUG2,
-				"MultiXact: checkpoint is nextMulti %u, nextOffset %u, oldestMulti %u in DB %u",
+				"MultiXact: checkpoint is nextMulti %u, nextOffset %" PRIu64 ", oldestMulti %u in DB %u",
 				*nextMulti, *nextMultiOffset, *oldestMulti, *oldestMultiDB);
 }
 
@@ -2258,7 +2188,7 @@ void
 MultiXactSetNextMXact(MultiXactId nextMulti,
 					  MultiXactOffset nextMultiOffset)
 {
-	debug_elog4(DEBUG2, "MultiXact: setting next multi to %u offset %u",
+	debug_elog4(DEBUG2, "MultiXact: setting next multi to %u offset %" PRIu64,
 				nextMulti, nextMultiOffset);
 	LWLockAcquire(MultiXactGenLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 	MultiXactState->nextMXact = nextMulti;
@@ -2449,7 +2379,7 @@ MultiXactAdvanceNextMXact(MultiXactId minMulti,
 	}
 	if (MultiXactOffsetPrecedes(MultiXactState->nextOffset, minMultiOffset))
 	{
-		debug_elog3(DEBUG2, "MultiXact: setting next offset to %u",
+		debug_elog3(DEBUG2, "MultiXact: setting next offset to %" PRIU64,
 					minMultiOffset);
 		MultiXactState->nextOffset = minMultiOffset;
 	}
@@ -2633,15 +2563,13 @@ GetOldestMultiXactId(void)
 }
 
 /*
- * Determine how aggressively we need to vacuum in order to prevent member
- * wraparound.
+ * Determine if we need to vacuum for member or not.
  *
  * To do so determine what's the oldest member offset and install the limit
  * info in MultiXactState, where it can be used to prevent overrun of old data
  * in the members SLRU area.
  *
- * The return value is true if emergency autovacuum is required and false
- * otherwise.
+ * The return value is true if autovacuum is required and false otherwise.
  */
 static bool
 SetOffsetVacuumLimit(bool is_startup)
@@ -2653,8 +2581,6 @@ SetOffsetVacuumLimit(bool is_startup)
 	MultiXactOffset nextOffset;
 	bool		oldestOffsetKnown = false;
 	bool		prevOldestOffsetKnown;
-	MultiXactOffset offsetStopLimit = 0;
-	MultiXactOffset prevOffsetStopLimit;
 
 	/*
 	 * NB: Have to prevent concurrent truncation, we might otherwise try to
@@ -2669,7 +2595,6 @@ SetOffsetVacuumLimit(bool is_startup)
 	nextOffset = MultiXactState->nextOffset;
 	prevOldestOffsetKnown = MultiXactState->oldestOffsetKnown;
 	prevOldestOffset = MultiXactState->oldestOffset;
-	prevOffsetStopLimit = MultiXactState->offsetStopLimit;
 	Assert(MultiXactState->finishedStartup);
 	LWLockRelease(MultiXactGenLock);
 
@@ -2700,11 +2625,7 @@ SetOffsetVacuumLimit(bool is_startup)
 		oldestOffsetKnown =
 			find_multixact_start(oldestMultiXactId, &oldestOffset);
 
-		if (oldestOffsetKnown)
-			ereport(DEBUG1,
-					(errmsg_internal("oldest MultiXactId member is at offset %u",
-									 oldestOffset)));
-		else
+		if (!oldestOffsetKnown)
 			ereport(LOG,
 					(errmsg("MultiXact member wraparound protections are disabled because oldest checkpointed MultiXact %u does not exist on disk",
 							oldestMultiXactId)));
@@ -2717,24 +2638,7 @@ SetOffsetVacuumLimit(bool is_startup)
 	 * overrun of old data in the members SLRU area. We can only do so if the
 	 * oldest offset is known though.
 	 */
-	if (oldestOffsetKnown)
-	{
-		/* move back to start of the corresponding segment */
-		offsetStopLimit = oldestOffset - (oldestOffset %
-										  (MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_PAGE * SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT));
-
-		/* always leave one segment before the wraparound point */
-		offsetStopLimit -= (MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_PAGE * SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT);
-
-		if (!prevOldestOffsetKnown && !is_startup)
-			ereport(LOG,
-					(errmsg("MultiXact member wraparound protections are now enabled")));
-
-		ereport(DEBUG1,
-				(errmsg_internal("MultiXact member stop limit is now %u based on MultiXact %u",
-								 offsetStopLimit, oldestMultiXactId)));
-	}
-	else if (prevOldestOffsetKnown)
+	if (prevOldestOffsetKnown)
 	{
 		/*
 		 * If we failed to get the oldest offset this time, but we have a
@@ -2744,69 +2648,19 @@ SetOffsetVacuumLimit(bool is_startup)
 		 */
 		oldestOffset = prevOldestOffset;
 		oldestOffsetKnown = true;
-		offsetStopLimit = prevOffsetStopLimit;
 	}
 
 	/* Install the computed values */
 	LWLockAcquire(MultiXactGenLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 	MultiXactState->oldestOffset = oldestOffset;
 	MultiXactState->oldestOffsetKnown = oldestOffsetKnown;
-	MultiXactState->offsetStopLimit = offsetStopLimit;
 	LWLockRelease(MultiXactGenLock);
 
 	/*
-	 * Do we need an emergency autovacuum?	If we're not sure, assume yes.
+	 * Do we need autovacuum?	If we're not sure, assume yes.
 	 */
 	return !oldestOffsetKnown ||
-		(nextOffset - oldestOffset > MULTIXACT_MEMBER_SAFE_THRESHOLD);
-}
-
-/*
- * Return whether adding "distance" to "start" would move past "boundary".
- *
- * We use this to determine whether the addition is "wrapping around" the
- * boundary point, hence the name.  The reason we don't want to use the regular
- * 2^31-modulo arithmetic here is that we want to be able to use the whole of
- * the 2^32-1 space here, allowing for more multixacts than would fit
- * otherwise.
- */
-static bool
-MultiXactOffsetWouldWrap(MultiXactOffset boundary, MultiXactOffset start,
-						 uint32 distance)
-{
-	MultiXactOffset finish;
-
-	/*
-	 * Note that offset number 0 is not used (see GetMultiXactIdMembers), so
-	 * if the addition wraps around the UINT_MAX boundary, skip that value.
-	 */
-	finish = start + distance;
-	if (finish < start)
-		finish++;
-
-	/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-	 * When the boundary is numerically greater than the starting point, any
-	 * value numerically between the two is not wrapped:
-	 *
-	 *	<----S----B---->
-	 *	[---)			 = F wrapped past B (and UINT_MAX)
-	 *		 [---)		 = F not wrapped
-	 *			  [----] = F wrapped past B
-	 *
-	 * When the boundary is numerically less than the starting point (i.e. the
-	 * UINT_MAX wraparound occurs somewhere in between) then all values in
-	 * between are wrapped:
-	 *
-	 *	<----B----S---->
-	 *	[---)			 = F not wrapped past B (but wrapped past UINT_MAX)
-	 *		 [---)		 = F wrapped past B (and UINT_MAX)
-	 *			  [----] = F not wrapped
-	 *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-	 */
-	if (start < boundary)
-		return finish >= boundary || finish < start;
-	else
-		return finish >= boundary && finish < start;
+		(nextOffset - oldestOffset > MULTIXACT_MEMBER_AUTOVAC_THRESHOLD);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2825,7 +2679,6 @@ find_multixact_start(MultiXactId multi, MultiXactOffset *result)
 	int64		pageno;
 	int			entryno;
 	int			slotno;
-	MultiXactOffset *offptr;
 
 	Assert(MultiXactState->finishedStartup);
 
@@ -2843,9 +2696,9 @@ find_multixact_start(MultiXactId multi, MultiXactOffset *result)
 
 	/* lock is acquired by SimpleLruReadPage_ReadOnly */
 	slotno = SimpleLruReadPage_ReadOnly(MultiXactOffsetCtl, pageno, multi);
-	offptr = (MultiXactOffset *) MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_buffer[slotno];
-	offptr += entryno;
-	offset = *offptr;
+
+	offset = MXOffsetRead(entryno, slotno);
+
 	LWLockRelease(SimpleLruGetBankLock(MultiXactOffsetCtl, pageno));
 
 	*result = offset;
@@ -2893,73 +2746,6 @@ GetMultiXactInfo(uint32 *multixacts, MultiXactOffset *members,
 	return true;
 }
 
-/*
- * Multixact members can be removed once the multixacts that refer to them
- * are older than every datminmxid.  autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age and
- * vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age work together to make sure we never have
- * too many multixacts; we hope that, at least under normal circumstances,
- * this will also be sufficient to keep us from using too many offsets.
- * However, if the average multixact has many members, we might exhaust the
- * members space while still using few enough members that these limits fail
- * to trigger relminmxid advancement by VACUUM.  At that point, we'd have no
- * choice but to start failing multixact-creating operations with an error.
- *
- * To prevent that, if more than a threshold portion of the members space is
- * used, we effectively reduce autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age and
- * to a value just less than the number of multixacts in use.  We hope that
- * this will quickly trigger autovacuuming on the table or tables with the
- * oldest relminmxid, thus allowing datminmxid values to advance and removing
- * some members.
- *
- * As the fraction of the member space currently in use grows, we become
- * more aggressive in clamping this value.  That not only causes autovacuum
- * to ramp up, but also makes any manual vacuums the user issues more
- * aggressive.  This happens because vacuum_get_cutoffs() will clamp the
- * freeze table and the minimum freeze age cutoffs based on the effective
- * autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age this function returns.  In the worst
- * case, we'll claim the freeze_max_age to zero, and every vacuum of any
- * table will freeze every multixact.
- */
-int
-MultiXactMemberFreezeThreshold(void)
-{
-	MultiXactOffset members;
-	uint32		multixacts;
-	uint32		victim_multixacts;
-	double		fraction;
-	int			result;
-	MultiXactId oldestMultiXactId;
-	MultiXactOffset oldestOffset;
-
-	/* If we can't determine member space utilization, assume the worst. */
-	if (!GetMultiXactInfo(&multixacts, &members, &oldestMultiXactId, &oldestOffset))
-		return 0;
-
-	/* If member space utilization is low, no special action is required. */
-	if (members <= MULTIXACT_MEMBER_SAFE_THRESHOLD)
-		return autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age;
-
-	/*
-	 * Compute a target for relminmxid advancement.  The number of multixacts
-	 * we try to eliminate from the system is based on how far we are past
-	 * MULTIXACT_MEMBER_SAFE_THRESHOLD.
-	 */
-	fraction = (double) (members - MULTIXACT_MEMBER_SAFE_THRESHOLD) /
-		(MULTIXACT_MEMBER_DANGER_THRESHOLD - MULTIXACT_MEMBER_SAFE_THRESHOLD);
-	victim_multixacts = multixacts * fraction;
-
-	/* fraction could be > 1.0, but lowest possible freeze age is zero */
-	if (victim_multixacts > multixacts)
-		return 0;
-	result = multixacts - victim_multixacts;
-
-	/*
-	 * Clamp to autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age, so that we never make
-	 * autovacuum less aggressive than it would otherwise be.
-	 */
-	return Min(result, autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age);
-}
-
 typedef struct mxtruncinfo
 {
 	int64		earliestExistingPage;
@@ -3159,7 +2945,7 @@ TruncateMultiXact(MultiXactId newOldestMulti, Oid newOldestMultiDB)
 
 	elog(DEBUG1, "performing multixact truncation: "
 		 "offsets [%u, %u), offsets segments [%" PRIx64 ", %" PRIx64 "), "
-		 "members [%u, %u), members segments [%" PRIx64 ", %" PRIx64 ")",
+		 "members [%" PRIu64 ", %" PRIu64 "), members segments [%" PRIx64 ", %" PRIx64 ")",
 		 oldestMulti, newOldestMulti,
 		 MultiXactIdToOffsetSegment(oldestMulti),
 		 MultiXactIdToOffsetSegment(newOldestMulti),
@@ -3290,7 +3076,7 @@ MultiXactIdPrecedesOrEquals(MultiXactId multi1, MultiXactId multi2)
 static bool
 MultiXactOffsetPrecedes(MultiXactOffset offset1, MultiXactOffset offset2)
 {
-	int32		diff = (int32) (offset1 - offset2);
+	int64		diff = (int64) (offset1 - offset2);
 
 	return (diff < 0);
 }
@@ -3387,7 +3173,7 @@ multixact_redo(XLogReaderState *record)
 
 		elog(DEBUG1, "replaying multixact truncation: "
 			 "offsets [%u, %u), offsets segments [%" PRIx64 ", %" PRIx64 "), "
-			 "members [%u, %u), members segments [%" PRIx64 ", %" PRIx64 ")",
+			 "members [%" PRIu64 ", %" PRIu64 "), members segments [%" PRIx64 ", %" PRIx64 ")",
 			 xlrec.startTruncOff, xlrec.endTruncOff,
 			 MultiXactIdToOffsetSegment(xlrec.startTruncOff),
 			 MultiXactIdToOffsetSegment(xlrec.endTruncOff),
diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xlogrecovery.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xlogrecovery.c
index 3e3c4da01a2..3b2b0a522cb 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xlogrecovery.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xlogrecovery.c
@@ -885,7 +885,7 @@ InitWalRecovery(ControlFileData *ControlFile, bool *wasShutdown_ptr,
 							 U64FromFullTransactionId(checkPoint.nextXid),
 							 checkPoint.nextOid)));
 	ereport(DEBUG1,
-			(errmsg_internal("next MultiXactId: %u; next MultiXactOffset: %u",
+			(errmsg_internal("next MultiXactId: %u; next MultiXactOffset: %" PRIu64,
 							 checkPoint.nextMulti, checkPoint.nextMultiOffset)));
 	ereport(DEBUG1,
 			(errmsg_internal("oldest unfrozen transaction ID: %u, in database %u",
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
index ed03e3bd50d..259ef60bd31 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/vacuum.c
@@ -1147,7 +1147,7 @@ vacuum_get_cutoffs(Relation rel, const VacuumParams params,
 	 * normally autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age, but may be less if we are
 	 * short of multixact member space.
 	 */
-	effective_multixact_freeze_max_age = MultiXactMemberFreezeThreshold();
+	effective_multixact_freeze_max_age = autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age;
 
 	/*
 	 * Almost ready to set freeze output parameters; check if OldestXmin or
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
index 5084af7dfb6..26385470c19 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/autovacuum.c
@@ -1151,7 +1151,7 @@ do_start_worker(void)
 
 	/* Also determine the oldest datminmxid we will consider. */
 	recentMulti = ReadNextMultiXactId();
-	multiForceLimit = recentMulti - MultiXactMemberFreezeThreshold();
+	multiForceLimit = recentMulti - autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age;
 	if (multiForceLimit < FirstMultiXactId)
 		multiForceLimit -= FirstMultiXactId;
 
@@ -1939,7 +1939,7 @@ do_autovacuum(void)
 	 * normally autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age, but may be less if we are
 	 * short of multixact member space.
 	 */
-	effective_multixact_freeze_max_age = MultiXactMemberFreezeThreshold();
+	effective_multixact_freeze_max_age = autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find the pg_database entry and select the default freeze ages. We use
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_controldata/pg_controldata.c b/src/bin/pg_controldata/pg_controldata.c
index 10de058ce91..5295108ade3 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_controldata/pg_controldata.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_controldata/pg_controldata.c
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 		   ControlFile->checkPointCopy.nextOid);
 	printf(_("Latest checkpoint's NextMultiXactId:  %u\n"),
 		   ControlFile->checkPointCopy.nextMulti);
-	printf(_("Latest checkpoint's NextMultiOffset:  %u\n"),
+	printf(_("Latest checkpoint's NextMultiOffset:  %" PRIu64 "\n"),
 		   ControlFile->checkPointCopy.nextMultiOffset);
 	printf(_("Latest checkpoint's oldestXID:        %u\n"),
 		   ControlFile->checkPointCopy.oldestXid);
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_resetwal/pg_resetwal.c b/src/bin/pg_resetwal/pg_resetwal.c
index a89d72fc5cf..4e5eeced89d 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_resetwal/pg_resetwal.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_resetwal/pg_resetwal.c
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 
 			case 'O':
 				errno = 0;
-				set_mxoff = strtoul(optarg, &endptr, 0);
+				set_mxoff = strtou64(optarg, &endptr, 0);
 				if (endptr == optarg || *endptr != '\0' || errno != 0)
 				{
 					pg_log_error("invalid argument for option %s", "-O");
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ PrintControlValues(bool guessed)
 		   ControlFile.checkPointCopy.nextOid);
 	printf(_("Latest checkpoint's NextMultiXactId:  %u\n"),
 		   ControlFile.checkPointCopy.nextMulti);
-	printf(_("Latest checkpoint's NextMultiOffset:  %u\n"),
+	printf(_("Latest checkpoint's NextMultiOffset:  %" PRIu64 "\n"),
 		   ControlFile.checkPointCopy.nextMultiOffset);
 	printf(_("Latest checkpoint's oldestXID:        %u\n"),
 		   ControlFile.checkPointCopy.oldestXid);
@@ -817,7 +817,7 @@ PrintNewControlValues(void)
 
 	if (set_mxoff != -1)
 	{
-		printf(_("NextMultiOffset:                      %u\n"),
+		printf(_("NextMultiOffset:                      %" PRIu64 "\n"),
 			   ControlFile.checkPointCopy.nextMultiOffset);
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_resetwal/t/001_basic.pl b/src/bin/pg_resetwal/t/001_basic.pl
index d6bbbd0ceda..cc89e0764ae 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_resetwal/t/001_basic.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_resetwal/t/001_basic.pl
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ push @cmd,
   sprintf("%d,%d", hex($files[0]) == 0 ? 3 : hex($files[0]), hex($files[-1]));
 
 @files = get_slru_files('pg_multixact/offsets');
-$mult = 32 * $blcksz / 4;
+$mult = 32 * $blcksz / 8;
 # --multixact-ids argument is "new,old"
 push @cmd,
   '--multixact-ids' => sprintf("%d,%d",
diff --git a/src/include/access/multixact.h b/src/include/access/multixact.h
index 82e4bb90dd5..16a07723088 100644
--- a/src/include/access/multixact.h
+++ b/src/include/access/multixact.h
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 
 #define MultiXactIdIsValid(multi) ((multi) != InvalidMultiXactId)
 
-#define MaxMultiXactOffset	((MultiXactOffset) 0xFFFFFFFF)
+#define MaxMultiXactOffset	UINT64CONST(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)
 
 /*
  * Possible multixact lock modes ("status").  The first four modes are for
@@ -147,7 +147,6 @@ extern void MultiXactSetNextMXact(MultiXactId nextMulti,
 extern void MultiXactAdvanceNextMXact(MultiXactId minMulti,
 									  MultiXactOffset minMultiOffset);
 extern void MultiXactAdvanceOldest(MultiXactId oldestMulti, Oid oldestMultiDB);
-extern int	MultiXactMemberFreezeThreshold(void);
 
 extern void multixact_twophase_recover(FullTransactionId fxid, uint16 info,
 									   void *recdata, uint32 len);
diff --git a/src/include/c.h b/src/include/c.h
index 757dfff4782..bc92a6f4565 100644
--- a/src/include/c.h
+++ b/src/include/c.h
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@ typedef uint32 SubTransactionId;
 /* MultiXactId must be equivalent to TransactionId, to fit in t_xmax */
 typedef TransactionId MultiXactId;
 
-typedef uint32 MultiXactOffset;
+typedef uint64 MultiXactOffset;
 
 typedef uint32 CommandId;
 
-- 
2.43.0



  [text/plain] v20-0004-TEST-bump-catversion.patch.txt (775B, 6-v20-0004-TEST-bump-catversion.patch.txt)
  download | inline diff:
From 9ae48f1a66fcb2f1651a168c481214f1f9b6e201 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxim Orlov <[email protected]>
Date: Fri, 24 Oct 2025 11:47:50 +0300
Subject: [PATCH v20 4/5] TEST: bump catversion

To avoid constant CF-bot complains, make catversion bump in a separate
commit.

NOTE: keep it in sync with MULTIXACTOFFSET_FORMATCHANGE_CAT_VER
---
 src/include/catalog/catversion.h | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/include/catalog/catversion.h b/src/include/catalog/catversion.h
index 18e95179ab6..6a13fa3cdb0 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/catversion.h
+++ b/src/include/catalog/catversion.h
@@ -57,6 +57,6 @@
  */
 
 /*							yyyymmddN */
-#define CATALOG_VERSION_NO	202510281
+#define CATALOG_VERSION_NO	999999999
 
 #endif
-- 
2.43.0



  [application/octet-stream] v20-0002-Add-pg_upgarde-for-64-bit-multixact-offsets.patch (34.2K, 7-v20-0002-Add-pg_upgarde-for-64-bit-multixact-offsets.patch)
  download | inline diff:
From 4076702a39d5ab0c0cd5af860fb47d2b0742c7ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxim Orlov <[email protected]>
Date: Fri, 24 Oct 2025 10:58:37 +0300
Subject: [PATCH v20 2/5] Add pg_upgarde for 64 bit multixact offsets

Author: Maxim Orlov <[email protected]>
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <[email protected]>
---
 src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c |  35 +--
 src/bin/pg_upgrade/Makefile            |   3 +
 src/bin/pg_upgrade/meson.build         |   3 +
 src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_new.c     | 227 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_new.h     |  31 +++
 src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_old.c     | 296 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_old.h     |  31 +++
 src/bin/pg_upgrade/pg_upgrade.c        | 108 ++++++++-
 src/bin/pg_upgrade/pg_upgrade.h        |   5 +
 src/bin/pg_upgrade/slru_io.c           | 240 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/bin/pg_upgrade/slru_io.h           |  30 +++
 11 files changed, 977 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_new.c
 create mode 100644 src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_new.h
 create mode 100644 src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_old.c
 create mode 100644 src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_old.h
 create mode 100644 src/bin/pg_upgrade/slru_io.c
 create mode 100644 src/bin/pg_upgrade/slru_io.h

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c
index 93a1e4cfd2a..5a13596cd86 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c
@@ -1231,7 +1231,6 @@ GetMultiXactIdMembers(MultiXactId multi, MultiXactMember **members,
 	int			slotno;
 	MultiXactOffset offset;
 	int			length;
-	int			truelength;
 	MultiXactId oldestMXact;
 	MultiXactId nextMXact;
 	MultiXactId tmpMXact;
@@ -1330,15 +1329,6 @@ GetMultiXactIdMembers(MultiXactId multi, MultiXactMember **members,
 	 * we have just for this; the process in charge will signal the CV as soon
 	 * as it has finished writing the multixact offset.
 	 *
-	 * 3. Because GetNewMultiXactId increments offset zero to offset one to
-	 * handle case #2, there is an ambiguity near the point of offset
-	 * wraparound.  If we see next multixact's offset is one, is that our
-	 * multixact's actual endpoint, or did it end at zero with a subsequent
-	 * increment?  We handle this using the knowledge that if the zero'th
-	 * member slot wasn't filled, it'll contain zero, and zero isn't a valid
-	 * transaction ID so it can't be a multixact member.  Therefore, if we
-	 * read a zero from the members array, just ignore it.
-	 *
 	 * This is all pretty messy, but the mess occurs only in infrequent corner
 	 * cases, so it seems better than holding the MultiXactGenLock for a long
 	 * time on every multixact creation.
@@ -1422,6 +1412,9 @@ retry:
 	LWLockRelease(lock);
 	lock = NULL;
 
+	/* A multixid with zero members should not happen */
+	Assert(length > 0);
+
 	/*
 	 * If we slept above, clean up state; it's no longer needed.
 	 */
@@ -1430,7 +1423,6 @@ retry:
 
 	ptr = (MultiXactMember *) palloc(length * sizeof(MultiXactMember));
 
-	truelength = 0;
 	prev_pageno = -1;
 	for (int i = 0; i < length; i++, offset++)
 	{
@@ -1468,36 +1460,27 @@ retry:
 		xactptr = (TransactionId *)
 			(MultiXactMemberCtl->shared->page_buffer[slotno] + memberoff);
 
-		if (!TransactionIdIsValid(*xactptr))
-		{
-			/* Corner case 3: we must be looking at unused slot zero */
-			Assert(offset == 0);
-			continue;
-		}
+		Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(*xactptr));
 
 		flagsoff = MXOffsetToFlagsOffset(offset);
 		bshift = MXOffsetToFlagsBitShift(offset);
 		flagsptr = (uint32 *) (MultiXactMemberCtl->shared->page_buffer[slotno] + flagsoff);
 
-		ptr[truelength].xid = *xactptr;
-		ptr[truelength].status = (*flagsptr >> bshift) & MXACT_MEMBER_XACT_BITMASK;
-		truelength++;
+		ptr[i].xid = *xactptr;
+		ptr[i].status = (*flagsptr >> bshift) & MXACT_MEMBER_XACT_BITMASK;
 	}
 
 	LWLockRelease(lock);
 
-	/* A multixid with zero members should not happen */
-	Assert(truelength > 0);
-
 	/*
 	 * Copy the result into the local cache.
 	 */
-	mXactCachePut(multi, truelength, ptr);
+	mXactCachePut(multi, length, ptr);
 
 	debug_elog3(DEBUG2, "GetMembers: no cache for %s",
-				mxid_to_string(multi, truelength, ptr));
+				mxid_to_string(multi, length, ptr));
 	*members = ptr;
-	return truelength;
+	return length;
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_upgrade/Makefile b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/Makefile
index 69fcf593cae..42995d53b0b 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_upgrade/Makefile
+++ b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/Makefile
@@ -18,11 +18,14 @@ OBJS = \
 	file.o \
 	function.o \
 	info.o \
+	multixact_new.o \
+	multixact_old.o \
 	option.o \
 	parallel.o \
 	pg_upgrade.o \
 	relfilenumber.o \
 	server.o \
+	slru_io.o \
 	tablespace.o \
 	task.o \
 	util.o \
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_upgrade/meson.build b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/meson.build
index ac992f0d14b..3e46c4512cf 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_upgrade/meson.build
+++ b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/meson.build
@@ -8,11 +8,14 @@ pg_upgrade_sources = files(
   'file.c',
   'function.c',
   'info.c',
+  'multixact_new.c',
+  'multixact_old.c',
   'option.c',
   'parallel.c',
   'pg_upgrade.c',
   'relfilenumber.c',
   'server.c',
+  'slru_io.c',
   'tablespace.c',
   'task.c',
   'util.c',
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_new.c b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_new.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d43442fb9a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_new.c
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+/*
+ * multixact_new.c
+ *
+ * Rewrite pre-v19 multixacts to new format with 64-bit MultiXactOffsets
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+ * src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_new.c
+ */
+
+#include "multixact_new.h"
+
+/*
+ * NOTE: Below are a bunch of definitions and simple inline functions that are
+ * copy-pasted from multixact.c
+ */
+
+/* We need four bytes per offset, 8 bytes for the base */
+#define MULTIXACT_OFFSETS_PER_PAGE (BLCKSZ / sizeof(MultiXactOffset))
+
+static inline int64
+MultiXactIdToOffsetPage(MultiXactId multi)
+{
+	return multi / MULTIXACT_OFFSETS_PER_PAGE;
+}
+
+static inline int
+MultiXactIdToOffsetEntry(MultiXactId multi)
+{
+	return multi % MULTIXACT_OFFSETS_PER_PAGE;
+}
+
+/* We need eight bits per xact, so one xact fits in a byte */
+#define MXACT_MEMBER_BITS_PER_XACT			8
+#define MXACT_MEMBER_FLAGS_PER_BYTE			1
+#define MXACT_MEMBER_XACT_BITMASK	((1 << MXACT_MEMBER_BITS_PER_XACT) - 1)
+
+/* how many full bytes of flags are there in a group? */
+#define MULTIXACT_FLAGBYTES_PER_GROUP		4
+#define MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_MEMBERGROUP	\
+	(MULTIXACT_FLAGBYTES_PER_GROUP * MXACT_MEMBER_FLAGS_PER_BYTE)
+/* size in bytes of a complete group */
+#define MULTIXACT_MEMBERGROUP_SIZE \
+	(sizeof(TransactionId) * MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_MEMBERGROUP + MULTIXACT_FLAGBYTES_PER_GROUP)
+#define MULTIXACT_MEMBERGROUPS_PER_PAGE (BLCKSZ / MULTIXACT_MEMBERGROUP_SIZE)
+#define MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_PAGE	\
+	(MULTIXACT_MEMBERGROUPS_PER_PAGE * MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_MEMBERGROUP)
+
+/*
+ * Because the number of items per page is not a divisor of the last item
+ * number (member 0xFFFFFFFF), the last segment does not use the maximum number
+ * of pages, and moreover the last used page therein does not use the same
+ * number of items as previous pages.  (Another way to say it is that the
+ * 0xFFFFFFFF member is somewhere in the middle of the last page, so the page
+ * has some empty space after that item.)
+ *
+ * This constant is the number of members in the last page of the last segment.
+ */
+#define MAX_MEMBERS_IN_LAST_MEMBERS_PAGE \
+		((uint32) ((0xFFFFFFFF % MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_PAGE) + 1))
+
+/* page in which a member is to be found */
+static inline int64
+MXOffsetToMemberPage(MultiXactOffset offset)
+{
+	return offset / MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_PAGE;
+}
+
+/* Location (byte offset within page) of flag word for a given member */
+static inline int
+MXOffsetToFlagsOffset(MultiXactOffset offset)
+{
+	MultiXactOffset group = offset / MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_MEMBERGROUP;
+	int			grouponpg = group % MULTIXACT_MEMBERGROUPS_PER_PAGE;
+	int			byteoff = grouponpg * MULTIXACT_MEMBERGROUP_SIZE;
+
+	return byteoff;
+}
+
+static inline int
+MXOffsetToFlagsBitShift(MultiXactOffset offset)
+{
+	int			member_in_group = offset % MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_MEMBERGROUP;
+	int			bshift = member_in_group * MXACT_MEMBER_BITS_PER_XACT;
+
+	return bshift;
+}
+
+/* Location (byte offset within page) of TransactionId of given member */
+static inline int
+MXOffsetToMemberOffset(MultiXactOffset offset)
+{
+	int			member_in_group = offset % MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_MEMBERGROUP;
+
+	return MXOffsetToFlagsOffset(offset) +
+		MULTIXACT_FLAGBYTES_PER_GROUP +
+		member_in_group * sizeof(TransactionId);
+}
+
+static inline void
+MXOffsetWrite(char *buf, int entryno, MultiXactOffset offset)
+{
+	MultiXactOffset *offptr = (MultiXactOffset *) buf;
+
+	offptr[entryno] = offset;
+}
+
+MultiXactWriter *
+AllocMultiXactWrite(char *pgdata, MultiXactId firstMulti,
+					MultiXactOffset firstOffset)
+{
+	MultiXactWriter    *state = pg_malloc(sizeof(*state));
+	char				dir[MAXPGPATH] = {0};
+
+	state->nextMXact = firstMulti;
+	state->nextOffset = firstOffset;
+
+	pg_sprintf(dir, "%s/pg_multixact/offsets", pgdata);
+	state->offset = AllocSlruWrite(dir, false);
+
+	pg_sprintf(dir, "%s/pg_multixact/members", pgdata);
+	state->members = AllocSlruWrite(dir, true /* use long segment names */);
+
+	return state;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Simplified copy of the corresponding server function
+ */
+MultiXactId
+GetNewMultiXactId(MultiXactWriter *state, int nmembers, MultiXactOffset *offset)
+{
+	MultiXactId		result;
+
+	/* Handle wraparound of the nextMXact counter */
+	if (state->nextMXact < FirstMultiXactId)
+		state->nextMXact = FirstMultiXactId;
+
+	/* Assign the MXID */
+	result = state->nextMXact;
+
+	/* Reserve the members space, similarly to above. */
+	*offset = state->nextOffset;
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance counters.  As in GetNewTransactionId(), this must not happen
+	 * until after file extension has succeeded!
+	 *
+	 * We don't care about MultiXactId wraparound here; it will be handled by
+	 * the next iteration.  But note that nextMXact may be InvalidMultiXactId
+	 * or the first value on a segment-beginning page after this routine
+	 * exits, so anyone else looking at the variable must be prepared to deal
+	 * with either case.  Similarly, nextOffset may be zero, but we won't use
+	 * that as the actual start offset of the next multixact.
+	 */
+	(state->nextMXact)++;
+
+	state->nextOffset += nmembers;
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Write a new multixact with members.
+ *
+ * Simplified version of the correspoding server function, hence the name.
+ */
+void
+RecordNewMultiXact(MultiXactWriter *state, MultiXactOffset offset,
+				   MultiXactId multi, int nmembers, MultiXactMember *members)
+{
+	int64		pageno;
+	int64		prev_pageno;
+	int			entryno,
+				i;
+	char	   *buf;
+
+	pageno = MultiXactIdToOffsetPage(multi);
+	entryno = MultiXactIdToOffsetEntry(multi);
+
+	buf = SlruWriteSwitchPage(state->offset, pageno);
+	MXOffsetWrite(buf, entryno, offset);
+
+	prev_pageno = -1;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < nmembers; i++, offset++)
+	{
+		TransactionId *memberptr;
+		uint32	   *flagsptr;
+		uint32		flagsval;
+		int			bshift;
+		int			flagsoff;
+		int			memberoff;
+
+		Assert(members[i].status <= MultiXactStatusUpdate);
+
+		pageno = MXOffsetToMemberPage(offset);
+		memberoff = MXOffsetToMemberOffset(offset);
+		flagsoff = MXOffsetToFlagsOffset(offset);
+		bshift = MXOffsetToFlagsBitShift(offset);
+
+		if (pageno != prev_pageno)
+		{
+			buf = SlruWriteSwitchPage(state->members, pageno);
+			prev_pageno = pageno;
+		}
+
+		memberptr = (TransactionId *) (buf + memberoff);
+
+		*memberptr = members[i].xid;
+
+		flagsptr = (uint32 *) (buf + flagsoff);
+
+		flagsval = *flagsptr;
+		flagsval &= ~(((1 << MXACT_MEMBER_BITS_PER_XACT) - 1) << bshift);
+		flagsval |= (members[i].status << bshift);
+		*flagsptr = flagsval;
+	}
+}
+
+void
+FreeMultiXactWrite(MultiXactWriter *state)
+{
+	FreeSlruWrite(state->offset);
+	FreeSlruWrite(state->members);
+
+	pfree(state);
+}
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_new.h b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_new.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..33d5d1b8222
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_new.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+ * multixact_new.h
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+ * src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_new.h
+ */
+
+#include "postgres_fe.h"
+
+#include "access/multixact.h"
+
+#include "slru_io.h"
+
+typedef struct MultiXactWriter
+{
+	MultiXactId			nextMXact;
+	MultiXactOffset		nextOffset;
+
+	SlruSegState	   *offset;
+	SlruSegState	   *members;
+} MultiXactWriter;
+
+extern MultiXactWriter *AllocMultiXactWrite(char *pgdata,
+											MultiXactId firstMulti,
+											MultiXactOffset firstOffset);
+extern MultiXactId GetNewMultiXactId(MultiXactWriter *state, int nmembers,
+									 MultiXactOffset *offset);
+extern void RecordNewMultiXact(MultiXactWriter *state, MultiXactOffset offset,
+							   MultiXactId multi, int nmembers,
+							   MultiXactMember *members);
+extern void FreeMultiXactWrite(MultiXactWriter *writer);
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_old.c b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_old.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6cc384d2cf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_old.c
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+/*
+ * multixact_old.c
+ *
+ * Rewrite pre-v19 multixacts to new format with 64-bit MultiXactOffsets
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+ * src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_old.c
+ */
+
+#include "multixact_old.h"
+
+#include "pg_upgrade.h"
+
+/*
+ * NOTE: below are a bunch of definitions and simple sttaic inline functions
+ * that are copy-pasted from multixact.c from version 18.  The only difference
+ * is that we use the OldMultiXactOffset type equal to uint32 instead of
+ * MultiXactOffset which became uint64.
+ */
+
+/* We need four bytes per offset and 8 bytes per base for each page. */
+#define MULTIXACT_OFFSETS_PER_PAGE (BLCKSZ / sizeof(OldMultiXactOffset))
+
+static inline int64
+MultiXactIdToOffsetPage(MultiXactId multi)
+{
+	return multi / MULTIXACT_OFFSETS_PER_PAGE;
+}
+
+static inline int
+MultiXactIdToOffsetEntry(MultiXactId multi)
+{
+	return multi % MULTIXACT_OFFSETS_PER_PAGE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * The situation for members is a bit more complex: we store one byte of
+ * additional flag bits for each TransactionId.  To do this without getting
+ * into alignment issues, we store four bytes of flags, and then the
+ * corresponding 4 Xids.  Each such 5-word (20-byte) set we call a "group", and
+ * are stored as a whole in pages.  Thus, with 8kB BLCKSZ, we keep 409 groups
+ * per page.  This wastes 12 bytes per page, but that's OK -- simplicity (and
+ * performance) trumps space efficiency here.
+ *
+ * Note that the "offset" macros work with byte offset, not array indexes, so
+ * arithmetic must be done using "char *" pointers.
+ */
+/* We need eight bits per xact, so one xact fits in a byte */
+#define MXACT_MEMBER_BITS_PER_XACT			8
+#define MXACT_MEMBER_FLAGS_PER_BYTE			1
+#define MXACT_MEMBER_XACT_BITMASK	((1 << MXACT_MEMBER_BITS_PER_XACT) - 1)
+
+/* how many full bytes of flags are there in a group? */
+#define MULTIXACT_FLAGBYTES_PER_GROUP		4
+#define MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_MEMBERGROUP	\
+	(MULTIXACT_FLAGBYTES_PER_GROUP * MXACT_MEMBER_FLAGS_PER_BYTE)
+/* size in bytes of a complete group */
+#define MULTIXACT_MEMBERGROUP_SIZE \
+	(sizeof(TransactionId) * MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_MEMBERGROUP + MULTIXACT_FLAGBYTES_PER_GROUP)
+#define MULTIXACT_MEMBERGROUPS_PER_PAGE (BLCKSZ / MULTIXACT_MEMBERGROUP_SIZE)
+#define MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_PAGE	\
+	(MULTIXACT_MEMBERGROUPS_PER_PAGE * MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_MEMBERGROUP)
+
+/* page in which a member is to be found */
+static inline int64
+MXOffsetToMemberPage(OldMultiXactOffset offset)
+{
+	return offset / MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_PAGE;
+}
+
+/* Location (byte offset within page) of flag word for a given member */
+static inline int
+MXOffsetToFlagsOffset(MultiXactOffset offset)
+{
+	OldMultiXactOffset group = offset / MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_MEMBERGROUP;
+	int			grouponpg = group % MULTIXACT_MEMBERGROUPS_PER_PAGE;
+	int			byteoff = grouponpg * MULTIXACT_MEMBERGROUP_SIZE;
+
+	return byteoff;
+}
+
+/* Location (byte offset within page) of TransactionId of given member */
+static inline int
+MXOffsetToMemberOffset(OldMultiXactOffset offset)
+{
+	int			member_in_group = offset % MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_MEMBERGROUP;
+
+	return MXOffsetToFlagsOffset(offset) +
+		MULTIXACT_FLAGBYTES_PER_GROUP +
+		member_in_group * sizeof(TransactionId);
+}
+
+static inline int
+MXOffsetToFlagsBitShift(OldMultiXactOffset offset)
+{
+	int			member_in_group = offset % MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_MEMBERGROUP;
+	int			bshift = member_in_group * MXACT_MEMBER_BITS_PER_XACT;
+
+	return bshift;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Construct reader of old multixacts.
+ *
+ * Returns the malloced memory used by the all other calls in this module.
+ */
+OldMultiXactReader *
+AllocOldMultiXactRead(char *pgdata, MultiXactId nextMulti,
+					  OldMultiXactOffset nextOffset)
+{
+	OldMultiXactReader *state = state = pg_malloc(sizeof(*state));
+	char				dir[MAXPGPATH] = {0};
+
+	state->nextMXact = nextMulti;
+	state->nextOffset = nextOffset;
+
+	pg_sprintf(dir, "%s/pg_multixact/offsets", pgdata);
+	state->offset = AllocSlruRead(dir);
+
+	pg_sprintf(dir, "%s/pg_multixact/members", pgdata);
+	state->members = AllocSlruRead(dir);
+
+	return state;
+}
+
+/*
+ * This is a simplified version of the GetMultiXactIdMembers() server function.
+ *
+ * - Only return the updating member, if any. Upgrade only cares about the
+ *   updaters. If there is no updating member, return the first locking-only
+ *   member. We don't have any way to represent "no members", but we also don't
+ *   need to preserve all the locking members.
+ *
+ * - We don't need to worry about locking and some corner cases because there's
+ *   no concurrent activity.
+ */
+void
+GetOldMultiXactIdSingleMember(OldMultiXactReader *state, MultiXactId multi,
+							  TransactionId *result, MultiXactStatus *status)
+{
+	MultiXactId		nextMXact,
+					nextOffset,
+					tmpMXact;
+	int64			pageno,
+					prev_pageno;
+	int				entryno,
+					length;
+	char		   *buf;
+	OldMultiXactOffset *offptr,
+						offset;
+	TransactionId	result_xid = InvalidTransactionId;
+	bool			result_isupdate = false;
+
+	nextMXact = state->nextMXact;
+	nextOffset = state->nextOffset;
+
+	/*
+	 * See GetMultiXactIdMembers in multixact.c
+	 *
+	 * Find out the offset at which we need to start reading MultiXactMembers
+	 * and the number of members in the multixact.  We determine the latter as
+	 * the difference between this multixact's starting offset and the next
+	 * one's.  However, there are some corner cases to worry about:
+	 *
+	 * 1. This multixact may be the latest one created, in which case there is
+	 * no next one to look at.  In this case the nextOffset value we just
+	 * saved is the correct endpoint.
+	 *
+	 * 2. The next multixact may still be in process of being filled in...
+	 * This cannot happen during upgrade.
+	 *
+	 * 3. Because GetNewMultiXactId increments offset zero to offset one to
+	 * handle case #2, there is an ambiguity near the point of offset
+	 * wraparound.  If we see next multixact's offset is one, is that our
+	 * multixact's actual endpoint, or did it end at zero with a subsequent
+	 * increment?  We handle this using the knowledge that if the zero'th
+	 * member slot wasn't filled, it'll contain zero, and zero isn't a valid
+	 * transaction ID so it can't be a multixact member.  Therefore, if we
+	 * read a zero from the members array, just ignore it.
+	 */
+
+	pageno = MultiXactIdToOffsetPage(multi);
+	entryno = MultiXactIdToOffsetEntry(multi);
+
+	buf = SlruReadSwitchPage(state->offset, pageno);
+	offptr = (OldMultiXactOffset *) buf;
+	offptr += entryno;
+	offset = *offptr;
+
+	Assert(offset != 0);
+
+	/*
+	 * Use the same increment rule as GetNewMultiXactId(), that is, don't
+	 * handle wraparound explicitly until needed.
+	 */
+	tmpMXact = multi + 1;
+
+	if (nextMXact == tmpMXact)
+	{
+		/* Corner case 1: there is no next multixact */
+		length = nextOffset - offset;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		OldMultiXactOffset nextMXOffset;
+
+		/* handle wraparound if needed */
+		if (tmpMXact < FirstMultiXactId)
+			tmpMXact = FirstMultiXactId;
+
+		prev_pageno = pageno;
+
+		pageno = MultiXactIdToOffsetPage(tmpMXact);
+		entryno = MultiXactIdToOffsetEntry(tmpMXact);
+
+		if (pageno != prev_pageno)
+			buf = SlruReadSwitchPage(state->offset, pageno);
+
+		offptr = (OldMultiXactOffset *) buf;
+		offptr += entryno;
+		nextMXOffset = *offptr;
+
+		/*
+		 * Corner case 2: next multixact is still being filled in, this must
+		 * not happen during upgrade.
+		 */
+		Assert(nextMXOffset != 0);
+
+		length = nextMXOffset - offset;
+	}
+
+	prev_pageno = -1;
+	for (int i = 0; i < length; i++, offset++)
+	{
+		TransactionId *xactptr;
+		uint32	   *flagsptr;
+		int			flagsoff;
+		int			bshift;
+		int			memberoff;
+		MultiXactStatus st;
+
+		pageno = MXOffsetToMemberPage(offset);
+		memberoff = MXOffsetToMemberOffset(offset);
+
+		if (pageno != prev_pageno)
+		{
+			buf = SlruReadSwitchPage(state->members, pageno);
+			prev_pageno = pageno;
+		}
+
+		xactptr = (TransactionId *) (buf + memberoff);
+		if (!TransactionIdIsValid(*xactptr))
+		{
+			/* Corner case 3: we must be looking at unused slot zero */
+			Assert(offset == 0);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		flagsoff = MXOffsetToFlagsOffset(offset);
+		bshift = MXOffsetToFlagsBitShift(offset);
+		flagsptr = (uint32 *) (buf + flagsoff);
+
+		st = (*flagsptr >> bshift) & MXACT_MEMBER_XACT_BITMASK;
+
+		/* Verify that there is a single update Xid among the given members. */
+		if (ISUPDATE_from_mxstatus(st))
+		{
+			if (result_isupdate)
+				pg_fatal("multixact %u has more than one updating member",
+						 multi);
+			result_xid = *xactptr;
+			result_isupdate = true;
+		}
+		else if (!TransactionIdIsValid(result_xid))
+			result_xid = *xactptr;
+	}
+
+	/* A multixid with zero members should not happen */
+	Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(result_xid));
+
+	*result = result_xid;
+	*status = result_isupdate ? MultiXactStatusUpdate :
+								MultiXactStatusForKeyShare;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Frees the malloced reader.
+ */
+void
+FreeOldMultiXactReader(OldMultiXactReader *state)
+{
+	FreeSlruRead(state->offset);
+	FreeSlruRead(state->members);
+
+	pfree(state);
+}
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_old.h b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_old.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8d4659ba6a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_old.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+ * multixact_old.h
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+ * src/bin/pg_upgrade/multixact_old.h
+ */
+
+#include "postgres_fe.h"
+
+#include "access/multixact.h"
+#include "slru_io.h"
+
+typedef uint32 OldMultiXactOffset;
+
+typedef struct OldMultiXactReader
+{
+	MultiXactId			nextMXact;
+	OldMultiXactOffset	nextOffset;
+
+	SlruSegState	   *offset;
+	SlruSegState	   *members;
+} OldMultiXactReader;
+
+extern OldMultiXactReader *AllocOldMultiXactRead(char *pgdata,
+												 MultiXactId nextMulti,
+												 OldMultiXactOffset nextOffset);
+extern void GetOldMultiXactIdSingleMember(OldMultiXactReader *state,
+										  MultiXactId multi,
+										  TransactionId *result,
+										  MultiXactStatus *status);
+extern void FreeOldMultiXactReader(OldMultiXactReader *reader);
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_upgrade/pg_upgrade.c b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/pg_upgrade.c
index 490e98fa26f..5432c03a2b0 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_upgrade/pg_upgrade.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/pg_upgrade.c
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@
 #include "common/restricted_token.h"
 #include "fe_utils/string_utils.h"
 #include "pg_upgrade.h"
+#include "multixact_old.h"
+#include "multixact_new.h"
 
 /*
  * Maximum number of pg_restore actions (TOC entries) to process within one
@@ -769,6 +771,82 @@ copy_subdir_files(const char *old_subdir, const char *new_subdir)
 	check_ok();
 }
 
+/*
+ * Convert pg_multixact/offset and /members to new format with 64-bit offsets.
+ */
+static void
+convert_multixacts(MultiXactId *new_nxtmulti, MultiXactOffset *new_nxtmxoff)
+{
+	MultiXactId			oldest_multi,
+						next_multi;
+	OldMultiXactReader *old_reader;
+	MultiXactWriter	   *new_writer;
+
+	old_reader = AllocOldMultiXactRead(old_cluster.pgdata,
+									   old_cluster.controldata.chkpnt_nxtmulti,
+									   old_cluster.controldata.chkpnt_nxtmxoff);
+	new_writer = AllocMultiXactWrite(new_cluster.pgdata,
+									 old_cluster.controldata.chkpnt_oldstMulti,
+									 1 /* see below */);
+
+	oldest_multi = old_cluster.controldata.chkpnt_oldstMulti;
+	next_multi = old_cluster.controldata.chkpnt_nxtmulti;
+
+	/* handle wraparound */
+	if (next_multi < FirstMultiXactId)
+		next_multi = FirstMultiXactId;
+
+	/*
+	 * Read multixids from old files one by one, and write them back in the new
+	 * format.
+	 *
+	 * The locking-only XIDs that may be part of multi-xids don't matter after
+	 * upgrade, as there can be no transactions running across upgrade.  So as
+	 * a little optimization, we only read one member from each multixid: the
+	 * one updating one, or if there was no update, arbitrarily the first
+	 * locking xid.
+	 */
+	for (MultiXactId multi = oldest_multi; multi != next_multi;)
+	{
+		TransactionId		xid;
+		MultiXactStatus		status;
+		MultiXactMember		member;
+		MultiXactId			new_multi PG_USED_FOR_ASSERTS_ONLY;
+		MultiXactOffset		offset;
+
+		/* Read the old multixid */
+		GetOldMultiXactIdSingleMember(old_reader, multi, &xid, &status);
+
+		/* Write it out in new format */
+		member.xid = xid;
+		member.status = status;
+		new_multi = GetNewMultiXactId(new_writer, 1, &offset);
+
+		Assert(new_multi == multi);
+
+		RecordNewMultiXact(new_writer, offset, multi, 1, &member);
+
+		multi++;
+		/* handle wraparound */
+		if (multi < FirstMultiXactId)
+			multi = FirstMultiXactId;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the nextMXact/Offset values in the control file to match what we
+	 * wrote.  The nextMXact should be unchanged, but because we ignored the
+	 * locking XIDs members, the nextOffset will be different.
+	 */
+	Assert(new_writer->nextMXact == next_multi);
+
+	*new_nxtmulti = next_multi;
+	*new_nxtmxoff = new_writer->nextOffset;
+
+	/* Release resources */
+	FreeMultiXactWrite(new_writer);
+	FreeOldMultiXactReader(old_reader);
+}
+
 static void
 copy_xact_xlog_xid(void)
 {
@@ -816,8 +894,28 @@ copy_xact_xlog_xid(void)
 	if (old_cluster.controldata.cat_ver >= MULTIXACT_FORMATCHANGE_CAT_VER &&
 		new_cluster.controldata.cat_ver >= MULTIXACT_FORMATCHANGE_CAT_VER)
 	{
-		copy_subdir_files("pg_multixact/offsets", "pg_multixact/offsets");
-		copy_subdir_files("pg_multixact/members", "pg_multixact/members");
+		MultiXactId		new_nxtmulti = old_cluster.controldata.chkpnt_nxtmulti;
+		MultiXactOffset new_nxtmxoff = old_cluster.controldata.chkpnt_nxtmxoff;
+
+		/*
+		 * If the old server is before the MULTIXACTOFFSET_FORMATCHANGE_CAT_VER
+		 * it must have 32-bit multixid offsets, thus it should be converted.
+		 */
+		if (old_cluster.controldata.cat_ver < MULTIXACTOFFSET_FORMATCHANGE_CAT_VER &&
+			new_cluster.controldata.cat_ver >= MULTIXACTOFFSET_FORMATCHANGE_CAT_VER)
+		{
+			remove_new_subdir("pg_multixact/members", false);
+			remove_new_subdir("pg_multixact/offsets", false);
+
+			prep_status("Converting pg_multixact/offsets to 64-bit");
+			convert_multixacts(&new_nxtmulti, &new_nxtmxoff);
+			check_ok();
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			copy_subdir_files("pg_multixact/offsets", "pg_multixact/offsets");
+			copy_subdir_files("pg_multixact/members", "pg_multixact/members");
+		}
 
 		prep_status("Setting next multixact ID and offset for new cluster");
 
@@ -826,10 +924,8 @@ copy_xact_xlog_xid(void)
 		 * counters here and the oldest multi present on system.
 		 */
 		exec_prog(UTILITY_LOG_FILE, NULL, true, true,
-				  "\"%s/pg_resetwal\" -O %u -m %u,%u \"%s\"",
-				  new_cluster.bindir,
-				  old_cluster.controldata.chkpnt_nxtmxoff,
-				  old_cluster.controldata.chkpnt_nxtmulti,
+				  "\"%s/pg_resetwal\" -O %" PRIu64 " -m %u,%u \"%s\"",
+				  new_cluster.bindir, new_nxtmxoff, new_nxtmulti,
 				  old_cluster.controldata.chkpnt_oldstMulti,
 				  new_cluster.pgdata);
 		check_ok();
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_upgrade/pg_upgrade.h b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/pg_upgrade.h
index e86336f4be9..127b2cb00fa 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_upgrade/pg_upgrade.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/pg_upgrade.h
@@ -114,6 +114,11 @@ extern char *output_files[];
  */
 #define MULTIXACT_FORMATCHANGE_CAT_VER 201301231
 
+/*
+ * Swicth from 32-bit to 64-bit for multixid offsets.
+ */
+#define MULTIXACTOFFSET_FORMATCHANGE_CAT_VER 999999999
+
 /*
  * large object chunk size added to pg_controldata,
  * commit 5f93c37805e7485488480916b4585e098d3cc883
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_upgrade/slru_io.c b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/slru_io.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4e823199303
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/slru_io.c
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+/*
+ * slru_io.c
+ *
+ * Routines for reading and writing SLRU files during upgrade.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+ * src/bin/pg_upgrade/slru_io.c
+ */
+
+#include "postgres_fe.h"
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+
+#include "pg_upgrade.h"
+#include "slru_io.h"
+
+#include "common/fe_memutils.h"
+#include "common/file_perm.h"
+#include "common/file_utils.h"
+#include "port/pg_iovec.h"
+
+/*
+ * State for reading or writing an SLRU, with a one page buffer.
+ */
+typedef struct SlruSegState
+{
+	bool		writing;
+	bool		long_segment_names;
+
+	char	   *dir;
+	char	   *fn;
+	int			fd;
+	int64		segno;
+	uint64		pageno;
+
+	PGAlignedBlock buf;
+} SlruSegState;
+
+static inline SlruSegState *
+AllocSlruSegState(char *dir)
+{
+	SlruSegState *state = pg_malloc(sizeof(*state));
+
+	state->segno = -1;
+	state->pageno = 0;
+	state->dir = pstrdup(dir);
+	state->fd = -1;
+	state->fn = NULL;
+
+	return state;
+}
+
+static inline void
+SlruFlush(SlruSegState *state)
+{
+	struct iovec	iovec = {
+		.iov_base = &state->buf,
+		.iov_len = BLCKSZ,
+	};
+	off_t			offset;
+
+	if (state->segno == -1)
+		return;
+
+	offset = (state->pageno % SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT) * BLCKSZ;
+
+	if (pg_pwritev_with_retry(state->fd, &iovec, 1, offset) < 0)
+		pg_fatal("could not write file \"%s\": %m", state->fn);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Create slru reader for dir.
+ *
+ * Returns the malloced memory used by the all other read calls in this module.
+ */
+SlruSegState *
+AllocSlruRead(char *dir)
+{
+	SlruSegState *state = AllocSlruSegState(dir);
+
+	state->writing = false;
+
+	return state;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Open given page for reading.
+ *
+ * Reading can be done in random order.
+ */
+char *
+SlruReadSwitchPage(SlruSegState *state, uint64 pageno)
+{
+	int64 segno;
+
+	Assert(!state->writing);	/* read only mode */
+
+	if (state->segno != -1 && pageno == state->pageno)
+		return state->buf.data;
+
+	segno = pageno / SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT;
+	if (segno != state->segno)
+	{
+		if (state->segno != -1)
+		{
+			close(state->fd);
+			state->fd = -1;
+
+			pg_free(state->fn);
+			state->fn = NULL;
+		}
+
+		/* Open new segment */
+		state->fn = psprintf("%s/%04X", state->dir, (unsigned int) segno);
+		if ((state->fd = open(state->fn, O_RDONLY | PG_BINARY, 0)) < 0)
+			pg_fatal("could not open file \"%s\": %m", state->fn);
+	}
+
+	state->segno = segno;
+
+	{
+		struct iovec	iovec = {
+			.iov_base = &state->buf,
+			.iov_len = BLCKSZ,
+		};
+		off_t			offset = (pageno % SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT) * BLCKSZ;
+
+		if (pg_preadv(state->fd, &iovec, 1, offset) < 0)
+			pg_fatal("could not read file \"%s\": %m", state->fn);
+
+		state->pageno = pageno;
+	}
+
+	return state->buf.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Frees the malloced reader.
+ */
+void
+FreeSlruRead(SlruSegState *state)
+{
+	Assert(!state->writing);	/* read only mode */
+
+	close(state->fd);
+	pg_free(state);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Open the given page for writing.
+ *
+ * NOTE: This uses O_EXCL when stepping to a new segment, so this assumes that
+ * each segment is written in full before moving on to next one.  This
+ * limitation would be easy to lift if needed, but it fits the usage pattern of
+ * current callers.
+ */
+char *
+SlruWriteSwitchPage(SlruSegState *state, uint64 pageno)
+{
+	int64	segno = pageno / SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT;
+	off_t	offset;
+
+	if (state->segno != -1 && pageno == state->pageno)
+		return state->buf.data;
+
+	segno = pageno / SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT;
+	offset = (pageno % SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT) * BLCKSZ;
+
+	SlruFlush(state);
+	memset(state->buf.data, 0, BLCKSZ);
+
+	if (segno != state->segno)
+	{
+		if (state->segno != -1)
+		{
+			close(state->fd);
+			state->fd = -1;
+
+			pg_free(state->fn);
+			state->fn = NULL;
+		}
+
+		/* Create the segment */
+		if (state->long_segment_names)
+		{
+			Assert(segno >= 0 && segno <= INT64CONST(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF));
+			state->fn = psprintf("%s/%015" PRIX64, state->dir, segno);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			Assert(segno >= 0 && segno <= INT64CONST(0xFFFFFF));
+			state->fn = psprintf("%s/%04X", state->dir, (unsigned int) segno);
+		}
+
+		if ((state->fd = open(state->fn, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_EXCL | PG_BINARY,
+							  pg_file_create_mode)) < 0)
+		{
+			pg_fatal("could not create file \"%s\": %m", state->fn);
+		}
+
+		state->segno = segno;
+
+		if (offset > 0 && pg_pwrite_zeros(state->fd, offset, 0) < 0)
+			pg_fatal("could not write file \"%s\": %m", state->fn);
+	}
+
+	state->pageno = pageno;
+
+	return state->buf.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Create slru writer for dir.
+ *
+ * Returns the malloced memory used by the all other write calls in this module.
+ */
+SlruSegState *
+AllocSlruWrite(char *dir, bool long_segment_names)
+{
+	SlruSegState *state = AllocSlruSegState(dir);
+
+	state->writing = true;
+	state->long_segment_names = long_segment_names;
+
+	return state;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Frees the malloced writer.
+ */
+void
+FreeSlruWrite(SlruSegState *state)
+{
+	Assert(state->writing);
+
+	SlruFlush(state);
+
+	close(state->fd);
+	pg_free(state);
+}
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_upgrade/slru_io.h b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/slru_io.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..920b8ae82e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bin/pg_upgrade/slru_io.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*
+ * slru_io.h
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+ * src/bin/pg_upgrade/slru_io.h
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Some kind of iterator associated with a particular SLRU segment.  The idea is
+ * to specify the segment and page number and then move through the pages.
+ */
+
+#include "postgres_fe.h"
+
+/*
+ * See access/slru.h
+ *
+ * Copy here, since slru.h could not be included in fe code.
+ */
+#define SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT 32
+
+typedef struct SlruSegState SlruSegState;
+
+extern SlruSegState *AllocSlruRead(char *dir);
+extern char *SlruReadSwitchPage(SlruSegState *state, uint64 pageno);
+extern void FreeSlruRead(SlruSegState *state);
+
+extern SlruSegState *AllocSlruWrite(char *dir, bool long_segment_names);
+extern char *SlruWriteSwitchPage(SlruSegState *state, uint64 pageno);
+extern void FreeSlruWrite(SlruSegState *state);
-- 
2.43.0



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