Subject: Re: RFC: adding pytest as a supported test framework

From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 9 Sep 2025 14:50:31 -0700

Hi everyone, it's been a while for this thread.

= Status =

Since the last email, quite a bit of offline chatter has happened,
particularly at FOSDEM [1] and PGConf.dev [2]. The dev-meeting
audiences, at least, appear to have reached a critical mass of nodding
heads and cautious optimism around the use of a pytest suite. Some are
more optimistic than others, some are quite skeptical, some are
completely silent, but no one has -1'd it yet.

I think I've been solidly outvoted in my attempt to support Python and
Perl suites side-by-side in perpetuity. Many, many people have
expressed that they'd feel disappointed if that were a permanent
situation, so I've been trying to adapt my approach to the idea that
we would need to port existing Perl tests at _some_ point in the
timeline.

Simultaneously, I've been approached by some people offline who are
pretty clearly waiting for me to make the first move here. I'm a bit
uncomfortable with that -- no one needs my permission to post patches
in this vein! -- but I get that this entire topic is a balancing act,
so it makes some sense. Thank you all for your patience. Here is a
patchset.

= Patches =

This is dev-quality, not targeted for commit yet, but hopefully enough
to spark some opinions and conversation.

0001: Prepares for pytest support, by adding Meson summary lines
indicating when the Perl TAP tests are enabled.

Peter E mentioned to me that it was hard to figure out which suites
had been enabled, so hopefully this helps a bit. I'm not sure what to
do on the Autoconf side.

0002: Adds Meson and Autoconf support for running pytest, via
--enable-pytest or -Dpytest=enabled.

This is a skeleton. There is no Postgres-specific test logic in this
patch. So if you like pytest, but hate how I write tests in it, you
have the option of basing your alternative on top of this patch to
show us. I also added a failing test so that you can all see what that
looks like in the CI. (I'll put this in the Draft CF [3].)

When enabling the feature, the check_pytest.py script checks that the
configured `PYTHON` executable has all of pytest-requirements.txt
installed. Peter pointed out that this is incorrect: what we actually
want to check is that the interpreter used by pytest has all of the
required packages, and the two could be different.

One way to solve that problem is to just get rid of the check script,
and assume that if pytest is installed, we're good to go. But I ran
into enough installation weirdness in the CI (especially for MinGW,
ugh) that it was really helpful to have a script say "no, you're still
missing this." I'd like to help buildfarm operators in a similar way.
Unfortunately, check_pytest.py is pretty complex, and it doesn't make
as much sense to pay that cost unless and until we add more package
dependencies, as 0003 does later in the set. Thoughts?

For Autoconf, I'm just running pytest directly rather than translating
its output through pgtap + prove, mostly because I think that's a
better dev experience. It has color and everything. Is that okay?

0003: Ports a tiny subset of the SSL client tests.

This is enough to show off
- pytest fixtures and caching via scopes
- FFI binding to libpq via ctypes
- generation of TLS certs via the py-cryptography package
- low-level protocol testing without a "real" server

Andres requested a while back that we control concurrency via Meson
rather than pytest's global discovery. So there is no use of
pytest-xdist here. (I don't think we're in much danger of having CPUs
go idle during a `meson test` run, anyway.)

0004: Ports a tiny subset of the SSL server tests.

This additionally shows off
- more complicated test parameterization
- my vision of how we can cache and configure a running server
instance via pytest fixtures

Basically, server configuration changes are pushed and popped off of a
stack as fixtures are entered and exited. (C++ folks will be
completely unimpressed, but I'm still proud of it.) We'd need to
discuss the proper use of scopes and establish project-wide fixture
conventions if we go in this direction, but I hope we do something
like it; I really want to be able to run each and every test in
isolation.

There are some Win32 syscall examples as well, for those who are
interested, but there's nothing that uses that code at the moment.

0005: Adds a new variable to Cirrus to control the default Meson suites.

0006: Sets that new variable to just the pytest suites, so that I
don't burn too much Cirrus time for this proof of concept, and turns
on all OSes.

= Other General Thoughts =

You might immediately complain that we don't want to open-code every
single byte in the protocol for a test, as I have done here. I don't
want to, either; I want to use Construct [4] for that. I also want us
to have end-to-end tests that combine the fixtures in 0003 and 0004 --
but I want everyone to be able to choose between end-to-end tests and
mocked client/server tests, and I'm most excited about the latter, so
that's what I focused on here.

The distinction between the fixture scopes "session" and "module" is
useful in the Autoconf case (which runs all tests in a pyt/ folder at
once) and useless in the Meson case (which runs each pyt/*.py test in
an individual pytest instance). I suspect this will cause some
friction, but I don't know how much. I haven't been very careful in my
use of "module" scope yet.

I think devs should be able to run pytest directly from the source
root. So I've put settings specific to Autoconf/Meson into
Makefile.global/meson.build instead of pytest.ini. (For instance, I
don't imagine anyone wants to read the pgtap output directly.)

Formatting of the patchset has been provided by isort + black. I hear
ruff is the new kid on the block, but I don't see raw speed being
incredibly important for us. And for this particular use case, I
really like the idea of an "unconfigurable" PEP8 formatter so we can
do other things with our time.

Huge thanks to Andres and Bilal for helping me debug Windows problems in the CI.

Wow, thanks for reading this far. WDYT?

--Jacob

[1] https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/FOSDEM/PGDay_2025_Developer_Meeting#Additional_toolchains_in_the_test_suite
[2] https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/PGConf.dev_2025_Developer_Meeting
[3] https://commitfest.postgresql.org/54/
[4] https://construct.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

---

From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Thu, 18 Sep 2025 11:22:48 -0700

> required packages, and the two could be different.

Turns out we've already solved this exact problem for Perl and Prove
[1], and I should probably choose a similar solution for Python and
pytest. In other words: make the requirements check into a test.

--Jacob

[1] http://postgr.es/c/c4fe3199a

---

From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Mon, 22 Sep 2025 13:30:04 -0700

> pytest. In other words: make the requirements check into a test.

Done this way in v2-0002. pytest and the linked `PYTHON` can now be
independent of each other. This adds some scaffolding complexity, to
get the configure script and pytest to talk to each other nicely, but
I've gotten rid of some architectural complexity in check_pytest.py to
make up for it.

Thanks,
--Jacob

---

From: "Jelte Fennema-Nio" <[email-masked]>
Date: Wed, 22 Oct 2025 14:44:15 +0200

On Mon, 22 Sept 2025 at 22:30, Jacob Champion <[email-masked]> wrote:
> Done this way in v2-0002

Okay I finally managed to do some testing of this patchset while working
on a patchset of mine where I'm adding a GoAway message to the protocol
(should be ready to be published soon)

First of all: THANK YOU! It's a great base to start from and I hope we
can relatively soon have something merged, that we can gradually
improve.

I had some problems using it for my own tests though. The primary
reasons for that were:
1. It was missing functionality to send queries and get results.
2. A lot of the fixtures I wanted to use were located in the ssl tests
   directory instead of the shared fixtures module.
3. When running pytest manually I had to configure LD_LIBRARY_PATH

So here's your patchset with an additional commit on top that does a
bunch of refactoring/renaming and adding features. I hope you like it. I
tried to make the most common actions easy to do.

The primary features it adds are:
- A `sql` method on `PGconn`: It takes a query and returns the results
    as native python types.
- A `conn` fixture: Which is a libpq based connection to the default
    Postgres server.
- Use the `pg_config` binary to find the libdir and bindir (can be
    overridden by setting PG_CONFIG). Otherwise I had to use
    LD_LIBRARY_PATH when running pytest manually.

The refactoring it does:
- Rename `pg_server` fixture to `pg` since it'll likely be one of the
    most commonly used ones.
- Rename `pg` module to `pypg` to avoid naming conflict/shadowing
    problems with the newly renamed `pg` fixture
- Move class definitions outside of fixtures to separate modules (either
    in the `pypg` module or the new `libpq` module)
- Move all "general" fixtures to the `pypg.fixtures` module, instead of
    having them be defined in the ssl module.
From 6be9c11e14a7cba6877f6d8c0397cbb94fb62f6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Fri, 5 Sep 2025 16:39:08 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v3 01/10] meson: Include TAP tests in the configuration
 summary

...to make it obvious when they've been enabled. prove is added to the
executables list for good measure.

TODO: does Autoconf need something similar?

Per complaint by Peter Eisentraut.
---
 meson.build | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/meson.build b/meson.build
index 395416a6060..37ed68ceeb4 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -3952,6 +3952,7 @@ summary(
     'bison': '@0@ @1@'.format(bison.full_path(), bison_version),
     'dtrace': dtrace,
     'flex': '@0@ @1@'.format(flex.full_path(), flex_version),
+    'prove': prove,
   },
   section: 'Programs',
 )
@@ -3988,3 +3989,11 @@ summary(
   section: 'External libraries',
   list_sep: ' ',
 )
+
+summary(
+  {
+    'tap': tap_tests_enabled,
+  },
+  section: 'Other features',
+  list_sep: ' ',
+)
-- 
2.51.1

From 2a35a86f10914e95fd6e63e4224ab62a973a6a93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2025 10:58:56 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v3 02/10] Add support for pytest test suites

Specify --enable-pytest/-Dpytest=enabled at configure time. This
contains no Postgres test logic -- it is just a "vanilla" pytest
skeleton.

I've written a custom pgtap output plugin, used by the Meson mtest
runner, to fully control what we see during CI test failures. The
pytest-tap plugin would have been preferable, but it's now in
maintenance mode, and it has problems with accidentally suppressing
important collection failures.

test_something.py is intended to show a sample failure in the CI.

TODOs:
- OpenBSD has an ANSI-related terminal bug, but I'm not sure if the bug
  is in Cirrus, the image, pytest, Python, or readline. The TERM envvar
  is unset to work around it. If this workaround is removed, a bad ANSI
  escape is inserted into the pgtap output and mtest is unable to parse
  it.
- The Chocolatey CI setup is subpar. Need to find a way to bless the
  dependencies in use rather than pulling from pip... or maybe that will
  be done by the image baker.
---
 .cirrus.tasks.yml                     |  38 +++--
 .gitignore                            |   1 +
 config/check_pytest.py                | 150 ++++++++++++++++++++
 config/conftest.py                    |  18 +++
 config/pytest-requirements.txt        |  21 +++
 configure                             | 108 +++++++++++++-
 configure.ac                          |  25 +++-
 meson.build                           |  92 ++++++++++++
 meson_options.txt                     |   8 +-
 pytest.ini                            |   6 +
 src/Makefile.global.in                |  23 +++
 src/makefiles/meson.build             |   2 +
 src/test/Makefile                     |  11 +-
 src/test/meson.build                  |   1 +
 src/test/pytest/Makefile              |  20 +++
 src/test/pytest/README                |   1 +
 src/test/pytest/meson.build           |  16 +++
 src/test/pytest/plugins/pgtap.py      | 193 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_something.py |  17 +++
 19 files changed, 736 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 config/check_pytest.py
 create mode 100644 config/conftest.py
 create mode 100644 config/pytest-requirements.txt
 create mode 100644 pytest.ini
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/Makefile
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/README
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/meson.build
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/plugins/pgtap.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_something.py

diff --git a/.cirrus.tasks.yml b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
index eca9d62fc22..80f9b394bd2 100644
--- a/.cirrus.tasks.yml
+++ b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ env:
 
   # target to test, for all but windows
   CHECK: check-world PROVE_FLAGS=$PROVE_FLAGS
-  CHECKFLAGS: -Otarget
+  # TODO were we avoiding --keep-going on purpose?
+  CHECKFLAGS: -Otarget --keep-going
   PROVE_FLAGS: --timer
   # Build test dependencies as part of the build step, to see compiler
   # errors/warnings in one place.
@@ -44,6 +45,7 @@ env:
     -Dldap=enabled
     -Dssl=openssl
     -Dtap_tests=enabled
+    -Dpytest=enabled
     -Dplperl=enabled
     -Dplpython=enabled
     -Ddocs=enabled
@@ -222,7 +224,9 @@ task:
     chown root:postgres /tmp/cores
     sysctl kern.corefile='/tmp/cores/%N.%P.core'
   setup_additional_packages_script: |
-    #pkg install -y ...
+    pkg install -y \
+      py311-packaging \
+      py311-pytest
 
   # NB: Intentionally build without -Dllvm. The freebsd image size is already
   # large enough to make VM startup slow, and even without llvm freebsd
@@ -311,7 +315,10 @@ task:
           -Dpam=enabled
 
       setup_additional_packages_script: |
-        #pkgin -y install ...
+        pkgin -y install \
+          py312-packaging \
+          py312-test
+        ln -s /usr/pkg/bin/pytest-3.12 /usr/pkg/bin/pytest
       <<: *netbsd_task_template
 
     - name: OpenBSD - Meson
@@ -322,6 +329,7 @@ task:
         OS_NAME: openbsd
         IMAGE_FAMILY: pg-ci-openbsd-postgres
         PKGCONFIG_PATH: '/usr/lib/pkgconfig:/usr/local/lib/pkgconfig'
+        TERM: # TODO why does pytest print ANSI escapes on OpenBSD?
 
         MESON_FEATURES: >-
           -Dbsd_auth=enabled
@@ -330,7 +338,9 @@ task:
           -Duuid=e2fs
 
       setup_additional_packages_script: |
-        #pkg_add -I ...
+        pkg_add -I \
+          py3-test \
+          py3-packaging
       # Always core dump to ${CORE_DUMP_DIR}
       set_core_dump_script: sysctl -w kern.nosuidcoredump=2
       <<: *openbsd_task_template
@@ -489,8 +499,10 @@ task:
     EOF
 
   setup_additional_packages_script: |
-    #apt-get update
-    #DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get -y install ...
+    apt-get update
+    DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get -y install \
+      python3-pytest \
+      python3-packaging
 
   matrix:
     # SPECIAL:
@@ -513,14 +525,15 @@ task:
         su postgres <<-EOF
           ./configure \
             --enable-cassert --enable-injection-points --enable-debug \
-            --enable-tap-tests --enable-nls \
+            --enable-tap-tests --enable-pytest --enable-nls \
             --with-segsize-blocks=6 \
             --with-libnuma \
             --with-liburing \
             \
             ${LINUX_CONFIGURE_FEATURES} \
             \
-            CLANG="ccache clang-16"
+            CLANG="ccache clang-16" \
+            PYTEST="env LD_PRELOAD=/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.8 pytest"
         EOF
       build_script: su postgres -c "make -s -j${BUILD_JOBS} world-bin"
       upload_caches: ccache
@@ -650,6 +663,8 @@ task:
       p5.34-io-tty
       p5.34-ipc-run
       python312
+      py312-packaging
+      py312-pytest
       tcl
       zstd
 
@@ -699,6 +714,7 @@ task:
     sh src/tools/ci/ci_macports_packages.sh $MACOS_PACKAGE_LIST
     # system python doesn't provide headers
     sudo /opt/local/bin/port select python3 python312
+    sudo /opt/local/bin/port select pytest pytest312
     # Make macports install visible for subsequent steps
     echo PATH=/opt/local/sbin/:/opt/local/bin/:$PATH >> $CIRRUS_ENV
   upload_caches: macports
@@ -772,6 +788,8 @@ task:
       -Dldap=enabled
       -Dssl=openssl
       -Dtap_tests=enabled
+      -Dpytest=enabled
+      -DPYTEST=c:\Windows\system32\config\systemprofile\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python310\Scripts\pytest.exe
       -Dplperl=enabled
       -Dplpython=enabled
 
@@ -780,8 +798,10 @@ task:
   depends_on: SanityCheck
   only_if: $CI_WINDOWS_ENABLED
 
+  # XXX Does Chocolatey really not have any Python package installers?
   setup_additional_packages_script: |
     REM choco install -y --no-progress ...
+    pip3 install --user packaging pytest
 
   setup_hosts_file_script: |
     echo 127.0.0.1 pg-loadbalancetest >> c:\Windows\System32\Drivers\etc\hosts
@@ -844,7 +864,7 @@ task:
     folder: ${CCACHE_DIR}
 
   setup_additional_packages_script: |
-    REM C:\msys64\usr\bin\pacman.exe -S --noconfirm ...
+    C:\msys64\usr\bin\pacman.exe -S --noconfirm mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-python-packaging mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-python-pytest
 
   mingw_info_script: |
     %BASH% -c "where gcc"
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 4e911395fe3..268426003b1 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ win32ver.rc
 *.exe
 lib*dll.def
 lib*.pc
+__pycache__/
 
 # Local excludes in root directory
 /GNUmakefile
diff --git a/config/check_pytest.py b/config/check_pytest.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1562d16bcda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/config/check_pytest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+#
+# Verify that pytest-requirements.txt is satisfied. This would probably be
+# easier with pip, but requiring pip on build machines is a non-starter for
+# many.
+#
+# This is coded as a pytest suite in order to check the Python distribution in
+# use by pytest, as opposed to the Python distribution being linked against
+# Postgres. In some setups they are separate.
+#
+# The design philosophy of this script is to bend over backwards to help people
+# figure out what is missing. The target audience for error output is the
+# buildfarm operator who just wants to get the tests running, not the test
+# developer who presumably already knows how to solve these problems.
+
+import importlib
+import sys
+from typing import List, Union  # needed for earlier Python versions
+
+# importlib.metadata is part of the standard library from 3.8 onwards. Earlier
+# Python versions have an official backport called importlib_metadata, which can
+# generally be installed as a separate OS package (python3-importlib-metadata).
+# This complication can be removed once we stop supporting Python 3.7.
+try:
+    from importlib import metadata
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        import importlib_metadata as metadata
+    except ImportError:
+        # package_version() will need to fall back. This is unlikely to happen
+        # in practice, because pytest 7.x depends on importlib_metadata itself.
+        metadata = None
+
+
+def report(*args):
+    """
+    Prints a configure-time message to the user. (The configure scripts will
+    display these messages and ignore the output from the pytest suite.) This
+    assumes --capture=no is in use, to avoid pytest's standard stream capture.
+    """
+    print(*args, file=sys.stderr)
+
+
+def package_version(pkg: str) -> Union[str, None]:
+    """
+    Returns the version of the named package, or None if the package is not
+    installed.
+
+    This function prefers to use the distribution package version, if we have
+    the necessary prerequisites. Otherwise it will fall back to the __version__
+    of the imported module, which aligns with pytest.importorskip().
+    """
+    if metadata is not None:
+        try:
+            return metadata.version(pkg)
+        except metadata.PackageNotFoundError:
+            return None
+
+    # This is an older Python and we don't have importlib_metadata. Fall back to
+    # __version__ instead.
+    try:
+        mod = importlib.import_module(pkg)
+    except ModuleNotFoundError:
+        return None
+
+    if hasattr(mod, "__version__"):
+        return mod.__version__
+
+    # We're out of options. If this turns out to cause problems in practice, we
+    # might need to require importlib_metadata on older buildfarm members. But
+    # since our top-level requirements list will be small, and this possibility
+    # will eventually age out with newer Pythons, don't spend more effort on
+    # this case for now.
+    report(f"Fix check_pytest.py! {pkg} has no __version__")
+    assert False, "internal error in package_version()"
+
+
+def packaging_check(requirements: List[str]) -> bool:
+    """
+    Reports the status of each required package to the configure program.
+    Returns True if all dependencies were found.
+    """
+    report()  # an opening newline makes the configure output easier to read
+
+    try:
+        # packaging contains the PyPA definitions of requirement specifiers.
+        # This is contained in a separate OS package (for example,
+        # python3-packaging), but it's extremely likely that the user has it
+        # installed already, because modern versions of pytest depend on it too.
+        import packaging
+        from packaging.requirements import Requirement
+
+    except ImportError as err:
+        # We don't even have enough prerequisites to check our prerequisites.
+        # Print the import error as-is.
+        report(err)
+        return False
+
+    # Strip extraneous whitespace, whole-line comments, and empty lines from our
+    # specifier list.
+    requirements = [r.strip() for r in requirements]
+    requirements = [r for r in requirements if r and r[0] != "#"]
+
+    found = True
+    for spec in requirements:
+        req = Requirement(spec)
+
+        # Skip any packages marked as unneeded for this particular Python env.
+        if req.marker and not req.marker.evaluate():
+            continue
+
+        # Make sure the package is installed...
+        version = package_version(req.name)
+        if version is None:
+            report(f"package '{req.name}': not installed")
+            found = False
+            continue
+
+        # ...and that it has a compatible version.
+        if not req.specifier.contains(version):
+            report(
+                "package '{}': has version {}, but '{}' is required".format(
+                    req.name, version, req.specifier
+                ),
+            )
+            found = False
+            continue
+
+        # Report installed packages too, to mirror check_modules.pl.
+        report(f"package '{req.name}': installed (version {version})")
+
+    return found
+
+
+def test_packages(requirements_file):
+    """
+    Entry point.
+    """
+    try:
+        with open(requirements_file, "r") as f:
+            requirements = f.readlines()
+
+        all_found = packaging_check(requirements)
+
+    except Exception as err:
+        # Surface any breakage to the configure script before failing the test.
+        report(err)
+        raise
+
+    assert all_found, "required packages are missing"
diff --git a/config/conftest.py b/config/conftest.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a9c2bc546e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/config/conftest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+#
+# Support for check_pytest.py. The configure script provides the path to
+# pytest-requirements.txt via the --requirements option added here.
+
+import pytest
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    parser.addoption(
+        "--requirements",
+        help="path to pytest-requirements.txt",
+    )
+
+
[email-masked]
+def requirements_file(request):
+    return request.config.getoption("--requirements")
diff --git a/config/pytest-requirements.txt b/config/pytest-requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b941624b2f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/config/pytest-requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#
+# This file contains the Python packages which are required in order for us to
+# enable pytest.
+#
+# The syntax is a *subset* of pip's requirements.txt syntax, so that both pip
+# and check_pytest.py can use it. Only whole-line comments and standard Python
+# dependency specifiers are allowed. pip-specific goodies like includes and
+# environment substitutions are not supported; keep it simple.
+#
+# Packages belong here if their absence should cause a configuration failure. If
+# you'd like to make a package optional, consider using pytest.importorskip()
+# instead.
+#
+
+# pytest 7.0 was the last version which supported Python 3.6, but the BSDs have
+# started putting 8.x into ports, so we support both. (pytest 8 can be used
+# throughout once we drop support for Python 3.7.)
+pytest >= 7.0, < 9
+
+# packaging is used by check_pytest.py at configure time.
+packaging
diff --git a/configure b/configure
index 22cd866147b..aa93fa5f0aa 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -630,6 +630,7 @@ vpath_build
 PG_SYSROOT
 PG_VERSION_NUM
 LDFLAGS_EX_BE
+PYTEST
 PROVE
 DBTOEPUB
 FOP
@@ -771,6 +772,7 @@ CFLAGS
 CC
 enable_injection_points
 PG_TEST_EXTRA
+enable_pytest
 enable_tap_tests
 enable_dtrace
 DTRACEFLAGS
@@ -849,6 +851,7 @@ enable_profiling
 enable_coverage
 enable_dtrace
 enable_tap_tests
+enable_pytest
 enable_injection_points
 with_blocksize
 with_segsize
@@ -1549,7 +1552,10 @@ Optional Features:
   --enable-profiling      build with profiling enabled
   --enable-coverage       build with coverage testing instrumentation
   --enable-dtrace         build with DTrace support
-  --enable-tap-tests      enable TAP tests (requires Perl and IPC::Run)
+  --enable-tap-tests      enable (Perl-based) TAP tests (requires Perl and
+                          IPC::Run)
+  --enable-pytest         enable (Python-based) pytest suites (requires
+                          Python)
   --enable-injection-points
                           enable injection points (for testing)
   --enable-depend         turn on automatic dependency tracking
@@ -3631,7 +3637,7 @@ fi

 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #

@@ -3659,6 +3665,32 @@ fi

+
+# Check whether --enable-pytest was given.
+if test "${enable_pytest+set}" = set; then :
+  enableval=$enable_pytest;
+  case $enableval in
+    yes)
+      :
+      ;;
+    no)
+      :
+      ;;
+    *)
+      as_fn_error $? "no argument expected for --enable-pytest option" "$LINENO" 5
+      ;;
+  esac
+
+else
+  enable_pytest=no
+
+fi
+
+
+
+
+
+
 #
 # Injection points
 #
@@ -19074,6 +19106,78 @@ $as_echo "$modulestderr" >&6; }
   fi
 fi
 
+if test "$enable_pytest" = yes; then
+  if test -z "$PYTEST"; then
+  for ac_prog in pytest py.test
+do
+  # Extract the first word of "$ac_prog", so it can be a program name with args.
+set dummy $ac_prog; ac_word=$2
+{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for $ac_word" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking for $ac_word... " >&6; }
+if ${ac_cv_path_PYTEST+:} false; then :
+  $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6
+else
+  case $PYTEST in
+  [\\/]* | ?:[\\/]*)
+  ac_cv_path_PYTEST="$PYTEST" # Let the user override the test with a path.
+  ;;
+  *)
+  as_save_IFS=$IFS; IFS=$PATH_SEPARATOR
+for as_dir in $PATH
+do
+  IFS=$as_save_IFS
+  test -z "$as_dir" && as_dir=.
+    for ac_exec_ext in '' $ac_executable_extensions; do
+  if as_fn_executable_p "$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext"; then
+    ac_cv_path_PYTEST="$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext"
+    $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: found $as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext" >&5
+    break 2
+  fi
+done
+  done
+IFS=$as_save_IFS
+
+  ;;
+esac
+fi
+PYTEST=$ac_cv_path_PYTEST
+if test -n "$PYTEST"; then
+  { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $PYTEST" >&5
+$as_echo "$PYTEST" >&6; }
+else
+  { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: no" >&5
+$as_echo "no" >&6; }
+fi
+
+
+  test -n "$PYTEST" && break
+done
+
+else
+  # Report the value of PYTEST in configure's output in all cases.
+  { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for PYTEST" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking for PYTEST... " >&6; }
+  { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $PYTEST" >&5
+$as_echo "$PYTEST" >&6; }
+fi
+
+  if test -z "$PYTEST"; then
+    as_fn_error $? "pytest not found" "$LINENO" 5
+  fi
+  { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for Python packages required for pytest" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking for Python packages required for pytest... " >&6; }
+  modulestderr=`$PYTEST -c "$srcdir/pytest.ini" --confcutdir="$srcdir/config" --capture=no "$srcdir/config/check_pytest.py" --requirements "$srcdir/config/pytest-requirements.txt" 2>&1 >/dev/null`
+  if test $? -eq 0; then
+    echo "$modulestderr" >&5
+    { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: yes" >&5
+$as_echo "yes" >&6; }
+  else
+    { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $modulestderr" >&5
+$as_echo "$modulestderr" >&6; }
+    as_fn_error $? "Additional Python packages are required to run the pytest suites" "$LINENO" 5
+  fi
+fi
+
 # If compiler will take -Wl,--as-needed (or various platform-specific
 # spellings thereof) then add that to LDFLAGS.  This is much easier than
 # trying to filter LIBS to the minimum for each executable.
diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac
index e44943aa6fe..25442050f34 100644
--- a/configure.ac
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -225,11 +225,16 @@ AC_SUBST(DTRACEFLAGS)])
 AC_SUBST(enable_dtrace)
 
 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #
 PGAC_ARG_BOOL(enable, tap-tests, no,
-              [enable TAP tests (requires Perl and IPC::Run)])
+              [enable (Perl-based) TAP tests (requires Perl and IPC::Run)])
 AC_SUBST(enable_tap_tests)
+
+PGAC_ARG_BOOL(enable, pytest, no,
+              [enable (Python-based) pytest suites (requires Python)])
+AC_SUBST(enable_pytest)
+
 AC_ARG_VAR(PG_TEST_EXTRA,
            [enable selected extra tests (overridden at runtime by PG_TEST_EXTRA environment variable)])
 
@@ -2415,6 +2420,22 @@ if test "$enable_tap_tests" = yes; then
   fi
 fi
 
+if test "$enable_pytest" = yes; then
+  PGAC_PATH_PROGS(PYTEST, pytest py.test)
+  if test -z "$PYTEST"; then
+    AC_MSG_ERROR([pytest not found])
+  fi
+  AC_MSG_CHECKING(for Python packages required for pytest)
+  [modulestderr=`$PYTEST -c "$srcdir/pytest.ini" --confcutdir="$srcdir/config" --capture=no "$srcdir/config/check_pytest.py" --requirements "$srcdir/config/pytest-requirements.txt" 2>&1 >/dev/null`]
+  if test $? -eq 0; then
+    echo "$modulestderr" >&AS_MESSAGE_LOG_FD
+    AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)
+  else
+    AC_MSG_RESULT([$modulestderr])
+    AC_MSG_ERROR([Additional Python packages are required to run the pytest suites])
+  fi
+fi
+
 # If compiler will take -Wl,--as-needed (or various platform-specific
 # spellings thereof) then add that to LDFLAGS.  This is much easier than
 # trying to filter LIBS to the minimum for each executable.
diff --git a/meson.build b/meson.build
index 37ed68ceeb4..06eb7a19210 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -1702,6 +1702,39 @@ endif

+###############################################################
+# Library: pytest
+###############################################################
+
+pytest_enabled = false
+pytest = not_found_dep
+
+pytestopt = get_option('pytest')
+if not pytestopt.disabled()
+  pytest = find_program(get_option('PYTEST'), native: true, required: pytestopt)
+  if pytest.found()
+    pytest_check = run_command(pytest,
+                               '-c', 'pytest.ini',
+                               '--confcutdir=config',
+                               '--capture=no',
+                               'config/check_pytest.py',
+                               '--requirements', 'config/pytest-requirements.txt',
+                               check: false)
+    if pytest_check.returncode() != 0
+      message(pytest_check.stderr())
+      if pytestopt.enabled()
+        error('Additional Python packages are required to run the pytest suites.')
+      else
+        warning('Additional Python packages are required to run the pytest suites.')
+      endif
+    else
+      pytest_enabled = true
+    endif
+  endif
+endif
+
+
+
 ###############################################################
 # Library: zstd
 ###############################################################
@@ -3779,6 +3812,63 @@ foreach test_dir : tests
         )
       endforeach
       install_suites += test_group
+    elif kind == 'pytest'
+      testwrap_pytest = testwrap_base
+      if not pytest_enabled
+        testwrap_pytest += ['--skip', 'pytest not enabled']
+      endif
+
+      test_command = [
+        pytest.full_path(),
+        '-c', meson.project_source_root() / 'pytest.ini',
+        '--verbose',
+        '-p', 'pgtap',  # enable our test reporter plugin
+        '-ra',  # show skipped and xfailed tests too
+      ]
+
+      # Add temporary install, the build directory for non-installed binaries and
+      # also test/ for non-installed test binaries built separately.
+      env = test_env
+      env.prepend('PATH', temp_install_bindir, test_dir['bd'], test_dir['bd'] / 'test')
+      temp_install_datadir = '@0@@1@'.format(test_install_destdir, dir_prefix / dir_data)
+      env.set('share_contrib_dir', temp_install_datadir / 'contrib')
+      env.prepend('PYTHONPATH', meson.project_source_root() / 'src' / 'test' / 'pytest' / 'plugins')
+
+      foreach name, value : t.get('env', {})
+        env.set(name, value)
+      endforeach
+
+      test_group = test_dir['name']
+      test_kwargs = {
+        'protocol': 'tap',
+        'suite': test_group,
+        'timeout': 1000,
+        'depends': test_deps + t.get('deps', []),
+        'env': env,
+      } + t.get('test_kwargs', {})
+
+      foreach onetest : t['tests']
+        # Make test names prettier, remove pyt/ and .py
+        onetest_p = onetest
+        if onetest_p.startswith('pyt/')
+          onetest_p = onetest.split('pyt/')[1]
+        endif
+        if onetest_p.endswith('.py')
+          onetest_p = fs.stem(onetest_p)
+        endif
+
+        test(test_dir['name'] / onetest_p,
+          python,
+          kwargs: test_kwargs,
+          args: testwrap_pytest + [
+            '--testgroup', test_dir['name'],
+            '--testname', onetest_p,
+            '--', test_command,
+            test_dir['sd'] / onetest,
+          ],
+        )
+      endforeach
+      install_suites += test_group
     else
       error('unknown kind @0@ of test in @1@'.format(kind, test_dir['sd']))
     endif
@@ -3953,6 +4043,7 @@ summary(
     'dtrace': dtrace,
     'flex': '@0@ @1@'.format(flex.full_path(), flex_version),
     'prove': prove,
+    'pytest': pytest,
   },
   section: 'Programs',
 )
@@ -3993,6 +4084,7 @@ summary(
 summary(
   {
     'tap': tap_tests_enabled,
+    'pytest': pytest_enabled,
   },
   section: 'Other features',
   list_sep: ' ',
diff --git a/meson_options.txt b/meson_options.txt
index 06bf5627d3c..88f22e699d9 100644
--- a/meson_options.txt
+++ b/meson_options.txt
@@ -41,7 +41,10 @@ option('cassert', type: 'boolean', value: false,
   description: 'Enable assertion checks (for debugging)')
 
 option('tap_tests', type: 'feature', value: 'auto',
-  description: 'Enable TAP tests')
+  description: 'Enable (Perl-based) TAP tests')
+
+option('pytest', type: 'feature', value: 'auto',
+  description: 'Enable (Python-based) pytest suites')
 
 option('injection_points', type: 'boolean', value: false,
   description: 'Enable injection points')
@@ -195,6 +198,9 @@ option('PERL', type: 'string', value: 'perl',
 option('PROVE', type: 'string', value: 'prove',
   description: 'Path to prove binary')
 
+option('PYTEST', type: 'array', value: ['pytest', 'py.test'],
+  description: 'Path to pytest binary')
+
 option('PYTHON', type: 'array', value: ['python3', 'python'],
   description: 'Path to python binary')
 
diff --git a/pytest.ini b/pytest.ini
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8e8388f3afc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pytest.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[pytest]
+minversion = 7.0
+
+# Ignore ./config (which contains the configure-time check_pytest.py tests) by
+# default.
+addopts = --ignore ./config
diff --git a/src/Makefile.global.in b/src/Makefile.global.in
index 0aa389bc710..8a6885206ce 100644
--- a/src/Makefile.global.in
+++ b/src/Makefile.global.in
@@ -211,6 +211,7 @@ enable_dtrace	= @enable_dtrace@
 enable_coverage	= @enable_coverage@
 enable_injection_points = @enable_injection_points@
 enable_tap_tests	= @enable_tap_tests@
+enable_pytest	= @enable_pytest@
 
 python_includespec	= @python_includespec@
 python_libdir		= @python_libdir@
@@ -353,6 +354,7 @@ MSGFMT  = @MSGFMT@
 MSGFMT_FLAGS = @MSGFMT_FLAGS@
 MSGMERGE = @MSGMERGE@
 OPENSSL	= @OPENSSL@
+PYTEST	= @PYTEST@
 PYTHON	= @PYTHON@
 TAR	= @TAR@
 XGETTEXT = @XGETTEXT@
@@ -507,6 +509,27 @@ prove_installcheck = @echo "TAP tests not enabled. Try configuring with --enable
 prove_check = $(prove_installcheck)
 endif
 
+ifeq ($(enable_pytest),yes)
+
+pytest_installcheck = @echo "Installcheck is not currently supported for pytest."
+
+define pytest_check
+echo "# +++ pytest check in $(subdir) +++" && \
+rm -rf '$(CURDIR)'/tmp_check && \
+$(MKDIR_P) '$(CURDIR)'/tmp_check && \
+cd $(srcdir) && \
+   TESTLOGDIR='$(CURDIR)/tmp_check/log' \
+   TESTDATADIR='$(CURDIR)/tmp_check' \
+   PYTHONPATH='$(abs_top_srcdir)/src/test/pytest/plugins:$$PYTHONPATH' \
+   $(with_temp_install) \
+   $(PYTEST) -c '$(abs_top_srcdir)/pytest.ini' --verbose -ra ./pyt/
+endef
+
+else
+pytest_installcheck = @echo "pytest is not enabled. Try configuring with --enable-pytest"
+pytest_check = $(pytest_installcheck)
+endif
+
 # Installation.
 
 install_bin = @install_bin@
diff --git a/src/makefiles/meson.build b/src/makefiles/meson.build
index 0def244c901..f68acd57bc4 100644
--- a/src/makefiles/meson.build
+++ b/src/makefiles/meson.build
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ pgxs_kv = {
   'enable_nls': libintl.found() ? 'yes' : 'no',
   'enable_injection_points': get_option('injection_points') ? 'yes' : 'no',
   'enable_tap_tests': tap_tests_enabled ? 'yes' : 'no',
+  'enable_pytest': pytest_enabled ? 'yes' : 'no',
   'enable_debug': get_option('debug') ? 'yes' : 'no',
   'enable_coverage': 'no',
   'enable_dtrace': dtrace.found() ? 'yes' : 'no',
@@ -145,6 +146,7 @@ pgxs_bins = {
   'OPENSSL': openssl,
   'PERL': perl,
   'PROVE': prove,
+  'PYTEST': pytest,
   'PYTHON': python,
   'TAR': tar,
   'ZSTD': program_zstd,
diff --git a/src/test/Makefile b/src/test/Makefile
index 511a72e6238..0be9771d71f 100644
--- a/src/test/Makefile
+++ b/src/test/Makefile
@@ -12,7 +12,16 @@ subdir = src/test
 top_builddir = ../..
 include $(top_builddir)/src/Makefile.global
 
-SUBDIRS = perl postmaster regress isolation modules authentication recovery subscription
+SUBDIRS = \
+	authentication \
+	isolation \
+	modules \
+	perl \
+	postmaster \
+	pytest \
+	recovery \
+	regress \
+	subscription
 
 ifeq ($(with_icu),yes)
 SUBDIRS += icu
diff --git a/src/test/meson.build b/src/test/meson.build
index ccc31d6a86a..d08a6ef61c2 100644
--- a/src/test/meson.build
+++ b/src/test/meson.build
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ subdir('isolation')
 
 subdir('authentication')
 subdir('postmaster')
+subdir('pytest')
 subdir('recovery')
 subdir('subscription')
 subdir('modules')
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/Makefile b/src/test/pytest/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2bdca96ccbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+# Makefile for pytest
+#
+# Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+# Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
+#
+# src/test/pytest/Makefile
+#
+#-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+subdir = src/test/pytest
+top_builddir = ../../..
+include $(top_builddir)/src/Makefile.global
+
+check:
+	$(pytest_check)
+
+clean distclean maintainer-clean:
+	rm -rf tmp_check
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/README b/src/test/pytest/README
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1333ed77b7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/README
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+TODO
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/meson.build b/src/test/pytest/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..abd128dfa24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+if not pytest_enabled
+  subdir_done()
+endif
+
+tests += {
+  'name': 'pytest',
+  'sd': meson.current_source_dir(),
+  'bd': meson.current_build_dir(),
+  'pytest': {
+    'tests': [
+      'pyt/test_something.py',
+    ],
+  },
+}
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/plugins/pgtap.py b/src/test/pytest/plugins/pgtap.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ef8291e291c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/plugins/pgtap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+import os
+import sys
+from typing import Optional
+
+import pytest
+
+#
+# Helpers
+#
+
+
+class TAP:
+    """
+    A basic API for reporting via the TAP protocol.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.count = 0
+
+        # XXX interacts poorly with testwrap's boilerplate diagnostics
+        # self.print("TAP version 13")
+
+    def expect(self, num: int):
+        self.print(f"1..{num}")
+
+    def print(self, *args):
+        print(*args, file=sys.__stdout__)
+
+    def ok(self, name: str):
+        self.count += 1
+        self.print("ok", self.count, "-", name)
+
+    def skip(self, name: str, reason: str):
+        self.count += 1
+        self.print("ok", self.count, "-", name, "# skip", reason)
+
+    def fail(self, name: str, details: str):
+        self.count += 1
+        self.print("not ok", self.count, "-", name)
+
+        # mtest has some odd behavior around TAP tests where it won't print
+        # diagnostics on failure if they're part of the stdout stream, so we
+        # might as well just dump the details directly to stderr instead.
+        print(details, file=sys.__stderr__)
+
+
+tap = TAP()
+
+
+class TestNotes:
+    """
+    Annotations for a single test. The existing pytest hooks keep interesting
+    information somewhat separated across the different stages
+    (setup/test/teardown), so this class is used to correlate them.
+    """
+
+    skipped = False
+    skip_reason = None
+
+    failed = False
+    details = ""
+
+
+# Register a custom key in the stash dictionary for keeping our TestNotes.
+notes_key = pytest.StashKey[TestNotes]()
+
+
+#
+# Hook Implementations
+#
+
+
[email-masked](tryfirst=True)
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    """
+    Hijacks the standard streams as soon as possible during pytest startup. The
+    pytest-formatted output gets logged to file instead, and we'll use the
+    original sys.__stdout__/__stderr__ streams for the TAP protocol.
+    """
+    logdir = os.getenv("TESTLOGDIR")
+    if not logdir:
+        raise RuntimeError("pgtap requires the TESTLOGDIR envvar to be set")
+
+    os.makedirs(logdir)
+    logpath = os.path.join(logdir, "pytest.log")
+    sys.stdout = sys.stderr = open(logpath, "a", buffering=1)
+
+
[email-masked](trylast=True)
+def pytest_sessionfinish(session, exitstatus):
+    """
+    Suppresses nonzero exit codes due to failed tests. (In that case, we want
+    Meson to report a failure count, not a generic ERROR.)
+    """
+    if exitstatus == pytest.ExitCode.TESTS_FAILED:
+        session.exitstatus = pytest.ExitCode.OK
+
+
[email-masked]
+def pytest_collectreport(report):
+    # Include collection failures directly in Meson error output.
+    if report.failed:
+        print(report.longreprtext, file=sys.__stderr__)
+
+
[email-masked]
+def pytest_internalerror(excrepr, excinfo):
+    # Include internal errors directly in Meson error output.
+    print(excrepr, file=sys.__stderr__)
+
+
+#
+# Hook Wrappers
+#
+# In pytest parlance, a "wrapper" for a hook can inspect and optionally modify
+# existing hooks' behavior, but it does not replace the hook chain. This is done
+# through a generator-style API which chains the hooks together (see the use of
+# `yield`).
+#
+
+
[email-masked](hookwrapper=True)
+def pytest_collection(session):
+    """Reports the number of gathered tests after collection is finished."""
+    res = yield
+    tap.expect(session.testscollected)
+    return res
+
+
[email-masked](hookwrapper=True)
+def pytest_runtest_makereport(item, call):
+    """
+    Annotates a test item with our TestNotes and grabs relevant information for
+    reporting.
+
+    This is called multiple times per test, so it's not correct to print the TAP
+    result here. (A test and its teardown stage can both fail, and we want to
+    see the details for both.) We instead combine all the information for use by
+    our pytest_runtest_protocol wrapper later on.
+    """
+    res = yield
+
+    if notes_key not in item.stash:
+        item.stash[notes_key] = TestNotes()
+    notes = item.stash[notes_key]
+
+    report = res.get_result()
+    if report.passed:
+        pass  # no annotation needed
+
+    elif report.skipped:
+        notes.skipped = True
+        _, _, notes.skip_reason = report.longrepr
+
+    elif report.failed:
+        notes.failed = True
+
+        if not notes.details:
+            notes.details += "{:_^72}\n\n".format(f" {report.head_line} ")
+
+        if report.when in ("setup", "teardown"):
+            notes.details += "\n{:_^72}\n\n".format(
+                f" Error during {report.when} of {report.head_line} "
+            )
+
+        notes.details += report.longreprtext + "\n"
+
+    else:
+        raise RuntimeError("pytest_runtest_makereport received unknown test status")
+
+    return res
+
+
[email-masked](hookwrapper=True)
+def pytest_runtest_protocol(item, nextitem):
+    """
+    Reports the TAP result for this test item using our gathered TestNotes.
+    """
+    res = yield
+
+    assert notes_key in item.stash, "pgtap didn't annotate a test item?"
+    notes = item.stash[notes_key]
+
+    if notes.failed:
+        tap.fail(item.nodeid, notes.details)
+    elif notes.skipped:
+        tap.skip(item.nodeid, notes.skip_reason)
+    else:
+        tap.ok(item.nodeid)
+
+    return res
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_something.py b/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_something.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5bd45618512
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_something.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+import pytest
+
+
[email-masked]
+def hey():
+    yield
+    raise "uh-oh"
+
+
+def test_something(hey):
+    assert 2 == 4
+
+
+def test_something_else():
+    assert 2 == 2
-- 
2.51.1

From f0cf8b502b183c113a82a113b8c0a75c9b0f7904 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2025 12:56:45 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v3 03/10] WIP: pytest: Add some SSL client tests

This is a sample client-only test suite. It tests some handshake
failures against a mock server, as well as a full SSL handshake + empty
query + response.

pyca/cryptography is added as a new package dependency. Certificates for
testing are generated on the fly.

The `pg` test package contains some helpers and fixtures (as well as
some self-tests for more complicated behavior). Of note:

- pg.require_test_extra() lets you mark a test/class/module as skippable
  if PG_TEST_EXTRA does not contain the necessary strings.

- pg.remaining_timeout() is a function which can be repeatedly called to
  determine how much of the PG_TEST_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT remains for the
  current test item.

- pg.libpq is a fixture that wraps libpq.so in a more friendly, but
  still low-level, ctypes FFI. Allocated resources are unwound and
  released during test teardown.

The mock design is threaded: the server socket is listening on a
background thread, and the test provides the server logic via a
callback. There is some additional work still needed to make this
production-ready; see the notes for _TCPServer.background(). (Currently,
an exception in the wrong place could result in a hang-until-timeout
rather than an immediate failure.)

TODOs:
- local_server and tcp_server_class are nearly identical and should
  share code.
- fix exception-related timeouts for .background()
- figure out the proper use of "session" vs "module" scope
- ensure that pq.libpq unwinds (to close connections) before tcp_server;
  see comment in test_server_with_ssl_disabled()
---
 .cirrus.tasks.yml                 |  18 +-
 config/pytest-requirements.txt    |  10 ++
 pytest.ini                        |   3 +
 src/test/pytest/meson.build       |   1 +
 src/test/pytest/pg/__init__.py    |   3 +
 src/test/pytest/pg/_env.py        |  55 ++++++
 src/test/pytest/pg/fixtures.py    | 212 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/test/pytest/pyt/conftest.py   |   3 +
 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py | 171 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/test/ssl/Makefile             |   2 +
 src/test/ssl/meson.build          |   6 +
 src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py      | 129 ++++++++++++++
 src/test/ssl/pyt/test_client.py   | 278 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 13 files changed, 885 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pg/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pg/_env.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pg/fixtures.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pyt/conftest.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/ssl/pyt/test_client.py

diff --git a/.cirrus.tasks.yml b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
index 80f9b394bd2..4e744f1c105 100644
--- a/.cirrus.tasks.yml
+++ b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
@@ -225,6 +225,7 @@ task:
     sysctl kern.corefile='/tmp/cores/%N.%P.core'
   setup_additional_packages_script: |
     pkg install -y \
+      py311-cryptography \
       py311-packaging \
       py311-pytest
 
@@ -316,6 +317,7 @@ task:
 
       setup_additional_packages_script: |
         pkgin -y install \
+          py312-cryptography \
           py312-packaging \
           py312-test
         ln -s /usr/pkg/bin/pytest-3.12 /usr/pkg/bin/pytest
@@ -339,8 +341,9 @@ task:
 
       setup_additional_packages_script: |
         pkg_add -I \
-          py3-test \
-          py3-packaging
+          py3-cryptography \
+          py3-packaging \
+          py3-test
       # Always core dump to ${CORE_DUMP_DIR}
       set_core_dump_script: sysctl -w kern.nosuidcoredump=2
       <<: *openbsd_task_template
@@ -501,8 +504,9 @@ task:
   setup_additional_packages_script: |
     apt-get update
     DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get -y install \
-      python3-pytest \
-      python3-packaging
+      python3-cryptography \
+      python3-packaging \
+      python3-pytest
 
   matrix:
     # SPECIAL:
@@ -643,6 +647,7 @@ task:
     CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR: ${HOME}/pgsql/
     CCACHE_DIR: ${HOME}/ccache
     MACPORTS_CACHE: ${HOME}/macports-cache
+    PYTEST_DEBUG_TEMPROOT: /tmp  # default is too long for UNIX sockets on Mac
 
     MESON_FEATURES: >-
       -Dbonjour=enabled
@@ -663,6 +668,7 @@ task:
       p5.34-io-tty
       p5.34-ipc-run
       python312
+      py312-cryptography
       py312-packaging
       py312-pytest
       tcl
@@ -801,7 +807,7 @@ task:
   # XXX Does Chocolatey really not have any Python package installers?
   setup_additional_packages_script: |
     REM choco install -y --no-progress ...
-    pip3 install --user packaging pytest
+    pip3 install --user cryptography packaging pytest
 
   setup_hosts_file_script: |
     echo 127.0.0.1 pg-loadbalancetest >> c:\Windows\System32\Drivers\etc\hosts
@@ -864,7 +870,7 @@ task:
     folder: ${CCACHE_DIR}
 
   setup_additional_packages_script: |
-    C:\msys64\usr\bin\pacman.exe -S --noconfirm mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-python-packaging mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-python-pytest
+    C:\msys64\usr\bin\pacman.exe -S --noconfirm mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-python-cryptography mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-python-packaging mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-python-pytest
 
   mingw_info_script: |
     %BASH% -c "where gcc"
diff --git a/config/pytest-requirements.txt b/config/pytest-requirements.txt
index b941624b2f3..0bd6cadf608 100644
--- a/config/pytest-requirements.txt
+++ b/config/pytest-requirements.txt
@@ -19,3 +19,13 @@ pytest >= 7.0, < 9
 
 # packaging is used by check_pytest.py at configure time.
 packaging
+
+# Notes on the cryptography package:
+# - 3.3.2 is shipped on Debian bullseye.
+# - 3.4.x drops support for Python 2, making it a version of note for older LTS
+#   distros.
+# - 35.x switched versioning schemes and moved to Rust parsing.
+# - 40.x is the last version supporting Python 3.6.
+# XXX Is it appropriate to require cryptography, or should we simply skip
+# dependent tests?
+cryptography >= 3.3.2
diff --git a/pytest.ini b/pytest.ini
index 8e8388f3afc..e7aa84f3a84 100644
--- a/pytest.ini
+++ b/pytest.ini
@@ -4,3 +4,6 @@ minversion = 7.0
 # Ignore ./config (which contains the configure-time check_pytest.py tests) by
 # default.
 addopts = --ignore ./config
+
+# Common test code can be found here.
+pythonpath = src/test/pytest
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/meson.build b/src/test/pytest/meson.build
index abd128dfa24..f53193e8686 100644
--- a/src/test/pytest/meson.build
+++ b/src/test/pytest/meson.build
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ tests += {
   'pytest': {
     'tests': [
       'pyt/test_something.py',
+      'pyt/test_libpq.py',
     ],
   },
 }
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pg/__init__.py b/src/test/pytest/pg/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ef8faf54ca4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pg/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+from ._env import has_test_extra, require_test_extra
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pg/_env.py b/src/test/pytest/pg/_env.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6f18af07844
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pg/_env.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+import logging
+import os
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+import pytest
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def has_test_extra(key: str) -> bool:
+    """
+    Returns True if the PG_TEST_EXTRA environment variable contains the given
+    key.
+    """
+    extra = os.getenv("PG_TEST_EXTRA", "")
+    return key in extra.split()
+
+
+def require_test_extra(*keys: str) -> bool:
+    """
+    A convenience annotation which will skip tests if all of the required keys
+    are not present in PG_TEST_EXTRA.
+
+    To skip a particular test function or class:
+
+        @pg.require_test_extra("ldap")
+        def test_some_ldap_feature():
+            ...
+
+    To skip an entire module:
+
+        pytestmark = pg.require_test_extra("ssl", "kerberos")
+    """
+    return pytest.mark.skipif(
+        not all([has_test_extra(k) for k in keys]),
+        reason="requires {} to be set in PG_TEST_EXTRA".format(", ".join(keys)),
+    )
+
+
+def test_timeout_default() -> int:
+    """
+    Returns the value of the PG_TEST_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT environment variable, in
+    seconds, or 180 if one was not provided.
+    """
+    default = os.getenv("PG_TEST_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT", "")
+    if not default:
+        return 180
+
+    try:
+        return int(default)
+    except ValueError as v:
+        logger.warning("PG_TEST_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT could not be parsed: " + str(v))
+        return 180
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pg/fixtures.py b/src/test/pytest/pg/fixtures.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b5d3bff69a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pg/fixtures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+import contextlib
+import ctypes
+import platform
+import time
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict
+
+import pytest
+
+from ._env import test_timeout_default
+
+
[email-masked]
+def remaining_timeout():
+    """
+    This fixture provides a function that returns how much of the
+    PG_TEST_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT remains for the current test, in fractional seconds.
+    This value is never less than zero.
+
+    This fixture is per-test, so the deadline is also reset on a per-test basis.
+    """
+    now = time.monotonic()
+    deadline = now + test_timeout_default()
+
+    return lambda: max(deadline - time.monotonic(), 0)
+
+
+class _PGconn(ctypes.Structure):
+    pass
+
+
+class _PGresult(ctypes.Structure):
+    pass
+
+
+_PGconn_p = ctypes.POINTER(_PGconn)
+_PGresult_p = ctypes.POINTER(_PGresult)
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def libpq_handle():
+    """
+    Loads a ctypes handle for libpq. Some common function prototypes are
+    initialized for general use.
+    """
+    system = platform.system()
+
+    if system in ("Linux", "FreeBSD", "NetBSD", "OpenBSD"):
+        name = "libpq.so.5"
+    elif system == "Darwin":
+        name = "libpq.5.dylib"
+    elif system == "Windows":
+        name = "libpq.dll"
+    else:
+        assert False, f"the libpq fixture must be updated for {system}"
+
+    # XXX ctypes.CDLL() is a little stricter with load paths on Windows. The
+    # preferred way around that is to know the absolute path to libpq.dll, but
+    # that doesn't seem to mesh well with the current test infrastructure. For
+    # now, enable "standard" LoadLibrary behavior.
+    loadopts = {}
+    if system == "Windows":
+        loadopts["winmode"] = 0
+
+    lib = ctypes.CDLL(name, **loadopts)
+
+    #
+    # Function Prototypes
+    #
+
+    lib.PQconnectdb.restype = _PGconn_p
+    lib.PQconnectdb.argtypes = [ctypes.c_char_p]
+
+    lib.PQstatus.restype = ctypes.c_int
+    lib.PQstatus.argtypes = [_PGconn_p]
+
+    lib.PQexec.restype = _PGresult_p
+    lib.PQexec.argtypes = [_PGconn_p, ctypes.c_char_p]
+
+    lib.PQresultStatus.restype = ctypes.c_int
+    lib.PQresultStatus.argtypes = [_PGresult_p]
+
+    lib.PQclear.restype = None
+    lib.PQclear.argtypes = [_PGresult_p]
+
+    lib.PQerrorMessage.restype = ctypes.c_char_p
+    lib.PQerrorMessage.argtypes = [_PGconn_p]
+
+    lib.PQfinish.restype = None
+    lib.PQfinish.argtypes = [_PGconn_p]
+
+    return lib
+
+
+class PGresult(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
+    """Wraps a raw _PGresult_p with a more friendly interface."""
+
+    def __init__(self, lib: ctypes.CDLL, res: _PGresult_p):
+        self._lib = lib
+        self._res = res
+
+    def __exit__(self, *exc):
+        self._lib.PQclear(self._res)
+        self._res = None
+
+    def status(self):
+        return self._lib.PQresultStatus(self._res)
+
+
+class PGconn(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
+    """
+    Wraps a raw _PGconn_p with a more friendly interface. This is just a
+    stub; it's expected to grow.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        lib: ctypes.CDLL,
+        handle: _PGconn_p,
+        stack: contextlib.ExitStack,
+    ):
+        self._lib = lib
+        self._handle = handle
+        self._stack = stack
+
+    def __exit__(self, *exc):
+        self._lib.PQfinish(self._handle)
+        self._handle = None
+
+    def exec(self, query: str) -> PGresult:
+        """
+        Executes a query via PQexec() and returns a PGresult.
+        """
+        res = self._lib.PQexec(self._handle, query.encode())
+        return self._stack.enter_context(PGresult(self._lib, res))
+
+
[email-masked]
+def libpq(libpq_handle, remaining_timeout):
+    """
+    Provides a ctypes-based API wrapped around libpq.so. This fixture keeps
+    track of allocated resources and cleans them up during teardown. See
+    _Libpq's public API for details.
+    """
+
+    class _Libpq(contextlib.ExitStack):
+        CONNECTION_OK = 0
+
+        PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY = 0
+
+        class Error(RuntimeError):
+            """
+            libpq.Error is the exception class for application-level errors that
+            are encountered during libpq operations.
+            """
+
+            pass
+
+        def __init__(self):
+            super().__init__()
+            self.lib = libpq_handle
+
+        def _connstr(self, opts: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+            """
+            Flattens the provided options into a libpq connection string. Values
+            are converted to str and quoted/escaped as necessary.
+            """
+            settings = []
+
+            for k, v in opts.items():
+                v = str(v)
+                if not v:
+                    v = "''"
+                else:
+                    v = v.replace("\\", "\\\\")
+                    v = v.replace("'", "\\'")
+
+                    if " " in v:
+                        v = f"'{v}'"
+
+                settings.append(f"{k}={v}")
+
+            return " ".join(settings)
+
+        def must_connect(self, **opts) -> PGconn:
+            """
+            Connects to a server, using the given connection options, and
+            returns a libpq.PGconn object wrapping the connection handle. A
+            failure will raise libpq.Error.
+
+            Connections honor PG_TEST_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT unless connect_timeout is
+            explicitly overridden in opts.
+            """
+
+            if "connect_timeout" not in opts:
+                t = int(remaining_timeout())
+                opts["connect_timeout"] = max(t, 1)
+
+            conn_p = self.lib.PQconnectdb(self._connstr(opts).encode())
+
+            # Ensure the connection handle is always closed at the end of the
+            # test.
+            conn = self.enter_context(PGconn(self.lib, conn_p, stack=self))
+
+            if self.lib.PQstatus(conn_p) != self.CONNECTION_OK:
+                raise self.Error(self.lib.PQerrorMessage(conn_p).decode())
+
+            return conn
+
+    with _Libpq() as lib:
+        yield lib
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pyt/conftest.py b/src/test/pytest/pyt/conftest.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ecb72be26d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pyt/conftest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+from pg.fixtures import *
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py b/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9f0857cc612
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+import contextlib
+import os
+import socket
+import struct
+import threading
+from typing import Callable
+
+import pytest
+
+
[email-masked](
+    "opts, expected",
+    [
+        (dict(), ""),
+        (dict(port=5432), "port=5432"),
+        (dict(port=5432, dbname="postgres"), "port=5432 dbname=postgres"),
+        (dict(host=""), "host=''"),
+        (dict(host=" "), r"host=' '"),
+        (dict(keyword="'"), r"keyword=\'"),
+        (dict(keyword=" \\' "), r"keyword=' \\\' '"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_connstr(libpq, opts, expected):
+    """Tests the escape behavior for libpq._connstr()."""
+    assert libpq._connstr(opts) == expected
+
+
+def test_must_connect_errors(libpq):
+    """Tests that must_connect() raises libpq.Error."""
+    with pytest.raises(libpq.Error, match="invalid connection option"):
+        libpq.must_connect(some_unknown_keyword="whatever")
+
+
[email-masked]
+def local_server(tmp_path, remaining_timeout):
+    """
+    Opens up a local UNIX socket for mocking a Postgres server on a background
+    thread. See the _Server API for usage.
+
+    This fixture requires AF_UNIX support; dependent tests will be skipped on
+    platforms that don't provide it.
+    """
+
+    try:
+        from socket import AF_UNIX
+    except ImportError:
+        pytest.skip("AF_UNIX not supported on this platform")
+
+    class _Server(contextlib.ExitStack):
+        """
+        Implementation class for local_server. See .background() for the primary
+        entry point for tests. Postgres clients may connect to this server via
+        local_server.host/local_server.port.
+
+        _Server derives from contextlib.ExitStack to provide easy cleanup of
+        associated resources; see the documentation for that class for a full
+        explanation.
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self):
+            super().__init__()
+
+            self.host = tmp_path
+            self.port = 5432
+
+            self._thread = None
+            self._thread_exc = None
+            self._listener = self.enter_context(
+                socket.socket(AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM),
+            )
+
+        def bind_and_listen(self):
+            """
+            Does the actual work of binding the UNIX socket using the Postgres
+            server conventions and listening for connections.
+
+            The listen backlog is currently hardcoded to one.
+            """
+            sockfile = self.host / ".s.PGSQL.{}".format(self.port)
+
+            # Lock down the permissions on the new socket.
+            prev_mask = os.umask(0o077)
+
+            # Bind (creating the socket file), and immediately register it for
+            # deletion from disk when the stack is cleaned up.
+            self._listener.bind(bytes(sockfile))
+            self.callback(os.unlink, sockfile)
+
+            os.umask(prev_mask)
+
+            self._listener.listen(1)
+
+        def background(self, fn: Callable[[socket.socket], None]) -> None:
+            """
+            Accepts a client connection on a background thread and passes it to
+            the provided callback. Any exceptions raised from the callback will
+            be re-raised on the main thread during fixture teardown.
+
+            Blocking operations on the connected socket default to using the
+            remaining_timeout(), though this can be changed by the test via the
+            socket's .settimeout().
+            """
+
+            def _bg():
+                try:
+                    self._listener.settimeout(remaining_timeout())
+                    sock, _ = self._listener.accept()
+
+                    with sock:
+                        sock.settimeout(remaining_timeout())
+                        fn(sock)
+
+                except Exception as e:
+                    # Save the exception for re-raising on the main thread.
+                    self._thread_exc = e
+
+            # TODO: rather than using callback(), consider explicitly signaling
+            # the fn() implementation to stop early if we get an exception.
+            # Otherwise we'll hang until the end of the timeout.
+            self._thread = threading.Thread(target=_bg)
+            self.callback(self._join)
+
+            self._thread.start()
+
+        def _join(self):
+            """
+            Waits for the background thread to finish and raises any thrown
+            exception. This is called during fixture teardown.
+            """
+            # Give a little bit of wiggle room on the join timeout, since we're
+            # racing against the test's own use of remaining_timeout(). (It's
+            # preferable to let tests report timeouts; the stack traces will
+            # help with debugging.)
+            self._thread.join(remaining_timeout() + 1)
+            if self._thread.is_alive():
+                raise TimeoutError("background thread is still running after timeout")
+
+            if self._thread_exc is not None:
+                raise self._thread_exc
+
+    with _Server() as s:
+        s.bind_and_listen()
+        yield s
+
+
+def test_connection_is_finished_on_error(libpq, local_server, remaining_timeout):
+    """Tests that PQfinish() gets called at the end of testing."""
+    expected_error = "something is wrong"
+
+    def serve_error(s: socket.socket) -> None:
+        pktlen = struct.unpack("!I", s.recv(4))[0]
+
+        # Quick check for the startup packet version.
+        version = struct.unpack("!HH", s.recv(4))
+        assert version == (3, 0)
+
+        # Discard the remainder of the startup packet and send a v2 error.
+        s.recv(pktlen - 8)
+        s.send(b"E" + expected_error.encode() + b"\0")
+
+        # And now the socket should be closed.
+        assert not s.recv(1), "client sent unexpected data"
+
+    local_server.background(serve_error)
+
+    with pytest.raises(libpq.Error, match=expected_error):
+        # Exiting this context should result in PQfinish().
+        with libpq:
+            libpq.must_connect(host=local_server.host, port=local_server.port)
diff --git a/src/test/ssl/Makefile b/src/test/ssl/Makefile
index e8a1639db2d..895ea5ea41c 100644
--- a/src/test/ssl/Makefile
+++ b/src/test/ssl/Makefile
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ clean distclean:
 # Doesn't depend on sslfiles because we don't rebuild them by default
 check:
 	$(prove_check)
+	# XXX these suites should run independently, not serially
+	$(pytest_check)
 
 installcheck:
 	$(prove_installcheck)
diff --git a/src/test/ssl/meson.build b/src/test/ssl/meson.build
index d8e0fb518e0..a0ee2af0899 100644
--- a/src/test/ssl/meson.build
+++ b/src/test/ssl/meson.build
@@ -15,4 +15,10 @@ tests += {
       't/003_sslinfo.pl',
     ],
   },
+  'pytest': {
+    'tests': [
+      'pyt/test_client.py',
+      'pyt/test_server.py',
+    ],
+  },
 }
diff --git a/src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py b/src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fb4db372f03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+import datetime
+import tempfile
+from collections import namedtuple
+
+import pytest
+
+import pg
+from pg.fixtures import *
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def cryptography():
+    return pytest.importorskip("cryptography", "3.3.2")
+
+
+Cert = namedtuple("Cert", "cert, certpath, key, keypath")
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def certs(cryptography, tmp_path_factory):
+    """
+    Caches commonly used certificates at the session level, and provides a way
+    to create new ones.
+
+    - certs.ca: the root CA certificate
+
+    - certs.server: the "standard" server certficate, signed by certs.ca
+
+    - certs.server_host: the hostname of the certs.server certificate
+
+    - certs.new(): creates a custom certificate, signed by certs.ca
+    """
+
+    from cryptography import x509
+    from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes, serialization
+    from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa
+    from cryptography.x509.oid import NameOID
+
+    tmpdir = tmp_path_factory.mktemp("test-certs")
+
+    class _Certs:
+        def __init__(self):
+            self.ca = self.new(
+                x509.Name(
+                    [x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, "PG pytest CA")],
+                ),
+                ca=True,
+            )
+
+            self.server_host = "example.org"
+            self.server = self.new(
+                x509.Name(
+                    [x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, self.server_host)],
+                )
+            )
+
+        def new(self, subject: x509.Name, *, ca=False) -> Cert:
+            """
+            Creates and signs a new Cert with the given subject name. If ca is
+            True, the certificate will be self-signed; otherwise the certificate
+            is signed by self.ca.
+            """
+            key = rsa.generate_private_key(
+                public_exponent=65537,
+                key_size=2048,
+            )
+
+            builder = x509.CertificateBuilder()
+            now = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc)
+
+            builder = (
+                builder.subject_name(subject)
+                .public_key(key.public_key())
+                .serial_number(x509.random_serial_number())
+                .not_valid_before(now)
+                .not_valid_after(now + datetime.timedelta(hours=1))
+            )
+
+            if ca:
+                builder = builder.issuer_name(subject)
+            else:
+                builder = builder.issuer_name(self.ca.cert.subject)
+
+            builder = builder.add_extension(
+                x509.BasicConstraints(ca=ca, path_length=None),
+                critical=True,
+            )
+
+            cert = builder.sign(
+                private_key=key if ca else self.ca.key,
+                algorithm=hashes.SHA256(),
+            )
+
+            # Dump the certificate and key to file.
+            keypath = self._tofile(
+                key.private_bytes(
+                    serialization.Encoding.PEM,
+                    serialization.PrivateFormat.PKCS8,
+                    serialization.NoEncryption(),
+                ),
+                suffix=".key",
+            )
+            certpath = self._tofile(
+                cert.public_bytes(serialization.Encoding.PEM),
+                suffix="-ca.crt" if ca else ".crt",
+            )
+
+            return Cert(
+                cert=cert,
+                certpath=certpath,
+                key=key,
+                keypath=keypath,
+            )
+
+        def _tofile(self, data: bytes, *, suffix) -> str:
+            """
+            Dumps data to a file on disk with the requested suffix and returns
+            the path. The file is located somewhere in pytest's temporary
+            directory root.
+            """
+            f = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=suffix, dir=tmpdir, delete=False)
+            with f:
+                f.write(data)
+
+            return f.name
+
+    return _Certs()
diff --git a/src/test/ssl/pyt/test_client.py b/src/test/ssl/pyt/test_client.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..28110ae0717
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/ssl/pyt/test_client.py
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+import contextlib
+import ctypes
+import socket
+import ssl
+import struct
+import threading
+from typing import Callable
+
+import pytest
+
+import pg
+
+# This suite opens up local TCP ports and is hidden behind PG_TEST_EXTRA=ssl.
+pytestmark = pg.require_test_extra("ssl")
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session", autouse=True)
+def skip_if_no_ssl_support(libpq_handle):
+    """Skips tests if SSL support is not configured."""
+
+    # Declare PQsslAttribute().
+    PQsslAttribute = libpq_handle.PQsslAttribute
+    PQsslAttribute.restype = ctypes.c_char_p
+    PQsslAttribute.argtypes = [ctypes.c_void_p, ctypes.c_char_p]
+
+    if not PQsslAttribute(None, b"library"):
+        pytest.skip("requires SSL support to be configured")
+
+
+#
+# Test Fixtures
+#
+
+
[email-masked]
+def tcp_server_class(remaining_timeout):
+    """
+    Metafixture to combine related logic for tcp_server and ssl_server.
+
+    TODO: combine with test_libpq.local_server
+    """
+
+    class _TCPServer(contextlib.ExitStack):
+        """
+        Implementation class for tcp_server. See .background() for the primary
+        entry point for tests. Postgres clients may connect to this server via
+        **tcp_server.conninfo.
+
+        _TCPServer derives from contextlib.ExitStack to provide easy cleanup of
+        associated resources; see the documentation for that class for a full
+        explanation.
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self):
+            super().__init__()
+
+            self._thread = None
+            self._thread_exc = None
+            self._listener = self.enter_context(
+                socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM),
+            )
+
+            self._bind_and_listen()
+            sockname = self._listener.getsockname()
+            self.conninfo = dict(
+                hostaddr=sockname[0],
+                port=sockname[1],
+            )
+
+        def _bind_and_listen(self):
+            """
+            Does the actual work of binding the socket and listening for
+            connections.
+
+            The listen backlog is currently hardcoded to one.
+            """
+            self._listener.bind(("127.0.0.1", 0))
+            self._listener.listen(1)
+
+        def background(self, fn: Callable[[socket.socket], None]) -> None:
+            """
+            Accepts a client connection on a background thread and passes it to
+            the provided callback. Any exceptions raised from the callback will
+            be re-raised on the main thread during fixture teardown.
+
+            Blocking operations on the connected socket default to using the
+            remaining_timeout(), though this can be changed by the test via the
+            socket's .settimeout().
+            """
+
+            def _bg():
+                try:
+                    self._listener.settimeout(remaining_timeout())
+                    sock, _ = self._listener.accept()
+
+                    with sock:
+                        sock.settimeout(remaining_timeout())
+                        fn(sock)
+
+                except Exception as e:
+                    # Save the exception for re-raising on the main thread.
+                    self._thread_exc = e
+
+            # TODO: rather than using callback(), consider explicitly signaling
+            # the fn() implementation to stop early if we get an exception.
+            # Otherwise we'll hang until the end of the timeout.
+            self._thread = threading.Thread(target=_bg)
+            self.callback(self._join)
+
+            self._thread.start()
+
+        def _join(self):
+            """
+            Waits for the background thread to finish and raises any thrown
+            exception. This is called during fixture teardown.
+            """
+            # Give a little bit of wiggle room on the join timeout, since we're
+            # racing against the test's own use of remaining_timeout(). (It's
+            # preferable to let tests report timeouts; the stack traces will
+            # help with debugging.)
+            self._thread.join(remaining_timeout() + 1)
+            if self._thread.is_alive():
+                raise TimeoutError("background thread is still running after timeout")
+
+            if self._thread_exc is not None:
+                raise self._thread_exc
+
+    return _TCPServer
+
+
[email-masked]
+def tcp_server(tcp_server_class):
+    """
+    Opens up a local TCP socket for mocking a Postgres server on a background
+    thread. See the _TCPServer API for usage.
+    """
+    with tcp_server_class() as s:
+        yield s
+
+
[email-masked]
+def ssl_server(tcp_server_class, certs):
+    """
+    Like tcp_server, but with an additional .background_ssl() method which will
+    perform a SSLRequest handshake on the socket before handing the connection
+    to the test callback.
+
+    This server uses certs.server as its identity.
+    """
+
+    class _SSLServer(tcp_server_class):
+        def __init__(self):
+            super().__init__()
+
+            self.conninfo["host"] = certs.server_host
+
+            self._ctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER)
+            self._ctx.load_cert_chain(certs.server.certpath, certs.server.keypath)
+
+        def background_ssl(self, fn: Callable[[ssl.SSLSocket], None]) -> None:
+            """
+            Invokes a server callback as with .background(), but an SSLRequest
+            handshake is performed first, and the socket provided to the
+            callback has been wrapped in an OpenSSL layer.
+            """
+
+            def handshake(s: socket.socket):
+                pktlen = struct.unpack("!I", s.recv(4))[0]
+
+                # Make sure we get an SSLRequest.
+                version = struct.unpack("!HH", s.recv(4))
+                assert version == (1234, 5679)
+                assert pktlen == 8
+
+                # Accept the SSLRequest.
+                s.send(b"S")
+
+                with self._ctx.wrap_socket(s, server_side=True) as wrapped:
+                    fn(wrapped)
+
+            self.background(handshake)
+
+    with _SSLServer() as s:
+        yield s
+
+
+#
+# Tests
+#
+
+
[email-masked]("sslmode", ("require", "verify-ca", "verify-full"))
+def test_server_with_ssl_disabled(libpq, tcp_server, certs, sslmode):
+    """
+    Make sure client refuses to talk to non-SSL servers with stricter
+    sslmodes.
+    """
+
+    def refuse_ssl(s: socket.socket):
+        pktlen = struct.unpack("!I", s.recv(4))[0]
+
+        # Make sure we get an SSLRequest.
+        version = struct.unpack("!HH", s.recv(4))
+        assert version == (1234, 5679)
+        assert pktlen == 8
+
+        # Refuse the SSLRequest.
+        s.send(b"N")
+
+        # Wait for the client to close the connection.
+        assert not s.recv(1), "client sent unexpected data"
+
+    tcp_server.background(refuse_ssl)
+
+    with pytest.raises(libpq.Error, match="server does not support SSL"):
+        with libpq:  # XXX tests shouldn't need to do this
+            libpq.must_connect(
+                **tcp_server.conninfo,
+                sslrootcert=certs.ca.certpath,
+                sslmode=sslmode,
+            )
+
+
+def test_verify_full_connection(libpq, ssl_server, certs):
+    """Completes a verify-full connection and empty query."""
+
+    def handle_empty_query(s: ssl.SSLSocket):
+        pktlen = struct.unpack("!I", s.recv(4))[0]
+
+        # Check the startup packet version, then discard the remainder.
+        version = struct.unpack("!HH", s.recv(4))
+        assert version == (3, 0)
+        s.recv(pktlen - 8)
+
+        # Send the required litany of server messages.
+        s.send(struct.pack("!cII", b"R", 8, 0))  # AuthenticationOK
+
+        # ParameterStatus: client_encoding
+        key = b"client_encoding\0"
+        val = b"UTF-8\0"
+        s.send(struct.pack("!cI", b"S", 4 + len(key) + len(val)) + key + val)
+
+        # ParameterStatus: DateStyle
+        key = b"DateStyle\0"
+        val = b"ISO, MDY\0"
+        s.send(struct.pack("!cI", b"S", 4 + len(key) + len(val)) + key + val)
+
+        s.send(struct.pack("!cIII", b"K", 12, 1234, 1234))  # BackendKeyData
+        s.send(struct.pack("!cIc", b"Z", 5, b"I"))  # ReadyForQuery
+
+        # Expect an empty query.
+        pkttype = s.recv(1)
+        assert pkttype == b"Q"
+        pktlen = struct.unpack("!I", s.recv(4))[0]
+        assert s.recv(pktlen - 4) == b"\0"
+
+        # Send an EmptyQueryResponse+ReadyForQuery.
+        s.send(struct.pack("!cI", b"I", 4))
+        s.send(struct.pack("!cIc", b"Z", 5, b"I"))
+
+        # libpq should terminate and close the connection.
+        assert s.recv(1) == b"X"
+        pktlen = struct.unpack("!I", s.recv(4))[0]
+        assert pktlen == 4
+
+        assert not s.recv(1), "client sent unexpected data"
+
+    ssl_server.background_ssl(handle_empty_query)
+
+    conn = libpq.must_connect(
+        **ssl_server.conninfo,
+        sslrootcert=certs.ca.certpath,
+        sslmode="verify-full",
+    )
+    with conn:
+        assert conn.exec("").status() == libpq.PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY
-- 
2.51.1

From dc96eb0721074a522568f5ac608522ea30001b6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Fri, 22 Aug 2025 17:39:40 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v3 04/10] WIP: pytest: Add some server-side SSL tests

In the same vein as the previous commit, this is a server-only test
suite operating against a mock client. The test itself is a heavily
parameterized check for direct-SSL handshake behavior, using a
combination of "standard" and "custom" certificates via the certs
fixture.

installcheck is currently unsupported, but the architecture has some
extension points that should make it possible later. For now, a new
server is always started for the test session.

New session-level fixtures have been added which probably need to
migrate to the `pg` package. Of note:

- datadir points to the server's data directory
- sockdir points to the server's UNIX socket/lock directory
- server_instance actually inits and starts a server via the pg_ctl on
  PATH (and could eventually point at an installcheck target)

Wrapping these session-level fixtures is pg_server[_session], which
provides APIs for configuration changes that unwind themselves at the
end of fixture scopes. There's also an example of nested scopes, via
pg_server_session.subcontext(). Many TODOs remain before we're on par
with Test::Cluster, but this should illustrate my desired architecture
pretty well.

Windows currently uses SCRAM-over-UNIX for the admin account rather than
SSPI-over-TCP. There's some dead Win32 code in pg.current_windows_user,
but I've kept it as an illustration of how a developer might write such
code for SSPI. I'll probably remove it in a future patch version.

TODOs:
- port more server configuration behavior from PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster
- decide again on "session" vs. "module" scope for server fixtures
- improve remaining_timeout() integration with socket operations; at the
  moment, the timeout resets on every call rather than decrementing
---
 src/test/pytest/pg/__init__.py  |   1 +
 src/test/pytest/pg/_win32.py    | 145 +++++++++
 src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py    | 113 +++++++
 src/test/ssl/pyt/test_server.py | 538 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 797 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pg/_win32.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/ssl/pyt/test_server.py

diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pg/__init__.py b/src/test/pytest/pg/__init__.py
index ef8faf54ca4..5dae49b6406 100644
--- a/src/test/pytest/pg/__init__.py
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pg/__init__.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 
 from ._env import has_test_extra, require_test_extra
+from ._win32 import current_windows_user
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pg/_win32.py b/src/test/pytest/pg/_win32.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3fd67b10191
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pg/_win32.py
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+import ctypes
+import platform
+
+
+def current_windows_user():
+    """
+    A port of pg_regress.c's current_windows_user() helper. Returns
+    (accountname, domainname).
+
+    XXX This is dead code now, but I'm keeping it as a motivating example of
+    Win32 interaction, and someone may find it useful in the future when writing
+    SSPI tests?
+    """
+    try:
+        advapi32 = ctypes.windll.advapi32
+        kernel32 = ctypes.windll.kernel32
+    except AttributeError:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            f"current_windows_user() is not supported on {platform.system()}"
+        )
+
+    def raise_winerror_when_false(result, func, arguments):
+        """
+        A ctypes errcheck handler that raises WinError (which will contain the
+        result of GetLastError()) when the function's return value is false.
+        """
+        if not result:
+            raise ctypes.WinError()
+
+    #
+    # Function Prototypes
+    #
+
+    from ctypes import wintypes
+
+    # GetCurrentProcess
+    kernel32.GetCurrentProcess.restype = wintypes.HANDLE
+    kernel32.GetCurrentProcess.argtypes = []
+
+    # OpenProcessToken
+    TOKEN_READ = 0x00020008
+
+    advapi32.OpenProcessToken.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+    advapi32.OpenProcessToken.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        wintypes.DWORD,
+        wintypes.PHANDLE,
+    ]
+    advapi32.OpenProcessToken.errcheck = raise_winerror_when_false
+
+    # GetTokenInformation
+    PSID = wintypes.LPVOID  # we don't need the internals
+    TOKEN_INFORMATION_CLASS = wintypes.INT
+    TokenUser = 1
+
+    class SID_AND_ATTRIBUTES(ctypes.Structure):
+        _fields_ = [
+            ("Sid", PSID),
+            ("Attributes", wintypes.DWORD),
+        ]
+
+    class TOKEN_USER(ctypes.Structure):
+        _fields_ = [
+            ("User", SID_AND_ATTRIBUTES),
+        ]
+
+    advapi32.GetTokenInformation.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+    advapi32.GetTokenInformation.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        TOKEN_INFORMATION_CLASS,
+        wintypes.LPVOID,
+        wintypes.DWORD,
+        wintypes.PDWORD,
+    ]
+    advapi32.GetTokenInformation.errcheck = raise_winerror_when_false
+
+    # LookupAccountSid
+    SID_NAME_USE = wintypes.INT
+    PSID_NAME_USE = ctypes.POINTER(SID_NAME_USE)
+
+    advapi32.LookupAccountSidW.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+    advapi32.LookupAccountSidW.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.LPCWSTR,
+        PSID,
+        wintypes.LPWSTR,
+        wintypes.LPDWORD,
+        wintypes.LPWSTR,
+        wintypes.LPDWORD,
+        PSID_NAME_USE,
+    ]
+    advapi32.LookupAccountSidW.errcheck = raise_winerror_when_false
+
+    #
+    # Implementation (see pg_SSPI_recv_auth())
+    #
+
+    # Get the current process token...
+    token = wintypes.HANDLE()
+    proc = kernel32.GetCurrentProcess()
+    advapi32.OpenProcessToken(proc, TOKEN_READ, token)
+
+    # ...then read the TOKEN_USER struct for that token...
+    info = TOKEN_USER()
+    infolen = wintypes.DWORD()
+
+    try:
+        # (GetTokenInformation creates a buffer bigger than TOKEN_USER, so we
+        # have to query the correct length first.)
+        advapi32.GetTokenInformation(token, TokenUser, None, 0, ctypes.byref(infolen))
+        assert False, "GetTokenInformation succeeded unexpectedly"
+
+    except OSError as err:
+        assert err.winerror == 122  # insufficient buffer
+
+        ctypes.resize(info, infolen.value)
+        advapi32.GetTokenInformation(
+            token,
+            TokenUser,
+            ctypes.byref(info),
+            ctypes.sizeof(info),
+            ctypes.byref(infolen),
+        )
+
+    # ...then pull the account and domain names out of the user SID.
+    MAXPGPATH = 1024
+
+    account = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(MAXPGPATH)
+    domain = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(MAXPGPATH)
+    accountlen = wintypes.DWORD(ctypes.sizeof(account))
+    domainlen = wintypes.DWORD(ctypes.sizeof(domain))
+    use = SID_NAME_USE()
+
+    advapi32.LookupAccountSidW(
+        None,
+        info.User.Sid,
+        account,
+        ctypes.byref(accountlen),
+        domain,
+        ctypes.byref(domainlen),
+        ctypes.byref(use),
+    )
+
+    return (account.value, domain.value)
diff --git a/src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py b/src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py
index fb4db372f03..85d2c994828 100644
--- a/src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py
+++ b/src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 
 import datetime
+import os
+import pathlib
+import platform
+import secrets
+import socket
+import subprocess
 import tempfile
 from collections import namedtuple
 
@@ -127,3 +133,110 @@ def certs(cryptography, tmp_path_factory):
             return f.name
 
     return _Certs()
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def datadir(tmp_path_factory):
+    """
+    Returns the directory name to use as the server data directory. If
+    TESTDATADIR is provided, that will be used; otherwise a new temporary
+    directory is created in the pytest temp root.
+    """
+    d = os.getenv("TESTDATADIR")
+    if d:
+        d = pathlib.Path(d)
+    else:
+        d = tmp_path_factory.mktemp("tmp_check")
+
+    return d
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def sockdir(tmp_path_factory):
+    """
+    Returns the directory name to use as the server's unix_socket_directories
+    setting. Local client connections use this as the PGHOST.
+
+    At the moment, this is always put under the pytest temp root.
+    """
+    return tmp_path_factory.mktemp("sockfiles")
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def winpassword():
+    """The per-session SCRAM password for the server admin on Windows."""
+    return secrets.token_urlsafe(16)
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def server_instance(certs, datadir, sockdir, winpassword):
+    """
+    Starts a running Postgres server listening on localhost. The HBA initially
+    allows only local UNIX connections from the same user.
+
+    TODO: when installcheck is supported, this should optionally point to the
+    currently running server instead.
+    """
+
+    # Lock down the HBA by default; tests can open it back up later.
+    if platform.system() == "Windows":
+        # On Windows, for admin connections, use SCRAM with a generated password
+        # over local sockets. This requires additional work during initdb.
+        method = "scram-sha-256"
+
+        # NamedTemporaryFile doesn't work very nicely on Windows until Python
+        # 3.12, which introduces NamedTemporaryFile(delete_on_close=False).
+        # Until then, specify delete=False and manually unlink after use.
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile("w", delete=False) as pwfile:
+            pwfile.write(winpassword)
+
+        subprocess.check_call(
+            ["initdb", "--auth=scram-sha-256", "--pwfile", pwfile.name, datadir]
+        )
+        os.unlink(pwfile.name)
+
+    else:
+        # For other OSes we can just use peer auth.
+        method = "peer"
+        subprocess.check_call(["pg_ctl", "-D", datadir, "init"])
+
+    with open(datadir / "pg_hba.conf", "w") as f:
+        print(f"# default: local {method} connections only", file=f)
+        print(f"local all all {method}", file=f)
+
+    # Figure out a port to listen on. Attempt to reserve both IPv4 and IPv6
+    # addresses in one go.
+    #
+    # Note: socket.has_dualstack_ipv6/create_server are only in Python 3.8+.
+    if hasattr(socket, "has_dualstack_ipv6") and socket.has_dualstack_ipv6():
+        addr = ("::1", 0)
+        s = socket.create_server(addr, family=socket.AF_INET6, dualstack_ipv6=True)
+
+        hostaddr, port, _, _ = s.getsockname()
+        addrs = [hostaddr, "127.0.0.1"]
+
+    else:
+        addr = ("127.0.0.1", 0)
+
+        s = socket.socket()
+        s.bind(addr)
+
+        hostaddr, port = s.getsockname()
+        addrs = [hostaddr]
+
+    log = os.path.join(datadir, "postgresql.log")
+
+    with s, open(os.path.join(datadir, "postgresql.conf"), "a") as f:
+        print(file=f)
+        print("unix_socket_directories = '{}'".format(sockdir.as_posix()), file=f)
+        print("listen_addresses = '{}'".format(",".join(addrs)), file=f)
+        print("port =", port, file=f)
+        print("log_connections = all", file=f)
+
+    # Between closing of the socket, s, and server start, we're racing against
+    # anything that wants to open up ephemeral ports, so try not to put any new
+    # work here.
+
+    subprocess.check_call(["pg_ctl", "-D", datadir, "-l", log, "start"])
+    yield (hostaddr, port)
+    subprocess.check_call(["pg_ctl", "-D", datadir, "-l", log, "stop"])
diff --git a/src/test/ssl/pyt/test_server.py b/src/test/ssl/pyt/test_server.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2d0be735371
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/ssl/pyt/test_server.py
@@ -0,0 +1,538 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+import contextlib
+import os
+import pathlib
+import platform
+import re
+import shutil
+import socket
+import ssl
+import struct
+import subprocess
+import tempfile
+from collections import namedtuple
+from typing import Dict, List, Union
+
+import pytest
+
+import pg
+
+# This suite opens up local TCP ports and is hidden behind PG_TEST_EXTRA=ssl.
+pytestmark = pg.require_test_extra("ssl")
+
+
+#
+# Test Fixtures
+#
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def connenv(server_instance, sockdir, datadir):
+    """
+    Provides the values for several PG* environment variables needed for our
+    utility programs to connect to the server_instance.
+    """
+    return {
+        "PGHOST": str(sockdir),
+        "PGPORT": str(server_instance[1]),
+        "PGDATABASE": "postgres",
+        "PGDATA": str(datadir),
+    }
+
+
+class FileBackup(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
+    """
+    A context manager which backs up a file's contents, restoring them on exit.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, file: pathlib.Path):
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self._file = file
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
+            prefix=self._file.name, dir=self._file.parent, delete=False
+        ) as f:
+            self._backup = pathlib.Path(f.name)
+
+        shutil.copyfile(self._file, self._backup)
+
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *exc):
+        # Swap the backup and the original file, so that the modified contents
+        # can still be inspected in case of failure.
+        #
+        # TODO: this is less helpful if there are multiple layers, because it's
+        # not clear which backup to look at. Can the backup name be printed as
+        # part of the failed test output? Should we only swap on test failure?
+        tmp = self._backup.parent / (self._backup.name + ".tmp")
+
+        shutil.copyfile(self._file, tmp)
+        shutil.copyfile(self._backup, self._file)
+        shutil.move(tmp, self._backup)
+
+
+class HBA(FileBackup):
+    """
+    Backs up a server's HBA configuration and provides means for temporarily
+    editing it. See also pg_server, which provides an instance of this class and
+    context managers for enforcing the reload/restart order of operations.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, datadir: pathlib.Path):
+        super().__init__(datadir / "pg_hba.conf")
+
+    def prepend(self, *lines: Union[str, List[str]]):
+        """
+        Temporarily prepends lines to the server's pg_hba.conf.
+
+        As sugar for aligning HBA columns in the tests, each line can be either
+        a string or a list of strings. List elements will be joined by single
+        spaces before they are written to file.
+        """
+        with open(self._file, "r") as f:
+            prior_data = f.read()
+
+        with open(self._file, "w") as f:
+            for l in lines:
+                if isinstance(l, list):
+                    print(*l, file=f)
+                else:
+                    print(l, file=f)
+
+            f.write(prior_data)
+
+
+class Config(FileBackup):
+    """
+    Backs up a server's postgresql.conf and provides means for temporarily
+    editing it. See also pg_server, which provides an instance of this class and
+    context managers for enforcing the reload/restart order of operations.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, datadir: pathlib.Path):
+        super().__init__(datadir / "postgresql.conf")
+
+    def set(self, **gucs):
+        """
+        Temporarily appends GUC settings to the server's postgresql.conf.
+        """
+
+        with open(self._file, "a") as f:
+            print(file=f)
+
+            for n, v in gucs.items():
+                v = str(v)
+
+                # TODO: proper quoting
+                v = v.replace("\\", "\\\\")
+                v = v.replace("'", "\\'")
+                v = "'{}'".format(v)
+
+                print(n, "=", v, file=f)
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def pg_server_session(server_instance, connenv, datadir, winpassword):
+    """
+    Provides common routines for configuring and connecting to the
+    server_instance. For example:
+
+        users = pg_server_session.create_users("one", "two")
+        dbs = pg_server_session.create_dbs("default")
+
+        with pg_server_session.reloading() as s:
+            s.hba.prepend(["local", dbs["default"], users["two"], "peer"])
+
+        conn = connect_somehow(**pg_server_session.conninfo)
+        ...
+
+    Attributes of note are
+    - .conninfo: provides TCP connection info for the server
+
+    This fixture unwinds its configuration changes at the end of the pytest
+    session. For more granular changes, pg_server_session.subcontext() splits
+    off a "nested" context to allow smaller scopes.
+    """
+
+    class _Server(contextlib.ExitStack):
+        conninfo = dict(
+            hostaddr=server_instance[0],
+            port=server_instance[1],
+        )
+
+        # for _backup_configuration()
+        _Backup = namedtuple("Backup", "conf, hba")
+
+        def subcontext(self):
+            """
+            Creates a new server stack instance that can be tied to a smaller
+            scope than "session".
+            """
+            # So far, there doesn't seem to be a need to link the two objects,
+            # since HBA/Config/FileBackup operate directly on the filesystem and
+            # will appear to "nest" naturally.
+            return self.__class__()
+
+        def create_users(self, *userkeys: str) -> Dict[str, str]:
+            """
+            Creates new users which will be dropped at the end of the server
+            context.
+
+            For each provided key, a related user name will be selected and
+            stored in a map. This map is returned to let calling code look up
+            the selected usernames (instead of hardcoding them and potentially
+            stomping on an existing installation).
+            """
+            usermap = {}
+
+            for u in userkeys:
+                # TODO: use a uniquifier to support installcheck
+                name = u + "user"
+                usermap[u] = name
+
+                # TODO: proper escaping
+                self.psql("-c", "CREATE USER " + name)
+                self.callback(self.psql, "-c", "DROP USER " + name)
+
+            return usermap
+
+        def create_dbs(self, *dbkeys: str) -> Dict[str, str]:
+            """
+            Creates new databases which will be dropped at the end of the server
+            context. See create_users() for the meaning of the keys and returned
+            map.
+            """
+            dbmap = {}
+
+            for d in dbkeys:
+                # TODO: use a uniquifier to support installcheck
+                name = d + "db"
+                dbmap[d] = name
+
+                # TODO: proper escaping
+                self.psql("-c", "CREATE DATABASE " + name)
+                self.callback(self.psql, "-c", "DROP DATABASE " + name)
+
+            return dbmap
+
+        @contextlib.contextmanager
+        def reloading(self):
+            """
+            Provides a context manager for making configuration changes.
+
+            If the context suite finishes successfully, the configuration will
+            be reloaded via pg_ctl. On teardown, the configuration changes will
+            be unwound, and the server will be signaled to reload again.
+
+            The context target contains the following attributes which can be
+            used to configure the server:
+            - .conf: modifies postgresql.conf
+            - .hba: modifies pg_hba.conf
+
+            For example:
+
+                with pg_server_session.reloading() as s:
+                    s.conf.set(log_connections="on")
+                    s.hba.prepend("local all all trust")
+            """
+            try:
+                # Push a reload onto the stack before making any other
+                # unwindable changes. That way the order of operations will be
+                #
+                #  # test
+                #   - config change 1
+                #   - config change 2
+                #   - reload
+                #  # teardown
+                #   - undo config change 2
+                #   - undo config change 1
+                #   - reload
+                #
+                self.callback(self.pg_ctl, "reload")
+                yield self._backup_configuration()
+            except:
+                # We only want to reload at the end of the suite if there were
+                # no errors. During exceptions, the pushed callback handles
+                # things instead, so there's nothing to do here.
+                raise
+            else:
+                # Suite completed successfully.
+                self.pg_ctl("reload")
+
+        @contextlib.contextmanager
+        def restarting(self):
+            """Like .reloading(), but with a full server restart."""
+            try:
+                self.callback(self.pg_ctl, "restart")
+                yield self._backup_configuration()
+            except:
+                raise
+            else:
+                self.pg_ctl("restart")
+
+        def psql(self, *args):
+            """
+            Runs psql with the given arguments. Password prompts are always
+            disabled. On Windows, the admin password will be included in the
+            environment.
+            """
+            if platform.system() == "Windows":
+                pw = dict(PGPASSWORD=winpassword)
+            else:
+                pw = None
+
+            self._run("psql", "-w", *args, addenv=pw)
+
+        def pg_ctl(self, *args):
+            """
+            Runs pg_ctl with the given arguments. Log output will be placed in
+            postgresql.log in the server's data directory.
+
+            TODO: put the log in TESTLOGDIR
+            """
+            self._run("pg_ctl", "-l", str(datadir / "postgresql.log"), *args)
+
+        def _run(self, cmd, *args, addenv: dict = None):
+            # Override the existing environment with the connenv values and
+            # anything the caller wanted to add. (Python 3.9 gives us the
+            # less-ugly `os.environ | connenv` merge operator.)
+            subenv = dict(os.environ, **connenv)
+            if addenv:
+                subenv.update(addenv)
+
+            subprocess.check_call([cmd, *args], env=subenv)
+
+        def _backup_configuration(self):
+            # Wrap the existing HBA and configuration with FileBackups.
+            return self._Backup(
+                hba=self.enter_context(HBA(datadir)),
+                conf=self.enter_context(Config(datadir)),
+            )
+
+    with _Server() as s:
+        yield s
+
+
[email-masked](scope="module", autouse=True)
+def ssl_setup(pg_server_session, certs, datadir):
+    """
+    Sets up required server settings for all tests in this module. The fixture
+    variable is a tuple (users, dbs) containing the user and database names that
+    have been chosen for the test session.
+    """
+    try:
+        with pg_server_session.restarting() as s:
+            s.conf.set(
+                ssl="on",
+                ssl_ca_file=certs.ca.certpath,
+                ssl_cert_file=certs.server.certpath,
+                ssl_key_file=certs.server.keypath,
+            )
+
+            # Reject by default.
+            s.hba.prepend("hostssl all all all reject")
+
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+        # This is a decent place to skip if the server isn't set up for SSL.
+        logpath = datadir / "postgresql.log"
+        unsupported = re.compile("SSL is not supported")
+
+        with open(logpath, "r") as log:
+            for line in log:
+                if unsupported.search(line):
+                    pytest.skip("the server does not support SSL")
+
+        # Some other error happened.
+        raise
+
+    users = pg_server_session.create_users(
+        "ssl",
+    )
+
+    dbs = pg_server_session.create_dbs(
+        "ssl",
+    )
+
+    return (users, dbs)
+
+
[email-masked](scope="module")
+def client_cert(ssl_setup, certs):
+    """
+    Creates a Cert for the "ssl" user.
+    """
+    from cryptography import x509
+    from cryptography.x509.oid import NameOID
+
+    users, _ = ssl_setup
+    user = users["ssl"]
+
+    return certs.new(x509.Name([x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, user)]))
+
+
[email-masked]
+def pg_server(pg_server_session):
+    """
+    A per-test instance of pg_server_session. Use this fixture to make changes
+    to the server which will be rolled back at the end of every test.
+    """
+    with pg_server_session.subcontext() as s:
+        yield s
+
+
+#
+# Tests
+#
+
+
+# For use with the `creds` parameter below.
+CLIENT = "client"
+SERVER = "server"
+
+
[email-masked](
+    # fmt: off
+    "auth_method,                    creds,  expected_error",
+[
+    # Trust allows anything.
+    ("trust",                        None,   None),
+    ("trust",                        CLIENT, None),
+    ("trust",                        SERVER, None),
+
+    # verify-ca allows any CA-signed certificate.
+    ("trust clientcert=verify-ca",   None,   "requires a valid client certificate"),
+    ("trust clientcert=verify-ca",   CLIENT, None),
+    ("trust clientcert=verify-ca",   SERVER, None),
+
+    # cert and verify-full allow only the correct certificate.
+    ("trust clientcert=verify-full", None,   "requires a valid client certificate"),
+    ("trust clientcert=verify-full", CLIENT, None),
+    ("trust clientcert=verify-full", SERVER, "authentication failed for user"),
+    ("cert",                         None,   "requires a valid client certificate"),
+    ("cert",                         CLIENT, None),
+    ("cert",                         SERVER, "authentication failed for user"),
+],
+    # fmt: on
+)
+def test_direct_ssl_certificate_authentication(
+    pg_server,
+    ssl_setup,
+    certs,
+    client_cert,
+    remaining_timeout,
+    # test parameters
+    auth_method,
+    creds,
+    expected_error,
+):
+    """
+    Tests direct SSL connections with various client-certificate/HBA
+    combinations.
+    """
+
+    # Set up the HBA as desired by the test.
+    users, dbs = ssl_setup
+
+    user = users["ssl"]
+    db = dbs["ssl"]
+
+    with pg_server.reloading() as s:
+        s.hba.prepend(
+            ["hostssl", db, user, "127.0.0.1/32", auth_method],
+            ["hostssl", db, user, "::1/128", auth_method],
+        )
+
+    # Configure the SSL settings for the client.
+    ctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
+    ctx.load_verify_locations(cafile=certs.ca.certpath)
+    ctx.set_alpn_protocols(["postgresql"])  # for direct SSL
+
+    # Load up a client certificate if required by the test.
+    if creds == CLIENT:
+        ctx.load_cert_chain(client_cert.certpath, client_cert.keypath)
+    elif creds == SERVER:
+        # Using a server certificate as the client credential is expected to
+        # work only for clientcert=verify-ca (and `trust`, naturally).
+        ctx.load_cert_chain(certs.server.certpath, certs.server.keypath)
+
+    # Make a direct SSL connection. There's no SSLRequest in the handshake; we
+    # simply wrap a TCP connection with OpenSSL.
+    addr = (pg_server.conninfo["hostaddr"], pg_server.conninfo["port"])
+    with socket.create_connection(addr) as s:
+        s.settimeout(remaining_timeout())  # XXX this resets every operation
+
+        with ctx.wrap_socket(s, server_hostname=certs.server_host) as conn:
+            # Build and send the startup packet.
+            startup_options = dict(
+                user=user,
+                database=db,
+                application_name="pytest",
+            )
+
+            payload = b""
+            for k, v in startup_options.items():
+                payload += k.encode() + b"\0"
+                payload += str(v).encode() + b"\0"
+            payload += b"\0"  # null terminator
+
+            pktlen = 4 + 4 + len(payload)
+            conn.send(struct.pack("!IHH", pktlen, 3, 0) + payload)
+
+            if not expected_error:
+                # Expect an AuthenticationOK to come back.
+                pkttype, pktlen = struct.unpack("!cI", conn.recv(5))
+                assert pkttype == b"R"
+                assert pktlen == 8
+
+                authn_result = struct.unpack("!I", conn.recv(4))[0]
+                assert authn_result == 0
+
+                # Read and discard to ReadyForQuery.
+                while True:
+                    pkttype, pktlen = struct.unpack("!cI", conn.recv(5))
+                    payload = conn.recv(pktlen - 4)
+
+                    if pkttype == b"Z":
+                        assert payload == b"I"
+                        break
+
+                # Send an empty query.
+                conn.send(struct.pack("!cI", b"Q", 5) + b"\0")
+
+                # Expect EmptyQueryResponse+ReadyForQuery.
+                pkttype, pktlen = struct.unpack("!cI", conn.recv(5))
+                assert pkttype == b"I"
+                assert pktlen == 4
+
+                pkttype, pktlen = struct.unpack("!cI", conn.recv(5))
+                assert pkttype == b"Z"
+
+                payload = conn.recv(pktlen - 4)
+                assert payload == b"I"
+
+            else:
+                # Match the expected authentication error.
+                pkttype, pktlen = struct.unpack("!cI", conn.recv(5))
+                assert pkttype == b"E"
+
+                payload = conn.recv(pktlen - 4)
+                msg = None
+
+                for component in payload.split(b"\0"):
+                    if not component:
+                        break  # end of message
+
+                    key, val = component[:1], component[1:]
+                    if key == b"S":
+                        assert val == b"FATAL"
+                    elif key == b"M":
+                        msg = val.decode()
+
+                assert re.search(expected_error, msg), "server error did not match"
+
+            # Terminate.
+            conn.send(struct.pack("!cI", b"X", 4))
-- 
2.51.1

From 09b5c7d9d04966b842ac19f66aac9e2dd7097b3e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 2 Sep 2025 15:37:53 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v3 05/10] ci: Add MTEST_SUITES for optional test tailoring

Should make it easier to control the test cycle time for Cirrus. Add the
desired suites (remembering `--suite setup`!) to the top-level envvar.
---
 .cirrus.tasks.yml | 15 ++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.cirrus.tasks.yml b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
index 4e744f1c105..706a809f641 100644
--- a/.cirrus.tasks.yml
+++ b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ env:
   # errors/warnings in one place.
   MBUILD_TARGET: all testprep
   MTEST_ARGS: --print-errorlogs --no-rebuild -C build
+  MTEST_SUITES: # --suite setup --suite ssl --suite ...
   PGCTLTIMEOUT: 120 # avoids spurious failures during parallel tests
   TEMP_CONFIG: ${CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR}/src/tools/ci/pg_ci_base.conf
   PG_TEST_EXTRA: kerberos ldap ssl libpq_encryption load_balance oauth
@@ -247,7 +248,7 @@ task:
   test_world_script: |
     su postgres <<-EOF
       ulimit -c unlimited
-      meson test $MTEST_ARGS --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS}
+      meson test $MTEST_ARGS --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS} ${MTEST_SUITES}
     EOF
 
   # test runningcheck, freebsd chosen because it's currently fast enough
@@ -391,7 +392,7 @@ task:
       # Otherwise tests will fail on OpenBSD, due to inability to start enough
       # processes.
       ulimit -p 256
-      meson test $MTEST_ARGS --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS}
+      meson test $MTEST_ARGS --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS} ${MTEST_SUITES}
     EOF
 
   on_failure:
@@ -605,7 +606,7 @@ task:
       test_world_script: |
         su postgres <<-EOF
           ulimit -c unlimited
-          meson test $MTEST_ARGS --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS}
+          meson test $MTEST_ARGS --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS} ${MTEST_SUITES}
         EOF
         # so that we don't upload 64bit logs if 32bit fails
         rm -rf build/
@@ -617,7 +618,7 @@ task:
       test_world_32_script: |
         su postgres <<-EOF
           ulimit -c unlimited
-          PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE=0 LANG=C meson test $MTEST_ARGS -C build-32 --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS}
+          PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE=0 LANG=C meson test $MTEST_ARGS -C build-32 --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS} ${MTEST_SUITES}
         EOF
 
       on_failure:
@@ -743,7 +744,7 @@ task:
   test_world_script: |
     ulimit -c unlimited # default is 0
     ulimit -n 1024 # default is 256, pretty low
-    meson test $MTEST_ARGS --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS}
+    meson test $MTEST_ARGS --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS} ${MTEST_SUITES}
 
   on_failure:
     <<: *on_failure_meson
@@ -826,7 +827,7 @@ task:
 
   check_world_script: |
     vcvarsall x64
-    meson test %MTEST_ARGS% --num-processes %TEST_JOBS%
+    meson test %MTEST_ARGS% --num-processes %TEST_JOBS% %MTEST_SUITES%
 
   on_failure:
     <<: *on_failure_meson
@@ -887,7 +888,7 @@ task:
   upload_caches: ccache
 
   test_world_script: |
-    %BASH% -c "meson test %MTEST_ARGS% --num-processes %TEST_JOBS%"
+    %BASH% -c "meson test %MTEST_ARGS% --num-processes %TEST_JOBS% %MTEST_SUITES%"
 
   on_failure:
     <<: *on_failure_meson
-- 
2.51.1

From 6912ea5437feedeb9ca65e312d1726c23671ad54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 2 Sep 2025 15:38:52 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v3 06/10] XXX run pytest and ssl suite, all OSes

---
 .cirrus.star      | 2 +-
 .cirrus.tasks.yml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.cirrus.star b/.cirrus.star
index e9bb672b959..7c1caaa12f1 100644
--- a/.cirrus.star
+++ b/.cirrus.star
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def compute_environment_vars():
     # REPO_CI_AUTOMATIC_TRIGGER_TASKS="task_name other_task" under "Repository
     # Settings" on Cirrus CI's website.
 
-    default_manual_trigger_tasks = ['mingw', 'netbsd', 'openbsd']
+    default_manual_trigger_tasks = []
 
     repo_ci_automatic_trigger_tasks = env.get('REPO_CI_AUTOMATIC_TRIGGER_TASKS', '')
     for task in default_manual_trigger_tasks:
diff --git a/.cirrus.tasks.yml b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
index 706a809f641..ddb5305dc81 100644
--- a/.cirrus.tasks.yml
+++ b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ env:
   # errors/warnings in one place.
   MBUILD_TARGET: all testprep
   MTEST_ARGS: --print-errorlogs --no-rebuild -C build
-  MTEST_SUITES: # --suite setup --suite ssl --suite ...
+  MTEST_SUITES: --suite setup --suite pytest --suite ssl
   PGCTLTIMEOUT: 120 # avoids spurious failures during parallel tests
   TEMP_CONFIG: ${CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR}/src/tools/ci/pg_ci_base.conf
   PG_TEST_EXTRA: kerberos ldap ssl libpq_encryption load_balance oauth
-- 
2.51.1

From 220c4db5e6bd5996da4b31abe35a43fc61abb71d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
Date: Sun, 19 Oct 2025 23:01:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH v3 07/10] Refactor and improve pytest infrastructure

This change does a lot of refactoring and adding new features to the
pytest based test infrastructure.

The primary features it adds are:
- A `sql` method on `PGconn`: It takes a query and returns the results
  as native python types.
- A `conn` fixture: Which is a libpq based connection to the default
  Postgres server.
- Use the `pg_config` binary to find the libdir and bindir (can be
  overridden by setting PG_CONFIG). Otherwise I had to use
  LD_LIBRARY_PATH when running pytest manually.

The refactoring it does:
- Rename `pg_server` fixture to `pg` since it'll likely be one of the
  most commonly used ones.
- Rename `pg` module to `pypg` to avoid naming conflict/shadowing
  problems with the newly renamed `pg` fixture
- Move class definitions outside of fixtures to separate modules (either
  in the `pypg` module or the new `libpq` module)
- Move all "general" fixtures to the `pypg.fixtures` module, instead of
  having them be defined in the ssl module.
---
 src/test/pytest/libpq.py                  | 409 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/test/pytest/pg/fixtures.py            | 212 -----------
 src/test/pytest/plugins/pgtap.py          |   1 -
 src/test/pytest/{pg => pypg}/__init__.py  |   0
 src/test/pytest/{pg => pypg}/_env.py      |   1 -
 src/test/pytest/{pg => pypg}/_win32.py    |   0
 src/test/pytest/pypg/fixtures.py          | 175 +++++++++
 src/test/pytest/pypg/server.py            | 387 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/test/pytest/pypg/util.py              |  42 +++
 src/test/pytest/pyt/conftest.py           |   3 +-
 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py         |  23 +-
 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_query_helpers.py | 286 +++++++++++++++
 src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py              | 136 ++-----
 src/test/ssl/pyt/test_client.py           |  26 +-
 src/test/ssl/pyt/test_server.py           | 380 +-------------------
 15 files changed, 1370 insertions(+), 711 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/libpq.py
 delete mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pg/fixtures.py
 rename src/test/pytest/{pg => pypg}/__init__.py (100%)
 rename src/test/pytest/{pg => pypg}/_env.py (97%)
 rename src/test/pytest/{pg => pypg}/_win32.py (100%)
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pypg/fixtures.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pypg/server.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pypg/util.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_query_helpers.py

diff --git a/src/test/pytest/libpq.py b/src/test/pytest/libpq.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b851a117b66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/libpq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+"""
+libpq testing utilities - ctypes bindings and helpers for PostgreSQL's libpq library.
+
+This module provides Python wrappers around libpq for use in pytest tests.
+"""
+
+import contextlib
+import ctypes
+import datetime
+import decimal
+import enum
+import json
+import platform
+import os
+import uuid
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict
+
+
+class LibpqError(RuntimeError):
+    """
+    Exception class for application-level errors that are encountered during libpq operations.
+    """
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ConnectionStatus(enum.IntEnum):
+    """PostgreSQL connection status codes from libpq."""
+
+    CONNECTION_OK = 0
+    CONNECTION_BAD = 1
+
+
+class ExecStatus(enum.IntEnum):
+    """PostgreSQL result status codes from PQresultStatus."""
+
+    PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY = 0
+    PGRES_COMMAND_OK = 1
+    PGRES_TUPLES_OK = 2
+    PGRES_COPY_OUT = 3
+    PGRES_COPY_IN = 4
+    PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE = 5
+    PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR = 6
+    PGRES_FATAL_ERROR = 7
+    PGRES_COPY_BOTH = 8
+    PGRES_SINGLE_TUPLE = 9
+    PGRES_PIPELINE_SYNC = 10
+    PGRES_PIPELINE_ABORTED = 11
+
+
+class _PGconn(ctypes.Structure):
+    pass
+
+
+class _PGresult(ctypes.Structure):
+    pass
+
+
+_PGconn_p = ctypes.POINTER(_PGconn)
+_PGresult_p = ctypes.POINTER(_PGresult)
+
+
+def load_libpq_handle(libdir):
+    """
+    Loads a ctypes handle for libpq. Some common function prototypes are
+    initialized for general use.
+    """
+    system = platform.system()
+
+    if system in ("Linux", "FreeBSD", "NetBSD", "OpenBSD"):
+        name = "libpq.so.5"
+    elif system == "Darwin":
+        name = "libpq.5.dylib"
+    elif system == "Windows":
+        name = "libpq.dll"
+    else:
+        assert False, f"the libpq fixture must be updated for {system}"
+
+    libpq_path = os.path.join(libdir, name)
+
+    # XXX ctypes.CDLL() is a little stricter with load paths on Windows. The
+    # preferred way around that is to know the absolute path to libpq.dll, but
+    # that doesn't seem to mesh well with the current test infrastructure. For
+    # now, enable "standard" LoadLibrary behavior.
+    loadopts = {}
+    if system == "Windows":
+        loadopts["winmode"] = 0
+
+    lib = ctypes.CDLL(libpq_path, **loadopts)
+
+    #
+    # Function Prototypes
+    #
+
+    lib.PQconnectdb.restype = _PGconn_p
+    lib.PQconnectdb.argtypes = [ctypes.c_char_p]
+
+    lib.PQstatus.restype = ctypes.c_int
+    lib.PQstatus.argtypes = [_PGconn_p]
+
+    lib.PQexec.restype = _PGresult_p
+    lib.PQexec.argtypes = [_PGconn_p, ctypes.c_char_p]
+
+    lib.PQresultStatus.restype = ctypes.c_int
+    lib.PQresultStatus.argtypes = [_PGresult_p]
+
+    lib.PQclear.restype = None
+    lib.PQclear.argtypes = [_PGresult_p]
+
+    lib.PQerrorMessage.restype = ctypes.c_char_p
+    lib.PQerrorMessage.argtypes = [_PGconn_p]
+
+    lib.PQfinish.restype = None
+    lib.PQfinish.argtypes = [_PGconn_p]
+
+    lib.PQresultErrorMessage.restype = ctypes.c_char_p
+    lib.PQresultErrorMessage.argtypes = [_PGresult_p]
+
+    lib.PQntuples.restype = ctypes.c_int
+    lib.PQntuples.argtypes = [_PGresult_p]
+
+    lib.PQnfields.restype = ctypes.c_int
+    lib.PQnfields.argtypes = [_PGresult_p]
+
+    lib.PQgetvalue.restype = ctypes.c_char_p
+    lib.PQgetvalue.argtypes = [_PGresult_p, ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int]
+
+    lib.PQgetisnull.restype = ctypes.c_int
+    lib.PQgetisnull.argtypes = [_PGresult_p, ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int]
+
+    lib.PQftype.restype = ctypes.c_uint
+    lib.PQftype.argtypes = [_PGresult_p, ctypes.c_int]
+
+    return lib
+
+
+# PostgreSQL type OIDs and conversion system
+# Type registry - maps OID to converter function
+_type_converters: Dict[int, Callable[[str], Any]] = {}
+_array_to_elem_map: Dict[int, int] = {}
+
+
+def register_type_info(
+    name: str, oid: int, array_oid: int, converter: Callable[[str], Any]
+):
+    """
+    Register a PostgreSQL type with its OID, array OID, and conversion function.
+
+    Usage:
+        register_type_info("bool", 16, 1000, lambda v: v == "t")
+    """
+    _type_converters[oid] = converter
+    if array_oid is not None:
+        _array_to_elem_map[array_oid] = oid
+
+
+# Helper converters
+def _parse_array(value: str, elem_oid: int) -> list:
+    """Parse PostgreSQL array syntax: {elem1,elem2,elem3}"""
+    if not (value.startswith("{") and value.endswith("}")):
+        return value
+
+    inner = value[1:-1]
+    if not inner:
+        return []
+
+    elements = inner.split(",")
+    result = []
+    for elem in elements:
+        elem = elem.strip()
+        if elem == "NULL":
+            result.append(None)
+        else:
+            # Remove quotes if present
+            if elem.startswith('"') and elem.endswith('"'):
+                elem = elem[1:-1]
+            result.append(_convert_pg_value(elem, elem_oid))
+
+    return result
+
+
+# Register standard PostgreSQL types that we'll likely encounter in tests
+register_type_info("bool", 16, 1000, lambda v: v == "t")
+register_type_info("int2", 21, 1005, int)
+register_type_info("int4", 23, 1007, int)
+register_type_info("int8", 20, 1016, int)
+register_type_info("float4", 700, 1021, float)
+register_type_info("float8", 701, 1022, float)
+register_type_info("numeric", 1700, 1231, decimal.Decimal)
+register_type_info("text", 25, 1009, str)
+register_type_info("varchar", 1043, 1015, str)
+register_type_info("date", 1082, 1182, datetime.date.fromisoformat)
+register_type_info("time", 1083, 1183, datetime.time.fromisoformat)
+register_type_info("timestamp", 1114, 1115, datetime.datetime.fromisoformat)
+register_type_info("timestamptz", 1184, 1185, datetime.datetime.fromisoformat)
+register_type_info("uuid", 2950, 2951, uuid.UUID)
+register_type_info("json", 114, 199, json.loads)
+register_type_info("jsonb", 3802, 3807, json.loads)
+
+
+def _convert_pg_value(value: str, type_oid: int) -> Any:
+    """
+    Convert PostgreSQL string value to appropriate Python type based on OID.
+    Uses the registered type converters from register_type_info().
+    """
+    # Check if it's an array type
+    if type_oid in _array_to_elem_map:
+        elem_oid = _array_to_elem_map[type_oid]
+        return _parse_array(value, elem_oid)
+
+    # Use registered converter if available
+    converter = _type_converters.get(type_oid)
+    if converter:
+        return converter(value)
+
+    # Unknown types - return as string
+    return value
+
+
+def simplify_query_results(results) -> Any:
+    """
+    Simplify the results of a query so that the caller doesn't have to unpack
+    lists and tuples of length 1.
+    """
+    if len(results) == 1:
+        row = results[0]
+        if len(row) == 1:
+            # If there's only a single cell, just return the value
+            return row[0]
+        # If there's only a single row, just return that row
+        return row
+
+    if len(results) != 0 and len(results[0]) == 1:
+        # If there's only a single column, return an array of values
+        return [row[0] for row in results]
+
+    # if there are multiple rows and columns, return the results as is
+    return results
+
+
+class PGresult(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
+    """Wraps a raw _PGresult_p with a more friendly interface."""
+
+    def __init__(self, lib: ctypes.CDLL, res: _PGresult_p):
+        self._lib = lib
+        self._res = res
+
+    def __exit__(self, *exc):
+        self._lib.PQclear(self._res)
+        self._res = None
+
+    def status(self) -> ExecStatus:
+        return ExecStatus(self._lib.PQresultStatus(self._res))
+
+    def error_message(self):
+        """Returns the error message associated with this result."""
+        msg = self._lib.PQresultErrorMessage(self._res)
+        return msg.decode() if msg else ""
+
+    def fetch_all(self):
+        """
+        Fetch all rows and convert to Python types.
+        Returns a list of tuples, with values converted based on their PostgreSQL type.
+        """
+        nrows = self._lib.PQntuples(self._res)
+        ncols = self._lib.PQnfields(self._res)
+
+        # Get type OIDs for each column
+        type_oids = [self._lib.PQftype(self._res, col) for col in range(ncols)]
+
+        results = []
+        for row in range(nrows):
+            row_data = []
+            for col in range(ncols):
+                if self._lib.PQgetisnull(self._res, row, col):
+                    row_data.append(None)
+                else:
+                    value = self._lib.PQgetvalue(self._res, row, col).decode()
+                    row_data.append(_convert_pg_value(value, type_oids[col]))
+            results.append(tuple(row_data))
+
+        return results
+
+
+class PGconn(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
+    """
+    Wraps a raw _PGconn_p with a more friendly interface. This is just a
+    stub; it's expected to grow.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        lib: ctypes.CDLL,
+        handle: _PGconn_p,
+        stack: contextlib.ExitStack,
+    ):
+        self._lib = lib
+        self._handle = handle
+        self._stack = stack
+
+    def __exit__(self, *exc):
+        self._lib.PQfinish(self._handle)
+        self._handle = None
+
+    def exec(self, query: str):
+        """
+        Executes a query via PQexec() and returns a PGresult.
+        """
+        res = self._lib.PQexec(self._handle, query.encode())
+        return self._stack.enter_context(PGresult(self._lib, res))
+
+    def sql(self, query: str):
+        """
+        Executes a query and raises an exception if it fails.
+        Returns the query results with automatic type conversion and simplification.
+        For commands that don't return data (INSERT, UPDATE, etc.), returns None.
+
+        Examples:
+        - SELECT 1 -> 1
+        - SELECT 1, 2 -> (1, 2)
+        - SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 3) -> [1, 2, 3]
+        - SELECT * FROM (VALUES (1, 'a'), (2, 'b')) t -> [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b')]
+        - CREATE TABLE ... -> None
+        - INSERT INTO ... -> None
+        """
+        res = self.exec(query)
+        status = res.status()
+
+        if status == ExecStatus.PGRES_FATAL_ERROR:
+            error_msg = res.error_message()
+            raise LibpqError(f"Query failed: {error_msg}\nQuery: {query}")
+        elif status == ExecStatus.PGRES_COMMAND_OK:
+            return None
+        elif status == ExecStatus.PGRES_TUPLES_OK:
+            results = res.fetch_all()
+            return simplify_query_results(results)
+        else:
+            error_msg = res.error_message() or f"Unexpected status: {status}"
+            raise LibpqError(f"Query failed: {error_msg}\nQuery: {query}")
+
+
+def connstr(opts: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+    """
+    Flattens the provided options into a libpq connection string. Values
+    are converted to str and quoted/escaped as necessary.
+    """
+    settings = []
+
+    for k, v in opts.items():
+        v = str(v)
+        if not v:
+            v = "''"
+        else:
+            v = v.replace("\\", "\\\\")
+            v = v.replace("'", "\\'")
+
+            if " " in v:
+                v = f"'{v}'"
+
+        settings.append(f"{k}={v}")
+
+    return " ".join(settings)
+
+
+def connect(
+    libpq_handle: ctypes.CDLL,
+    stack: contextlib.ExitStack,
+    remaining_timeout_fn: Callable[[], float],
+    **opts,
+) -> PGconn:
+    """
+    Connects to a server, using the given connection options, and
+    returns a PGconn object wrapping the connection handle. A
+    failure will raise LibpqError.
+
+    Connections honor PG_TEST_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT unless connect_timeout is
+    explicitly overridden in opts.
+
+    Args:
+        libpq_handle: ctypes.CDLL handle to libpq library
+        stack: ExitStack for managing connection cleanup
+        remaining_timeout_fn: Function that returns remaining timeout in seconds
+        **opts: Connection options (host, port, dbname, etc.)
+
+    Returns:
+        PGconn: Connected database connection
+
+    Raises:
+        LibpqError: If connection fails
+    """
+
+    if "connect_timeout" not in opts:
+        t = int(remaining_timeout_fn())
+        opts["connect_timeout"] = max(t, 1)
+
+    conn_p = libpq_handle.PQconnectdb(connstr(opts).encode())
+
+    # Check connection status before adding to stack
+    if libpq_handle.PQstatus(conn_p) != ConnectionStatus.CONNECTION_OK:
+        error_msg = libpq_handle.PQerrorMessage(conn_p).decode()
+        # Manually close the failed connection
+        libpq_handle.PQfinish(conn_p)
+        raise LibpqError(error_msg)
+
+    # Connection succeeded - add to stack for cleanup
+    conn = stack.enter_context(PGconn(libpq_handle, conn_p, stack=stack))
+    return conn
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pg/fixtures.py b/src/test/pytest/pg/fixtures.py
deleted file mode 100644
index b5d3bff69a8..00000000000
--- a/src/test/pytest/pg/fixtures.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,212 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
-
-import contextlib
-import ctypes
-import platform
-import time
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict
-
-import pytest
-
-from ._env import test_timeout_default
-
-
[email-masked]
-def remaining_timeout():
-    """
-    This fixture provides a function that returns how much of the
-    PG_TEST_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT remains for the current test, in fractional seconds.
-    This value is never less than zero.
-
-    This fixture is per-test, so the deadline is also reset on a per-test basis.
-    """
-    now = time.monotonic()
-    deadline = now + test_timeout_default()
-
-    return lambda: max(deadline - time.monotonic(), 0)
-
-
-class _PGconn(ctypes.Structure):
-    pass
-
-
-class _PGresult(ctypes.Structure):
-    pass
-
-
-_PGconn_p = ctypes.POINTER(_PGconn)
-_PGresult_p = ctypes.POINTER(_PGresult)
-
-
[email-masked](scope="session")
-def libpq_handle():
-    """
-    Loads a ctypes handle for libpq. Some common function prototypes are
-    initialized for general use.
-    """
-    system = platform.system()
-
-    if system in ("Linux", "FreeBSD", "NetBSD", "OpenBSD"):
-        name = "libpq.so.5"
-    elif system == "Darwin":
-        name = "libpq.5.dylib"
-    elif system == "Windows":
-        name = "libpq.dll"
-    else:
-        assert False, f"the libpq fixture must be updated for {system}"
-
-    # XXX ctypes.CDLL() is a little stricter with load paths on Windows. The
-    # preferred way around that is to know the absolute path to libpq.dll, but
-    # that doesn't seem to mesh well with the current test infrastructure. For
-    # now, enable "standard" LoadLibrary behavior.
-    loadopts = {}
-    if system == "Windows":
-        loadopts["winmode"] = 0
-
-    lib = ctypes.CDLL(name, **loadopts)
-
-    #
-    # Function Prototypes
-    #
-
-    lib.PQconnectdb.restype = _PGconn_p
-    lib.PQconnectdb.argtypes = [ctypes.c_char_p]
-
-    lib.PQstatus.restype = ctypes.c_int
-    lib.PQstatus.argtypes = [_PGconn_p]
-
-    lib.PQexec.restype = _PGresult_p
-    lib.PQexec.argtypes = [_PGconn_p, ctypes.c_char_p]
-
-    lib.PQresultStatus.restype = ctypes.c_int
-    lib.PQresultStatus.argtypes = [_PGresult_p]
-
-    lib.PQclear.restype = None
-    lib.PQclear.argtypes = [_PGresult_p]
-
-    lib.PQerrorMessage.restype = ctypes.c_char_p
-    lib.PQerrorMessage.argtypes = [_PGconn_p]
-
-    lib.PQfinish.restype = None
-    lib.PQfinish.argtypes = [_PGconn_p]
-
-    return lib
-
-
-class PGresult(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
-    """Wraps a raw _PGresult_p with a more friendly interface."""
-
-    def __init__(self, lib: ctypes.CDLL, res: _PGresult_p):
-        self._lib = lib
-        self._res = res
-
-    def __exit__(self, *exc):
-        self._lib.PQclear(self._res)
-        self._res = None
-
-    def status(self):
-        return self._lib.PQresultStatus(self._res)
-
-
-class PGconn(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
-    """
-    Wraps a raw _PGconn_p with a more friendly interface. This is just a
-    stub; it's expected to grow.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        lib: ctypes.CDLL,
-        handle: _PGconn_p,
-        stack: contextlib.ExitStack,
-    ):
-        self._lib = lib
-        self._handle = handle
-        self._stack = stack
-
-    def __exit__(self, *exc):
-        self._lib.PQfinish(self._handle)
-        self._handle = None
-
-    def exec(self, query: str) -> PGresult:
-        """
-        Executes a query via PQexec() and returns a PGresult.
-        """
-        res = self._lib.PQexec(self._handle, query.encode())
-        return self._stack.enter_context(PGresult(self._lib, res))
-
-
[email-masked]
-def libpq(libpq_handle, remaining_timeout):
-    """
-    Provides a ctypes-based API wrapped around libpq.so. This fixture keeps
-    track of allocated resources and cleans them up during teardown. See
-    _Libpq's public API for details.
-    """
-
-    class _Libpq(contextlib.ExitStack):
-        CONNECTION_OK = 0
-
-        PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY = 0
-
-        class Error(RuntimeError):
-            """
-            libpq.Error is the exception class for application-level errors that
-            are encountered during libpq operations.
-            """
-
-            pass
-
-        def __init__(self):
-            super().__init__()
-            self.lib = libpq_handle
-
-        def _connstr(self, opts: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
-            """
-            Flattens the provided options into a libpq connection string. Values
-            are converted to str and quoted/escaped as necessary.
-            """
-            settings = []
-
-            for k, v in opts.items():
-                v = str(v)
-                if not v:
-                    v = "''"
-                else:
-                    v = v.replace("\\", "\\\\")
-                    v = v.replace("'", "\\'")
-
-                    if " " in v:
-                        v = f"'{v}'"
-
-                settings.append(f"{k}={v}")
-
-            return " ".join(settings)
-
-        def must_connect(self, **opts) -> PGconn:
-            """
-            Connects to a server, using the given connection options, and
-            returns a libpq.PGconn object wrapping the connection handle. A
-            failure will raise libpq.Error.
-
-            Connections honor PG_TEST_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT unless connect_timeout is
-            explicitly overridden in opts.
-            """
-
-            if "connect_timeout" not in opts:
-                t = int(remaining_timeout())
-                opts["connect_timeout"] = max(t, 1)
-
-            conn_p = self.lib.PQconnectdb(self._connstr(opts).encode())
-
-            # Ensure the connection handle is always closed at the end of the
-            # test.
-            conn = self.enter_context(PGconn(self.lib, conn_p, stack=self))
-
-            if self.lib.PQstatus(conn_p) != self.CONNECTION_OK:
-                raise self.Error(self.lib.PQerrorMessage(conn_p).decode())
-
-            return conn
-
-    with _Libpq() as lib:
-        yield lib
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/plugins/pgtap.py b/src/test/pytest/plugins/pgtap.py
index ef8291e291c..6a729d252e1 100644
--- a/src/test/pytest/plugins/pgtap.py
+++ b/src/test/pytest/plugins/pgtap.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 import os
 import sys
-from typing import Optional
 
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pg/__init__.py b/src/test/pytest/pypg/__init__.py
similarity index 100%
rename from src/test/pytest/pg/__init__.py
rename to src/test/pytest/pypg/__init__.py
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pg/_env.py b/src/test/pytest/pypg/_env.py
similarity index 97%
rename from src/test/pytest/pg/_env.py
rename to src/test/pytest/pypg/_env.py
index 6f18af07844..154c986d73e 100644
--- a/src/test/pytest/pg/_env.py
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pypg/_env.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 import logging
 import os
-from typing import List, Optional
 
 import pytest
 
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pg/_win32.py b/src/test/pytest/pypg/_win32.py
similarity index 100%
rename from src/test/pytest/pg/_win32.py
rename to src/test/pytest/pypg/_win32.py
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pypg/fixtures.py b/src/test/pytest/pypg/fixtures.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cf22c8ec436
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pypg/fixtures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+import os
+import contextlib
+import pathlib
+import secrets
+import time
+
+import pytest
+
+from ._env import test_timeout_default
+from .util import capture
+from .server import PostgresServer
+
+from libpq import load_libpq_handle, connect as libpq_connect
+
+
[email-masked]
+def remaining_timeout():
+    """
+    This fixture provides a function that returns how much of the
+    PG_TEST_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT remains for the current test, in fractional seconds.
+    This value is never less than zero.
+
+    This fixture is per-test, so the deadline is also reset on a per-test basis.
+    """
+    now = time.monotonic()
+    deadline = now + test_timeout_default()
+
+    return lambda: max(deadline - time.monotonic(), 0)
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def libpq_handle(libdir):
+    """
+    Loads a ctypes handle for libpq. Some common function prototypes are
+    initialized for general use.
+    """
+    return load_libpq_handle(libdir)
+
+
[email-masked]
+def connect(libpq_handle, remaining_timeout):
+    """
+    Returns a function to connect to PostgreSQL via libpq.
+
+    The returned function accepts connection options as keyword arguments
+    (host, port, dbname, etc.) and returns a PGconn object. Connections
+    are automatically cleaned up at the end of the test.
+
+    Example:
+        conn = connect(host='localhost', port=5432, dbname='postgres')
+        result = conn.sql("SELECT 1")
+    """
+    with contextlib.ExitStack() as stack:
+
+        def _connect(**opts):
+            return libpq_connect(libpq_handle, stack, remaining_timeout, **opts)
+
+        yield _connect
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def pg_config():
+    """
+    Returns the path to pg_config. Uses PG_CONFIG environment variable if set,
+    otherwise uses 'pg_config' from PATH.
+    """
+    return os.environ.get("PG_CONFIG", "pg_config")
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def bindir(pg_config):
+    """
+    Returns the PostgreSQL bin directory using pg_config --bindir.
+    """
+    return capture(pg_config, "--bindir")
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def libdir(pg_config):
+    """
+    Returns the PostgreSQL lib directory using pg_config --libdir.
+    """
+    return capture(pg_config, "--libdir")
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def datadir(tmp_path_factory):
+    """
+    Returns the directory name to use as the server data directory. If
+    TESTDATADIR is provided, that will be used; otherwise a new temporary
+    directory is created in the pytest temp root.
+    """
+    d = os.getenv("TESTDATADIR")
+    if d:
+        d = pathlib.Path(d)
+    else:
+        d = tmp_path_factory.mktemp("tmp_check")
+
+    return d
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def sockdir(tmp_path_factory):
+    """
+    Returns the directory name to use as the server's unix_socket_directories
+    setting. Local client connections use this as the PGHOST.
+
+    At the moment, this is always put under the pytest temp root.
+    """
+    return tmp_path_factory.mktemp("sockfiles")
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def winpassword():
+    """The per-session SCRAM password for the server admin on Windows."""
+    return secrets.token_urlsafe(16)
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def pg_server_global(bindir, datadir, sockdir, winpassword, libpq_handle):
+    """
+    Starts a running Postgres server listening on localhost. The HBA initially
+    allows only local UNIX connections from the same user.
+
+    Returns a PostgresServer instance with methods for server management, configuration,
+    and creating test databases/users.
+    """
+    server = PostgresServer(bindir, datadir, sockdir, winpassword, libpq_handle)
+
+    yield server
+
+    # Cleanup any test resources
+    server.cleanup()
+
+    # Stop the server
+    server.stop()
+
+
[email-masked](scope="module")
+def pg_server_module(pg_server_global):
+    """
+    Module-scoped server context. Which can be useful so that certain settings
+    can be overriden at the module level through autouse fixtures. An example
+    of this is in the SSL tests.
+    """
+    with pg_server_global.subcontext() as s:
+        yield s
+
+
[email-masked]
+def pg(pg_server_module, remaining_timeout):
+    """
+    Per-test server context. Use this fixture to make changes to the server
+    which will be rolled back at the end of the test (e.g., creating test
+    users/databases).
+    """
+    pg_server_module.set_timeout(remaining_timeout)
+    with pg_server_module.subcontext() as s:
+        yield s
+
+
[email-masked]
+def conn(pg):
+    """
+    Returns a connected PGconn instance to the test PostgreSQL server.
+    The connection is automatically cleaned up at the end of the test.
+
+    Example:
+        def test_something(conn):
+            result = conn.sql("SELECT 1")
+            assert result == 1
+    """
+    return pg.connect()
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pypg/server.py b/src/test/pytest/pypg/server.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d6675cde93d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pypg/server.py
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+import contextlib
+import glob
+import os
+import pathlib
+import platform
+import socket
+import subprocess
+import tempfile
+import time
+from collections import namedtuple
+from typing import Callable, Optional
+
+from .util import run
+from libpq import PGconn
+
+
+class FileBackup(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
+    """
+    A context manager which backs up a file's contents, restoring them on exit.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, file: pathlib.Path):
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self._file = file
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        import shutil
+
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
+            prefix=self._file.name, dir=self._file.parent, delete=False
+        ) as f:
+            self._backup = pathlib.Path(f.name)
+
+        shutil.copyfile(self._file, self._backup)
+
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *exc):
+        import shutil
+
+        # Swap the backup and the original file, so that the modified contents
+        # can still be inspected in case of failure.
+        tmp = self._backup.parent / (self._backup.name + ".tmp")
+
+        shutil.copyfile(self._file, tmp)
+        shutil.copyfile(self._backup, self._file)
+        shutil.move(tmp, self._backup)
+
+
+class HBA(FileBackup):
+    """
+    Backs up a server's HBA configuration and provides means for temporarily
+    editing it.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, datadir: pathlib.Path):
+        super().__init__(datadir / "pg_hba.conf")
+
+    def prepend(self, *lines):
+        """
+        Temporarily prepends lines to the server's pg_hba.conf.
+
+        As sugar for aligning HBA columns in the tests, each line can be either
+        a string or a list of strings. List elements will be joined by single
+        spaces before they are written to file.
+        """
+        with open(self._file, "r") as f:
+            prior_data = f.read()
+
+        with open(self._file, "w") as f:
+            for line in lines:
+                if isinstance(line, list):
+                    print(*line, file=f)
+                else:
+                    print(line, file=f)
+
+            f.write(prior_data)
+
+
+class Config(FileBackup):
+    """
+    Backs up a server's postgresql.conf and provides means for temporarily
+    editing it.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, datadir: pathlib.Path):
+        super().__init__(datadir / "postgresql.conf")
+
+    def set(self, **gucs):
+        """
+        Temporarily appends GUC settings to the server's postgresql.conf.
+        """
+
+        with open(self._file, "a") as f:
+            print(file=f)
+
+            for n, v in gucs.items():
+                v = str(v)
+
+                # TODO: proper quoting
+                v = v.replace("\\", "\\\\")
+                v = v.replace("'", "\\'")
+                v = "'{}'".format(v)
+
+                print(n, "=", v, file=f)
+
+
+Backup = namedtuple("Backup", "conf, hba")
+
+
+class PostgresServer:
+    """
+    Represents a running PostgreSQL server instance with management utilities.
+    Provides methods for configuration, user/database creation, and server control.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, bindir, datadir, sockdir, winpassword, libpq_handle):
+        """
+        Initialize and start a PostgreSQL server instance.
+        """
+        self.datadir = datadir
+        self.sockdir = sockdir
+        self.libpq_handle = libpq_handle
+        self._remaining_timeout_fn: Optional[Callable[[], float]] = None
+        self._bindir = bindir
+        self._winpassword = winpassword
+        self._pg_ctl = os.path.join(bindir, "pg_ctl")
+        self._log = os.path.join(datadir, "postgresql.log")
+
+        initdb = os.path.join(bindir, "initdb")
+        pg_ctl = self._pg_ctl
+
+        # Lock down the HBA by default; tests can open it back up later.
+        if platform.system() == "Windows":
+            # On Windows, for admin connections, use SCRAM with a generated password
+            # over local sockets. This requires additional work during initdb.
+            method = "scram-sha-256"
+
+            # NamedTemporaryFile doesn't work very nicely on Windows until Python
+            # 3.12, which introduces NamedTemporaryFile(delete_on_close=False).
+            # Until then, specify delete=False and manually unlink after use.
+            with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile("w", delete=False) as pwfile:
+                pwfile.write(winpassword)
+
+            run(initdb, "--auth=scram-sha-256", "--pwfile", pwfile.name, datadir)
+            os.unlink(pwfile.name)
+
+        else:
+            # For other OSes we can just use peer auth.
+            method = "peer"
+            run(pg_ctl, "-D", datadir, "init")
+
+        with open(datadir / "pg_hba.conf", "w") as f:
+            print(f"# default: local {method} connections only", file=f)
+            print(f"local all all {method}", file=f)
+
+        # Figure out a port to listen on. Attempt to reserve both IPv4 and IPv6
+        # addresses in one go.
+        #
+        # Note: socket.has_dualstack_ipv6/create_server are only in Python 3.8+.
+        if hasattr(socket, "has_dualstack_ipv6") and socket.has_dualstack_ipv6():
+            addr = ("::1", 0)
+            s = socket.create_server(addr, family=socket.AF_INET6, dualstack_ipv6=True)
+
+            hostaddr, port, _, _ = s.getsockname()
+            addrs = [hostaddr, "127.0.0.1"]
+
+        else:
+            addr = ("127.0.0.1", 0)
+
+            s = socket.socket()
+            s.bind(addr)
+
+            hostaddr, port = s.getsockname()
+            addrs = [hostaddr]
+
+        log = self._log
+
+        with s, open(os.path.join(datadir, "postgresql.conf"), "a") as f:
+            print(file=f)
+            print("unix_socket_directories = '{}'".format(sockdir.as_posix()), file=f)
+            print("listen_addresses = '{}'".format(",".join(addrs)), file=f)
+            print("port =", port, file=f)
+            print("log_connections = all", file=f)
+
+        # Between closing of the socket, s, and server start, we're racing against
+        # anything that wants to open up ephemeral ports, so try not to put any new
+        # work here.
+
+        run(pg_ctl, "-D", datadir, "-l", log, "start")
+
+        # Read the PID file to get the postmaster PID
+        with open(os.path.join(datadir, "postmaster.pid")) as f:
+            pid = int(f.readline().strip())
+
+        # Store the computed values
+        self.hostaddr = hostaddr
+        self.port = port
+        self.pid = pid
+
+        # ExitStack for cleanup callbacks
+        self._cleanup_stack = contextlib.ExitStack()
+
+    def psql(self, *args):
+        """Run psql with the given arguments."""
+        if platform.system() == "Windows":
+            pw = dict(PGPASSWORD=self._winpassword)
+        else:
+            pw = None
+        self._run(os.path.join(self._bindir, "psql"), "-w", *args, addenv=pw)
+
+    def pg_ctl(self, *args):
+        """Run pg_ctl with the given arguments."""
+        self._run(self._pg_ctl, "-l", self._log, *args)
+
+    def _run(self, cmd, *args, addenv: Optional[dict] = None):
+        """Run a command with PG* environment variables set."""
+        subenv = dict(os.environ)
+        subenv.update(
+            {
+                "PGHOST": str(self.sockdir),
+                "PGPORT": str(self.port),
+                "PGDATABASE": "postgres",
+                "PGDATA": str(self.datadir),
+            }
+        )
+        if addenv:
+            subenv.update(addenv)
+        run(cmd, *args, env=subenv)
+
+    def create_users(self, *userkeys: str):
+        """Create test users and register them for cleanup."""
+        usermap = {}
+        for u in userkeys:
+            name = u + "user"
+            usermap[u] = name
+            self.psql("-c", "CREATE USER " + name)
+            self._cleanup_stack.callback(self.psql, "-c", "DROP USER " + name)
+        return usermap
+
+    def create_dbs(self, *dbkeys: str):
+        """Create test databases and register them for cleanup."""
+        dbmap = {}
+        for d in dbkeys:
+            name = d + "db"
+            dbmap[d] = name
+            self.psql("-c", "CREATE DATABASE " + name)
+            self._cleanup_stack.callback(self.psql, "-c", "DROP DATABASE " + name)
+        return dbmap
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def reloading(self):
+        """
+        Provides a context manager for making configuration changes.
+
+        If the context suite finishes successfully, the configuration will
+        be reloaded via pg_ctl. On teardown, the configuration changes will
+        be unwound, and the server will be signaled to reload again.
+
+        The context target contains the following attributes which can be
+        used to configure the server:
+        - .conf: modifies postgresql.conf
+        - .hba: modifies pg_hba.conf
+
+        For example:
+
+            with pg_server_session.reloading() as s:
+                s.conf.set(log_connections="on")
+                s.hba.prepend("local all all trust")
+        """
+        # Push a reload onto the stack before making any other
+        # unwindable changes. That way the order of operations will be
+        #
+        #  # test
+        #   - config change 1
+        #   - config change 2
+        #   - reload
+        #  # teardown
+        #   - undo config change 2
+        #   - undo config change 1
+        #   - reload
+        #
+        self._cleanup_stack.callback(self.pg_ctl, "reload")
+        yield self._backup_configuration()
+
+        # Now actually reload
+        self.pg_ctl("reload")
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def restarting(self):
+        """Like .reloading(), but with a full server restart."""
+        self._cleanup_stack.callback(self.pg_ctl, "restart")
+        yield self._backup_configuration()
+        self.pg_ctl("restart")
+
+    def _backup_configuration(self):
+        # Wrap the existing HBA and configuration with FileBackups.
+        return Backup(
+            hba=self._cleanup_stack.enter_context(HBA(self.datadir)),
+            conf=self._cleanup_stack.enter_context(Config(self.datadir)),
+        )
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def subcontext(self):
+        """
+        Create a new cleanup context for per-test isolation.
+
+        Temporarily replaces the cleanup stack so that any cleanup callbacks
+        registered within this context will be cleaned up when the context exits.
+        """
+        old_stack = self._cleanup_stack
+        self._cleanup_stack = contextlib.ExitStack()
+        try:
+            self._cleanup_stack.__enter__()
+            yield self
+        finally:
+            self._cleanup_stack.__exit__(None, None, None)
+            self._cleanup_stack = old_stack
+
+    def stop(self):
+        """
+        Stop the PostgreSQL server instance.
+
+        Ignores failures if the server is already stopped.
+        """
+        try:
+            run(self._pg_ctl, "-D", self.datadir, "-l", self._log, "stop")
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+            # Server may have already been stopped
+            pass
+
+    def cleanup(self):
+        """Run all registered cleanup callbacks."""
+        self._cleanup_stack.close()
+
+    def set_timeout(self, remaining_timeout_fn: Callable[[], float]) -> None:
+        """
+        Set the timeout function for connections.
+        This is typically called by pg fixture for each test.
+        """
+        self._remaining_timeout_fn = remaining_timeout_fn
+
+    def connect(self, **opts) -> PGconn:
+        """
+        Creates a connection to this PostgreSQL server instance.
+
+        This is a convenience method that automatically fills in the host, port,
+        and dbname (defaulting to 'postgres') for connecting to this server.
+
+        Args:
+            stack: ExitStack for managing connection cleanup (uses internal stack if not provided)
+            remaining_timeout_fn: Function that returns remaining timeout (uses stored timeout if not provided)
+            **opts: Additional connection options (can override defaults)
+
+        Returns:
+            PGconn: Connected database connection
+
+        Example:
+            conn = pg.connect()
+            conn = pg.connect(dbname='mydb')
+        """
+        from libpq import connect as libpq_connect
+
+        # Set default connection options for this server
+        defaults = {
+            "host": str(self.sockdir),
+            "port": self.port,
+            "dbname": "postgres",
+        }
+
+        # Merge with user-provided options (user options take precedence)
+        defaults.update(opts)
+
+        if self._remaining_timeout_fn is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Timeout function not set. Use set_timeout() or pg fixture."
+            )
+
+        return libpq_connect(
+            self.libpq_handle,
+            self._cleanup_stack,
+            self._remaining_timeout_fn,
+            **defaults,
+        )
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pypg/util.py b/src/test/pytest/pypg/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b2a1e627e4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pypg/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+import shlex
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+
+def eprint(*args, **kwargs):
+    """eprint prints to stderr"""
+    print(*args, file=sys.stderr, **kwargs)
+
+
+def run(*command, check=True, shell=None, silent=False, **kwargs):
+    """run runs the given command and prints it to stderr"""
+
+    if shell is None:
+        shell = len(command) == 1 and isinstance(command[0], str)
+
+    if shell:
+        command = command[0]
+    else:
+        command = list(map(str, command))
+
+    if not silent:
+        if shell:
+            eprint(f"+ {command}")
+        else:
+            # We could normally use shlex.join here, but it's not available in
+            # Python 3.6 which we still like to support
+            unsafe_string_cmd = " ".join(map(shlex.quote, command))
+            eprint(f"+ {unsafe_string_cmd}")
+
+    if silent:
+        kwargs.setdefault("stdout", subprocess.DEVNULL)
+
+    return subprocess.run(command, check=check, shell=shell, **kwargs)
+
+
+def capture(command, *args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, encoding="utf-8", **kwargs):
+    return run(
+        command, *args, stdout=stdout, encoding=encoding, **kwargs
+    ).stdout.removesuffix("\n")
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pyt/conftest.py b/src/test/pytest/pyt/conftest.py
index ecb72be26d7..641af0bbac5 100644
--- a/src/test/pytest/pyt/conftest.py
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pyt/conftest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 
-from pg.fixtures import *
+
+from pypg.fixtures import *
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py b/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py
index 9f0857cc612..4fcf4056f41 100644
--- a/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ from typing import Callable
 
 import pytest
 
+from libpq import connstr, LibpqError
+
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "opts, expected",
@@ -22,15 +24,15 @@ import pytest
         (dict(keyword=" \\' "), r"keyword=' \\\' '"),
     ],
 )
-def test_connstr(libpq, opts, expected):
-    """Tests the escape behavior for libpq._connstr()."""
-    assert libpq._connstr(opts) == expected
+def test_connstr(opts, expected):
+    """Tests the escape behavior for connstr()."""
+    assert connstr(opts) == expected

-def test_must_connect_errors(libpq):
-    """Tests that must_connect() raises libpq.Error."""
-    with pytest.raises(libpq.Error, match="invalid connection option"):
-        libpq.must_connect(some_unknown_keyword="whatever")
+def test_must_connect_errors(connect):
+    """Tests that connect() raises LibpqError."""
+    with pytest.raises(LibpqError, match="invalid connection option"):
+        connect(some_unknown_keyword="whatever")

 @pytest.fixture
@@ -145,7 +147,7 @@ def local_server(tmp_path, remaining_timeout):
         yield s

-def test_connection_is_finished_on_error(libpq, local_server, remaining_timeout):
+def test_connection_is_finished_on_error(connect, local_server):
     """Tests that PQfinish() gets called at the end of testing."""
     expected_error = "something is wrong"
 
@@ -165,7 +167,6 @@ def test_connection_is_finished_on_error(libpq, local_server, remaining_timeout)
 
     local_server.background(serve_error)
 
-    with pytest.raises(libpq.Error, match=expected_error):
+    with pytest.raises(LibpqError, match=expected_error):
         # Exiting this context should result in PQfinish().
-        with libpq:
-            libpq.must_connect(host=local_server.host, port=local_server.port)
+        connect(host=local_server.host, port=local_server.port)
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_query_helpers.py b/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_query_helpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5a5a1ae1edf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_query_helpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+"""
+Tests for query helper functions with type conversion and result simplification.
+"""
+
+import pytest
+
+
+def test_single_cell_int(conn):
+    """Single cell integer query returns just the value."""
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT 1")
+    assert result == 1
+    assert isinstance(result, int)
+
+
+def test_single_cell_string(conn):
+    """Single cell string query returns just the value."""
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT 'hello'")
+    assert result == "hello"
+    assert isinstance(result, str)
+
+
+def test_single_cell_bool(conn):
+    """Single cell boolean query returns just the value."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT true")
+    assert result is True
+    assert isinstance(result, bool)
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT false")
+    assert result is False
+
+
+def test_single_cell_float(conn):
+    """Single cell float query returns just the value."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT 3.14::float4")
+    assert isinstance(result, float)
+    assert abs(result - 3.14) < 0.01
+
+
+def test_single_cell_null(conn):
+    """Single cell NULL query returns None."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT NULL")
+    assert result is None
+
+
+def test_single_row_multiple_columns(conn):
+    """Single row with multiple columns returns a tuple."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT 1, 'hello', true")
+    assert result == (1, "hello", True)
+    assert isinstance(result, tuple)
+
+
+def test_single_column_multiple_rows(conn):
+    """Single column with multiple rows returns a list of values."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 3)")
+    assert result == [1, 2, 3]
+    assert isinstance(result, list)
+
+
+def test_multiple_rows_and_columns(conn):
+    """Multiple rows and columns returns list of tuples."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT * FROM (VALUES (1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c')) AS t")
+    assert result == [(1, "a"), (2, "b"), (3, "c")]
+    assert isinstance(result, list)
+    assert all(isinstance(row, tuple) for row in result)
+
+
+def test_empty_result(conn):
+    """Empty result set returns empty list."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT 1 WHERE false")
+    assert result == []
+
+
+def test_query_error_handling(conn):
+    """Query errors raise RuntimeError with actual error message."""
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as exc_info:
+        conn.sql("SELECT * FROM nonexistent_table")
+
+    error_msg = str(exc_info.value)
+    assert "nonexistent_table" in error_msg or "does not exist" in error_msg
+
+
+def test_division_by_zero_error(conn):
+    """Division by zero raises RuntimeError."""
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as exc_info:
+        conn.sql("SELECT 1/0")
+
+    error_msg = str(exc_info.value)
+    assert "division by zero" in error_msg.lower()
+
+
+def test_simple_exec_create_table(conn):
+    """sql for CREATE TABLE returns None."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("CREATE TEMP TABLE test_table (id int, name text)")
+    assert result is None
+
+    # Verify table was created
+    count = conn.sql("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM test_table")
+    assert count == 0
+
+
+def test_simple_exec_insert(conn):
+    """sql for INSERT returns None."""
+
+    conn.sql("CREATE TEMP TABLE test_table (id int, name text)")
+    result = conn.sql("INSERT INTO test_table VALUES (1, 'Alice'), (2, 'Bob')")
+    assert result is None
+
+    # Verify data was inserted
+    count = conn.sql("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM test_table")
+    assert count == 2
+
+
+def test_type_conversion_mixed(conn):
+    """Test mixed type conversion in a single row."""
+
+    result = conn.sql(
+        "SELECT 42::int4, 123::int8, 3.14::float8, 'text', true, NULL"
+    )
+    assert result == (42, 123, 3.14, "text", True, None)
+    assert isinstance(result[0], int)
+    assert isinstance(result[1], int)
+    assert isinstance(result[2], float)
+    assert isinstance(result[3], str)
+    assert isinstance(result[4], bool)
+    assert result[5] is None
+
+
+def test_multiple_queries_same_connection(conn):
+    """Test running multiple queries on the same connection."""
+
+    result1 = conn.sql("SELECT 1")
+    assert result1 == 1
+
+    result2 = conn.sql("SELECT 'hello', 'world'")
+    assert result2 == ("hello", "world")
+
+    result3 = conn.sql("SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 5)")
+    assert result3 == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+
+def test_date_type(conn):
+    """Test date type conversion."""
+    import datetime
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT '2025-10-20'::date")
+    assert result == datetime.date(2025, 10, 20)
+    assert isinstance(result, datetime.date)
+
+
+def test_timestamp_type(conn):
+    """Test timestamp type conversion."""
+    import datetime
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT '2025-10-20 15:30:45'::timestamp")
+    assert result == datetime.datetime(2025, 10, 20, 15, 30, 45)
+    assert isinstance(result, datetime.datetime)
+
+
+def test_time_type(conn):
+    """Test time type conversion."""
+    import datetime
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT '15:30:45'::time")
+    assert result == datetime.time(15, 30, 45)
+    assert isinstance(result, datetime.time)
+
+
+def test_numeric_type(conn):
+    """Test numeric/decimal type conversion."""
+    import decimal
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT 123.456::numeric")
+    assert result == decimal.Decimal("123.456")
+    assert isinstance(result, decimal.Decimal)
+
+
+def test_int_array(conn):
+    """Test integer array type conversion."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT ARRAY[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]")
+    assert result == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert isinstance(result, list)
+    assert all(isinstance(x, int) for x in result)
+
+
+def test_text_array(conn):
+    """Test text array type conversion."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT ARRAY['hello', 'world', 'test']")
+    assert result == ["hello", "world", "test"]
+    assert isinstance(result, list)
+    assert all(isinstance(x, str) for x in result)
+
+
+def test_bool_array(conn):
+    """Test boolean array type conversion."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT ARRAY[true, false, true]")
+    assert result == [True, False, True]
+    assert isinstance(result, list)
+    assert all(isinstance(x, bool) for x in result)
+
+
+def test_empty_array(conn):
+    """Test empty array type conversion."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT ARRAY[]::int[]")
+    assert result == []
+    assert isinstance(result, list)
+
+
+def test_json_type(conn):
+    """Test JSON type (parsed to dict)."""
+
+    result = conn.sql('SELECT \'{"key": "value"}\'::json')
+    assert isinstance(result, dict)
+    assert result == {"key": "value"}
+
+
+def test_jsonb_type(conn):
+    """Test JSONB type (parsed to dict)."""
+
+    result = conn.sql('SELECT \'{"name": "test", "count": 42}\'::jsonb')
+    assert isinstance(result, dict)
+    assert result == {"name": "test", "count": 42}
+
+
+def test_json_array(conn):
+    """Test JSON array type."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT '[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]'::json")
+    assert isinstance(result, list)
+    assert result == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+
+def test_json_nested(conn):
+    """Test nested JSON object."""
+
+    result = conn.sql(
+        'SELECT \'{"user": {"id": 1, "name": "Alice"}, "active": true}\'::json'
+    )
+    assert isinstance(result, dict)
+    assert result == {"user": {"id": 1, "name": "Alice"}, "active": True}
+
+
+def test_mixed_types_with_arrays(conn):
+    """Test mixed types including arrays in a single row."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT 42, 'text', ARRAY[1, 2, 3], true")
+    assert result == (42, "text", [1, 2, 3], True)
+    assert isinstance(result[0], int)
+    assert isinstance(result[1], str)
+    assert isinstance(result[2], list)
+    assert isinstance(result[3], bool)
+
+
+def test_uuid_type(conn):
+    """Test UUID type conversion."""
+    import uuid
+
+    test_uuid = "550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"
+    result = conn.sql(f"SELECT '{test_uuid}'::uuid")
+    assert result == uuid.UUID(test_uuid)
+    assert isinstance(result, uuid.UUID)
+
+
+def test_uuid_generation(conn):
+    """Test generated UUID type conversion."""
+    import uuid
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT uuidv4()")
+    assert isinstance(result, uuid.UUID)
+    # Check it's a valid UUID by ensuring it can be converted to string
+    assert len(str(result)) == 36  # UUID string format length
diff --git a/src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py b/src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py
index 85d2c994828..6e8699e0971 100644
--- a/src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py
+++ b/src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py
@@ -1,19 +1,14 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 
 import datetime
-import os
-import pathlib
-import platform
-import secrets
-import socket
+import re
 import subprocess
 import tempfile
 from collections import namedtuple
 
 import pytest
 
-import pg
-from pg.fixtures import *
+from pypg.fixtures import *

 @pytest.fixture(scope="session")
@@ -135,108 +130,51 @@ def certs(cryptography, tmp_path_factory):
     return _Certs()

[email-masked](scope="session")
-def datadir(tmp_path_factory):
[email-masked](scope="module", autouse=True)
+def ssl_setup(pg_server_module, certs, datadir):
     """
-    Returns the directory name to use as the server data directory. If
-    TESTDATADIR is provided, that will be used; otherwise a new temporary
-    directory is created in the pytest temp root.
+    Sets up required server settings for all tests in this module.
     """
-    d = os.getenv("TESTDATADIR")
-    if d:
-        d = pathlib.Path(d)
-    else:
-        d = tmp_path_factory.mktemp("tmp_check")
+    try:
+        with pg_server_module.restarting() as s:
+            s.conf.set(
+                ssl="on",
+                ssl_ca_file=certs.ca.certpath,
+                ssl_cert_file=certs.server.certpath,
+                ssl_key_file=certs.server.keypath,
+            )
 
-    return d
+            # Reject by default.
+            s.hba.prepend("hostssl all all all reject")
 
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+        # This is a decent place to skip if the server isn't set up for SSL.
+        logpath = datadir / "postgresql.log"
+        unsupported = re.compile("SSL is not supported")
 
[email-masked](scope="session")
-def sockdir(tmp_path_factory):
-    """
-    Returns the directory name to use as the server's unix_socket_directories
-    setting. Local client connections use this as the PGHOST.
+        with open(logpath, "r") as log:
+            for line in log:
+                if unsupported.search(line):
+                    pytest.skip("the server does not support SSL")
 
-    At the moment, this is always put under the pytest temp root.
-    """
-    return tmp_path_factory.mktemp("sockfiles")
+        # Some other error happened.
+        raise
 
+    users = pg_server_module.create_users("ssl")
+    dbs = pg_server_module.create_dbs("ssl")
 
[email-masked](scope="session")
-def winpassword():
-    """The per-session SCRAM password for the server admin on Windows."""
-    return secrets.token_urlsafe(16)
+    return (users, dbs)

[email-masked](scope="session")
-def server_instance(certs, datadir, sockdir, winpassword):
[email-masked](scope="module")
+def client_cert(ssl_setup, certs):
     """
-    Starts a running Postgres server listening on localhost. The HBA initially
-    allows only local UNIX connections from the same user.
-
-    TODO: when installcheck is supported, this should optionally point to the
-    currently running server instead.
+    Creates a Cert for the "ssl" user.
     """
+    from cryptography import x509
+    from cryptography.x509.oid import NameOID
+
+    users, _ = ssl_setup
+    user = users["ssl"]
 
-    # Lock down the HBA by default; tests can open it back up later.
-    if platform.system() == "Windows":
-        # On Windows, for admin connections, use SCRAM with a generated password
-        # over local sockets. This requires additional work during initdb.
-        method = "scram-sha-256"
-
-        # NamedTemporaryFile doesn't work very nicely on Windows until Python
-        # 3.12, which introduces NamedTemporaryFile(delete_on_close=False).
-        # Until then, specify delete=False and manually unlink after use.
-        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile("w", delete=False) as pwfile:
-            pwfile.write(winpassword)
-
-        subprocess.check_call(
-            ["initdb", "--auth=scram-sha-256", "--pwfile", pwfile.name, datadir]
-        )
-        os.unlink(pwfile.name)
-
-    else:
-        # For other OSes we can just use peer auth.
-        method = "peer"
-        subprocess.check_call(["pg_ctl", "-D", datadir, "init"])
-
-    with open(datadir / "pg_hba.conf", "w") as f:
-        print(f"# default: local {method} connections only", file=f)
-        print(f"local all all {method}", file=f)
-
-    # Figure out a port to listen on. Attempt to reserve both IPv4 and IPv6
-    # addresses in one go.
-    #
-    # Note: socket.has_dualstack_ipv6/create_server are only in Python 3.8+.
-    if hasattr(socket, "has_dualstack_ipv6") and socket.has_dualstack_ipv6():
-        addr = ("::1", 0)
-        s = socket.create_server(addr, family=socket.AF_INET6, dualstack_ipv6=True)
-
-        hostaddr, port, _, _ = s.getsockname()
-        addrs = [hostaddr, "127.0.0.1"]
-
-    else:
-        addr = ("127.0.0.1", 0)
-
-        s = socket.socket()
-        s.bind(addr)
-
-        hostaddr, port = s.getsockname()
-        addrs = [hostaddr]
-
-    log = os.path.join(datadir, "postgresql.log")
-
-    with s, open(os.path.join(datadir, "postgresql.conf"), "a") as f:
-        print(file=f)
-        print("unix_socket_directories = '{}'".format(sockdir.as_posix()), file=f)
-        print("listen_addresses = '{}'".format(",".join(addrs)), file=f)
-        print("port =", port, file=f)
-        print("log_connections = all", file=f)
-
-    # Between closing of the socket, s, and server start, we're racing against
-    # anything that wants to open up ephemeral ports, so try not to put any new
-    # work here.
-
-    subprocess.check_call(["pg_ctl", "-D", datadir, "-l", log, "start"])
-    yield (hostaddr, port)
-    subprocess.check_call(["pg_ctl", "-D", datadir, "-l", log, "stop"])
+    return certs.new(x509.Name([x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, user)]))
diff --git a/src/test/ssl/pyt/test_client.py b/src/test/ssl/pyt/test_client.py
index 28110ae0717..247681f93cb 100644
--- a/src/test/ssl/pyt/test_client.py
+++ b/src/test/ssl/pyt/test_client.py
@@ -10,10 +10,11 @@ from typing import Callable
 
 import pytest
 
-import pg
+import pypg
+from libpq import LibpqError, ExecStatus
 
 # This suite opens up local TCP ports and is hidden behind PG_TEST_EXTRA=ssl.
-pytestmark = pg.require_test_extra("ssl")
+pytestmark = pypg.require_test_extra("ssl")

 @pytest.fixture(scope="session", autouse=True)
@@ -192,7 +193,7 @@ def ssl_server(tcp_server_class, certs):

 @pytest.mark.parametrize("sslmode", ("require", "verify-ca", "verify-full"))
-def test_server_with_ssl_disabled(libpq, tcp_server, certs, sslmode):
+def test_server_with_ssl_disabled(connect, tcp_server, certs, sslmode):
     """
     Make sure client refuses to talk to non-SSL servers with stricter
     sslmodes.
@@ -214,16 +215,15 @@ def test_server_with_ssl_disabled(libpq, tcp_server, certs, sslmode):
 
     tcp_server.background(refuse_ssl)
 
-    with pytest.raises(libpq.Error, match="server does not support SSL"):
-        with libpq:  # XXX tests shouldn't need to do this
-            libpq.must_connect(
-                **tcp_server.conninfo,
-                sslrootcert=certs.ca.certpath,
-                sslmode=sslmode,
-            )
+    with pytest.raises(LibpqError, match="server does not support SSL"):
+        connect(
+            **tcp_server.conninfo,
+            sslrootcert=certs.ca.certpath,
+            sslmode=sslmode,
+        )

-def test_verify_full_connection(libpq, ssl_server, certs):
+def test_verify_full_connection(connect, ssl_server, certs):
     """Completes a verify-full connection and empty query."""
 
     def handle_empty_query(s: ssl.SSLSocket):
@@ -269,10 +269,10 @@ def test_verify_full_connection(libpq, ssl_server, certs):
 
     ssl_server.background_ssl(handle_empty_query)
 
-    conn = libpq.must_connect(
+    conn = connect(
         **ssl_server.conninfo,
         sslrootcert=certs.ca.certpath,
         sslmode="verify-full",
     )
     with conn:
-        assert conn.exec("").status() == libpq.PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY
+        assert conn.exec("").status() == ExecStatus.PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY
diff --git a/src/test/ssl/pyt/test_server.py b/src/test/ssl/pyt/test_server.py
index 2d0be735371..60628d0c067 100644
--- a/src/test/ssl/pyt/test_server.py
+++ b/src/test/ssl/pyt/test_server.py
@@ -1,25 +1,16 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 
-import contextlib
-import os
-import pathlib
-import platform
 import re
-import shutil
 import socket
 import ssl
 import struct
-import subprocess
-import tempfile
-from collections import namedtuple
-from typing import Dict, List, Union
 
 import pytest
 
-import pg
+import pypg
 
 # This suite opens up local TCP ports and is hidden behind PG_TEST_EXTRA=ssl.
-pytestmark = pg.require_test_extra("ssl")
+pytestmark = pypg.require_test_extra("ssl")

 #
@@ -27,363 +18,6 @@ pytestmark = pg.require_test_extra("ssl")
 #

[email-masked](scope="session")
-def connenv(server_instance, sockdir, datadir):
-    """
-    Provides the values for several PG* environment variables needed for our
-    utility programs to connect to the server_instance.
-    """
-    return {
-        "PGHOST": str(sockdir),
-        "PGPORT": str(server_instance[1]),
-        "PGDATABASE": "postgres",
-        "PGDATA": str(datadir),
-    }
-
-
-class FileBackup(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
-    """
-    A context manager which backs up a file's contents, restoring them on exit.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, file: pathlib.Path):
-        super().__init__()
-
-        self._file = file
-
-    def __enter__(self):
-        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
-            prefix=self._file.name, dir=self._file.parent, delete=False
-        ) as f:
-            self._backup = pathlib.Path(f.name)
-
-        shutil.copyfile(self._file, self._backup)
-
-        return self
-
-    def __exit__(self, *exc):
-        # Swap the backup and the original file, so that the modified contents
-        # can still be inspected in case of failure.
-        #
-        # TODO: this is less helpful if there are multiple layers, because it's
-        # not clear which backup to look at. Can the backup name be printed as
-        # part of the failed test output? Should we only swap on test failure?
-        tmp = self._backup.parent / (self._backup.name + ".tmp")
-
-        shutil.copyfile(self._file, tmp)
-        shutil.copyfile(self._backup, self._file)
-        shutil.move(tmp, self._backup)
-
-
-class HBA(FileBackup):
-    """
-    Backs up a server's HBA configuration and provides means for temporarily
-    editing it. See also pg_server, which provides an instance of this class and
-    context managers for enforcing the reload/restart order of operations.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, datadir: pathlib.Path):
-        super().__init__(datadir / "pg_hba.conf")
-
-    def prepend(self, *lines: Union[str, List[str]]):
-        """
-        Temporarily prepends lines to the server's pg_hba.conf.
-
-        As sugar for aligning HBA columns in the tests, each line can be either
-        a string or a list of strings. List elements will be joined by single
-        spaces before they are written to file.
-        """
-        with open(self._file, "r") as f:
-            prior_data = f.read()
-
-        with open(self._file, "w") as f:
-            for l in lines:
-                if isinstance(l, list):
-                    print(*l, file=f)
-                else:
-                    print(l, file=f)
-
-            f.write(prior_data)
-
-
-class Config(FileBackup):
-    """
-    Backs up a server's postgresql.conf and provides means for temporarily
-    editing it. See also pg_server, which provides an instance of this class and
-    context managers for enforcing the reload/restart order of operations.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, datadir: pathlib.Path):
-        super().__init__(datadir / "postgresql.conf")
-
-    def set(self, **gucs):
-        """
-        Temporarily appends GUC settings to the server's postgresql.conf.
-        """
-
-        with open(self._file, "a") as f:
-            print(file=f)
-
-            for n, v in gucs.items():
-                v = str(v)
-
-                # TODO: proper quoting
-                v = v.replace("\\", "\\\\")
-                v = v.replace("'", "\\'")
-                v = "'{}'".format(v)
-
-                print(n, "=", v, file=f)
-
-
[email-masked](scope="session")
-def pg_server_session(server_instance, connenv, datadir, winpassword):
-    """
-    Provides common routines for configuring and connecting to the
-    server_instance. For example:
-
-        users = pg_server_session.create_users("one", "two")
-        dbs = pg_server_session.create_dbs("default")
-
-        with pg_server_session.reloading() as s:
-            s.hba.prepend(["local", dbs["default"], users["two"], "peer"])
-
-        conn = connect_somehow(**pg_server_session.conninfo)
-        ...
-
-    Attributes of note are
-    - .conninfo: provides TCP connection info for the server
-
-    This fixture unwinds its configuration changes at the end of the pytest
-    session. For more granular changes, pg_server_session.subcontext() splits
-    off a "nested" context to allow smaller scopes.
-    """
-
-    class _Server(contextlib.ExitStack):
-        conninfo = dict(
-            hostaddr=server_instance[0],
-            port=server_instance[1],
-        )
-
-        # for _backup_configuration()
-        _Backup = namedtuple("Backup", "conf, hba")
-
-        def subcontext(self):
-            """
-            Creates a new server stack instance that can be tied to a smaller
-            scope than "session".
-            """
-            # So far, there doesn't seem to be a need to link the two objects,
-            # since HBA/Config/FileBackup operate directly on the filesystem and
-            # will appear to "nest" naturally.
-            return self.__class__()
-
-        def create_users(self, *userkeys: str) -> Dict[str, str]:
-            """
-            Creates new users which will be dropped at the end of the server
-            context.
-
-            For each provided key, a related user name will be selected and
-            stored in a map. This map is returned to let calling code look up
-            the selected usernames (instead of hardcoding them and potentially
-            stomping on an existing installation).
-            """
-            usermap = {}
-
-            for u in userkeys:
-                # TODO: use a uniquifier to support installcheck
-                name = u + "user"
-                usermap[u] = name
-
-                # TODO: proper escaping
-                self.psql("-c", "CREATE USER " + name)
-                self.callback(self.psql, "-c", "DROP USER " + name)
-
-            return usermap
-
-        def create_dbs(self, *dbkeys: str) -> Dict[str, str]:
-            """
-            Creates new databases which will be dropped at the end of the server
-            context. See create_users() for the meaning of the keys and returned
-            map.
-            """
-            dbmap = {}
-
-            for d in dbkeys:
-                # TODO: use a uniquifier to support installcheck
-                name = d + "db"
-                dbmap[d] = name
-
-                # TODO: proper escaping
-                self.psql("-c", "CREATE DATABASE " + name)
-                self.callback(self.psql, "-c", "DROP DATABASE " + name)
-
-            return dbmap
-
-        @contextlib.contextmanager
-        def reloading(self):
-            """
-            Provides a context manager for making configuration changes.
-
-            If the context suite finishes successfully, the configuration will
-            be reloaded via pg_ctl. On teardown, the configuration changes will
-            be unwound, and the server will be signaled to reload again.
-
-            The context target contains the following attributes which can be
-            used to configure the server:
-            - .conf: modifies postgresql.conf
-            - .hba: modifies pg_hba.conf
-
-            For example:
-
-                with pg_server_session.reloading() as s:
-                    s.conf.set(log_connections="on")
-                    s.hba.prepend("local all all trust")
-            """
-            try:
-                # Push a reload onto the stack before making any other
-                # unwindable changes. That way the order of operations will be
-                #
-                #  # test
-                #   - config change 1
-                #   - config change 2
-                #   - reload
-                #  # teardown
-                #   - undo config change 2
-                #   - undo config change 1
-                #   - reload
-                #
-                self.callback(self.pg_ctl, "reload")
-                yield self._backup_configuration()
-            except:
-                # We only want to reload at the end of the suite if there were
-                # no errors. During exceptions, the pushed callback handles
-                # things instead, so there's nothing to do here.
-                raise
-            else:
-                # Suite completed successfully.
-                self.pg_ctl("reload")
-
-        @contextlib.contextmanager
-        def restarting(self):
-            """Like .reloading(), but with a full server restart."""
-            try:
-                self.callback(self.pg_ctl, "restart")
-                yield self._backup_configuration()
-            except:
-                raise
-            else:
-                self.pg_ctl("restart")
-
-        def psql(self, *args):
-            """
-            Runs psql with the given arguments. Password prompts are always
-            disabled. On Windows, the admin password will be included in the
-            environment.
-            """
-            if platform.system() == "Windows":
-                pw = dict(PGPASSWORD=winpassword)
-            else:
-                pw = None
-
-            self._run("psql", "-w", *args, addenv=pw)
-
-        def pg_ctl(self, *args):
-            """
-            Runs pg_ctl with the given arguments. Log output will be placed in
-            postgresql.log in the server's data directory.
-
-            TODO: put the log in TESTLOGDIR
-            """
-            self._run("pg_ctl", "-l", str(datadir / "postgresql.log"), *args)
-
-        def _run(self, cmd, *args, addenv: dict = None):
-            # Override the existing environment with the connenv values and
-            # anything the caller wanted to add. (Python 3.9 gives us the
-            # less-ugly `os.environ | connenv` merge operator.)
-            subenv = dict(os.environ, **connenv)
-            if addenv:
-                subenv.update(addenv)
-
-            subprocess.check_call([cmd, *args], env=subenv)
-
-        def _backup_configuration(self):
-            # Wrap the existing HBA and configuration with FileBackups.
-            return self._Backup(
-                hba=self.enter_context(HBA(datadir)),
-                conf=self.enter_context(Config(datadir)),
-            )
-
-    with _Server() as s:
-        yield s
-
-
[email-masked](scope="module", autouse=True)
-def ssl_setup(pg_server_session, certs, datadir):
-    """
-    Sets up required server settings for all tests in this module. The fixture
-    variable is a tuple (users, dbs) containing the user and database names that
-    have been chosen for the test session.
-    """
-    try:
-        with pg_server_session.restarting() as s:
-            s.conf.set(
-                ssl="on",
-                ssl_ca_file=certs.ca.certpath,
-                ssl_cert_file=certs.server.certpath,
-                ssl_key_file=certs.server.keypath,
-            )
-
-            # Reject by default.
-            s.hba.prepend("hostssl all all all reject")
-
-    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
-        # This is a decent place to skip if the server isn't set up for SSL.
-        logpath = datadir / "postgresql.log"
-        unsupported = re.compile("SSL is not supported")
-
-        with open(logpath, "r") as log:
-            for line in log:
-                if unsupported.search(line):
-                    pytest.skip("the server does not support SSL")
-
-        # Some other error happened.
-        raise
-
-    users = pg_server_session.create_users(
-        "ssl",
-    )
-
-    dbs = pg_server_session.create_dbs(
-        "ssl",
-    )
-
-    return (users, dbs)
-
-
[email-masked](scope="module")
-def client_cert(ssl_setup, certs):
-    """
-    Creates a Cert for the "ssl" user.
-    """
-    from cryptography import x509
-    from cryptography.x509.oid import NameOID
-
-    users, _ = ssl_setup
-    user = users["ssl"]
-
-    return certs.new(x509.Name([x509.NameAttribute(NameOID.COMMON_NAME, user)]))
-
-
[email-masked]
-def pg_server(pg_server_session):
-    """
-    A per-test instance of pg_server_session. Use this fixture to make changes
-    to the server which will be rolled back at the end of every test.
-    """
-    with pg_server_session.subcontext() as s:
-        yield s
-
-
 #
 # Tests
 #
@@ -394,8 +28,8 @@ CLIENT = "client"
 SERVER = "server"

+# fmt: off
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    # fmt: off
     "auth_method,                    creds,  expected_error",
 [
     # Trust allows anything.
@@ -416,10 +50,10 @@ SERVER = "server"
     ("cert",                         CLIENT, None),
     ("cert",                         SERVER, "authentication failed for user"),
 ],
-    # fmt: on
 )
+# fmt: on
 def test_direct_ssl_certificate_authentication(
-    pg_server,
+    pg,
     ssl_setup,
     certs,
     client_cert,
@@ -440,7 +74,7 @@ def test_direct_ssl_certificate_authentication(
     user = users["ssl"]
     db = dbs["ssl"]
 
-    with pg_server.reloading() as s:
+    with pg.reloading() as s:
         s.hba.prepend(
             ["hostssl", db, user, "127.0.0.1/32", auth_method],
             ["hostssl", db, user, "::1/128", auth_method],
@@ -461,7 +95,7 @@ def test_direct_ssl_certificate_authentication(
 
     # Make a direct SSL connection. There's no SSLRequest in the handshake; we
     # simply wrap a TCP connection with OpenSSL.
-    addr = (pg_server.conninfo["hostaddr"], pg_server.conninfo["port"])
+    addr = (pg.hostaddr, pg.port)
     with socket.create_connection(addr) as s:
         s.settimeout(remaining_timeout())  # XXX this resets every operation
 
-- 
2.51.1

---

From: "Jelte Fennema-Nio" <[email-masked]>
Date: Mon, 10 Nov 2025 22:11:50 +0100

On Wed Oct 22, 2025 at 2:44 PM CEST, Jelte Fennema-Nio wrote:
> bunch of refactoring/renaming and adding features. 

Rebased to fix conflicts.
From f6823405eb994d457f8123df0d417ca2340e4c71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Fri, 5 Sep 2025 16:39:08 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v3 01/10] meson: Include TAP tests in the configuration
 summary

diff --git a/meson.build b/meson.build
index 24aeffe929f..1ce2e79c436 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -3959,6 +3959,7 @@ summary(
     'bison': '@0@ @1@'.format(bison.full_path(), bison_version),
     'dtrace': dtrace,
     'flex': '@0@ @1@'.format(flex.full_path(), flex_version),
+    'prove': prove,
   },
   section: 'Programs',
 )
@@ -3995,3 +3996,11 @@ summary(
   section: 'External libraries',
   list_sep: ' ',
 )
+
+summary(
+  {
+    'tap': tap_tests_enabled,
+  },
+  section: 'Other features',
+  list_sep: ' ',
+)

base-commit: e510378358540703a13b77090a0021853bae0745
-- 
2.51.1

From 5a27976496db53d8e9b88ab59e6c71f0f42dedcd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2025 10:58:56 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v3 02/10] Add support for pytest test suites

TODOs:

diff --git a/.cirrus.tasks.yml b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
index 2fe9671f3dc..b3388351110 100644
--- a/.cirrus.tasks.yml
+++ b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ env:
 
@@ -225,7 +227,9 @@ task:
 
   # NB: Intentionally build without -Dllvm. The freebsd image size is already
   # large enough to make VM startup slow, and even without llvm freebsd
@@ -317,7 +321,10 @@ task:
           -Dpam=enabled

     - name: OpenBSD - Meson
@@ -329,6 +336,7 @@ task:
         IMAGE_FAMILY: pg-ci-openbsd-postgres
         PKGCONFIG_PATH: '/usr/lib/pkgconfig:/usr/local/lib/pkgconfig'
         CORE_DUMP_EXECUTABLE_DIR: $CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR/build/tmp_install/usr/local/pgsql/bin
+        TERM: # TODO why does pytest print ANSI escapes on OpenBSD?
 
         MESON_FEATURES: >-
           -Dbsd_auth=enabled
@@ -337,7 +345,9 @@ task:
           -Duuid=e2fs
 
@@ -496,8 +506,10 @@ task:
     EOF

   matrix:
     # SPECIAL:
@@ -521,14 +533,15 @@ task:
           set -e
           ./configure \
             --enable-cassert --enable-injection-points --enable-debug \
-            --enable-tap-tests --enable-nls \
+            --enable-tap-tests --enable-pytest --enable-nls \
             --with-segsize-blocks=6 \
             --with-libnuma \
             --with-liburing \
             \
             ${LINUX_CONFIGURE_FEATURES} \
             \
-            CLANG="ccache clang"
+            CLANG="ccache clang" \
+            PYTEST="env LD_PRELOAD=/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.8 pytest"
         EOF
       build_script: su postgres -c "make -s -j${BUILD_JOBS} world-bin"
       upload_caches: ccache
@@ -665,6 +678,8 @@ task:
       p5.34-io-tty
       p5.34-ipc-run
       python312
+      py312-packaging
+      py312-pytest
       tcl
       zstd
 
@@ -714,6 +729,7 @@ task:
     sh src/tools/ci/ci_macports_packages.sh $MACOS_PACKAGE_LIST
     # system python doesn't provide headers
     sudo /opt/local/bin/port select python3 python312
+    sudo /opt/local/bin/port select pytest pytest312
     # Make macports install visible for subsequent steps
     echo PATH=/opt/local/sbin/:/opt/local/bin/:$PATH >> $CIRRUS_ENV
   upload_caches: macports
@@ -787,6 +803,8 @@ task:
       -Dldap=enabled
       -Dssl=openssl
       -Dtap_tests=enabled
+      -Dpytest=enabled
+      -DPYTEST=c:\Windows\system32\config\systemprofile\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python310\Scripts\pytest.exe
       -Dplperl=enabled
       -Dplpython=enabled
 
@@ -795,8 +813,10 @@ task:
   depends_on: SanityCheck
   only_if: $CI_WINDOWS_ENABLED

   setup_hosts_file_script: |
     echo 127.0.0.1 pg-loadbalancetest >> c:\Windows\System32\Drivers\etc\hosts
@@ -859,7 +879,7 @@ task:
     folder: ${CCACHE_DIR}

   mingw_info_script: |
     %BASH% -c "where gcc"
 
index 3a0ed11fa8e..d543d331dd3 100755

 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #

 
+
@@ -19064,6 +19096,78 @@ $as_echo "$modulestderr" >&6; }
   fi
 fi
 
index c2413720a18..905a1e0c3c5 100644
 
 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #
 
@@ -2408,6 +2413,22 @@ if test "$enable_tap_tests" = yes; then
   fi
 fi
 
index 1ce2e79c436..38a08a29c8f 100644

@@ -3786,6 +3819,63 @@ foreach test_dir : tests
@@ -3960,6 +4050,7 @@ summary(
@@ -4000,6 +4091,7 @@ summary(

 

 

 
 ifeq ($(with_icu),yes)
 SUBDIRS += icu
 
 subdir('authentication')
 subdir('postmaster')
+subdir('pytest')
 subdir('recovery')
 subdir('subscription')
 subdir('modules')

From df56210b8585dcdd9d9d755ea2ef37911984d84a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2025 12:56:45 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v3 03/10] WIP: pytest: Add some SSL client tests

TODOs:

diff --git a/.cirrus.tasks.yml b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
index b3388351110..762d1ce4108 100644
--- a/.cirrus.tasks.yml
+++ b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
@@ -228,6 +228,7 @@ task:
     sysctl kern.corefile='/tmp/cores/%N.%P.core'
   setup_additional_packages_script: |
     pkg install -y \
+      py311-cryptography \
       py311-packaging \
       py311-pytest
 
@@ -322,6 +323,7 @@ task:
 
       setup_additional_packages_script: |
         pkgin -y install \
+          py312-cryptography \
           py312-packaging \
           py312-test
         ln -s /usr/pkg/bin/pytest-3.12 /usr/pkg/bin/pytest
@@ -346,8 +348,9 @@ task:
 
@@ -508,8 +511,9 @@ task:
 
   matrix:
     # SPECIAL:
@@ -658,6 +662,7 @@ task:
 
     MESON_FEATURES: >-
       -Dbonjour=enabled
@@ -678,6 +683,7 @@ task:
       p5.34-io-tty
       p5.34-ipc-run
       python312
+      py312-cryptography
       py312-packaging
       py312-pytest
       tcl
@@ -816,7 +822,7 @@ task:
   # XXX Does Chocolatey really not have any Python package installers?
   setup_additional_packages_script: |
     REM choco install -y --no-progress ...
-    pip3 install --user packaging pytest
+    pip3 install --user cryptography packaging pytest
 
   setup_hosts_file_script: |
     echo 127.0.0.1 pg-loadbalancetest >> c:\Windows\System32\Drivers\etc\hosts
@@ -879,7 +885,7 @@ task:
     folder: ${CCACHE_DIR}

   mingw_info_script: |
     %BASH% -c "where gcc"

 installcheck:
 	$(prove_installcheck)

From a79257394b3766e676c02543d7f416217f05d293 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Fri, 22 Aug 2025 17:39:40 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v3 04/10] WIP: pytest: Add some server-side SSL tests

TODOs:

 
 import datetime
+import os
+import pathlib
+import platform
+import secrets
+import socket
+import subprocess
 import tempfile

     return _Certs()
+
+

From 50ddd26a1416d5d77e1351c47b5dd349004f05b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 2 Sep 2025 15:37:53 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v3 05/10] ci: Add MTEST_SUITES for optional test tailoring

index 762d1ce4108..cb8b6aef930 100644
@@ -252,7 +253,7 @@ task:
       set -e
 
@@ -400,7 +401,7 @@ task:
 
   on_failure:
@@ -619,7 +620,7 @@ task:
         su postgres <<-EOF
           set -e
           ulimit -c unlimited
-          meson test $MTEST_ARGS --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS}
+          meson test $MTEST_ARGS --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS} ${MTEST_SUITES}
         EOF
         # so that we don't upload 64bit logs if 32bit fails
         rm -rf build/
@@ -632,7 +633,7 @@ task:
         su postgres <<-EOF
           set -e
           ulimit -c unlimited
-          PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE=0 LANG=C meson test $MTEST_ARGS -C build-32 --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS}
+          PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE=0 LANG=C meson test $MTEST_ARGS -C build-32 --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS} ${MTEST_SUITES}
         EOF
 
       on_failure:
@@ -758,7 +759,7 @@ task:
   test_world_script: |
 
   on_failure:
     <<: *on_failure_meson
@@ -841,7 +842,7 @@ task:
 
   check_world_script: |
     vcvarsall x64
 
   on_failure:
     <<: *on_failure_meson
@@ -902,7 +903,7 @@ task:
   upload_caches: ccache
 
   test_world_script: |
 
   on_failure:
     <<: *on_failure_meson
-- 
2.51.1

From 5570682497e995e424717bd2e9375b5d3be553f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 2 Sep 2025 15:38:52 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v3 06/10] XXX run pytest and ssl suite, all OSes

---
 .cirrus.star      | 2 +-
 .cirrus.tasks.yml | 2 +-

 
index cb8b6aef930..e2d380afc60 100644

From f5485a815769a23ecda96aeafa956e0ff2273e07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
Date: Sun, 19 Oct 2025 23:01:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH v3 07/10] Refactor and improve pytest infrastructure

The refactoring it does:

 import os
 import sys
 
 import pytest

 import logging
 import os
 
 import pytest

 
 import pytest

 @pytest.fixture

 

 import datetime
-import os
-import pathlib
-import platform
-import secrets
-import socket
+import re
 import subprocess
 import tempfile
 
 import pytest
 
-import pg

 
-    return d
+            # Reject by default.

 

 
 
 import pytest
 
-import pg
+import pypg

 

 

 
-import contextlib
-import os
-import pathlib
-import platform
 import re
-import shutil
 import socket
 import ssl
 import struct
-import subprocess
-import tempfile
 
 import pytest
 
-import pg
+import pypg

 #

+# fmt: off

 
-- 
2.51.1

---

From: Andres Freund <[email-masked]>
Date: Wed, 17 Dec 2025 11:10:01 -0500

> Rebased to fix conflicts.

I assume this intentionally doesn't pass CI:
https://cirrus-ci.com/github/postgresql-cfbot/postgresql/cf%2F6045

> TODO: does Autoconf need something similar?

I agree with adding tap to the configuration summary, but I don't understand
the prove part, that just seems like a waste of vertical space.

>   be done by the image baker.

Yes, that needs to be baked into the image. Chocolatey is catastrophically
slow and unreliable. It's also just bad form to hit any service with such
repeated downloads.

This is true for *all* of the platforms.

Why do we need pytest the program at all?  Running the tests one-by-one with
pytest as a runner doesn't seem to make a whole lot of sense to me.

> -SUBDIRS = perl postmaster regress isolation modules authentication recovery subscription

I'm onboard with that, but we should do it separately and probably check for
other cases where we should do it at the same time.

I think it'd be a seriously bad idea to start with no central infrastructure,
we'd be force to duplicate that all over. Eventually we'll be forced to
introduce some central infrastructure, but we'll probably not go around and
carefully go through the existing tests for stuff that should now use the
common infrastructure.

Greetings,

Andres Freund

---

From: "Jelte Fennema-Nio" <[email-masked]>
Date: Thu, 18 Dec 2025 11:27:05 +0100

> https://cirrus-ci.com/github/postgresql-cfbot/postgresql/cf%2F6045

Yeah it was, but turns out was also actually broken because of that.
Attached is a new version that actually passes all tests. It also adds
logic to convert postgres errors into python exceptions. I also moved
the commits around a bit, so the SSL tests from Jacob are now built on
top of my improvements to the test infra.

> pytest as a runner doesn't seem to make a whole lot of sense to me.

Do you mean use "python -m pytest" instead of "pytest"? 

Or do you mean running python files manually somehow? Because that's not
possible. There's only functions defined in those test files, they're
not executable by themselves. pytest is still needed to find those in
each file, as well as the fixtures they require. And ofcourse to make
assertion errors show up as nicely.

> carefully go through the existing tests for stuff that should now use the

The infra to do query execution on a single postgres server is there
(patch 0004). That one seemed the most important to me. I'm currently
still working on some infrastructure to be able to spawn multiple
postgres servers (I'm validating that by converting the libpq load
balance TAP tests that I wrote in the past). Is there other
infrastructure that you think is needed?
From 053998cfe8a414c96c806baa587a598085eaa793 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Fri, 5 Sep 2025 16:39:08 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v4 1/7] meson: Include TAP tests in the configuration summary

diff --git a/meson.build b/meson.build
index d7c5193d4ce..551e27f5eb3 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -3981,6 +3981,7 @@ summary(
     'bison': '@0@ @1@'.format(bison.full_path(), bison_version),
     'dtrace': dtrace,
     'flex': '@0@ @1@'.format(flex.full_path(), flex_version),
+    'prove': prove,
   },
   section: 'Programs',
 )
@@ -4017,3 +4018,11 @@ summary(
   section: 'External libraries',
   list_sep: ' ',
 )
+
+summary(
+  {
+    'tap': tap_tests_enabled,
+  },
+  section: 'Other features',
+  list_sep: ' ',
+)

base-commit: b47c50e5667b489bec3affb55ecdf4e9c306ca2d
-- 
2.52.0

From 4e20afb9677fe443f274b7e91ee99bfab874003d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2025 10:58:56 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v4 2/7] Add support for pytest test suites

TODOs:
- OpenBSD has an ANSI-related terminal bug, but I'm not sure if the bug
  is in Cirrus, the image, pytest, Python, or readline. The TERM envvar
  is unset to work around it. If this workaround is removed, a bad ANSI
  escape is inserted into the pgtap output and mtest is unable to parse
  it.
- The Chocolatey CI setup is subpar. Need to find a way to bless the
  dependencies in use rather than pulling from pip... or maybe that will
  be done by the image baker.
---
 .cirrus.tasks.yml                |  38 ++++--
 .gitignore                       |   1 +
 config/check_pytest.py           | 150 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 config/conftest.py               |  18 +++
 config/pytest-requirements.txt   |  21 ++++
 configure                        | 108 ++++++++++++++++-
 configure.ac                     |  25 +++-
 meson.build                      |  92 +++++++++++++++
 meson_options.txt                |   8 +-
 pytest.ini                       |   6 +
 src/Makefile.global.in           |  23 ++++
 src/makefiles/meson.build        |   2 +
 src/test/Makefile                |  11 +-
 src/test/meson.build             |   1 +
 src/test/pytest/Makefile         |  20 ++++
 src/test/pytest/README           |   1 +
 src/test/pytest/meson.build      |  16 +++
 src/test/pytest/plugins/pgtap.py | 192 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 18 files changed, 718 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 config/check_pytest.py
 create mode 100644 config/conftest.py
 create mode 100644 config/pytest-requirements.txt
 create mode 100644 pytest.ini
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/Makefile
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/README
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/meson.build
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/plugins/pgtap.py

diff --git a/.cirrus.tasks.yml b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
index 038d043d00e..ee2084bdfb6 100644
--- a/.cirrus.tasks.yml
+++ b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ env:

 
 
     - name: OpenBSD - Meson
 
         MESON_FEATURES: >-
           -Dbsd_auth=enabled

 
   matrix:
     # SPECIAL:

 

 
   mingw_info_script: |
     %BASH% -c "where gcc"
 
index 00000000000..1c5e283d1e2
+pytest >= 7.0, < 10
index 14ad0a5006f..d6fe7d3d293 100755
@@ -772,6 +773,7 @@ CFLAGS
@@ -850,6 +852,7 @@ enable_profiling
@@ -1550,7 +1553,10 @@ Optional Features:
@@ -3632,7 +3638,7 @@ fi

 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #

@@ -3660,6 +3666,32 @@ fi

+
@@ -19229,6 +19261,78 @@ $as_echo "$modulestderr" >&6; }
   fi
 fi
 
index 01b3bbc1be8..d513d374f3e 100644
 
 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #
 
@@ -2412,6 +2417,22 @@ if test "$enable_tap_tests" = yes; then
   fi
 fi
 
index 551e27f5eb3..e27c8ad4455 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -1711,6 +1711,39 @@ endif

@@ -3808,6 +3841,63 @@ foreach test_dir : tests
@@ -3982,6 +4072,7 @@ summary(
@@ -4022,6 +4113,7 @@ summary(

 
 
index 371cd7eba2c..39e67358289 100644
 
 python_includespec	= @python_includespec@
 python_libdir		= @python_libdir@
@@ -354,6 +355,7 @@ MSGFMT  = @MSGFMT@
 MSGFMT_FLAGS = @MSGFMT_FLAGS@
 MSGMERGE = @MSGMERGE@
 OPENSSL	= @OPENSSL@
+PYTEST	= @PYTEST@
 PYTHON	= @PYTHON@
 TAR	= @TAR@
 XGETTEXT = @XGETTEXT@
@@ -508,6 +510,27 @@ prove_installcheck = @echo "TAP tests not enabled. Try configuring with --enable
 prove_check = $(prove_installcheck)
 endif

index c6edf14ec44..5b9a804aa94 100644

 ifeq ($(with_icu),yes)
 SUBDIRS += icu
 
 subdir('authentication')
 subdir('postmaster')
+subdir('pytest')
 subdir('recovery')
 subdir('subscription')
 subdir('modules')
index 00000000000..6a729d252e1
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
2.52.0

From 6be433093dd5d7942bfb12ff8ff00a348ea50be8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 2 Sep 2025 15:37:53 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v4 3/7] ci: Add MTEST_SUITES for optional test tailoring

index ee2084bdfb6..3b0bb202276 100644
@@ -251,7 +252,7 @@ task:
 
@@ -397,7 +398,7 @@ task:
 
   on_failure:
@@ -615,7 +616,7 @@ task:
         su postgres <<-EOF
           set -e
           ulimit -c unlimited
-          meson test $MTEST_ARGS --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS}
+          meson test $MTEST_ARGS --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS} ${MTEST_SUITES}
         EOF
         # so that we don't upload 64bit logs if 32bit fails
         rm -rf build/
@@ -628,7 +629,7 @@ task:
         su postgres <<-EOF
           set -e
           ulimit -c unlimited
-          PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE=0 LANG=C meson test $MTEST_ARGS -C build-32 --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS}
+          PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE=0 LANG=C meson test $MTEST_ARGS -C build-32 --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS} ${MTEST_SUITES}
         EOF
 
       on_failure:
@@ -752,7 +753,7 @@ task:
   test_world_script: |
 
   on_failure:
     <<: *on_failure_meson
@@ -835,7 +836,7 @@ task:
 
   check_world_script: |
     vcvarsall x64
 
   on_failure:
     <<: *on_failure_meson
@@ -896,7 +897,7 @@ task:
   upload_caches: ccache
 
   test_world_script: |
 
   on_failure:
     <<: *on_failure_meson
-- 
2.52.0

From e951a06800fae075d0f180ed0b409b2ed281e40e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:25:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v4 4/7] Add pytest infrastructure to interact with PostgreSQL
 servers

This adds functionality to the pytest infrastructure that allows tests
to do common things with PostgreSQL servers like:
- starting
- stopping
- connecting
- running queries

Especially the running of queries is designed in such a way that it.
Types get converted to their Python counter parts automatically. Errors
become actual python exceptions. And there's logic to automatically
unpack single fields or single rows so you don't have to do rows[0][0]
if the query only returns a single cell. In a similar vein Postgres
errors automatically get converted to dedicated Python exception types.
---
 pytest.ini                                 |    3 +
 src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt             |    5 +
 src/test/pytest/libpq/__init__.py          |   36 +
 src/test/pytest/libpq/_core.py             |  467 +++++
 src/test/pytest/libpq/_error_base.py       |   74 +
 src/test/pytest/libpq/_generated_errors.py | 2116 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/test/pytest/libpq/errors.py            |   39 +
 src/test/pytest/meson.build                |    4 +-
 src/test/pytest/pypg/__init__.py           |    4 +
 src/test/pytest/pypg/_env.py               |   54 +
 src/test/pytest/pypg/_win32.py             |  145 ++
 src/test/pytest/pypg/fixtures.py           |  191 ++
 src/test/pytest/pypg/server.py             |  391 ++++
 src/test/pytest/pypg/util.py               |   42 +
 src/test/pytest/pyt/conftest.py            |    4 +
 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_errors.py         |   34 +
 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py          |  172 ++
 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_query_helpers.py  |  286 +++
 src/tools/generate_pytest_libpq_errors.py  |  147 ++
 19 files changed, 4213 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/libpq/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/libpq/_core.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/libpq/_error_base.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/libpq/_generated_errors.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/libpq/errors.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pypg/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pypg/_env.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pypg/_win32.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pypg/fixtures.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pypg/server.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pypg/util.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pyt/conftest.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_errors.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_query_helpers.py
 create mode 100755 src/tools/generate_pytest_libpq_errors.py

diff --git a/pytest.ini b/pytest.ini
index 8e8388f3afc..e7aa84f3a84 100644
--- a/pytest.ini
+++ b/pytest.ini
@@ -4,3 +4,6 @@ minversion = 7.0
 # Ignore ./config (which contains the configure-time check_pytest.py tests) by
 # default.
 addopts = --ignore ./config
+
+# Common test code can be found here.
+pythonpath = src/test/pytest
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt b/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt
index c96aa7c49ef..40c7555047e 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt
+++ b/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt
@@ -21,6 +21,11 @@
 #   doc/src/sgml/errcodes-table.sgml
 #      a SGML table of error codes for inclusion in the documentation
 #
+#   src/test/pytest/libpq/_generated_errors.py
+#      Python exception classes for the pytest libpq wrapper
+#      Note: This needs to be manually regenerated by running
+#      src/tools/generate_pytest_libpq_errors.py
+#
 # The format of this file is one error code per line, with the following
 # whitespace-separated fields:
 #
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/libpq/__init__.py b/src/test/pytest/libpq/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cb4d18b6206
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/libpq/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+"""
+libpq testing utilities - ctypes bindings and helpers for PostgreSQL's libpq library.
+
+This module provides Python wrappers around libpq for use in pytest tests.
+"""
+
+from . import errors
+from .errors import LibpqError, LibpqWarning
+from ._core import (
+    ConnectionStatus,
+    DiagField,
+    ExecStatus,
+    PGconn,
+    PGresult,
+    connect,
+    connstr,
+    load_libpq_handle,
+    register_type_info,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "errors",
+    "LibpqError",
+    "LibpqWarning",
+    "ConnectionStatus",
+    "DiagField",
+    "ExecStatus",
+    "PGconn",
+    "PGresult",
+    "connect",
+    "connstr",
+    "load_libpq_handle",
+    "register_type_info",
+]
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/libpq/_core.py b/src/test/pytest/libpq/_core.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4776f0ff47e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/libpq/_core.py
@@ -0,0 +1,467 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+"""
+Core libpq functionality - ctypes bindings and connection handling.
+"""
+
+import contextlib
+import ctypes
+import datetime
+import decimal
+import enum
+import json
+import platform
+import os
+import uuid
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Optional
+
+from .errors import LibpqError, make_error
+
+
+# PG_DIAG field identifiers from postgres_ext.h
+class DiagField(enum.IntEnum):
+    SEVERITY = ord("S")
+    SEVERITY_NONLOCALIZED = ord("V")
+    SQLSTATE = ord("C")
+    MESSAGE_PRIMARY = ord("M")
+    MESSAGE_DETAIL = ord("D")
+    MESSAGE_HINT = ord("H")
+    STATEMENT_POSITION = ord("P")
+    INTERNAL_POSITION = ord("p")
+    INTERNAL_QUERY = ord("q")
+    CONTEXT = ord("W")
+    SCHEMA_NAME = ord("s")
+    TABLE_NAME = ord("t")
+    COLUMN_NAME = ord("c")
+    DATATYPE_NAME = ord("d")
+    CONSTRAINT_NAME = ord("n")
+    SOURCE_FILE = ord("F")
+    SOURCE_LINE = ord("L")
+    SOURCE_FUNCTION = ord("R")
+
+
+class ConnectionStatus(enum.IntEnum):
+    """PostgreSQL connection status codes from libpq."""
+
+    CONNECTION_OK = 0
+    CONNECTION_BAD = 1
+
+
+class ExecStatus(enum.IntEnum):
+    """PostgreSQL result status codes from PQresultStatus."""
+
+    PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY = 0
+    PGRES_COMMAND_OK = 1
+    PGRES_TUPLES_OK = 2
+    PGRES_COPY_OUT = 3
+    PGRES_COPY_IN = 4
+    PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE = 5
+    PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR = 6
+    PGRES_FATAL_ERROR = 7
+    PGRES_COPY_BOTH = 8
+    PGRES_SINGLE_TUPLE = 9
+    PGRES_PIPELINE_SYNC = 10
+    PGRES_PIPELINE_ABORTED = 11
+
+
+class _PGconn(ctypes.Structure):
+    pass
+
+
+class _PGresult(ctypes.Structure):
+    pass
+
+
+_PGconn_p = ctypes.POINTER(_PGconn)
+_PGresult_p = ctypes.POINTER(_PGresult)
+
+
+def load_libpq_handle(libdir, bindir):
+    """
+    Loads a ctypes handle for libpq. Some common function prototypes are
+    initialized for general use.
+    """
+    system = platform.system()
+
+    if system in ("Linux", "FreeBSD", "NetBSD", "OpenBSD"):
+        name = "libpq.so.5"
+    elif system == "Darwin":
+        name = "libpq.5.dylib"
+    elif system == "Windows":
+        name = "libpq.dll"
+    else:
+        assert False, f"the libpq fixture must be updated for {system}"
+
+    if system == "Windows":
+        # On Windows, libpq.dll is confusingly in bindir, not libdir. And we
+        # need to add this directory the the search path.
+        libpq_path = os.path.join(bindir, name)
+        lib = ctypes.CDLL(libpq_path)
+    else:
+        libpq_path = os.path.join(libdir, name)
+        lib = ctypes.CDLL(libpq_path)
+
+    #
+    # Function Prototypes
+    #
+
+    lib.PQconnectdb.restype = _PGconn_p
+    lib.PQconnectdb.argtypes = [ctypes.c_char_p]
+
+    lib.PQstatus.restype = ctypes.c_int
+    lib.PQstatus.argtypes = [_PGconn_p]
+
+    lib.PQexec.restype = _PGresult_p
+    lib.PQexec.argtypes = [_PGconn_p, ctypes.c_char_p]
+
+    lib.PQresultStatus.restype = ctypes.c_int
+    lib.PQresultStatus.argtypes = [_PGresult_p]
+
+    lib.PQclear.restype = None
+    lib.PQclear.argtypes = [_PGresult_p]
+
+    lib.PQerrorMessage.restype = ctypes.c_char_p
+    lib.PQerrorMessage.argtypes = [_PGconn_p]
+
+    lib.PQfinish.restype = None
+    lib.PQfinish.argtypes = [_PGconn_p]
+
+    lib.PQresultErrorMessage.restype = ctypes.c_char_p
+    lib.PQresultErrorMessage.argtypes = [_PGresult_p]
+
+    lib.PQntuples.restype = ctypes.c_int
+    lib.PQntuples.argtypes = [_PGresult_p]
+
+    lib.PQnfields.restype = ctypes.c_int
+    lib.PQnfields.argtypes = [_PGresult_p]
+
+    lib.PQgetvalue.restype = ctypes.c_char_p
+    lib.PQgetvalue.argtypes = [_PGresult_p, ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int]
+
+    lib.PQgetisnull.restype = ctypes.c_int
+    lib.PQgetisnull.argtypes = [_PGresult_p, ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int]
+
+    lib.PQftype.restype = ctypes.c_uint
+    lib.PQftype.argtypes = [_PGresult_p, ctypes.c_int]
+
+    lib.PQresultErrorField.restype = ctypes.c_char_p
+    lib.PQresultErrorField.argtypes = [_PGresult_p, ctypes.c_int]
+
+    return lib
+
+
+# PostgreSQL type OIDs and conversion system
+# Type registry - maps OID to converter function
+_type_converters: Dict[int, Callable[[str], Any]] = {}
+_array_to_elem_map: Dict[int, int] = {}
+
+
+def register_type_info(
+    name: str, oid: int, array_oid: int, converter: Callable[[str], Any]
+):
+    """
+    Register a PostgreSQL type with its OID, array OID, and conversion function.
+
+    Usage:
+        register_type_info("bool", 16, 1000, lambda v: v == "t")
+    """
+    _type_converters[oid] = converter
+    if array_oid is not None:
+        _array_to_elem_map[array_oid] = oid
+
+
+# Helper converters
+def _parse_array(value: str, elem_oid: int) -> list:
+    """Parse PostgreSQL array syntax: {elem1,elem2,elem3}"""
+    if not (value.startswith("{") and value.endswith("}")):
+        return value
+
+    inner = value[1:-1]
+    if not inner:
+        return []
+
+    elements = inner.split(",")
+    result = []
+    for elem in elements:
+        elem = elem.strip()
+        if elem == "NULL":
+            result.append(None)
+        else:
+            # Remove quotes if present
+            if elem.startswith('"') and elem.endswith('"'):
+                elem = elem[1:-1]
+            result.append(_convert_pg_value(elem, elem_oid))
+
+    return result
+
+
+# Register standard PostgreSQL types that we'll likely encounter in tests
+register_type_info("bool", 16, 1000, lambda v: v == "t")
+register_type_info("int2", 21, 1005, int)
+register_type_info("int4", 23, 1007, int)
+register_type_info("int8", 20, 1016, int)
+register_type_info("float4", 700, 1021, float)
+register_type_info("float8", 701, 1022, float)
+register_type_info("numeric", 1700, 1231, decimal.Decimal)
+register_type_info("text", 25, 1009, str)
+register_type_info("varchar", 1043, 1015, str)
+register_type_info("date", 1082, 1182, datetime.date.fromisoformat)
+register_type_info("time", 1083, 1183, datetime.time.fromisoformat)
+register_type_info("timestamp", 1114, 1115, datetime.datetime.fromisoformat)
+register_type_info("timestamptz", 1184, 1185, datetime.datetime.fromisoformat)
+register_type_info("uuid", 2950, 2951, uuid.UUID)
+register_type_info("json", 114, 199, json.loads)
+register_type_info("jsonb", 3802, 3807, json.loads)
+
+
+def _convert_pg_value(value: str, type_oid: int) -> Any:
+    """
+    Convert PostgreSQL string value to appropriate Python type based on OID.
+    Uses the registered type converters from register_type_info().
+    """
+    # Check if it's an array type
+    if type_oid in _array_to_elem_map:
+        elem_oid = _array_to_elem_map[type_oid]
+        return _parse_array(value, elem_oid)
+
+    # Use registered converter if available
+    converter = _type_converters.get(type_oid)
+    if converter:
+        return converter(value)
+
+    # Unknown types - return as string
+    return value
+
+
+def simplify_query_results(results) -> Any:
+    """
+    Simplify the results of a query so that the caller doesn't have to unpack
+    lists and tuples of length 1.
+    """
+    if len(results) == 1:
+        row = results[0]
+        if len(row) == 1:
+            # If there's only a single cell, just return the value
+            return row[0]
+        # If there's only a single row, just return that row
+        return row
+
+    if len(results) != 0 and len(results[0]) == 1:
+        # If there's only a single column, return an array of values
+        return [row[0] for row in results]
+
+    # if there are multiple rows and columns, return the results as is
+    return results
+
+
+class PGresult(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
+    """Wraps a raw _PGresult_p with a more friendly interface."""
+
+    def __init__(self, lib: ctypes.CDLL, res: _PGresult_p):
+        self._lib = lib
+        self._res = res
+
+    def __exit__(self, *exc):
+        self._lib.PQclear(self._res)
+        self._res = None
+
+    def status(self) -> ExecStatus:
+        return ExecStatus(self._lib.PQresultStatus(self._res))
+
+    def error_message(self):
+        """Returns the error message associated with this result."""
+        msg = self._lib.PQresultErrorMessage(self._res)
+        return msg.decode() if msg else ""
+
+    def _get_error_field(self, field: DiagField) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Get an error field from the result using PQresultErrorField."""
+        val = self._lib.PQresultErrorField(self._res, int(field))
+        return val.decode() if val else None
+
+    def raise_error(self, query: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+        """
+        Raises an appropriate LibpqError subclass based on the error fields.
+        Extracts SQLSTATE and other diagnostic information from the result.
+        """
+        sqlstate = self._get_error_field(DiagField.SQLSTATE)
+        primary = self._get_error_field(DiagField.MESSAGE_PRIMARY)
+        detail = self._get_error_field(DiagField.MESSAGE_DETAIL)
+        hint = self._get_error_field(DiagField.MESSAGE_HINT)
+        severity = self._get_error_field(DiagField.SEVERITY)
+        schema_name = self._get_error_field(DiagField.SCHEMA_NAME)
+        table_name = self._get_error_field(DiagField.TABLE_NAME)
+        column_name = self._get_error_field(DiagField.COLUMN_NAME)
+        datatype_name = self._get_error_field(DiagField.DATATYPE_NAME)
+        constraint_name = self._get_error_field(DiagField.CONSTRAINT_NAME)
+        context = self._get_error_field(DiagField.CONTEXT)
+
+        position_str = self._get_error_field(DiagField.STATEMENT_POSITION)
+        position = int(position_str) if position_str else None
+
+        # Build the error message
+        message = primary or self.error_message()
+        if query:
+            message = f"{message}\nQuery: {query}"
+
+        raise make_error(
+            message,
+            sqlstate=sqlstate,
+            severity=severity,
+            primary=primary,
+            detail=detail,
+            hint=hint,
+            schema_name=schema_name,
+            table_name=table_name,
+            column_name=column_name,
+            datatype_name=datatype_name,
+            constraint_name=constraint_name,
+            position=position,
+            context=context,
+        )
+
+    def fetch_all(self):
+        """
+        Fetch all rows and convert to Python types.
+        Returns a list of tuples, with values converted based on their PostgreSQL type.
+        """
+        nrows = self._lib.PQntuples(self._res)
+        ncols = self._lib.PQnfields(self._res)
+
+        # Get type OIDs for each column
+        type_oids = [self._lib.PQftype(self._res, col) for col in range(ncols)]
+
+        results = []
+        for row in range(nrows):
+            row_data = []
+            for col in range(ncols):
+                if self._lib.PQgetisnull(self._res, row, col):
+                    row_data.append(None)
+                else:
+                    value = self._lib.PQgetvalue(self._res, row, col).decode()
+                    row_data.append(_convert_pg_value(value, type_oids[col]))
+            results.append(tuple(row_data))
+
+        return results
+
+
+class PGconn(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
+    """
+    Wraps a raw _PGconn_p with a more friendly interface. This is just a
+    stub; it's expected to grow.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        lib: ctypes.CDLL,
+        handle: _PGconn_p,
+        stack: contextlib.ExitStack,
+    ):
+        self._lib = lib
+        self._handle = handle
+        self._stack = stack
+
+    def __exit__(self, *exc):
+        self._lib.PQfinish(self._handle)
+        self._handle = None
+
+    def exec(self, query: str):
+        """
+        Executes a query via PQexec() and returns a PGresult.
+        """
+        res = self._lib.PQexec(self._handle, query.encode())
+        return self._stack.enter_context(PGresult(self._lib, res))
+
+    def sql(self, query: str):
+        """
+        Executes a query and raises an exception if it fails.
+        Returns the query results with automatic type conversion and simplification.
+        For commands that don't return data (INSERT, UPDATE, etc.), returns None.
+
+        Examples:
+        - SELECT 1 -> 1
+        - SELECT 1, 2 -> (1, 2)
+        - SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 3) -> [1, 2, 3]
+        - SELECT * FROM (VALUES (1, 'a'), (2, 'b')) t -> [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b')]
+        - CREATE TABLE ... -> None
+        - INSERT INTO ... -> None
+        """
+        res = self.exec(query)
+        status = res.status()
+
+        if status == ExecStatus.PGRES_FATAL_ERROR:
+            res.raise_error(query)
+        elif status == ExecStatus.PGRES_COMMAND_OK:
+            return None
+        elif status == ExecStatus.PGRES_TUPLES_OK:
+            results = res.fetch_all()
+            return simplify_query_results(results)
+        else:
+            res.raise_error(query)
+
+
+def connstr(opts: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+    """
+    Flattens the provided options into a libpq connection string. Values
+    are converted to str and quoted/escaped as necessary.
+    """
+    settings = []
+
+    for k, v in opts.items():
+        v = str(v)
+        if not v:
+            v = "''"
+        else:
+            v = v.replace("\\", "\\\\")
+            v = v.replace("'", "\\'")
+
+            if " " in v:
+                v = f"'{v}'"
+
+        settings.append(f"{k}={v}")
+
+    return " ".join(settings)
+
+
+def connect(
+    libpq_handle: ctypes.CDLL,
+    stack: contextlib.ExitStack,
+    remaining_timeout_fn: Callable[[], float],
+    **opts,
+) -> PGconn:
+    """
+    Connects to a server, using the given connection options, and
+    returns a PGconn object wrapping the connection handle. A
+    failure will raise LibpqError.
+
+    Connections honor PG_TEST_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT unless connect_timeout is
+    explicitly overridden in opts.
+
+    Args:
+        libpq_handle: ctypes.CDLL handle to libpq library
+        stack: ExitStack for managing connection cleanup
+        remaining_timeout_fn: Function that returns remaining timeout in seconds
+        **opts: Connection options (host, port, dbname, etc.)
+
+    Returns:
+        PGconn: Connected database connection
+
+    Raises:
+        LibpqError: If connection fails
+    """
+
+    if "connect_timeout" not in opts:
+        t = int(remaining_timeout_fn())
+        opts["connect_timeout"] = max(t, 1)
+
+    conn_p = libpq_handle.PQconnectdb(connstr(opts).encode())
+
+    # Check connection status before adding to stack
+    if libpq_handle.PQstatus(conn_p) != ConnectionStatus.CONNECTION_OK:
+        error_msg = libpq_handle.PQerrorMessage(conn_p).decode()
+        # Manually close the failed connection
+        libpq_handle.PQfinish(conn_p)
+        raise LibpqError(error_msg)
+
+    # Connection succeeded - add to stack for cleanup
+    conn = stack.enter_context(PGconn(libpq_handle, conn_p, stack=stack))
+    return conn
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/libpq/_error_base.py b/src/test/pytest/libpq/_error_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5c70c077193
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/libpq/_error_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+"""
+Base exception classes for libpq errors and warnings.
+"""
+
+from typing import Optional
+
+
+class LibpqExceptionMixin:
+    """Mixin providing PostgreSQL error field attributes."""
+
+    sqlstate: Optional[str]
+    severity: Optional[str]
+    primary: Optional[str]
+    detail: Optional[str]
+    hint: Optional[str]
+    schema_name: Optional[str]
+    table_name: Optional[str]
+    column_name: Optional[str]
+    datatype_name: Optional[str]
+    constraint_name: Optional[str]
+    position: Optional[int]
+    context: Optional[str]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        message: str,
+        *,
+        sqlstate: Optional[str] = None,
+        severity: Optional[str] = None,
+        primary: Optional[str] = None,
+        detail: Optional[str] = None,
+        hint: Optional[str] = None,
+        schema_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        table_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        column_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        datatype_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        constraint_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        position: Optional[int] = None,
+        context: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.sqlstate = sqlstate
+        self.severity = severity
+        self.primary = primary
+        self.detail = detail
+        self.hint = hint
+        self.schema_name = schema_name
+        self.table_name = table_name
+        self.column_name = column_name
+        self.datatype_name = datatype_name
+        self.constraint_name = constraint_name
+        self.position = position
+        self.context = context
+
+    @property
+    def sqlstate_class(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Returns the 2-character SQLSTATE class."""
+        if self.sqlstate and len(self.sqlstate) >= 2:
+            return self.sqlstate[:2]
+        return None
+
+
+class LibpqError(LibpqExceptionMixin, RuntimeError):
+    """Base exception for libpq errors."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class LibpqWarning(LibpqExceptionMixin, UserWarning):
+    """Base exception for libpq warnings."""
+
+    pass
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/libpq/_generated_errors.py b/src/test/pytest/libpq/_generated_errors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f50f3143580
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/libpq/_generated_errors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2116 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+# This file is generated by src/tools/generate_pytest_libpq_errors.py - do not edit directly.
+
+"""
+Generated PostgreSQL error classes mapped from SQLSTATE codes.
+"""
+
+from typing import Dict
+
+from ._error_base import LibpqError, LibpqWarning
+
+
+class SuccessfulCompletion(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 00000 - successful completion."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class Warning(LibpqWarning):
+    """SQLSTATE 01000 - warning."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DynamicResultSetsReturnedWarning(Warning):
+    """SQLSTATE 0100C - dynamic result sets returned."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ImplicitZeroBitPaddingWarning(Warning):
+    """SQLSTATE 01008 - implicit zero bit padding."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class NullValueEliminatedInSetFunctionWarning(Warning):
+    """SQLSTATE 01003 - null value eliminated in set function."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class PrivilegeNotGrantedWarning(Warning):
+    """SQLSTATE 01007 - privilege not granted."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class PrivilegeNotRevokedWarning(Warning):
+    """SQLSTATE 01006 - privilege not revoked."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class StringDataRightTruncationWarning(Warning):
+    """SQLSTATE 01004 - string data right truncation."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DeprecatedFeatureWarning(Warning):
+    """SQLSTATE 01P01 - deprecated feature."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class NoData(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 02000 - no data."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class NoAdditionalDynamicResultSetsReturned(NoData):
+    """SQLSTATE 02001 - no additional dynamic result sets returned."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SQLStatementNotYetComplete(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 03000 - sql statement not yet complete."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ConnectionException(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 08000 - connection exception."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ConnectionDoesNotExist(ConnectionException):
+    """SQLSTATE 08003 - connection does not exist."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ConnectionFailure(ConnectionException):
+    """SQLSTATE 08006 - connection failure."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SQLClientUnableToEstablishSQLConnection(ConnectionException):
+    """SQLSTATE 08001 - sqlclient unable to establish sqlconnection."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SQLServerRejectedEstablishmentOfSQLConnection(ConnectionException):
+    """SQLSTATE 08004 - sqlserver rejected establishment of sqlconnection."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class TransactionResolutionUnknown(ConnectionException):
+    """SQLSTATE 08007 - transaction resolution unknown."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ProtocolViolation(ConnectionException):
+    """SQLSTATE 08P01 - protocol violation."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class TriggeredActionException(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 09000 - triggered action exception."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FeatureNotSupported(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 0A000 - feature not supported."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidTransactionInitiation(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 0B000 - invalid transaction initiation."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class LocatorException(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 0F000 - locator exception."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidLocatorSpecification(LocatorException):
+    """SQLSTATE 0F001 - invalid locator specification."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidGrantor(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 0L000 - invalid grantor."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidGrantOperation(InvalidGrantor):
+    """SQLSTATE 0LP01 - invalid grant operation."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidRoleSpecification(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 0P000 - invalid role specification."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DiagnosticsException(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 0Z000 - diagnostics exception."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class StackedDiagnosticsAccessedWithoutActiveHandler(DiagnosticsException):
+    """SQLSTATE 0Z002 - stacked diagnostics accessed without active handler."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidArgumentForXquery(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 10608 - invalid argument for xquery."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class CaseNotFound(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 20000 - case not found."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class CardinalityViolation(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 21000 - cardinality violation."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DataException(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 22000 - data exception."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ArraySubscriptError(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2202E - array subscript error."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class CharacterNotInRepertoire(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22021 - character not in repertoire."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DatetimeFieldOverflow(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22008 - datetime field overflow."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DivisionByZero(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22012 - division by zero."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ErrorInAssignment(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22005 - error in assignment."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class EscapeCharacterConflict(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2200B - escape character conflict."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class IndicatorOverflow(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22022 - indicator overflow."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class IntervalFieldOverflow(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22015 - interval field overflow."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidArgumentForLogarithm(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2201E - invalid argument for logarithm."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidArgumentForNtileFunction(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22014 - invalid argument for ntile function."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidArgumentForNthValueFunction(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22016 - invalid argument for nth value function."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidArgumentForPowerFunction(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2201F - invalid argument for power function."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidArgumentForWidthBucketFunction(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2201G - invalid argument for width bucket function."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidCharacterValueForCast(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22018 - invalid character value for cast."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidDatetimeFormat(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22007 - invalid datetime format."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidEscapeCharacter(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22019 - invalid escape character."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidEscapeOctet(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2200D - invalid escape octet."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidEscapeSequence(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22025 - invalid escape sequence."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class NonstandardUseOfEscapeCharacter(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22P06 - nonstandard use of escape character."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidIndicatorParameterValue(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22010 - invalid indicator parameter value."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidParameterValue(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22023 - invalid parameter value."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidPrecedingOrFollowingSize(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22013 - invalid preceding or following size."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidRegularExpression(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2201B - invalid regular expression."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidRowCountInLimitClause(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2201W - invalid row count in limit clause."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidRowCountInResultOffsetClause(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2201X - invalid row count in result offset clause."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidTablesampleArgument(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2202H - invalid tablesample argument."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidTablesampleRepeat(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2202G - invalid tablesample repeat."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidTimeZoneDisplacementValue(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22009 - invalid time zone displacement value."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidUseOfEscapeCharacter(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2200C - invalid use of escape character."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class MostSpecificTypeMismatch(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2200G - most specific type mismatch."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class NullValueNotAllowed(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22004 - null value not allowed."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class NullValueNoIndicatorParameter(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22002 - null value no indicator parameter."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class NumericValueOutOfRange(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22003 - numeric value out of range."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SequenceGeneratorLimitExceeded(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2200H - sequence generator limit exceeded."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class StringDataLengthMismatch(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22026 - string data length mismatch."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class StringDataRightTruncation(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22001 - string data right truncation."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SubstringError(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22011 - substring error."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class TrimError(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22027 - trim error."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class UnterminatedCString(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22024 - unterminated c string."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ZeroLengthCharacterString(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2200F - zero length character string."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FloatingPointException(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22P01 - floating point exception."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidTextRepresentation(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22P02 - invalid text representation."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidBinaryRepresentation(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22P03 - invalid binary representation."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class BadCopyFileFormat(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22P04 - bad copy file format."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class UntranslatableCharacter(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22P05 - untranslatable character."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class NotAnXmlDocument(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2200L - not an xml document."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidXmlDocument(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2200M - invalid xml document."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidXmlContent(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2200N - invalid xml content."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidXmlComment(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2200S - invalid xml comment."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidXmlProcessingInstruction(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2200T - invalid xml processing instruction."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DuplicateJsonObjectKeyValue(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22030 - duplicate json object key value."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidArgumentForSQLJsonDatetimeFunction(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22031 - invalid argument for sql json datetime function."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidJsonText(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22032 - invalid json text."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidSQLJsonSubscript(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22033 - invalid sql json subscript."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class MoreThanOneSQLJsonItem(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22034 - more than one sql json item."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class NoSQLJsonItem(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22035 - no sql json item."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class NonNumericSQLJsonItem(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22036 - non numeric sql json item."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class NonUniqueKeysInAJsonObject(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22037 - non unique keys in a json object."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SingletonSQLJsonItemRequired(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22038 - singleton sql json item required."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SQLJsonArrayNotFound(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 22039 - sql json array not found."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SQLJsonMemberNotFound(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2203A - sql json member not found."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SQLJsonNumberNotFound(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2203B - sql json number not found."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SQLJsonObjectNotFound(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2203C - sql json object not found."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class TooManyJsonArrayElements(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2203D - too many json array elements."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class TooManyJsonObjectMembers(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2203E - too many json object members."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SQLJsonScalarRequired(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2203F - sql json scalar required."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SQLJsonItemCannotBeCastToTargetType(DataException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2203G - sql json item cannot be cast to target type."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class IntegrityConstraintViolation(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 23000 - integrity constraint violation."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class RestrictViolation(IntegrityConstraintViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 23001 - restrict violation."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class NotNullViolation(IntegrityConstraintViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 23502 - not null violation."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ForeignKeyViolation(IntegrityConstraintViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 23503 - foreign key violation."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class UniqueViolation(IntegrityConstraintViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 23505 - unique violation."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class CheckViolation(IntegrityConstraintViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 23514 - check violation."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ExclusionViolation(IntegrityConstraintViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 23P01 - exclusion violation."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidCursorState(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 24000 - invalid cursor state."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidTransactionState(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 25000 - invalid transaction state."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ActiveSQLTransaction(InvalidTransactionState):
+    """SQLSTATE 25001 - active sql transaction."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class BranchTransactionAlreadyActive(InvalidTransactionState):
+    """SQLSTATE 25002 - branch transaction already active."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class HeldCursorRequiresSameIsolationLevel(InvalidTransactionState):
+    """SQLSTATE 25008 - held cursor requires same isolation level."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InappropriateAccessModeForBranchTransaction(InvalidTransactionState):
+    """SQLSTATE 25003 - inappropriate access mode for branch transaction."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InappropriateIsolationLevelForBranchTransaction(InvalidTransactionState):
+    """SQLSTATE 25004 - inappropriate isolation level for branch transaction."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class NoActiveSQLTransactionForBranchTransaction(InvalidTransactionState):
+    """SQLSTATE 25005 - no active sql transaction for branch transaction."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ReadOnlySQLTransaction(InvalidTransactionState):
+    """SQLSTATE 25006 - read only sql transaction."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SchemaAndDataStatementMixingNotSupported(InvalidTransactionState):
+    """SQLSTATE 25007 - schema and data statement mixing not supported."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class NoActiveSQLTransaction(InvalidTransactionState):
+    """SQLSTATE 25P01 - no active sql transaction."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InFailedSQLTransaction(InvalidTransactionState):
+    """SQLSTATE 25P02 - in failed sql transaction."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class IdleInTransactionSessionTimeout(InvalidTransactionState):
+    """SQLSTATE 25P03 - idle in transaction session timeout."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class TransactionTimeout(InvalidTransactionState):
+    """SQLSTATE 25P04 - transaction timeout."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidSQLStatementName(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 26000 - invalid sql statement name."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class TriggeredDataChangeViolation(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 27000 - triggered data change violation."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidAuthorizationSpecification(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 28000 - invalid authorization specification."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidPassword(InvalidAuthorizationSpecification):
+    """SQLSTATE 28P01 - invalid password."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DependentPrivilegeDescriptorsStillExist(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 2B000 - dependent privilege descriptors still exist."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DependentObjectsStillExist(DependentPrivilegeDescriptorsStillExist):
+    """SQLSTATE 2BP01 - dependent objects still exist."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidTransactionTermination(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 2D000 - invalid transaction termination."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SQLRoutineException(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 2F000 - sql routine exception."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FunctionExecutedNoReturnStatement(SQLRoutineException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2F005 - function executed no return statement."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SREModifyingSQLDataNotPermitted(SQLRoutineException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2F002 - modifying sql data not permitted."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SREProhibitedSQLStatementAttempted(SQLRoutineException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2F003 - prohibited sql statement attempted."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SREReadingSQLDataNotPermitted(SQLRoutineException):
+    """SQLSTATE 2F004 - reading sql data not permitted."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidCursorName(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 34000 - invalid cursor name."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ExternalRoutineException(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 38000 - external routine exception."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ContainingSQLNotPermitted(ExternalRoutineException):
+    """SQLSTATE 38001 - containing sql not permitted."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class EREModifyingSQLDataNotPermitted(ExternalRoutineException):
+    """SQLSTATE 38002 - modifying sql data not permitted."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class EREProhibitedSQLStatementAttempted(ExternalRoutineException):
+    """SQLSTATE 38003 - prohibited sql statement attempted."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class EREReadingSQLDataNotPermitted(ExternalRoutineException):
+    """SQLSTATE 38004 - reading sql data not permitted."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ExternalRoutineInvocationException(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 39000 - external routine invocation exception."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidSqlstateReturned(ExternalRoutineInvocationException):
+    """SQLSTATE 39001 - invalid sqlstate returned."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ERIENullValueNotAllowed(ExternalRoutineInvocationException):
+    """SQLSTATE 39004 - null value not allowed."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class TriggerProtocolViolated(ExternalRoutineInvocationException):
+    """SQLSTATE 39P01 - trigger protocol violated."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SrfProtocolViolated(ExternalRoutineInvocationException):
+    """SQLSTATE 39P02 - srf protocol violated."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class EventTriggerProtocolViolated(ExternalRoutineInvocationException):
+    """SQLSTATE 39P03 - event trigger protocol violated."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SavepointException(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 3B000 - savepoint exception."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidSavepointSpecification(SavepointException):
+    """SQLSTATE 3B001 - invalid savepoint specification."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidCatalogName(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 3D000 - invalid catalog name."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidSchemaName(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 3F000 - invalid schema name."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class TransactionRollback(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 40000 - transaction rollback."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class TransactionIntegrityConstraintViolation(TransactionRollback):
+    """SQLSTATE 40002 - transaction integrity constraint violation."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SerializationFailure(TransactionRollback):
+    """SQLSTATE 40001 - serialization failure."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class StatementCompletionUnknown(TransactionRollback):
+    """SQLSTATE 40003 - statement completion unknown."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DeadlockDetected(TransactionRollback):
+    """SQLSTATE 40P01 - deadlock detected."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 42000 - syntax error or access rule violation."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SyntaxError(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42601 - syntax error."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InsufficientPrivilege(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42501 - insufficient privilege."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class CannotCoerce(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42846 - cannot coerce."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class GroupingError(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42803 - grouping error."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class WindowingError(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P20 - windowing error."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidRecursion(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P19 - invalid recursion."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidForeignKey(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42830 - invalid foreign key."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidName(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42602 - invalid name."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class NameTooLong(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42622 - name too long."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ReservedName(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42939 - reserved name."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DatatypeMismatch(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42804 - datatype mismatch."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class IndeterminateDatatype(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P18 - indeterminate datatype."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class CollationMismatch(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P21 - collation mismatch."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class IndeterminateCollation(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P22 - indeterminate collation."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class WrongObjectType(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42809 - wrong object type."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class GeneratedAlways(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 428C9 - generated always."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class UndefinedColumn(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42703 - undefined column."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class UndefinedFunction(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42883 - undefined function."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class UndefinedTable(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P01 - undefined table."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class UndefinedParameter(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P02 - undefined parameter."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class UndefinedObject(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42704 - undefined object."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DuplicateColumn(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42701 - duplicate column."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DuplicateCursor(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P03 - duplicate cursor."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DuplicateDatabase(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P04 - duplicate database."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DuplicateFunction(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42723 - duplicate function."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DuplicatePreparedStatement(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P05 - duplicate prepared statement."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DuplicateSchema(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P06 - duplicate schema."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DuplicateTable(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P07 - duplicate table."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DuplicateAlias(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42712 - duplicate alias."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DuplicateObject(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42710 - duplicate object."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class AmbiguousColumn(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42702 - ambiguous column."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class AmbiguousFunction(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42725 - ambiguous function."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class AmbiguousParameter(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P08 - ambiguous parameter."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class AmbiguousAlias(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P09 - ambiguous alias."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidColumnReference(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P10 - invalid column reference."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidColumnDefinition(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42611 - invalid column definition."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidCursorDefinition(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P11 - invalid cursor definition."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidDatabaseDefinition(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P12 - invalid database definition."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidFunctionDefinition(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P13 - invalid function definition."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidPreparedStatementDefinition(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P14 - invalid prepared statement definition."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidSchemaDefinition(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P15 - invalid schema definition."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidTableDefinition(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P16 - invalid table definition."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidObjectDefinition(SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation):
+    """SQLSTATE 42P17 - invalid object definition."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class WithCheckOptionViolation(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 44000 - with check option violation."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InsufficientResources(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 53000 - insufficient resources."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DiskFull(InsufficientResources):
+    """SQLSTATE 53100 - disk full."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class OutOfMemory(InsufficientResources):
+    """SQLSTATE 53200 - out of memory."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class TooManyConnections(InsufficientResources):
+    """SQLSTATE 53300 - too many connections."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ConfigurationLimitExceeded(InsufficientResources):
+    """SQLSTATE 53400 - configuration limit exceeded."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ProgramLimitExceeded(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 54000 - program limit exceeded."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class StatementTooComplex(ProgramLimitExceeded):
+    """SQLSTATE 54001 - statement too complex."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class TooManyColumns(ProgramLimitExceeded):
+    """SQLSTATE 54011 - too many columns."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class TooManyArguments(ProgramLimitExceeded):
+    """SQLSTATE 54023 - too many arguments."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ObjectNotInPrerequisiteState(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 55000 - object not in prerequisite state."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ObjectInUse(ObjectNotInPrerequisiteState):
+    """SQLSTATE 55006 - object in use."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class CantChangeRuntimeParam(ObjectNotInPrerequisiteState):
+    """SQLSTATE 55P02 - cant change runtime param."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class LockNotAvailable(ObjectNotInPrerequisiteState):
+    """SQLSTATE 55P03 - lock not available."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class UnsafeNewEnumValueUsage(ObjectNotInPrerequisiteState):
+    """SQLSTATE 55P04 - unsafe new enum value usage."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class OperatorIntervention(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 57000 - operator intervention."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class QueryCanceled(OperatorIntervention):
+    """SQLSTATE 57014 - query canceled."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class AdminShutdown(OperatorIntervention):
+    """SQLSTATE 57P01 - admin shutdown."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class CrashShutdown(OperatorIntervention):
+    """SQLSTATE 57P02 - crash shutdown."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class CannotConnectNow(OperatorIntervention):
+    """SQLSTATE 57P03 - cannot connect now."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DatabaseDropped(OperatorIntervention):
+    """SQLSTATE 57P04 - database dropped."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class IdleSessionTimeout(OperatorIntervention):
+    """SQLSTATE 57P05 - idle session timeout."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SystemError(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE 58000 - system error."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class IoError(SystemError):
+    """SQLSTATE 58030 - io error."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class UndefinedFile(SystemError):
+    """SQLSTATE 58P01 - undefined file."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DuplicateFile(SystemError):
+    """SQLSTATE 58P02 - duplicate file."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FileNameTooLong(SystemError):
+    """SQLSTATE 58P03 - file name too long."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ConfigFileError(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE F0000 - config file error."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class LockFileExists(ConfigFileError):
+    """SQLSTATE F0001 - lock file exists."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWError(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV000 - fdw error."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWColumnNameNotFound(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV005 - fdw column name not found."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWDynamicParameterValueNeeded(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV002 - fdw dynamic parameter value needed."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWFunctionSequenceError(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV010 - fdw function sequence error."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWInconsistentDescriptorInformation(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV021 - fdw inconsistent descriptor information."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWInvalidAttributeValue(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV024 - fdw invalid attribute value."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWInvalidColumnName(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV007 - fdw invalid column name."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWInvalidColumnNumber(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV008 - fdw invalid column number."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWInvalidDataType(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV004 - fdw invalid data type."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWInvalidDataTypeDescriptors(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV006 - fdw invalid data type descriptors."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWInvalidDescriptorFieldIdentifier(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV091 - fdw invalid descriptor field identifier."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWInvalidHandle(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV00B - fdw invalid handle."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWInvalidOptionIndex(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV00C - fdw invalid option index."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWInvalidOptionName(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV00D - fdw invalid option name."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWInvalidStringLengthOrBufferLength(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV090 - fdw invalid string length or buffer length."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWInvalidStringFormat(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV00A - fdw invalid string format."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWInvalidUseOfNullPointer(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV009 - fdw invalid use of null pointer."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWTooManyHandles(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV014 - fdw too many handles."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWOutOfMemory(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV001 - fdw out of memory."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWNoSchemas(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV00P - fdw no schemas."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWOptionNameNotFound(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV00J - fdw option name not found."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWReplyHandle(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV00K - fdw reply handle."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWSchemaNotFound(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV00Q - fdw schema not found."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWTableNotFound(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV00R - fdw table not found."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWUnableToCreateExecution(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV00L - fdw unable to create execution."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWUnableToCreateReply(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV00M - fdw unable to create reply."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FDWUnableToEstablishConnection(FDWError):
+    """SQLSTATE HV00N - fdw unable to establish connection."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class PlpgsqlError(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE P0000 - plpgsql error."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class RaiseException(PlpgsqlError):
+    """SQLSTATE P0001 - raise exception."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class NoDataFound(PlpgsqlError):
+    """SQLSTATE P0002 - no data found."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class TooManyRows(PlpgsqlError):
+    """SQLSTATE P0003 - too many rows."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class AssertFailure(PlpgsqlError):
+    """SQLSTATE P0004 - assert failure."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InternalError(LibpqError):
+    """SQLSTATE XX000 - internal error."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DataCorrupted(InternalError):
+    """SQLSTATE XX001 - data corrupted."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class IndexCorrupted(InternalError):
+    """SQLSTATE XX002 - index corrupted."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+SQLSTATE_TO_EXCEPTION: Dict[str, type] = {
+    "00000": SuccessfulCompletion,
+    "01000": Warning,
+    "0100C": DynamicResultSetsReturnedWarning,
+    "01008": ImplicitZeroBitPaddingWarning,
+    "01003": NullValueEliminatedInSetFunctionWarning,
+    "01007": PrivilegeNotGrantedWarning,
+    "01006": PrivilegeNotRevokedWarning,
+    "01004": StringDataRightTruncationWarning,
+    "01P01": DeprecatedFeatureWarning,
+    "02000": NoData,
+    "02001": NoAdditionalDynamicResultSetsReturned,
+    "03000": SQLStatementNotYetComplete,
+    "08000": ConnectionException,
+    "08003": ConnectionDoesNotExist,
+    "08006": ConnectionFailure,
+    "08001": SQLClientUnableToEstablishSQLConnection,
+    "08004": SQLServerRejectedEstablishmentOfSQLConnection,
+    "08007": TransactionResolutionUnknown,
+    "08P01": ProtocolViolation,
+    "09000": TriggeredActionException,
+    "0A000": FeatureNotSupported,
+    "0B000": InvalidTransactionInitiation,
+    "0F000": LocatorException,
+    "0F001": InvalidLocatorSpecification,
+    "0L000": InvalidGrantor,
+    "0LP01": InvalidGrantOperation,
+    "0P000": InvalidRoleSpecification,
+    "0Z000": DiagnosticsException,
+    "0Z002": StackedDiagnosticsAccessedWithoutActiveHandler,
+    "10608": InvalidArgumentForXquery,
+    "20000": CaseNotFound,
+    "21000": CardinalityViolation,
+    "22000": DataException,
+    "2202E": ArraySubscriptError,
+    "22021": CharacterNotInRepertoire,
+    "22008": DatetimeFieldOverflow,
+    "22012": DivisionByZero,
+    "22005": ErrorInAssignment,
+    "2200B": EscapeCharacterConflict,
+    "22022": IndicatorOverflow,
+    "22015": IntervalFieldOverflow,
+    "2201E": InvalidArgumentForLogarithm,
+    "22014": InvalidArgumentForNtileFunction,
+    "22016": InvalidArgumentForNthValueFunction,
+    "2201F": InvalidArgumentForPowerFunction,
+    "2201G": InvalidArgumentForWidthBucketFunction,
+    "22018": InvalidCharacterValueForCast,
+    "22007": InvalidDatetimeFormat,
+    "22019": InvalidEscapeCharacter,
+    "2200D": InvalidEscapeOctet,
+    "22025": InvalidEscapeSequence,
+    "22P06": NonstandardUseOfEscapeCharacter,
+    "22010": InvalidIndicatorParameterValue,
+    "22023": InvalidParameterValue,
+    "22013": InvalidPrecedingOrFollowingSize,
+    "2201B": InvalidRegularExpression,
+    "2201W": InvalidRowCountInLimitClause,
+    "2201X": InvalidRowCountInResultOffsetClause,
+    "2202H": InvalidTablesampleArgument,
+    "2202G": InvalidTablesampleRepeat,
+    "22009": InvalidTimeZoneDisplacementValue,
+    "2200C": InvalidUseOfEscapeCharacter,
+    "2200G": MostSpecificTypeMismatch,
+    "22004": NullValueNotAllowed,
+    "22002": NullValueNoIndicatorParameter,
+    "22003": NumericValueOutOfRange,
+    "2200H": SequenceGeneratorLimitExceeded,
+    "22026": StringDataLengthMismatch,
+    "22001": StringDataRightTruncation,
+    "22011": SubstringError,
+    "22027": TrimError,
+    "22024": UnterminatedCString,
+    "2200F": ZeroLengthCharacterString,
+    "22P01": FloatingPointException,
+    "22P02": InvalidTextRepresentation,
+    "22P03": InvalidBinaryRepresentation,
+    "22P04": BadCopyFileFormat,
+    "22P05": UntranslatableCharacter,
+    "2200L": NotAnXmlDocument,
+    "2200M": InvalidXmlDocument,
+    "2200N": InvalidXmlContent,
+    "2200S": InvalidXmlComment,
+    "2200T": InvalidXmlProcessingInstruction,
+    "22030": DuplicateJsonObjectKeyValue,
+    "22031": InvalidArgumentForSQLJsonDatetimeFunction,
+    "22032": InvalidJsonText,
+    "22033": InvalidSQLJsonSubscript,
+    "22034": MoreThanOneSQLJsonItem,
+    "22035": NoSQLJsonItem,
+    "22036": NonNumericSQLJsonItem,
+    "22037": NonUniqueKeysInAJsonObject,
+    "22038": SingletonSQLJsonItemRequired,
+    "22039": SQLJsonArrayNotFound,
+    "2203A": SQLJsonMemberNotFound,
+    "2203B": SQLJsonNumberNotFound,
+    "2203C": SQLJsonObjectNotFound,
+    "2203D": TooManyJsonArrayElements,
+    "2203E": TooManyJsonObjectMembers,
+    "2203F": SQLJsonScalarRequired,
+    "2203G": SQLJsonItemCannotBeCastToTargetType,
+    "23000": IntegrityConstraintViolation,
+    "23001": RestrictViolation,
+    "23502": NotNullViolation,
+    "23503": ForeignKeyViolation,
+    "23505": UniqueViolation,
+    "23514": CheckViolation,
+    "23P01": ExclusionViolation,
+    "24000": InvalidCursorState,
+    "25000": InvalidTransactionState,
+    "25001": ActiveSQLTransaction,
+    "25002": BranchTransactionAlreadyActive,
+    "25008": HeldCursorRequiresSameIsolationLevel,
+    "25003": InappropriateAccessModeForBranchTransaction,
+    "25004": InappropriateIsolationLevelForBranchTransaction,
+    "25005": NoActiveSQLTransactionForBranchTransaction,
+    "25006": ReadOnlySQLTransaction,
+    "25007": SchemaAndDataStatementMixingNotSupported,
+    "25P01": NoActiveSQLTransaction,
+    "25P02": InFailedSQLTransaction,
+    "25P03": IdleInTransactionSessionTimeout,
+    "25P04": TransactionTimeout,
+    "26000": InvalidSQLStatementName,
+    "27000": TriggeredDataChangeViolation,
+    "28000": InvalidAuthorizationSpecification,
+    "28P01": InvalidPassword,
+    "2B000": DependentPrivilegeDescriptorsStillExist,
+    "2BP01": DependentObjectsStillExist,
+    "2D000": InvalidTransactionTermination,
+    "2F000": SQLRoutineException,
+    "2F005": FunctionExecutedNoReturnStatement,
+    "2F002": SREModifyingSQLDataNotPermitted,
+    "2F003": SREProhibitedSQLStatementAttempted,
+    "2F004": SREReadingSQLDataNotPermitted,
+    "34000": InvalidCursorName,
+    "38000": ExternalRoutineException,
+    "38001": ContainingSQLNotPermitted,
+    "38002": EREModifyingSQLDataNotPermitted,
+    "38003": EREProhibitedSQLStatementAttempted,
+    "38004": EREReadingSQLDataNotPermitted,
+    "39000": ExternalRoutineInvocationException,
+    "39001": InvalidSqlstateReturned,
+    "39004": ERIENullValueNotAllowed,
+    "39P01": TriggerProtocolViolated,
+    "39P02": SrfProtocolViolated,
+    "39P03": EventTriggerProtocolViolated,
+    "3B000": SavepointException,
+    "3B001": InvalidSavepointSpecification,
+    "3D000": InvalidCatalogName,
+    "3F000": InvalidSchemaName,
+    "40000": TransactionRollback,
+    "40002": TransactionIntegrityConstraintViolation,
+    "40001": SerializationFailure,
+    "40003": StatementCompletionUnknown,
+    "40P01": DeadlockDetected,
+    "42000": SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation,
+    "42601": SyntaxError,
+    "42501": InsufficientPrivilege,
+    "42846": CannotCoerce,
+    "42803": GroupingError,
+    "42P20": WindowingError,
+    "42P19": InvalidRecursion,
+    "42830": InvalidForeignKey,
+    "42602": InvalidName,
+    "42622": NameTooLong,
+    "42939": ReservedName,
+    "42804": DatatypeMismatch,
+    "42P18": IndeterminateDatatype,
+    "42P21": CollationMismatch,
+    "42P22": IndeterminateCollation,
+    "42809": WrongObjectType,
+    "428C9": GeneratedAlways,
+    "42703": UndefinedColumn,
+    "42883": UndefinedFunction,
+    "42P01": UndefinedTable,
+    "42P02": UndefinedParameter,
+    "42704": UndefinedObject,
+    "42701": DuplicateColumn,
+    "42P03": DuplicateCursor,
+    "42P04": DuplicateDatabase,
+    "42723": DuplicateFunction,
+    "42P05": DuplicatePreparedStatement,
+    "42P06": DuplicateSchema,
+    "42P07": DuplicateTable,
+    "42712": DuplicateAlias,
+    "42710": DuplicateObject,
+    "42702": AmbiguousColumn,
+    "42725": AmbiguousFunction,
+    "42P08": AmbiguousParameter,
+    "42P09": AmbiguousAlias,
+    "42P10": InvalidColumnReference,
+    "42611": InvalidColumnDefinition,
+    "42P11": InvalidCursorDefinition,
+    "42P12": InvalidDatabaseDefinition,
+    "42P13": InvalidFunctionDefinition,
+    "42P14": InvalidPreparedStatementDefinition,
+    "42P15": InvalidSchemaDefinition,
+    "42P16": InvalidTableDefinition,
+    "42P17": InvalidObjectDefinition,
+    "44000": WithCheckOptionViolation,
+    "53000": InsufficientResources,
+    "53100": DiskFull,
+    "53200": OutOfMemory,
+    "53300": TooManyConnections,
+    "53400": ConfigurationLimitExceeded,
+    "54000": ProgramLimitExceeded,
+    "54001": StatementTooComplex,
+    "54011": TooManyColumns,
+    "54023": TooManyArguments,
+    "55000": ObjectNotInPrerequisiteState,
+    "55006": ObjectInUse,
+    "55P02": CantChangeRuntimeParam,
+    "55P03": LockNotAvailable,
+    "55P04": UnsafeNewEnumValueUsage,
+    "57000": OperatorIntervention,
+    "57014": QueryCanceled,
+    "57P01": AdminShutdown,
+    "57P02": CrashShutdown,
+    "57P03": CannotConnectNow,
+    "57P04": DatabaseDropped,
+    "57P05": IdleSessionTimeout,
+    "58000": SystemError,
+    "58030": IoError,
+    "58P01": UndefinedFile,
+    "58P02": DuplicateFile,
+    "58P03": FileNameTooLong,
+    "F0000": ConfigFileError,
+    "F0001": LockFileExists,
+    "HV000": FDWError,
+    "HV005": FDWColumnNameNotFound,
+    "HV002": FDWDynamicParameterValueNeeded,
+    "HV010": FDWFunctionSequenceError,
+    "HV021": FDWInconsistentDescriptorInformation,
+    "HV024": FDWInvalidAttributeValue,
+    "HV007": FDWInvalidColumnName,
+    "HV008": FDWInvalidColumnNumber,
+    "HV004": FDWInvalidDataType,
+    "HV006": FDWInvalidDataTypeDescriptors,
+    "HV091": FDWInvalidDescriptorFieldIdentifier,
+    "HV00B": FDWInvalidHandle,
+    "HV00C": FDWInvalidOptionIndex,
+    "HV00D": FDWInvalidOptionName,
+    "HV090": FDWInvalidStringLengthOrBufferLength,
+    "HV00A": FDWInvalidStringFormat,
+    "HV009": FDWInvalidUseOfNullPointer,
+    "HV014": FDWTooManyHandles,
+    "HV001": FDWOutOfMemory,
+    "HV00P": FDWNoSchemas,
+    "HV00J": FDWOptionNameNotFound,
+    "HV00K": FDWReplyHandle,
+    "HV00Q": FDWSchemaNotFound,
+    "HV00R": FDWTableNotFound,
+    "HV00L": FDWUnableToCreateExecution,
+    "HV00M": FDWUnableToCreateReply,
+    "HV00N": FDWUnableToEstablishConnection,
+    "P0000": PlpgsqlError,
+    "P0001": RaiseException,
+    "P0002": NoDataFound,
+    "P0003": TooManyRows,
+    "P0004": AssertFailure,
+    "XX000": InternalError,
+    "XX001": DataCorrupted,
+    "XX002": IndexCorrupted,
+}
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "InvalidCursorName",
+    "UndefinedParameter",
+    "UndefinedColumn",
+    "NotAnXmlDocument",
+    "FDWOutOfMemory",
+    "InvalidRoleSpecification",
+    "InvalidArgumentForNthValueFunction",
+    "SQLJsonObjectNotFound",
+    "FDWSchemaNotFound",
+    "InvalidParameterValue",
+    "InvalidTableDefinition",
+    "AssertFailure",
+    "FDWInvalidOptionName",
+    "InvalidEscapeOctet",
+    "ReadOnlySQLTransaction",
+    "ExternalRoutineInvocationException",
+    "CrashShutdown",
+    "FDWInvalidOptionIndex",
+    "NotNullViolation",
+    "ConfigFileError",
+    "InvalidSQLJsonSubscript",
+    "InvalidForeignKey",
+    "InsufficientResources",
+    "ObjectNotInPrerequisiteState",
+    "InvalidRowCountInLimitClause",
+    "IntervalFieldOverflow",
+    "CollationMismatch",
+    "InvalidArgumentForNtileFunction",
+    "InvalidCharacterValueForCast",
+    "NonUniqueKeysInAJsonObject",
+    "DependentPrivilegeDescriptorsStillExist",
+    "InFailedSQLTransaction",
+    "GroupingError",
+    "TransactionTimeout",
+    "CaseNotFound",
+    "ConnectionException",
+    "DuplicateJsonObjectKeyValue",
+    "InvalidSchemaDefinition",
+    "FDWUnableToCreateReply",
+    "UndefinedTable",
+    "SequenceGeneratorLimitExceeded",
+    "InvalidJsonText",
+    "IdleSessionTimeout",
+    "NullValueNotAllowed",
+    "BranchTransactionAlreadyActive",
+    "InvalidGrantOperation",
+    "NullValueNoIndicatorParameter",
+    "ProtocolViolation",
+    "FDWInvalidDataTypeDescriptors",
+    "TriggeredDataChangeViolation",
+    "ExternalRoutineException",
+    "InvalidSqlstateReturned",
+    "PlpgsqlError",
+    "InvalidXmlContent",
+    "TriggeredActionException",
+    "SQLClientUnableToEstablishSQLConnection",
+    "FDWTableNotFound",
+    "NumericValueOutOfRange",
+    "RestrictViolation",
+    "AmbiguousParameter",
+    "StatementTooComplex",
+    "UnsafeNewEnumValueUsage",
+    "NonNumericSQLJsonItem",
+    "InvalidIndicatorParameterValue",
+    "ExclusionViolation",
+    "OperatorIntervention",
+    "QueryCanceled",
+    "Warning",
+    "InvalidArgumentForSQLJsonDatetimeFunction",
+    "ForeignKeyViolation",
+    "StringDataLengthMismatch",
+    "SQLRoutineException",
+    "TooManyConnections",
+    "TooManyJsonObjectMembers",
+    "NoData",
+    "UntranslatableCharacter",
+    "FDWUnableToEstablishConnection",
+    "LockFileExists",
+    "SREReadingSQLDataNotPermitted",
+    "IndeterminateDatatype",
+    "CheckViolation",
+    "InvalidDatabaseDefinition",
+    "NoActiveSQLTransactionForBranchTransaction",
+    "SQLServerRejectedEstablishmentOfSQLConnection",
+    "DuplicateFile",
+    "FDWInvalidColumnNumber",
+    "TransactionRollback",
+    "MoreThanOneSQLJsonItem",
+    "WithCheckOptionViolation",
+    "FDWNoSchemas",
+    "GeneratedAlways",
+    "CannotConnectNow",
+    "CardinalityViolation",
+    "InvalidAuthorizationSpecification",
+    "SQLJsonNumberNotFound",
+    "SQLJsonMemberNotFound",
+    "InvalidUseOfEscapeCharacter",
+    "UnterminatedCString",
+    "TrimError",
+    "SrfProtocolViolated",
+    "DiskFull",
+    "TooManyColumns",
+    "InvalidObjectDefinition",
+    "InvalidArgumentForLogarithm",
+    "TooManyJsonArrayElements",
+    "OutOfMemory",
+    "EREProhibitedSQLStatementAttempted",
+    "FDWInvalidStringFormat",
+    "StackedDiagnosticsAccessedWithoutActiveHandler",
+    "SchemaAndDataStatementMixingNotSupported",
+    "InternalError",
+    "InvalidEscapeCharacter",
+    "FDWError",
+    "ImplicitZeroBitPaddingWarning",
+    "DivisionByZero",
+    "InvalidTablesampleArgument",
+    "DeadlockDetected",
+    "CantChangeRuntimeParam",
+    "UndefinedObject",
+    "UniqueViolation",
+    "InvalidCursorDefinition",
+    "ConnectionFailure",
+    "UndefinedFunction",
+    "FDWFunctionSequenceError",
+    "ErrorInAssignment",
+    "SuccessfulCompletion",
+    "StringDataRightTruncation",
+    "FDWTooManyHandles",
+    "FDWInvalidDataType",
+    "ActiveSQLTransaction",
+    "InvalidTextRepresentation",
+    "InvalidSQLStatementName",
+    "PrivilegeNotGrantedWarning",
+    "SREModifyingSQLDataNotPermitted",
+    "IndeterminateCollation",
+    "SystemError",
+    "NullValueEliminatedInSetFunctionWarning",
+    "DependentObjectsStillExist",
+    "InvalidSchemaName",
+    "DuplicateColumn",
+    "FunctionExecutedNoReturnStatement",
+    "InvalidColumnDefinition",
+    "DynamicResultSetsReturnedWarning",
+    "IdleInTransactionSessionTimeout",
+    "StatementCompletionUnknown",
+    "CannotCoerce",
+    "InvalidTransactionState",
+    "DuplicateTable",
+    "BadCopyFileFormat",
+    "ZeroLengthCharacterString",
+    "SyntaxErrorOrAccessRuleViolation",
+    "SingletonSQLJsonItemRequired",
+    "IndexCorrupted",
+    "FDWInvalidColumnName",
+    "DataCorrupted",
+    "ERIENullValueNotAllowed",
+    "ArraySubscriptError",
+    "FDWReplyHandle",
+    "DiagnosticsException",
+    "InvalidTablesampleRepeat",
+    "SQLJsonItemCannotBeCastToTargetType",
+    "FDWInvalidHandle",
+    "InvalidPassword",
+    "InvalidEscapeSequence",
+    "EscapeCharacterConflict",
+    "InvalidSavepointSpecification",
+    "FDWInvalidAttributeValue",
+    "ContainingSQLNotPermitted",
+    "LocatorException",
+    "DatatypeMismatch",
+    "InvalidCursorState",
+    "InvalidName",
+    "IndicatorOverflow",
+    "ReservedName",
+    "DatetimeFieldOverflow",
+    "FDWInconsistentDescriptorInformation",
+    "FloatingPointException",
+    "AmbiguousAlias",
+    "InvalidRecursion",
+    "WrongObjectType",
+    "UndefinedFile",
+    "LockNotAvailable",
+    "InvalidRowCountInResultOffsetClause",
+    "ObjectInUse",
+    "DeprecatedFeatureWarning",
+    "FDWDynamicParameterValueNeeded",
+    "DuplicateFunction",
+    "InvalidXmlDocument",
+    "StringDataRightTruncationWarning",
+    "DuplicatePreparedStatement",
+    "InvalidGrantor",
+    "EventTriggerProtocolViolated",
+    "FDWInvalidUseOfNullPointer",
+    "FDWUnableToCreateExecution",
+    "ConnectionDoesNotExist",
+    "InvalidCatalogName",
+    "InvalidArgumentForXquery",
+    "FDWColumnNameNotFound",
+    "TransactionIntegrityConstraintViolation",
+    "InvalidPreparedStatementDefinition",
+    "FDWInvalidDescriptorFieldIdentifier",
+    "FDWOptionNameNotFound",
+    "InvalidArgumentForPowerFunction",
+    "FDWInvalidStringLengthOrBufferLength",
+    "SREProhibitedSQLStatementAttempted",
+    "NoDataFound",
+    "DuplicateDatabase",
+    "FeatureNotSupported",
+    "IntegrityConstraintViolation",
+    "AmbiguousColumn",
+    "PrivilegeNotRevokedWarning",
+    "FileNameTooLong",
+    "InvalidArgumentForWidthBucketFunction",
+    "HeldCursorRequiresSameIsolationLevel",
+    "NoSQLJsonItem",
+    "IoError",
+    "SavepointException",
+    "NoActiveSQLTransaction",
+    "InvalidFunctionDefinition",
+    "AdminShutdown",
+    "DatabaseDropped",
+    "InvalidRegularExpression",
+    "WindowingError",
+    "InvalidColumnReference",
+    "InvalidBinaryRepresentation",
+    "SQLJsonScalarRequired",
+    "ConfigurationLimitExceeded",
+    "SyntaxError",
+    "SerializationFailure",
+    "ProgramLimitExceeded",
+    "DuplicateSchema",
+    "SQLStatementNotYetComplete",
+    "LibpqError",
+    "DataException",
+    "SubstringError",
+    "InvalidLocatorSpecification",
+    "InappropriateAccessModeForBranchTransaction",
+    "EREModifyingSQLDataNotPermitted",
+    "InsufficientPrivilege",
+    "NoAdditionalDynamicResultSetsReturned",
+    "SQLJsonArrayNotFound",
+    "NameTooLong",
+    "InvalidTimeZoneDisplacementValue",
+    "InappropriateIsolationLevelForBranchTransaction",
+    "RaiseException",
+    "EREReadingSQLDataNotPermitted",
+    "TriggerProtocolViolated",
+    "NonstandardUseOfEscapeCharacter",
+    "InvalidTransactionInitiation",
+    "DuplicateAlias",
+    "TransactionResolutionUnknown",
+    "TooManyRows",
+    "InvalidXmlComment",
+    "MostSpecificTypeMismatch",
+    "DuplicateObject",
+    "DuplicateCursor",
+    "AmbiguousFunction",
+    "TooManyArguments",
+    "InvalidXmlProcessingInstruction",
+    "InvalidTransactionTermination",
+    "InvalidDatetimeFormat",
+    "InvalidPrecedingOrFollowingSize",
+    "CharacterNotInRepertoire",
+    "SQLSTATE_TO_EXCEPTION",
+]
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/libpq/errors.py b/src/test/pytest/libpq/errors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..764a96c2478
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/libpq/errors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+"""
+PostgreSQL error types mapped from SQLSTATE codes.
+
+This module provides LibpqError and its subclasses for handling PostgreSQL
+errors based on SQLSTATE codes. The exception classes in _generated_errors.py
+are auto-generated from src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt.
+
+To regenerate: src/tools/generate_pytest_libpq_errors.py
+"""
+
+from typing import Optional
+
+from ._error_base import LibpqError, LibpqWarning
+from ._generated_errors import (
+    SQLSTATE_TO_EXCEPTION,
+)
+from ._generated_errors import *  # noqa: F403
+
+
+def get_exception_class(sqlstate: Optional[str]) -> type:
+    """Get the appropriate exception class for a SQLSTATE code."""
+    if sqlstate in SQLSTATE_TO_EXCEPTION:
+        return SQLSTATE_TO_EXCEPTION[sqlstate]
+    return LibpqError
+
+
+def make_error(message: str, *, sqlstate: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs) -> LibpqError:
+    """Create an appropriate LibpqError subclass based on the SQLSTATE code."""
+    exc_class = get_exception_class(sqlstate)
+    return exc_class(message, sqlstate=sqlstate, **kwargs)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LibpqError",
+    "LibpqWarning",
+    "make_error",
+]
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/meson.build b/src/test/pytest/meson.build
index abd128dfa24..20ca4416ebc 100644
--- a/src/test/pytest/meson.build
+++ b/src/test/pytest/meson.build
@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ tests += {
   'bd': meson.current_build_dir(),
   'pytest': {
     'tests': [
-      'pyt/test_something.py',
+      'pyt/test_errors.py',
+      'pyt/test_libpq.py',
+      'pyt/test_query_helpers.py',
     ],
   },
 }
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pypg/__init__.py b/src/test/pytest/pypg/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5dae49b6406
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pypg/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+from ._env import has_test_extra, require_test_extra
+from ._win32 import current_windows_user
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pypg/_env.py b/src/test/pytest/pypg/_env.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..154c986d73e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pypg/_env.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+import logging
+import os
+
+import pytest
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def has_test_extra(key: str) -> bool:
+    """
+    Returns True if the PG_TEST_EXTRA environment variable contains the given
+    key.
+    """
+    extra = os.getenv("PG_TEST_EXTRA", "")
+    return key in extra.split()
+
+
+def require_test_extra(*keys: str) -> bool:
+    """
+    A convenience annotation which will skip tests if all of the required keys
+    are not present in PG_TEST_EXTRA.
+
+    To skip a particular test function or class:
+
+        @pg.require_test_extra("ldap")
+        def test_some_ldap_feature():
+            ...
+
+    To skip an entire module:
+
+        pytestmark = pg.require_test_extra("ssl", "kerberos")
+    """
+    return pytest.mark.skipif(
+        not all([has_test_extra(k) for k in keys]),
+        reason="requires {} to be set in PG_TEST_EXTRA".format(", ".join(keys)),
+    )
+
+
+def test_timeout_default() -> int:
+    """
+    Returns the value of the PG_TEST_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT environment variable, in
+    seconds, or 180 if one was not provided.
+    """
+    default = os.getenv("PG_TEST_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT", "")
+    if not default:
+        return 180
+
+    try:
+        return int(default)
+    except ValueError as v:
+        logger.warning("PG_TEST_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT could not be parsed: " + str(v))
+        return 180
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pypg/_win32.py b/src/test/pytest/pypg/_win32.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3fd67b10191
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pypg/_win32.py
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+import ctypes
+import platform
+
+
+def current_windows_user():
+    """
+    A port of pg_regress.c's current_windows_user() helper. Returns
+    (accountname, domainname).
+
+    XXX This is dead code now, but I'm keeping it as a motivating example of
+    Win32 interaction, and someone may find it useful in the future when writing
+    SSPI tests?
+    """
+    try:
+        advapi32 = ctypes.windll.advapi32
+        kernel32 = ctypes.windll.kernel32
+    except AttributeError:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            f"current_windows_user() is not supported on {platform.system()}"
+        )
+
+    def raise_winerror_when_false(result, func, arguments):
+        """
+        A ctypes errcheck handler that raises WinError (which will contain the
+        result of GetLastError()) when the function's return value is false.
+        """
+        if not result:
+            raise ctypes.WinError()
+
+    #
+    # Function Prototypes
+    #
+
+    from ctypes import wintypes
+
+    # GetCurrentProcess
+    kernel32.GetCurrentProcess.restype = wintypes.HANDLE
+    kernel32.GetCurrentProcess.argtypes = []
+
+    # OpenProcessToken
+    TOKEN_READ = 0x00020008
+
+    advapi32.OpenProcessToken.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+    advapi32.OpenProcessToken.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        wintypes.DWORD,
+        wintypes.PHANDLE,
+    ]
+    advapi32.OpenProcessToken.errcheck = raise_winerror_when_false
+
+    # GetTokenInformation
+    PSID = wintypes.LPVOID  # we don't need the internals
+    TOKEN_INFORMATION_CLASS = wintypes.INT
+    TokenUser = 1
+
+    class SID_AND_ATTRIBUTES(ctypes.Structure):
+        _fields_ = [
+            ("Sid", PSID),
+            ("Attributes", wintypes.DWORD),
+        ]
+
+    class TOKEN_USER(ctypes.Structure):
+        _fields_ = [
+            ("User", SID_AND_ATTRIBUTES),
+        ]
+
+    advapi32.GetTokenInformation.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+    advapi32.GetTokenInformation.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        TOKEN_INFORMATION_CLASS,
+        wintypes.LPVOID,
+        wintypes.DWORD,
+        wintypes.PDWORD,
+    ]
+    advapi32.GetTokenInformation.errcheck = raise_winerror_when_false
+
+    # LookupAccountSid
+    SID_NAME_USE = wintypes.INT
+    PSID_NAME_USE = ctypes.POINTER(SID_NAME_USE)
+
+    advapi32.LookupAccountSidW.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+    advapi32.LookupAccountSidW.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.LPCWSTR,
+        PSID,
+        wintypes.LPWSTR,
+        wintypes.LPDWORD,
+        wintypes.LPWSTR,
+        wintypes.LPDWORD,
+        PSID_NAME_USE,
+    ]
+    advapi32.LookupAccountSidW.errcheck = raise_winerror_when_false
+
+    #
+    # Implementation (see pg_SSPI_recv_auth())
+    #
+
+    # Get the current process token...
+    token = wintypes.HANDLE()
+    proc = kernel32.GetCurrentProcess()
+    advapi32.OpenProcessToken(proc, TOKEN_READ, token)
+
+    # ...then read the TOKEN_USER struct for that token...
+    info = TOKEN_USER()
+    infolen = wintypes.DWORD()
+
+    try:
+        # (GetTokenInformation creates a buffer bigger than TOKEN_USER, so we
+        # have to query the correct length first.)
+        advapi32.GetTokenInformation(token, TokenUser, None, 0, ctypes.byref(infolen))
+        assert False, "GetTokenInformation succeeded unexpectedly"
+
+    except OSError as err:
+        assert err.winerror == 122  # insufficient buffer
+
+        ctypes.resize(info, infolen.value)
+        advapi32.GetTokenInformation(
+            token,
+            TokenUser,
+            ctypes.byref(info),
+            ctypes.sizeof(info),
+            ctypes.byref(infolen),
+        )
+
+    # ...then pull the account and domain names out of the user SID.
+    MAXPGPATH = 1024
+
+    account = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(MAXPGPATH)
+    domain = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(MAXPGPATH)
+    accountlen = wintypes.DWORD(ctypes.sizeof(account))
+    domainlen = wintypes.DWORD(ctypes.sizeof(domain))
+    use = SID_NAME_USE()
+
+    advapi32.LookupAccountSidW(
+        None,
+        info.User.Sid,
+        account,
+        ctypes.byref(accountlen),
+        domain,
+        ctypes.byref(domainlen),
+        ctypes.byref(use),
+    )
+
+    return (account.value, domain.value)
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pypg/fixtures.py b/src/test/pytest/pypg/fixtures.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9caa5b22b25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pypg/fixtures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+import os
+import contextlib
+import pathlib
+import secrets
+import time
+
+import pytest
+
+from ._env import test_timeout_default
+from .util import capture
+from .server import PostgresServer
+
+from libpq import load_libpq_handle, connect as libpq_connect
+
+
[email-masked]
+def remaining_timeout():
+    """
+    This fixture provides a function that returns how much of the
+    PG_TEST_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT remains for the current test, in fractional seconds.
+    This value is never less than zero.
+
+    This fixture is per-test, so the deadline is also reset on a per-test basis.
+    """
+    now = time.monotonic()
+    deadline = now + test_timeout_default()
+
+    return lambda: max(deadline - time.monotonic(), 0)
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def libpq_handle(libdir, bindir):
+    """
+    Loads a ctypes handle for libpq. Some common function prototypes are
+    initialized for general use.
+    """
+    try:
+        return load_libpq_handle(libdir, bindir)
+    except OSError as e:
+        if "wrong ELF class" in str(e):
+            # This happens in CI when trying to lead a 32-bit libpq library
+            # with a 64-bit Python
+            pytest.skip("libpq architecture does not match Python interpreter")
+        raise
+
+
[email-masked]
+def connect(libpq_handle, remaining_timeout):
+    """
+    Returns a function to connect to PostgreSQL via libpq.
+
+    The returned function accepts connection options as keyword arguments
+    (host, port, dbname, etc.) and returns a PGconn object. Connections
+    are automatically cleaned up at the end of the test.
+
+    Example:
+        conn = connect(host='localhost', port=5432, dbname='postgres')
+        result = conn.sql("SELECT 1")
+    """
+    with contextlib.ExitStack() as stack:
+
+        def _connect(**opts):
+            return libpq_connect(libpq_handle, stack, remaining_timeout, **opts)
+
+        yield _connect
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def pg_config():
+    """
+    Returns the path to pg_config. Uses PG_CONFIG environment variable if set,
+    otherwise uses 'pg_config' from PATH.
+    """
+    return os.environ.get("PG_CONFIG", "pg_config")
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def bindir(pg_config):
+    """
+    Returns the PostgreSQL bin directory using pg_config --bindir.
+    """
+    return capture(pg_config, "--bindir")
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def libdir(pg_config):
+    """
+    Returns the PostgreSQL lib directory using pg_config --libdir.
+    """
+    return capture(pg_config, "--libdir")
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def tmp_check(tmp_path_factory) -> pathlib.Path:
+    """
+    Returns the tmp_check directory that should be used for the tests. If
+    TESTDATADIR is provided, that will be used; otherwise a new temporary
+    directory is created in the pytest temp root.
+    """
+    d = os.getenv("TESTDATADIR")
+    if d:
+        d = pathlib.Path(d)
+    else:
+        d = tmp_path_factory.mktemp("tmp_check")
+
+    return tmp_path_factory.mktemp("check_tmp")
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def datadir(tmp_check):
+    """
+    Returns the data directory to use for the pg fixture.
+    """
+
+    return tmp_check / "pgdata"
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def sockdir(tmp_path_factory):
+    """
+    Returns the directory name to use as the server's unix_socket_directories
+    setting. Local client connections use this as the PGHOST.
+
+    At the moment, this is always put under the pytest temp root.
+    """
+    return tmp_path_factory.mktemp("sockfiles")
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def winpassword():
+    """The per-session SCRAM password for the server admin on Windows."""
+    return secrets.token_urlsafe(16)
+
+
[email-masked](scope="session")
+def pg_server_global(bindir, datadir, sockdir, winpassword, libpq_handle):
+    """
+    Starts a running Postgres server listening on localhost. The HBA initially
+    allows only local UNIX connections from the same user.
+
+    Returns a PostgresServer instance with methods for server management, configuration,
+    and creating test databases/users.
+    """
+    server = PostgresServer(bindir, datadir, sockdir, winpassword, libpq_handle)
+
+    yield server
+
+    # Cleanup any test resources
+    server.cleanup()
+
+    # Stop the server
+    server.stop()
+
+
[email-masked](scope="module")
+def pg_server_module(pg_server_global):
+    """
+    Module-scoped server context. Which can be useful so that certain settings
+    can be overriden at the module level through autouse fixtures. An example
+    of this is in the SSL tests.
+    """
+    with pg_server_global.subcontext() as s:
+        yield s
+
+
[email-masked]
+def pg(pg_server_module, remaining_timeout):
+    """
+    Per-test server context. Use this fixture to make changes to the server
+    which will be rolled back at the end of the test (e.g., creating test
+    users/databases).
+    """
+    pg_server_module.set_timeout(remaining_timeout)
+    with pg_server_module.subcontext() as s:
+        yield s
+
+
[email-masked]
+def conn(pg):
+    """
+    Returns a connected PGconn instance to the test PostgreSQL server.
+    The connection is automatically cleaned up at the end of the test.
+
+    Example:
+        def test_something(conn):
+            result = conn.sql("SELECT 1")
+            assert result == 1
+    """
+    return pg.connect()
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pypg/server.py b/src/test/pytest/pypg/server.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..dd2aa4fc434
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pypg/server.py
@@ -0,0 +1,391 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+import contextlib
+import glob
+import os
+import pathlib
+import platform
+import socket
+import subprocess
+import tempfile
+import time
+from collections import namedtuple
+from typing import Callable, Optional
+
+from .util import run
+from libpq import PGconn
+
+
+class FileBackup(contextlib.AbstractContextManager):
+    """
+    A context manager which backs up a file's contents, restoring them on exit.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, file: pathlib.Path):
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self._file = file
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        import shutil
+
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
+            prefix=self._file.name, dir=self._file.parent, delete=False
+        ) as f:
+            self._backup = pathlib.Path(f.name)
+
+        shutil.copyfile(self._file, self._backup)
+
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *exc):
+        import shutil
+
+        # Swap the backup and the original file, so that the modified contents
+        # can still be inspected in case of failure.
+        tmp = self._backup.parent / (self._backup.name + ".tmp")
+
+        shutil.copyfile(self._file, tmp)
+        shutil.copyfile(self._backup, self._file)
+        shutil.move(tmp, self._backup)
+
+
+class HBA(FileBackup):
+    """
+    Backs up a server's HBA configuration and provides means for temporarily
+    editing it.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, datadir: pathlib.Path):
+        super().__init__(datadir / "pg_hba.conf")
+
+    def prepend(self, *lines):
+        """
+        Temporarily prepends lines to the server's pg_hba.conf.
+
+        As sugar for aligning HBA columns in the tests, each line can be either
+        a string or a list of strings. List elements will be joined by single
+        spaces before they are written to file.
+        """
+        with open(self._file, "r") as f:
+            prior_data = f.read()
+
+        with open(self._file, "w") as f:
+            for line in lines:
+                if isinstance(line, list):
+                    print(*line, file=f)
+                else:
+                    print(line, file=f)
+
+            f.write(prior_data)
+
+
+class Config(FileBackup):
+    """
+    Backs up a server's postgresql.conf and provides means for temporarily
+    editing it.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, datadir: pathlib.Path):
+        super().__init__(datadir / "postgresql.conf")
+
+    def set(self, **gucs):
+        """
+        Temporarily appends GUC settings to the server's postgresql.conf.
+        """
+
+        with open(self._file, "a") as f:
+            print(file=f)
+
+            for n, v in gucs.items():
+                v = str(v)
+
+                # TODO: proper quoting
+                v = v.replace("\\", "\\\\")
+                v = v.replace("'", "\\'")
+                v = "'{}'".format(v)
+
+                print(n, "=", v, file=f)
+
+
+Backup = namedtuple("Backup", "conf, hba")
+
+
+class PostgresServer:
+    """
+    Represents a running PostgreSQL server instance with management utilities.
+    Provides methods for configuration, user/database creation, and server control.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, bindir, datadir, sockdir, winpassword, libpq_handle):
+        """
+        Initialize and start a PostgreSQL server instance.
+        """
+        self.datadir = datadir
+        self.sockdir = sockdir
+        self.libpq_handle = libpq_handle
+        self._remaining_timeout_fn: Optional[Callable[[], float]] = None
+        self._bindir = bindir
+        self._winpassword = winpassword
+        self._pg_ctl = os.path.join(bindir, "pg_ctl")
+        self._log = os.path.join(datadir, "postgresql.log")
+
+        initdb = os.path.join(bindir, "initdb")
+        pg_ctl = self._pg_ctl
+
+        # Lock down the HBA by default; tests can open it back up later.
+        if platform.system() == "Windows":
+            # On Windows, for admin connections, use SCRAM with a generated password
+            # over local sockets. This requires additional work during initdb.
+            method = "scram-sha-256"
+
+            # NamedTemporaryFile doesn't work very nicely on Windows until Python
+            # 3.12, which introduces NamedTemporaryFile(delete_on_close=False).
+            # Until then, specify delete=False and manually unlink after use.
+            with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile("w", delete=False) as pwfile:
+                pwfile.write(winpassword)
+
+            run(initdb, "--auth=scram-sha-256", "--pwfile", pwfile.name, datadir)
+            os.unlink(pwfile.name)
+
+        else:
+            # For other OSes we can just use peer auth.
+            method = "peer"
+            run(pg_ctl, "-D", datadir, "init")
+
+        with open(datadir / "pg_hba.conf", "w") as f:
+            print(f"# default: local {method} connections only", file=f)
+            print(f"local all all {method}", file=f)
+
+        # Figure out a port to listen on. Attempt to reserve both IPv4 and IPv6
+        # addresses in one go.
+        #
+        # Note: socket.has_dualstack_ipv6/create_server are only in Python 3.8+.
+        if hasattr(socket, "has_dualstack_ipv6") and socket.has_dualstack_ipv6():
+            addr = ("::1", 0)
+            s = socket.create_server(addr, family=socket.AF_INET6, dualstack_ipv6=True)
+
+            hostaddr, port, _, _ = s.getsockname()
+            addrs = [hostaddr, "127.0.0.1"]
+
+        else:
+            addr = ("127.0.0.1", 0)
+
+            s = socket.socket()
+            s.bind(addr)
+
+            hostaddr, port = s.getsockname()
+            addrs = [hostaddr]
+
+        log = self._log
+
+        with s, open(os.path.join(datadir, "postgresql.conf"), "a") as f:
+            print(file=f)
+            print("unix_socket_directories = '{}'".format(sockdir.as_posix()), file=f)
+            print("listen_addresses = '{}'".format(",".join(addrs)), file=f)
+            print("port =", port, file=f)
+            print("log_connections = all", file=f)
+
+        # Between closing of the socket, s, and server start, we're racing against
+        # anything that wants to open up ephemeral ports, so try not to put any new
+        # work here.
+
+        run(pg_ctl, "-D", datadir, "-l", log, "start")
+
+        # Read the PID file to get the postmaster PID
+        with open(os.path.join(datadir, "postmaster.pid")) as f:
+            pid = int(f.readline().strip())
+
+        # Store the computed values
+        self.hostaddr = hostaddr
+        self.port = port
+        self.pid = pid
+
+        # ExitStack for cleanup callbacks
+        self._cleanup_stack = contextlib.ExitStack()
+
+    def psql(self, *args):
+        """Run psql with the given arguments."""
+        if platform.system() == "Windows":
+            pw = dict(PGPASSWORD=self._winpassword)
+        else:
+            pw = None
+        self._run(os.path.join(self._bindir, "psql"), "-w", *args, addenv=pw)
+
+    def pg_ctl(self, *args):
+        """Run pg_ctl with the given arguments."""
+        self._run(self._pg_ctl, "-l", self._log, *args)
+
+    def _run(self, cmd, *args, addenv: Optional[dict] = None):
+        """Run a command with PG* environment variables set."""
+        subenv = dict(os.environ)
+        subenv.update(
+            {
+                "PGHOST": str(self.sockdir),
+                "PGPORT": str(self.port),
+                "PGDATABASE": "postgres",
+                "PGDATA": str(self.datadir),
+            }
+        )
+        if addenv:
+            subenv.update(addenv)
+        run(cmd, *args, env=subenv)
+
+    def create_users(self, *userkeys: str):
+        """Create test users and register them for cleanup."""
+        usermap = {}
+        for u in userkeys:
+            name = u + "user"
+            usermap[u] = name
+            self.psql("-c", "CREATE USER " + name)
+            self._cleanup_stack.callback(self.psql, "-c", "DROP USER " + name)
+        return usermap
+
+    def create_dbs(self, *dbkeys: str):
+        """Create test databases and register them for cleanup."""
+        dbmap = {}
+        for d in dbkeys:
+            name = d + "db"
+            dbmap[d] = name
+            self.psql("-c", "CREATE DATABASE " + name)
+            self._cleanup_stack.callback(self.psql, "-c", "DROP DATABASE " + name)
+        return dbmap
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def reloading(self):
+        """
+        Provides a context manager for making configuration changes.
+
+        If the context suite finishes successfully, the configuration will
+        be reloaded via pg_ctl. On teardown, the configuration changes will
+        be unwound, and the server will be signaled to reload again.
+
+        The context target contains the following attributes which can be
+        used to configure the server:
+        - .conf: modifies postgresql.conf
+        - .hba: modifies pg_hba.conf
+
+        For example:
+
+            with pg_server_session.reloading() as s:
+                s.conf.set(log_connections="on")
+                s.hba.prepend("local all all trust")
+        """
+        # Push a reload onto the stack before making any other
+        # unwindable changes. That way the order of operations will be
+        #
+        #  # test
+        #   - config change 1
+        #   - config change 2
+        #   - reload
+        #  # teardown
+        #   - undo config change 2
+        #   - undo config change 1
+        #   - reload
+        #
+        self._cleanup_stack.callback(self.pg_ctl, "reload")
+        yield self._backup_configuration()
+
+        # Now actually reload
+        self.pg_ctl("reload")
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def restarting(self):
+        """Like .reloading(), but with a full server restart."""
+        self._cleanup_stack.callback(self.pg_ctl, "restart")
+        yield self._backup_configuration()
+        self.pg_ctl("restart")
+
+    def _backup_configuration(self):
+        # Wrap the existing HBA and configuration with FileBackups.
+        return Backup(
+            hba=self._cleanup_stack.enter_context(HBA(self.datadir)),
+            conf=self._cleanup_stack.enter_context(Config(self.datadir)),
+        )
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def subcontext(self):
+        """
+        Create a new cleanup context for per-test isolation.
+
+        Temporarily replaces the cleanup stack so that any cleanup callbacks
+        registered within this context will be cleaned up when the context exits.
+        """
+        old_stack = self._cleanup_stack
+        self._cleanup_stack = contextlib.ExitStack()
+        try:
+            self._cleanup_stack.__enter__()
+            yield self
+        finally:
+            self._cleanup_stack.__exit__(None, None, None)
+            self._cleanup_stack = old_stack
+
+    def stop(self):
+        """
+        Stop the PostgreSQL server instance.
+
+        Ignores failures if the server is already stopped.
+        """
+        try:
+            run(self._pg_ctl, "-D", self.datadir, "-l", self._log, "stop")
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+            # Server may have already been stopped
+            pass
+
+    def cleanup(self):
+        """Run all registered cleanup callbacks."""
+        self._cleanup_stack.close()
+
+    def set_timeout(self, remaining_timeout_fn: Callable[[], float]) -> None:
+        """
+        Set the timeout function for connections.
+        This is typically called by pg fixture for each test.
+        """
+        self._remaining_timeout_fn = remaining_timeout_fn
+
+    def connect(self, **opts) -> PGconn:
+        """
+        Creates a connection to this PostgreSQL server instance.
+
+        This is a convenience method that automatically fills in the host, port,
+        and dbname (defaulting to 'postgres') for connecting to this server.
+
+        Args:
+            stack: ExitStack for managing connection cleanup (uses internal stack if not provided)
+            remaining_timeout_fn: Function that returns remaining timeout (uses stored timeout if not provided)
+            **opts: Additional connection options (can override defaults)
+
+        Returns:
+            PGconn: Connected database connection
+
+        Example:
+            conn = pg.connect()
+            conn = pg.connect(dbname='mydb')
+        """
+        from libpq import connect as libpq_connect
+
+        # Set default connection options for this server
+        defaults = {
+            "host": str(self.sockdir),
+            "port": self.port,
+            "dbname": "postgres",
+        }
+
+        # On Windows, include the password for SCRAM authentication
+        if platform.system() == "Windows" and self._winpassword:
+            defaults["password"] = self._winpassword
+
+        # Merge with user-provided options (user options take precedence)
+        defaults.update(opts)
+
+        if self._remaining_timeout_fn is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Timeout function not set. Use set_timeout() or pg fixture."
+            )
+
+        return libpq_connect(
+            self.libpq_handle,
+            self._cleanup_stack,
+            self._remaining_timeout_fn,
+            **defaults,
+        )
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pypg/util.py b/src/test/pytest/pypg/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b2a1e627e4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pypg/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+import shlex
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+
+def eprint(*args, **kwargs):
+    """eprint prints to stderr"""
+    print(*args, file=sys.stderr, **kwargs)
+
+
+def run(*command, check=True, shell=None, silent=False, **kwargs):
+    """run runs the given command and prints it to stderr"""
+
+    if shell is None:
+        shell = len(command) == 1 and isinstance(command[0], str)
+
+    if shell:
+        command = command[0]
+    else:
+        command = list(map(str, command))
+
+    if not silent:
+        if shell:
+            eprint(f"+ {command}")
+        else:
+            # We could normally use shlex.join here, but it's not available in
+            # Python 3.6 which we still like to support
+            unsafe_string_cmd = " ".join(map(shlex.quote, command))
+            eprint(f"+ {unsafe_string_cmd}")
+
+    if silent:
+        kwargs.setdefault("stdout", subprocess.DEVNULL)
+
+    return subprocess.run(command, check=check, shell=shell, **kwargs)
+
+
+def capture(command, *args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, encoding="utf-8", **kwargs):
+    return run(
+        command, *args, stdout=stdout, encoding=encoding, **kwargs
+    ).stdout.removesuffix("\n")
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pyt/conftest.py b/src/test/pytest/pyt/conftest.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e750ac080b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pyt/conftest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+
+pytest_plugins = ["pypg.fixtures"]
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_errors.py b/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_errors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ad109039668
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_errors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+"""
+Tests for libpq error types and SQLSTATE-based exception mapping.
+"""
+
+import pytest
+import libpq
+
+
+def test_syntax_error(conn):
+    """Invalid SQL syntax raises SyntaxError with correct SQLSTATE."""
+    with pytest.raises(libpq.errors.SyntaxError) as exc_info:
+        conn.sql("SELEC 1")
+
+    err = exc_info.value
+    assert err.sqlstate == "42601"
+    assert err.sqlstate_class == "42"
+    assert "syntax" in str(err).lower()
+
+
+def test_unique_violation(conn):
+    """Unique violation includes all error fields and can be caught as parent class."""
+    conn.sql("CREATE TEMP TABLE test_uv (id int CONSTRAINT test_uv_pk PRIMARY KEY)")
+    conn.sql("INSERT INTO test_uv VALUES (1)")
+
+    with pytest.raises(libpq.errors.UniqueViolation) as exc_info:
+        conn.sql("INSERT INTO test_uv VALUES (1)")
+
+    err = exc_info.value
+    assert err.sqlstate == "23505"
+    assert err.table_name == "test_uv"
+    assert err.constraint_name == "test_uv_pk"
+    assert err.detail == "Key (id)=(1) already exists."
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py b/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4fcf4056f41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+import contextlib
+import os
+import socket
+import struct
+import threading
+from typing import Callable
+
+import pytest
+
+from libpq import connstr, LibpqError
+
+
[email-masked](
+    "opts, expected",
+    [
+        (dict(), ""),
+        (dict(port=5432), "port=5432"),
+        (dict(port=5432, dbname="postgres"), "port=5432 dbname=postgres"),
+        (dict(host=""), "host=''"),
+        (dict(host=" "), r"host=' '"),
+        (dict(keyword="'"), r"keyword=\'"),
+        (dict(keyword=" \\' "), r"keyword=' \\\' '"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_connstr(opts, expected):
+    """Tests the escape behavior for connstr()."""
+    assert connstr(opts) == expected
+
+
+def test_must_connect_errors(connect):
+    """Tests that connect() raises LibpqError."""
+    with pytest.raises(LibpqError, match="invalid connection option"):
+        connect(some_unknown_keyword="whatever")
+
+
[email-masked]
+def local_server(tmp_path, remaining_timeout):
+    """
+    Opens up a local UNIX socket for mocking a Postgres server on a background
+    thread. See the _Server API for usage.
+
+    This fixture requires AF_UNIX support; dependent tests will be skipped on
+    platforms that don't provide it.
+    """
+
+    try:
+        from socket import AF_UNIX
+    except ImportError:
+        pytest.skip("AF_UNIX not supported on this platform")
+
+    class _Server(contextlib.ExitStack):
+        """
+        Implementation class for local_server. See .background() for the primary
+        entry point for tests. Postgres clients may connect to this server via
+        local_server.host/local_server.port.
+
+        _Server derives from contextlib.ExitStack to provide easy cleanup of
+        associated resources; see the documentation for that class for a full
+        explanation.
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self):
+            super().__init__()
+
+            self.host = tmp_path
+            self.port = 5432
+
+            self._thread = None
+            self._thread_exc = None
+            self._listener = self.enter_context(
+                socket.socket(AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM),
+            )
+
+        def bind_and_listen(self):
+            """
+            Does the actual work of binding the UNIX socket using the Postgres
+            server conventions and listening for connections.
+
+            The listen backlog is currently hardcoded to one.
+            """
+            sockfile = self.host / ".s.PGSQL.{}".format(self.port)
+
+            # Lock down the permissions on the new socket.
+            prev_mask = os.umask(0o077)
+
+            # Bind (creating the socket file), and immediately register it for
+            # deletion from disk when the stack is cleaned up.
+            self._listener.bind(bytes(sockfile))
+            self.callback(os.unlink, sockfile)
+
+            os.umask(prev_mask)
+
+            self._listener.listen(1)
+
+        def background(self, fn: Callable[[socket.socket], None]) -> None:
+            """
+            Accepts a client connection on a background thread and passes it to
+            the provided callback. Any exceptions raised from the callback will
+            be re-raised on the main thread during fixture teardown.
+
+            Blocking operations on the connected socket default to using the
+            remaining_timeout(), though this can be changed by the test via the
+            socket's .settimeout().
+            """
+
+            def _bg():
+                try:
+                    self._listener.settimeout(remaining_timeout())
+                    sock, _ = self._listener.accept()
+
+                    with sock:
+                        sock.settimeout(remaining_timeout())
+                        fn(sock)
+
+                except Exception as e:
+                    # Save the exception for re-raising on the main thread.
+                    self._thread_exc = e
+
+            # TODO: rather than using callback(), consider explicitly signaling
+            # the fn() implementation to stop early if we get an exception.
+            # Otherwise we'll hang until the end of the timeout.
+            self._thread = threading.Thread(target=_bg)
+            self.callback(self._join)
+
+            self._thread.start()
+
+        def _join(self):
+            """
+            Waits for the background thread to finish and raises any thrown
+            exception. This is called during fixture teardown.
+            """
+            # Give a little bit of wiggle room on the join timeout, since we're
+            # racing against the test's own use of remaining_timeout(). (It's
+            # preferable to let tests report timeouts; the stack traces will
+            # help with debugging.)
+            self._thread.join(remaining_timeout() + 1)
+            if self._thread.is_alive():
+                raise TimeoutError("background thread is still running after timeout")
+
+            if self._thread_exc is not None:
+                raise self._thread_exc
+
+    with _Server() as s:
+        s.bind_and_listen()
+        yield s
+
+
+def test_connection_is_finished_on_error(connect, local_server):
+    """Tests that PQfinish() gets called at the end of testing."""
+    expected_error = "something is wrong"
+
+    def serve_error(s: socket.socket) -> None:
+        pktlen = struct.unpack("!I", s.recv(4))[0]
+
+        # Quick check for the startup packet version.
+        version = struct.unpack("!HH", s.recv(4))
+        assert version == (3, 0)
+
+        # Discard the remainder of the startup packet and send a v2 error.
+        s.recv(pktlen - 8)
+        s.send(b"E" + expected_error.encode() + b"\0")
+
+        # And now the socket should be closed.
+        assert not s.recv(1), "client sent unexpected data"
+
+    local_server.background(serve_error)
+
+    with pytest.raises(LibpqError, match=expected_error):
+        # Exiting this context should result in PQfinish().
+        connect(host=local_server.host, port=local_server.port)
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_query_helpers.py b/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_query_helpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5a5a1ae1edf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_query_helpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+"""
+Tests for query helper functions with type conversion and result simplification.
+"""
+
+import pytest
+
+
+def test_single_cell_int(conn):
+    """Single cell integer query returns just the value."""
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT 1")
+    assert result == 1
+    assert isinstance(result, int)
+
+
+def test_single_cell_string(conn):
+    """Single cell string query returns just the value."""
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT 'hello'")
+    assert result == "hello"
+    assert isinstance(result, str)
+
+
+def test_single_cell_bool(conn):
+    """Single cell boolean query returns just the value."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT true")
+    assert result is True
+    assert isinstance(result, bool)
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT false")
+    assert result is False
+
+
+def test_single_cell_float(conn):
+    """Single cell float query returns just the value."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT 3.14::float4")
+    assert isinstance(result, float)
+    assert abs(result - 3.14) < 0.01
+
+
+def test_single_cell_null(conn):
+    """Single cell NULL query returns None."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT NULL")
+    assert result is None
+
+
+def test_single_row_multiple_columns(conn):
+    """Single row with multiple columns returns a tuple."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT 1, 'hello', true")
+    assert result == (1, "hello", True)
+    assert isinstance(result, tuple)
+
+
+def test_single_column_multiple_rows(conn):
+    """Single column with multiple rows returns a list of values."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 3)")
+    assert result == [1, 2, 3]
+    assert isinstance(result, list)
+
+
+def test_multiple_rows_and_columns(conn):
+    """Multiple rows and columns returns list of tuples."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT * FROM (VALUES (1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c')) AS t")
+    assert result == [(1, "a"), (2, "b"), (3, "c")]
+    assert isinstance(result, list)
+    assert all(isinstance(row, tuple) for row in result)
+
+
+def test_empty_result(conn):
+    """Empty result set returns empty list."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT 1 WHERE false")
+    assert result == []
+
+
+def test_query_error_handling(conn):
+    """Query errors raise RuntimeError with actual error message."""
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as exc_info:
+        conn.sql("SELECT * FROM nonexistent_table")
+
+    error_msg = str(exc_info.value)
+    assert "nonexistent_table" in error_msg or "does not exist" in error_msg
+
+
+def test_division_by_zero_error(conn):
+    """Division by zero raises RuntimeError."""
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as exc_info:
+        conn.sql("SELECT 1/0")
+
+    error_msg = str(exc_info.value)
+    assert "division by zero" in error_msg.lower()
+
+
+def test_simple_exec_create_table(conn):
+    """sql for CREATE TABLE returns None."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("CREATE TEMP TABLE test_table (id int, name text)")
+    assert result is None
+
+    # Verify table was created
+    count = conn.sql("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM test_table")
+    assert count == 0
+
+
+def test_simple_exec_insert(conn):
+    """sql for INSERT returns None."""
+
+    conn.sql("CREATE TEMP TABLE test_table (id int, name text)")
+    result = conn.sql("INSERT INTO test_table VALUES (1, 'Alice'), (2, 'Bob')")
+    assert result is None
+
+    # Verify data was inserted
+    count = conn.sql("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM test_table")
+    assert count == 2
+
+
+def test_type_conversion_mixed(conn):
+    """Test mixed type conversion in a single row."""
+
+    result = conn.sql(
+        "SELECT 42::int4, 123::int8, 3.14::float8, 'text', true, NULL"
+    )
+    assert result == (42, 123, 3.14, "text", True, None)
+    assert isinstance(result[0], int)
+    assert isinstance(result[1], int)
+    assert isinstance(result[2], float)
+    assert isinstance(result[3], str)
+    assert isinstance(result[4], bool)
+    assert result[5] is None
+
+
+def test_multiple_queries_same_connection(conn):
+    """Test running multiple queries on the same connection."""
+
+    result1 = conn.sql("SELECT 1")
+    assert result1 == 1
+
+    result2 = conn.sql("SELECT 'hello', 'world'")
+    assert result2 == ("hello", "world")
+
+    result3 = conn.sql("SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 5)")
+    assert result3 == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+
+def test_date_type(conn):
+    """Test date type conversion."""
+    import datetime
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT '2025-10-20'::date")
+    assert result == datetime.date(2025, 10, 20)
+    assert isinstance(result, datetime.date)
+
+
+def test_timestamp_type(conn):
+    """Test timestamp type conversion."""
+    import datetime
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT '2025-10-20 15:30:45'::timestamp")
+    assert result == datetime.datetime(2025, 10, 20, 15, 30, 45)
+    assert isinstance(result, datetime.datetime)
+
+
+def test_time_type(conn):
+    """Test time type conversion."""
+    import datetime
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT '15:30:45'::time")
+    assert result == datetime.time(15, 30, 45)
+    assert isinstance(result, datetime.time)
+
+
+def test_numeric_type(conn):
+    """Test numeric/decimal type conversion."""
+    import decimal
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT 123.456::numeric")
+    assert result == decimal.Decimal("123.456")
+    assert isinstance(result, decimal.Decimal)
+
+
+def test_int_array(conn):
+    """Test integer array type conversion."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT ARRAY[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]")
+    assert result == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert isinstance(result, list)
+    assert all(isinstance(x, int) for x in result)
+
+
+def test_text_array(conn):
+    """Test text array type conversion."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT ARRAY['hello', 'world', 'test']")
+    assert result == ["hello", "world", "test"]
+    assert isinstance(result, list)
+    assert all(isinstance(x, str) for x in result)
+
+
+def test_bool_array(conn):
+    """Test boolean array type conversion."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT ARRAY[true, false, true]")
+    assert result == [True, False, True]
+    assert isinstance(result, list)
+    assert all(isinstance(x, bool) for x in result)
+
+
+def test_empty_array(conn):
+    """Test empty array type conversion."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT ARRAY[]::int[]")
+    assert result == []
+    assert isinstance(result, list)
+
+
+def test_json_type(conn):
+    """Test JSON type (parsed to dict)."""
+
+    result = conn.sql('SELECT \'{"key": "value"}\'::json')
+    assert isinstance(result, dict)
+    assert result == {"key": "value"}
+
+
+def test_jsonb_type(conn):
+    """Test JSONB type (parsed to dict)."""
+
+    result = conn.sql('SELECT \'{"name": "test", "count": 42}\'::jsonb')
+    assert isinstance(result, dict)
+    assert result == {"name": "test", "count": 42}
+
+
+def test_json_array(conn):
+    """Test JSON array type."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT '[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]'::json")
+    assert isinstance(result, list)
+    assert result == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+
+def test_json_nested(conn):
+    """Test nested JSON object."""
+
+    result = conn.sql(
+        'SELECT \'{"user": {"id": 1, "name": "Alice"}, "active": true}\'::json'
+    )
+    assert isinstance(result, dict)
+    assert result == {"user": {"id": 1, "name": "Alice"}, "active": True}
+
+
+def test_mixed_types_with_arrays(conn):
+    """Test mixed types including arrays in a single row."""
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT 42, 'text', ARRAY[1, 2, 3], true")
+    assert result == (42, "text", [1, 2, 3], True)
+    assert isinstance(result[0], int)
+    assert isinstance(result[1], str)
+    assert isinstance(result[2], list)
+    assert isinstance(result[3], bool)
+
+
+def test_uuid_type(conn):
+    """Test UUID type conversion."""
+    import uuid
+
+    test_uuid = "550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"
+    result = conn.sql(f"SELECT '{test_uuid}'::uuid")
+    assert result == uuid.UUID(test_uuid)
+    assert isinstance(result, uuid.UUID)
+
+
+def test_uuid_generation(conn):
+    """Test generated UUID type conversion."""
+    import uuid
+
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT uuidv4()")
+    assert isinstance(result, uuid.UUID)
+    # Check it's a valid UUID by ensuring it can be converted to string
+    assert len(str(result)) == 36  # UUID string format length
diff --git a/src/tools/generate_pytest_libpq_errors.py b/src/tools/generate_pytest_libpq_errors.py
new file mode 100755
index 00000000000..ba92891c17a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/tools/generate_pytest_libpq_errors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+"""
+Generate src/test/pytest/libpq/_generated_errors.py from errcodes.txt.
+"""
+
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+ACRONYMS = {"sql", "fdw"}
+WORD_MAP = {
+    "sqlclient": "SQLClient",
+    "sqlserver": "SQLServer",
+    "sqlconnection": "SQLConnection",
+}
+
+
+def snake_to_pascal(name: str) -> str:
+    """Convert snake_case to PascalCase, keeping acronyms uppercase."""
+    words = []
+    for word in name.split("_"):
+        if word in WORD_MAP:
+            words.append(WORD_MAP[word])
+        elif word in ACRONYMS:
+            words.append(word.upper())
+        else:
+            words.append(word.capitalize())
+    return "".join(words)
+
+
+def parse_errcodes(path: Path):
+    """Parse errcodes.txt and return list of (sqlstate, macro_name, spec_name) tuples."""
+    errors = []
+
+    with open(path) as f:
+        for line in f:
+            parts = line.split()
+            if len(parts) >= 4 and len(parts[0]) == 5:
+                sqlstate, _, macro_name, spec_name = parts[:4]
+                errors.append((sqlstate, macro_name, spec_name))
+
+    return errors
+
+
+def macro_to_class_name(macro_name: str) -> str:
+    """Convert ERRCODE_FOO_BAR to FooBar."""
+    name = macro_name.removeprefix("ERRCODE_")
+    # Move WARNING prefix to the end as a suffix
+    if name.startswith("WARNING_"):
+        name = name.removeprefix("WARNING_") + "_WARNING"
+    return snake_to_pascal(name.lower())
+
+
+def generate_errors(errcodes_path: Path):
+    """Generate the _generated_errors.py content."""
+    errors = parse_errcodes(errcodes_path)
+
+    # Find spec_names that appear more than once (collisions)
+    spec_name_counts: dict[str, int] = {}
+    for _, _, spec_name in errors:
+        spec_name_counts[spec_name] = spec_name_counts.get(spec_name, 0) + 1
+    colliding_spec_names = {
+        name for name, count in spec_name_counts.items() if count > 1
+    }
+
+    lines = [
+        "# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group",
+        "# This file is generated by src/tools/generate_pytest_libpq_errors.py - do not edit directly.",
+        "",
+        '"""',
+        "Generated PostgreSQL error classes mapped from SQLSTATE codes.",
+        '"""',
+        "",
+        "from typing import Dict",
+        "",
+        "from ._error_base import LibpqError, LibpqWarning",
+        "",
+        "",
+    ]
+
+    generated_classes = {"LibpqError"}
+    sqlstate_to_exception = {}
+
+    for sqlstate, macro_name, spec_name in errors:
+        # 000 errors define the parent class for all errors in this SQLSTATE class
+        if sqlstate.endswith("000"):
+            exc_name = snake_to_pascal(spec_name)
+            if exc_name == "Warning":
+                parent = "LibpqWarning"
+            else:
+                parent = "LibpqError"
+        else:
+            if spec_name in colliding_spec_names:
+                exc_name = macro_to_class_name(macro_name)
+            else:
+                exc_name = snake_to_pascal(spec_name)
+            # Use parent class if available, otherwise LibpqError
+            parent = sqlstate_to_exception.get(sqlstate[:2] + "000", "LibpqError")
+            # Warnings should end with "Warning"
+            if parent == "Warning" and not exc_name.endswith("Warning"):
+                exc_name += "Warning"
+
+        generated_classes.add(exc_name)
+        sqlstate_to_exception[sqlstate] = exc_name
+        lines.extend(
+            [
+                f"class {exc_name}({parent}):",
+                f'    """SQLSTATE {sqlstate} - {spec_name.replace("_", " ")}."""',
+                "",
+                "    pass",
+                "",
+                "",
+            ]
+        )
+
+    lines.append("SQLSTATE_TO_EXCEPTION: Dict[str, type] = {")
+    for sqlstate, exc_name in sqlstate_to_exception.items():
+        lines.append(f'    "{sqlstate}": {exc_name},')
+    lines.extend(["}", "", ""])
+
+    all_exports = list(generated_classes) + ["SQLSTATE_TO_EXCEPTION"]
+    lines.append("__all__ = [")
+    for name in all_exports:
+        lines.append(f'    "{name}",')
+    lines.append("]")
+
+    return "\n".join(lines) + "\n"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    script_dir = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+    src_root = script_dir.parent.parent
+
+    errcodes_path = src_root / "src" / "backend" / "utils" / "errcodes.txt"
+    output_path = (
+        src_root / "src" / "test" / "pytest" / "libpq" / "_generated_errors.py"
+    )
+
+    if not errcodes_path.exists():
+        print(f"Error: {errcodes_path} not found", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    output = generate_errors(errcodes_path)
+    output_path.write_text(output)
+    print(f"Generated {output_path}")
-- 
2.52.0

From cd2bae3906da7f08ef6afaa9e5d892542353a90c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:30:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v4 5/7] WIP: pytest: Add some SSL client tests

TODOs:
- local_server and tcp_server_class are nearly identical and should
  share code.
- fix exception-related timeouts for .background()
- figure out the proper use of "session" vs "module" scope
- ensure that pq.libpq unwinds (to close connections) before tcp_server;
  see comment in test_server_with_ssl_disabled()
---
 .cirrus.tasks.yml               |  18 ++-
 config/pytest-requirements.txt  |  10 ++
 src/test/ssl/Makefile           |   2 +
 src/test/ssl/meson.build        |   6 +
 src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py    | 130 +++++++++++++++
 src/test/ssl/pyt/test_client.py | 278 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 438 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/ssl/pyt/test_client.py

diff --git a/.cirrus.tasks.yml b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
index 3b0bb202276..b976baa5b34 100644
--- a/.cirrus.tasks.yml
+++ b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
@@ -229,6 +229,7 @@ task:
     sysctl kern.corefile='/tmp/cores/%N.%P.core'
   setup_additional_packages_script: |
     pkg install -y \
+      py311-cryptography \
       py311-packaging \
       py311-pytest
 
@@ -323,6 +324,7 @@ task:
 
       setup_additional_packages_script: |
         pkgin -y install \
+          py312-cryptography \
           py312-packaging \
           py312-test
         ln -s /usr/pkg/bin/pytest-3.12 /usr/pkg/bin/pytest
@@ -347,8 +349,9 @@ task:
 
@@ -509,8 +512,9 @@ task:
 
   matrix:
     # SPECIAL:
@@ -659,6 +663,7 @@ task:
 
     MESON_FEATURES: >-
       -Dbonjour=enabled
@@ -679,6 +684,7 @@ task:
       p5.34-io-tty
       p5.34-ipc-run
       python312
+      py312-cryptography
       py312-packaging
       py312-pytest
       tcl
@@ -817,7 +823,7 @@ task:
   # XXX Does Chocolatey really not have any Python package installers?
   setup_additional_packages_script: |
     REM choco install -y --no-progress ...
-    pip3 install --user packaging pytest
+    pip3 install --user cryptography packaging pytest
 
   setup_hosts_file_script: |
     echo 127.0.0.1 pg-loadbalancetest >> c:\Windows\System32\Drivers\etc\hosts
@@ -880,7 +886,7 @@ task:
     folder: ${CCACHE_DIR}

   mingw_info_script: |
     %BASH% -c "where gcc"
diff --git a/config/pytest-requirements.txt b/config/pytest-requirements.txt
index 1c5e283d1e2..f0cc0a1c518 100644
--- a/config/pytest-requirements.txt
+++ b/config/pytest-requirements.txt
@@ -19,3 +19,13 @@ pytest >= 7.0, < 10

 installcheck:
 	$(prove_installcheck)
index 00000000000..db8fa8655a8
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+pytest_plugins = ["pypg.fixtures"]
index 00000000000..247681f93cb
2.52.0

From 14fbc06cace6dd27862dd0607608e9af27aa5f80 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:31:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v4 6/7] WIP: pytest: Add some server-side SSL tests

TODOs:
- port more server configuration behavior from PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster
- decide again on "session" vs. "module" scope for server fixtures
- improve remaining_timeout() integration with socket operations; at the
  moment, the timeout resets on every call rather than decrementing
---
 src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py    |  50 ++++++++++
 src/test/ssl/pyt/test_server.py | 161 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 211 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/test/ssl/pyt/test_server.py

diff --git a/src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py b/src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py
index db8fa8655a8..dacb9599532 100644
--- a/src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py
+++ b/src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py
@@ -128,3 +128,53 @@ def certs(cryptography, tmp_path_factory):
             return f.name
 
     return _Certs()
+
+
index 00000000000..4a327b40714
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
2.52.0

From fa5bb9dc099cad06f14eb8ce069104f6f22838c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 2 Sep 2025 15:38:52 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v4 7/7] XXX run pytest and ssl suite, all OSes

---
 .cirrus.star      | 2 +-
 .cirrus.tasks.yml | 2 +-

 
index b976baa5b34..dfb9ae64068 100644
2.52.0

---

From: Xuneng Zhou <[email-masked]>
Date: Fri, 19 Dec 2025 22:18:41 +0800

Hi Jelte,

Thanks for working on this. I’ve done an initial review of patch 4 and
here are some comments below.

1) Test infra: tmp_check() fixture looks wrong / unused variable
def tmp_check(tmp_path_factory):
    d = os.getenv("TESTDATADIR")
    if d:
        d = pathlib.Path(d)
    else:
        d = tmp_path_factory.mktemp("tmp_check")

    return tmp_path_factory.mktemp("check_tmp")

You compute d then ignore it and always return a new temp dir
"check_tmp".  It should probably return d (or d / "check_tmp").

2) PQexec NULL handling is missing
+    def exec(self, query: str):
+        ...
+        res = self._lib.PQexec(self._handle, query.encode())
+        return self._stack.enter_context(PGresult(self._lib, res))

No NULL check. If PQexec returns NULL (OOM, connection lost), the
PGresult wrapper will pass it to PQresultStatus etc., causing
undefined behavior or crash.

3) array parsing may be too simple

 _parse_array() does inner.split(","). That will break for valid
Postgres arrays containing:
quoted elements with commas: {"a,b","c"}
escapes / quotes: {"a\"b"} or {"a\\b"}
nested arrays: {{1,2},{3,4}}

Should we document the constraint here or implement a more complete
state-machine?

4) Type conversion: timestamp/timestamptz conversion could be wrong
datetime.datetime.fromisoformat for both timestamp and timestamptz.

- timestamptz output formatting from Postgres is not always
fromisoformat() friendly (can include timezone formats that differ).

- fromisoformat() yields timezone-aware datetimes only if the string
has an offset; but Postgres output depends on DateStyle and timezone
settings.

This could make tests brittle across environments. Should we use
dateutil.parser (if allowed) or document that the server uses ISO
settings for pytest.

5) Server init: pg_ctl init vs initdb

In non-Windows branch:
run(pg_ctl, "-D", datadir, "init")

initdb seems to be a more common way here.

6) Logging config: log_connections = all seems wrong
print("log_connections = all", file=f)

I don't see an option "all" for this parameter
https://postgresqlco.nf/doc/en/param/log_connections/

7) UX: error message handling and query attachment
raise_error() builds message with primary + optional Query: ....

Should we include SQLSTATE and severity in the message string by
default, because it helps when reading CI logs.

--
Best,
Xuneng

---

From: Xuneng Zhou <[email-masked]>
Date: Sat, 20 Dec 2025 11:42:29 +0800

Hi,

Thanks for the significant work and effort invested in this project. I
believe it has the potential to be valuable for PostgreSQL over the
next 10 years or many more.

I noticed that this topic has gone through a long series of
discussions in the past. Have we reached consensus on the necessity of
the project and its overall direction? As we’ve seen before, many
ambitious initiatives are started but don’t always make it to
completion. Projects with a clearly articulated roadmap and milestones
tend to attract and sustain contributor interest more effectively.

Assuming there is interest in continuing and contributing to this
work, the amount of historical context to absorb could be intimidating
for new contributors. Do we currently have a wiki page or similar
document that summarizes the project’s current state and future
direction? If not, it might be worthwhile to create one—not only to
lower the barrier to entry for new contributors, but also to support
long-term maintainability.

-- 
Best,
Xuneng

---

From: "Jelte Fennema-Nio" <[email-masked]>
Date: Sat, 27 Dec 2025 18:26:55 +0100

> here are some comments below.

Attached is a version where I addressed all of those comemnts (the few
that I didn't or did in non-obvious ways are discussed at the end). I
also made a lot of improvements to the patchset:
1. Includes infrastructure to create multiple Postgres clusters in a
   single test or module.
2. Basic documentation for the pytest testing infrastructure.
3. Configure pytest and dependencies in pyproject.toml instead of a
   requirements file.
4. Set up the environment using "uv"[1] if no pytest binary can be
   found and uv is found.
5. Use INITDB_TEMPLATE to speed up cluster creation.
6. Don't enable fsync during tests to speed them up.
7. I added a patch where I've rewritten the libpq load_balance_hosts
   tests in python as a validation that the new infrastructure and APIs
   work well. (the perl ones were also written by me)
8. Postgres logs are now included as a separate pytest "section" in the
   output.
9. The pgtap output now includes all of the pytest sections. For an
   example of what the failure output looks like, take a look here[2]

I also *removed* a few things that Jacob had initially added:
1. The SCRAM based windows auth. I think it's a good idea, but it
   doesn't work with INITDB_TEMPLATE. I think that logic should be made
   part of a separate patchset that stops use trust auth when creating
   the INITDB_TEMPLATE. That way also the perl tests can benefit from it.
   So seems good to do, but separate from the whole pytest work.
2. I removed the current_windows_user() function. This was dead code (as
   also written in Jacob's comment) and python has built-in ways to get the current user.
3. I removed the fancy missing/incorrect dependency detection script. I
   think (as Jacob also suggested in his code comments) that
   importorskip is a better fit for this. Especially since we only have
   pytest as a dependency for the core framework, and only the
   cryptography package for the ssl tests.

Finally, I prepared a PR for our images to include the pytest
dependencies, so in a future version of the patchset we don't need to
ad-hoc install the required packages.

IMO patch 4 now serves as a good enough central infrastructure base for
people to develop tests on top of (which would possibly add some more
infrastructure as needed).

In regards to your second message, related to consensus on the
necessity of the project: Yes, based on the in-person conversations
about this people are either in favor of a pytest based test framework,
or neutral. There were no strong objections. We were now at the point
where "someone" now actually needs to do the work of getting some decent
infrastructure in place. Which is what Jacob and me have been trying to
do.

[1]: https://github.com/astral-sh/uv
[2]: https://cirrus-ci.com/task/4805772426608640?logs=test_world#L16
[3]: https://github.com/anarazel/pg-vm-images/pull/130

> datetime.datetime.fromisoformat for both timestamp and timestamptz.

I now configured datestyle to ISO and UTC in postgresql.conf. If that
turns out not to be enough at some point (e.g. because a test sets a
different datestyle), we can revisit this.

> https://postgresqlco.nf/doc/en/param/log_connections/

That's a new value since PG18:
https://postgresqlco.nf/doc/en/param/log_connections/18/

> default, because it helps when reading CI logs.

I don't think adding this additional info helps much anymore, now that
the postgres logs (item 8) are part of the output too. So I left it like
this, and even removed the query from the error message. By only
including the actual error message it's easier to match on it for errors
that a test expects. Matching on the SQLSTATE can be also done by
matching on the error type.
From 00ed77c794a7c626a46d05aa782e1c382e29da0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Fri, 5 Sep 2025 16:39:08 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v5 1/7] meson: Include TAP tests in the configuration summary

base-commit: 36b8f4974a884a7206df97f37ea62d2adc0b77f0
-- 
2.52.0

From eae9e70547c3e92b53f6028292f387a6e5dd38d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2025 10:58:56 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v5 2/7] Add support for pytest test suites

TODOs:

Co-authored-by: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
---
 .cirrus.tasks.yml           |  37 +++++--
 .gitignore                  |   4 +
 configure                   | 166 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 configure.ac                |  29 +++++-
 meson.build                 | 107 +++++++++++++++++++
 meson_options.txt           |   8 +-
 pyproject.toml              |  21 ++++
 src/Makefile.global.in      |  29 ++++++
 src/makefiles/meson.build   |   2 +
 src/test/Makefile           |   2 +-
 src/test/meson.build        |   1 +
 src/test/pytest/Makefile    |  20 ++++
 src/test/pytest/README      |   1 +
 src/test/pytest/meson.build |  16 +++
 src/test/pytest/pgtap.py    | 198 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/tools/testwrap          |   6 +-
 16 files changed, 631 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 pyproject.toml
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/Makefile
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/README
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/meson.build
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pgtap.py

diff --git a/.cirrus.tasks.yml b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
index 038d043d00e..a83acb39e97 100644
--- a/.cirrus.tasks.yml
+++ b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ env:

 
 
     - name: OpenBSD - Meson
@@ -337,7 +344,9 @@ task:
           -Duuid=e2fs
 
@@ -496,8 +505,10 @@ task:
     EOF

   matrix:
     # SPECIAL:
@@ -521,14 +532,15 @@ task:
           set -e
           ./configure \
             --enable-cassert --enable-injection-points --enable-debug \
-            --enable-tap-tests --enable-nls \
+            --enable-tap-tests --enable-pytest --enable-nls \
             --with-segsize-blocks=6 \
             --with-libnuma \
             --with-liburing \
             \
             ${LINUX_CONFIGURE_FEATURES} \
             \
-            CLANG="ccache clang"
+            CLANG="ccache clang" \
+            PYTEST="env LD_PRELOAD=/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.8 pytest"
         EOF
       build_script: su postgres -c "make -s -j${BUILD_JOBS} world-bin"
       upload_caches: ccache
@@ -665,6 +677,8 @@ task:
       p5.34-io-tty
       p5.34-ipc-run
       python312
+      py312-packaging
+      py312-pytest
       tcl
       zstd
 
@@ -714,6 +728,7 @@ task:
     sh src/tools/ci/ci_macports_packages.sh $MACOS_PACKAGE_LIST
     # system python doesn't provide headers
     sudo /opt/local/bin/port select python3 python312
+    sudo /opt/local/bin/port select pytest pytest312
     # Make macports install visible for subsequent steps
     echo PATH=/opt/local/sbin/:/opt/local/bin/:$PATH >> $CIRRUS_ENV
   upload_caches: macports
@@ -787,6 +802,8 @@ task:
       -Dldap=enabled
       -Dssl=openssl
       -Dtap_tests=enabled
+      -Dpytest=enabled
+      -DPYTEST=c:\Windows\system32\config\systemprofile\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python310\Scripts\pytest.exe
       -Dplperl=enabled
       -Dplpython=enabled
 
@@ -795,8 +812,10 @@ task:
   depends_on: SanityCheck
   only_if: $CI_WINDOWS_ENABLED

   setup_hosts_file_script: |
     echo 127.0.0.1 pg-loadbalancetest >> c:\Windows\System32\Drivers\etc\hosts
@@ -859,7 +878,7 @@ task:
     folder: ${CCACHE_DIR}
 
   setup_additional_packages_script: |
-    REM C:\msys64\usr\bin\pacman.exe -S --noconfirm ...
+    C:\msys64\usr\bin\pacman.exe -S --noconfirm mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-python-pytest
 
   mingw_info_script: |
     %BASH% -c "where gcc"
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 4e911395fe3..a8c73bba9ba 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ win32ver.rc
 *.exe
 lib*dll.def
 lib*.pc
+__pycache__/
+*.egg-info/
 
 # Local excludes in root directory
 /GNUmakefile
@@ -43,3 +45,5 @@ lib*.pc
 /Release/
 /tmp_install/
 /portlock/
+/.venv/
+/uv.lock
diff --git a/configure b/configure
index 14ad0a5006f..f28db423cd8 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -630,6 +630,8 @@ vpath_build
 PG_SYSROOT
 PG_VERSION_NUM
 LDFLAGS_EX_BE
+UV
+PYTEST
 PROVE
 DBTOEPUB
 FOP
@@ -772,6 +774,7 @@ CFLAGS
 CC
 enable_injection_points
 PG_TEST_EXTRA
+enable_pytest
 enable_tap_tests
 enable_dtrace
 DTRACEFLAGS
@@ -850,6 +853,7 @@ enable_profiling
 enable_coverage
 enable_dtrace
 enable_tap_tests
+enable_pytest
 enable_injection_points
 with_blocksize
 with_segsize
@@ -1550,7 +1554,10 @@ Optional Features:
   --enable-profiling      build with profiling enabled
   --enable-coverage       build with coverage testing instrumentation
   --enable-dtrace         build with DTrace support
-  --enable-tap-tests      enable TAP tests (requires Perl and IPC::Run)
+  --enable-tap-tests      enable (Perl-based) TAP tests (requires Perl and
+                          IPC::Run)
+  --enable-pytest         enable (Python-based) pytest suites (requires
+                          Python)
   --enable-injection-points
                           enable injection points (for testing)
   --enable-depend         turn on automatic dependency tracking
@@ -3632,7 +3639,7 @@ fi

 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #

@@ -3660,6 +3667,32 @@ fi

+
@@ -19229,6 +19262,135 @@ $as_echo "$modulestderr" >&6; }
   fi
 fi
 
+if test "$enable_pytest" = yes; then
+  if test -z "$PYTEST"; then
+  for ac_prog in pytest py.test
+do
+  # Extract the first word of "$ac_prog", so it can be a program name with args.
+set dummy $ac_prog; ac_word=$2
+{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for $ac_word" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking for $ac_word... " >&6; }
+if ${ac_cv_path_PYTEST+:} false; then :
+  $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6
+else
+  case $PYTEST in
+  [\\/]* | ?:[\\/]*)
+  ac_cv_path_PYTEST="$PYTEST" # Let the user override the test with a path.
+  ;;
+  *)
+  as_save_IFS=$IFS; IFS=$PATH_SEPARATOR
+for as_dir in $PATH
+do
+  IFS=$as_save_IFS
+  test -z "$as_dir" && as_dir=.
+    for ac_exec_ext in '' $ac_executable_extensions; do
+  if as_fn_executable_p "$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext"; then
+    ac_cv_path_PYTEST="$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext"
+    $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: found $as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext" >&5
+    break 2
+  fi
+done
+  done
+IFS=$as_save_IFS
+
+  ;;
+esac
+fi
+PYTEST=$ac_cv_path_PYTEST
+if test -n "$PYTEST"; then
+  { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $PYTEST" >&5
+$as_echo "$PYTEST" >&6; }
+else
+  { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: no" >&5
+$as_echo "no" >&6; }
+fi
+
+
+  test -n "$PYTEST" && break
+done
+
+else
+  # Report the value of PYTEST in configure's output in all cases.
+  { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for PYTEST" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking for PYTEST... " >&6; }
+  { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $PYTEST" >&5
+$as_echo "$PYTEST" >&6; }
+fi
+
+  if test -z "$PYTEST"; then
+    # If pytest not found, try installing with uv
+    if test -z "$UV"; then
+  for ac_prog in uv
+do
+  # Extract the first word of "$ac_prog", so it can be a program name with args.
+set dummy $ac_prog; ac_word=$2
+{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for $ac_word" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking for $ac_word... " >&6; }
+if ${ac_cv_path_UV+:} false; then :
+  $as_echo_n "(cached) " >&6
+else
+  case $UV in
+  [\\/]* | ?:[\\/]*)
+  ac_cv_path_UV="$UV" # Let the user override the test with a path.
+  ;;
+  *)
+  as_save_IFS=$IFS; IFS=$PATH_SEPARATOR
+for as_dir in $PATH
+do
+  IFS=$as_save_IFS
+  test -z "$as_dir" && as_dir=.
+    for ac_exec_ext in '' $ac_executable_extensions; do
+  if as_fn_executable_p "$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext"; then
+    ac_cv_path_UV="$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext"
+    $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: found $as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext" >&5
+    break 2
+  fi
+done
+  done
+IFS=$as_save_IFS
+
+  ;;
+esac
+fi
+UV=$ac_cv_path_UV
+if test -n "$UV"; then
+  { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $UV" >&5
+$as_echo "$UV" >&6; }
+else
+  { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: no" >&5
+$as_echo "no" >&6; }
+fi
+
+
+  test -n "$UV" && break
+done
+
+else
+  # Report the value of UV in configure's output in all cases.
+  { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for UV" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking for UV... " >&6; }
+  { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $UV" >&5
+$as_echo "$UV" >&6; }
+fi
+
+    if test -n "$UV"; then
+      { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking whether uv can install pytest dependencies" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking whether uv can install pytest dependencies... " >&6; }
+      if "$UV" pip install "$srcdir" >&5 2>&1; then
+        { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: yes" >&5
+$as_echo "yes" >&6; }
+        PYTEST="$UV run pytest"
+      else
+        { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: no" >&5
+$as_echo "no" >&6; }
+        as_fn_error $? "pytest not found and uv failed to install dependencies" "$LINENO" 5
+      fi
+    else
+      as_fn_error $? "pytest not found" "$LINENO" 5
+    fi
+  fi
+fi
+
 # If compiler will take -Wl,--as-needed (or various platform-specific
 # spellings thereof) then add that to LDFLAGS.  This is much easier than
 # trying to filter LIBS to the minimum for each executable.
diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac
index 01b3bbc1be8..8226e2a1342 100644
--- a/configure.ac
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -225,11 +225,16 @@ AC_SUBST(DTRACEFLAGS)])
 AC_SUBST(enable_dtrace)
 
 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #
 
@@ -2412,6 +2417,26 @@ if test "$enable_tap_tests" = yes; then
   fi
 fi
 
+if test "$enable_pytest" = yes; then
+  PGAC_PATH_PROGS(PYTEST, pytest py.test)
+  if test -z "$PYTEST"; then
+    # If pytest not found, try installing with uv
+    PGAC_PATH_PROGS(UV, uv)
+    if test -n "$UV"; then
+      AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether uv can install pytest dependencies])
+      if "$UV" pip install "$srcdir" >&AS_MESSAGE_LOG_FD 2>&1; then
+        AC_MSG_RESULT([yes])
+        PYTEST="$UV run pytest"
+      else
+        AC_MSG_RESULT([no])
+        AC_MSG_ERROR([pytest not found and uv failed to install dependencies])
+      fi
+    else
+      AC_MSG_ERROR([pytest not found])
+    fi
+  fi
+fi
+
 # If compiler will take -Wl,--as-needed (or various platform-specific
 # spellings thereof) then add that to LDFLAGS.  This is much easier than
 # trying to filter LIBS to the minimum for each executable.
diff --git a/meson.build b/meson.build
index 551e27f5eb3..2ec125116a2 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -1711,6 +1711,41 @@ endif

+###############################################################
+# Library: pytest
+###############################################################
+
+pytest_enabled = false
+pytest = not_found_dep
+uv = not_found_dep
+use_uv = false
+
+pytestopt = get_option('pytest')
+if not pytestopt.disabled()
+  pytest = find_program(get_option('PYTEST'), native: true, required: false)
+
+  # If pytest not found, try installing with uv
+  if not pytest.found()
+    uv = find_program('uv', native: true, required: false)
+    if uv.found()
+      message('Installing pytest dependencies with uv...')
+      uv_install = run_command(uv, 'pip', 'install', meson.project_source_root(), check: false)
+      if uv_install.returncode() == 0
+        use_uv = true
+        pytest_enabled = true
+      endif
+    endif
+  else
+    pytest_enabled = true
+  endif
+
+  if not pytest_enabled and pytestopt.enabled()
+    error('pytest not found')
+  endif
+endif
+
+
+
 ###############################################################
 # Library: zstd
 ###############################################################
@@ -3808,6 +3843,76 @@ foreach test_dir : tests
         )
       endforeach
       install_suites += test_group
+    elif kind == 'pytest'
+      testwrap_pytest = testwrap_base
+      if not pytest_enabled
+        testwrap_pytest += ['--skip', 'pytest not enabled']
+      endif
+
+      if use_uv
+        test_command = [uv.full_path(), 'run', 'pytest']
+      elif pytest_enabled
+        test_command = [pytest.full_path()]
+      else
+        # Dummy value - test will be skipped anyway
+        test_command = ['pytest']
+      endif
+      test_command += [
+        '-c', meson.project_source_root() / 'pyproject.toml',
+        '--verbose',
+        '-p', 'pgtap',  # enable our test reporter plugin
+        '-ra',  # show skipped and xfailed tests too
+      ]
+
+      # Add temporary install, the build directory for non-installed binaries and
+      # also test/ for non-installed test binaries built separately.
+      env = test_env
+      env.prepend('PATH', temp_install_bindir, test_dir['bd'], test_dir['bd'] / 'test')
+      temp_install_datadir = '@0@@1@'.format(test_install_destdir, dir_prefix / dir_data)
+      env.set('share_contrib_dir', temp_install_datadir / 'contrib')
+      # We also configure the same PYTHONPATH in the pytest settings in
+      # pyproject.toml, but pytest versions below 8.4 only actually use that
+      # value after plugin loading. So we need to configure it here too. This
+      # won't help people manually running pytest outside of meson/make, but we
+      # expect those to use a recent enough version of pytest anyway (and if
+      # not they can manually configure PYTHONPATH too).
+      env.prepend('PYTHONPATH', meson.project_source_root() / 'src' / 'test' / 'pytest')
+
+      foreach name, value : t.get('env', {})
+        env.set(name, value)
+      endforeach
+
+      test_group = test_dir['name']
+      test_kwargs = {
+        'protocol': 'tap',
+        'suite': test_group,
+        'timeout': 1000,
+        'depends': test_deps + t.get('deps', []),
+        'env': env,
+      } + t.get('test_kwargs', {})
+
+      foreach onetest : t['tests']
+        # Make test names prettier, remove pyt/ and .py
+        onetest_p = onetest
+        if onetest_p.startswith('pyt/')
+          onetest_p = onetest.split('pyt/')[1]
+        endif
+        if onetest_p.endswith('.py')
+          onetest_p = fs.stem(onetest_p)
+        endif
+
+        test(test_dir['name'] / onetest_p,
+          python,
+          kwargs: test_kwargs,
+          args: testwrap_pytest + [
+            '--testgroup', test_dir['name'],
+            '--testname', onetest_p,
+            '--', test_command,
+            test_dir['sd'] / onetest,
+          ],
+        )
+      endforeach
+      install_suites += test_group
     else
       error('unknown kind @0@ of test in @1@'.format(kind, test_dir['sd']))
     endif
@@ -3982,6 +4087,7 @@ summary(
     'dtrace': dtrace,
     'flex': '@0@ @1@'.format(flex.full_path(), flex_version),
     'prove': prove,
+    'pytest': pytest,
   },
   section: 'Programs',
 )
@@ -4022,6 +4128,7 @@ summary(
 summary(
   {
     'tap': tap_tests_enabled,
+    'pytest': pytest_enabled,
   },
   section: 'Other features',
   list_sep: ' ',
diff --git a/meson_options.txt b/meson_options.txt
index 06bf5627d3c..88f22e699d9 100644
--- a/meson_options.txt
+++ b/meson_options.txt
@@ -41,7 +41,10 @@ option('cassert', type: 'boolean', value: false,
   description: 'Enable assertion checks (for debugging)')

 
 
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..60abb4d0655
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+[project]
+name = "postgresql-hackers-tooling"
+version = "0.1.0"
+description = "Pytest infrastructure for PostgreSQL"
+requires-python = ">=3.6"
+dependencies = [
+    # pytest 7.0 was the last version which supported Python 3.6, but the BSDs
+    # have started putting 8.x into ports, so we support both. (pytest 8 can be
+    # used throughout once we drop support for Python 3.7.)
+    "pytest >= 7.0, < 10",
+
+    # Any other dependencies are effectively optional (added below). We import
+    # these libraries using pytest.importorskip(). So tests will be skipped if
+    # they are not available.
+]
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+minversion = "7.0"
+
+# Common test code can be found here.
+pythonpath = ["src/test/pytest"]
diff --git a/src/Makefile.global.in b/src/Makefile.global.in
index 371cd7eba2c..160cdffd4f1 100644
--- a/src/Makefile.global.in
+++ b/src/Makefile.global.in
@@ -211,6 +211,7 @@ enable_dtrace	= @enable_dtrace@
 enable_coverage	= @enable_coverage@
 enable_injection_points = @enable_injection_points@
 enable_tap_tests	= @enable_tap_tests@
+enable_pytest	= @enable_pytest@
 
@@ -508,6 +510,33 @@ prove_installcheck = @echo "TAP tests not enabled. Try configuring with --enable
 
+ifeq ($(enable_pytest),yes)
+
+pytest_installcheck = @echo "Installcheck is not currently supported for pytest."
+
+# We also configure the same PYTHONPATH in the pytest settings in
+# pyproject.toml, but pytest versions below 8.4 only actually use that value
+# after plugin loading. So we need to configure it here too. This won't help
+# people manually running pytest outside of meson/make, but we expect those to
+# use a recent enough version of pytest anyway (and if not they can manually
+# configure PYTHONPATH too).
+define pytest_check
+echo "# +++ pytest check in $(subdir) +++" && \
+rm -rf '$(CURDIR)'/tmp_check && \
+$(MKDIR_P) '$(CURDIR)'/tmp_check && \
+cd $(srcdir) && \
+   TESTLOGDIR='$(CURDIR)/tmp_check/log' \
+   TESTDATADIR='$(CURDIR)/tmp_check' \
+   PYTHONPATH='$(abs_top_srcdir)/src/test/pytest:$$PYTHONPATH' \
+   $(with_temp_install) \
+   $(PYTEST) -c '$(abs_top_srcdir)/pyproject.toml' --verbose -ra ./pyt/
+endef
+
+else
+pytest_installcheck = @echo "pytest is not enabled. Try configuring with --enable-pytest"
+pytest_check = $(pytest_installcheck)
+endif
+
 # Installation.
 
index 511a72e6238..c035dbb7fc7 100644
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ subdir = src/test
 
-SUBDIRS = perl postmaster regress isolation modules authentication recovery subscription
+SUBDIRS = perl postmaster pytest regress isolation modules authentication recovery subscription
 
 ifeq ($(with_icu),yes)
 SUBDIRS += icu
 
 subdir('authentication')
 subdir('postmaster')
+subdir('pytest')
 subdir('recovery')
 subdir('subscription')
 subdir('modules')
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pgtap.py b/src/test/pytest/pgtap.py
index 00000000000..c92cad98d95
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pgtap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+        # Include captured stdout/stderr/log in failure output
+        for section_name, section_content in report.sections:
+            if section_content.strip():
+                notes.details += "\n{:-^72}\n".format(f" {section_name} ")
+                notes.details += section_content + "\n"
diff --git a/src/tools/testwrap b/src/tools/testwrap
index e91296ecd15..346f86b8ea3 100755
--- a/src/tools/testwrap
+++ b/src/tools/testwrap
@@ -42,7 +42,11 @@ open(os.path.join(testdir, 'test.start'), 'x')
 
 env_dict = {**os.environ,
             'TESTDATADIR': os.path.join(testdir, 'data'),
-            'TESTLOGDIR': os.path.join(testdir, 'log')}
+            'TESTLOGDIR': os.path.join(testdir, 'log'),
+            # Prevent emitting terminal capability sequences that pollute the
+            # TAP output stream (i.e.\033[?1034h). This happens on OpenBSD with
+            # pytest for unknown reasons.
+            'TERM': ''}

 # The configuration time value of PG_TEST_EXTRA is supplied via argument
-- 
2.52.0

From 313ffe863b8a3eaf48ea578fc17596ad7078595f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 2 Sep 2025 15:37:53 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v5 3/7] ci: Add MTEST_SUITES for optional test tailoring

index a83acb39e97..a2c3febc30c 100644
 
@@ -396,7 +397,7 @@ task:
 
   on_failure:
@@ -614,7 +615,7 @@ task:
         su postgres <<-EOF
           set -e
           ulimit -c unlimited
-          meson test $MTEST_ARGS --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS}
+          meson test $MTEST_ARGS --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS} ${MTEST_SUITES}
         EOF
         # so that we don't upload 64bit logs if 32bit fails
         rm -rf build/
@@ -627,7 +628,7 @@ task:
         su postgres <<-EOF
           set -e
           ulimit -c unlimited
-          PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE=0 LANG=C meson test $MTEST_ARGS -C build-32 --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS}
+          PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE=0 LANG=C meson test $MTEST_ARGS -C build-32 --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS} ${MTEST_SUITES}
         EOF
 
       on_failure:
@@ -751,7 +752,7 @@ task:
   test_world_script: |
 
   on_failure:
     <<: *on_failure_meson
@@ -834,7 +835,7 @@ task:
 
   check_world_script: |
     vcvarsall x64
 
   on_failure:
     <<: *on_failure_meson
@@ -895,7 +896,7 @@ task:
   upload_caches: ccache
 
   test_world_script: |
 
   on_failure:
     <<: *on_failure_meson
-- 
2.52.0

From b710868bcb844416dc87faa70daab055a5cdb7f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:25:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v5 4/7] Add pytest infrastructure to interact with PostgreSQL
 servers

- creating
- starting
- stopping
- connecting
- running queries
- handling errors

The goal of this infrastructure is to be so easy to use that the actual
tests really only contain the logic to test the behaviour that the tests
are testing, as opposed to a bunch of boilerplate. Examples of this are:

Types get converted to their Python counter parts automatically. Errors
become actual Python exceptions. Results of queries that only return a
single row or cell are unpacked automatically, so you don't have to do
rows[0][0] if the query only returns a single cell.

The only new tests that are part of this commit are tests that cover
this testing infrastructure itself. It's debatable whether such tests
are useful long term, because any infrastructure that's unused by actual
tests should probably not exist. For now it seems good to test this
basic functionality though, both to make sure we don't break it before
committing actual tests that use it, and also as an example for people
writing new tests.
---
 doc/src/sgml/regress.sgml                  |   54 +-
 pyproject.toml                             |    3 +
 src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt             |    5 +
 src/test/pytest/README                     |  140 +-
 src/test/pytest/libpq/__init__.py          |   36 +
 src/test/pytest/libpq/_core.py             |  489 +++++
 src/test/pytest/libpq/_error_base.py       |   74 +
 src/test/pytest/libpq/_generated_errors.py | 2116 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/test/pytest/libpq/errors.py            |   39 +
 src/test/pytest/meson.build                |    5 +-
 src/test/pytest/pypg/__init__.py           |   10 +
 src/test/pytest/pypg/_env.py               |   72 +
 src/test/pytest/pypg/fixtures.py           |  335 ++++
 src/test/pytest/pypg/server.py             |  470 +++++
 src/test/pytest/pypg/util.py               |   42 +
 src/test/pytest/pyt/conftest.py            |    1 +
 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_errors.py         |   34 +
 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py          |  172 ++
 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_multi_server.py   |   46 +
 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_query_helpers.py  |  347 ++++
 src/tools/generate_pytest_libpq_errors.py  |  147 ++
 21 files changed, 4634 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/libpq/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/libpq/_core.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/libpq/_error_base.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/libpq/_generated_errors.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/libpq/errors.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pypg/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pypg/_env.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pypg/fixtures.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pypg/server.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pypg/util.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pyt/conftest.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_errors.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_multi_server.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_query_helpers.py
 create mode 100755 src/tools/generate_pytest_libpq_errors.py

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/regress.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/regress.sgml
index d80dd46c5fd..1440815b23a 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/regress.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/regress.sgml
@@ -840,7 +840,7 @@ float4:out:.*-.*-cygwin.*=float4-misrounded-input.out
   </sect1>
 
   <sect1 id="regress-tap">
-   <title>TAP Tests</title>
+   <title>Perl TAP Tests</title>
 
    <para>
     Various tests, particularly the client program tests
@@ -929,6 +929,58 @@ PG_TEST_NOCLEAN=1 make -C src/bin/pg_dump check
 
   </sect1>
 
+  <sect1 id="regress-pytest">
+   <title>Pytest Tests</title>
+
+   <para>
+    Tests in <filename>pyt</filename> directories use the Python
+    <application>pytest</application> framework. These tests provide a
+    convenient way to test libpq client functionality and scenarios requiring
+    multiple PostgreSQL server instances.
+   </para>
+
+   <para>
+    The pytest tests require <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> to be
+    configured with the option <option>--enable-pytest</option> (or
+    <option>-Dpytest=enabled</option> for Meson builds). You also need either
+    <application>pytest</application> or <application>uv</application>
+    installed on your system.
+   </para>
+
+   <para>
+    With Meson builds, you can run the pytest tests using:
+<programlisting>
+meson test --suite pytest
+</programlisting>
+    With autoconf-based builds, you can run them from the
+    <filename>src/test/pytest</filename> directory using:
+<programlisting>
+make check
+</programlisting>
+   </para>
+
+   <para>
+    You can also run specific test files directly using pytest:
+<programlisting>
+pytest src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py
+pytest -k "test_connstr"
+</programlisting>
+   </para>
+
+   <para>
+    Many operations in the test suites use a 180-second timeout, which on slow
+    hosts may lead to load-induced timeouts.  Setting the environment variable
+    <varname>PG_TEST_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT</varname> to a higher number will change
+    the default to avoid this.
+   </para>
+
+   <para>
+    For more information on writing pytest tests, see the
+    <filename>src/test/pytest/README</filename> file.
+   </para>
+
+  </sect1>
+
   <sect1 id="regress-coverage">
    <title>Test Coverage Examination</title>
 
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 60abb4d0655..4628d2274e0 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -19,3 +19,6 @@ minversion = "7.0"
 
 # Common test code can be found here.
 pythonpath = ["src/test/pytest"]
+
+# Load the shared fixtures plugin
+addopts = ["-p", "pypg.fixtures"]
index 1333ed77b7e..9dc50ca111f 100644
--- a/src/test/pytest/README
@@ -1 +1,139 @@
-TODO
+src/test/pytest/README
+Pytest-based tests
+==================
+This directory contains infrastructure for Python-based tests using pytest,
+along with some core tests for the pytest infrastructure itself. The framework
+provides fixtures for managing PostgreSQL server instances and connecting to
+them via libpq.
+Running the tests
+=================
+NOTE: You must have given the --enable-pytest argument to configure (or
+-Dpytest=enabled for Meson builds). You also need to have either pytest or uv
+already installed.
+With Meson builds, you can run:
+    meson test --suite pytest
+With autoconf based builds, you can run:
+    make check
+or
+    make installcheck
+You can run specific test files and/or use pytest's -k option to select tests:
+    pytest src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py
+    pytest -k "test_connstr"
+Directory structure
+===================
+pypg/
+    Python library providing common functions and pytest fixtures that can be
+    used in tests.
+libpq/
+    A simple but user-friendly python wrapper around libpq
+pyt/
+    Tests for the pytest infrastructure itself
+pgtap.py
+    A pytest plugin to output results in TAP format
+Writing tests
+=============
+Tests use pytest fixtures to manage server instances and connections. The
+most commonly used fixtures are:
+pg
+    A PostgresServer instance configured for the current test. Use this for
+    creating test users/databases or modifying server configuration. Changes
+    are automatically rolled back after the test.
+conn
+    A connected PGconn instance to the test server. Automatically cleaned up
+    after the test.
+connect
+    A function to create additional connections with custom options.
+create_pg
+    A factory function to create additional PostgreSQL servers within a test.
+    Servers are automatically cleaned up at the end of the test. Useful for
+    testing scenarios that require multiple independent servers.
+create_pg_module
+    Like create_pg, but servers persist for the entire test module. Use this
+    when multiple tests in a module can share the same servers, which is
+    faster than creating new servers for each test.
+Example test:
+    def test_simple_query(conn):
+        result = conn.sql("SELECT 1 + 1")
+        assert result == 2
+    def test_with_user(pg):
+        users = pg.create_users("test")
+            s.hba.prepend(["local", "all", users["test"], "trust"])
+        conn = pg.connect(user=users["test"])
+        assert conn.sql("SELECT current_user") == users["test"]
+    def test_multiple_servers(create_pg):
+        node1 = create_pg("primary")
+        node2 = create_pg("secondary")
+        conn1 = node1.connect()
+        conn2 = node2.connect()
+        # Each server is independent
+        assert node1.port != node2.port
+Server configuration
+====================
+Tests can temporarily modify server configuration using context managers:
+        # Server is reloaded here
+    # After the test finished the original configuration is restored and
+    # the server is reloaded again
+Use pg.restarting() instead if the configuration change requires a restart.
+Timeouts
+========
+Tests inherit the PG_TEST_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT environment variable (defaulting
+to 180 seconds). The remaining_timeout fixture provides a function that
+returns how much time remains for the current test.
+Environment variables
+=====================
+PG_TEST_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT
+    Per-test timeout in seconds (default: 180)
+PG_CONFIG
+    Path to pg_config (default: uses PATH)
+TESTDATADIR
+    Directory for test data (default: pytest temp directory)
+PG_TEST_EXTRA
+    Space-separated list of optional test categories to run (e.g., "ssl")
index 00000000000..0d77996d572
@@ -0,0 +1,489 @@
+def _parse_array(value: str, elem_oid: int):
+    """Parse PostgreSQL array syntax into nested Python lists."""
+    stack: list[list] = []
+    current_element: list[str] = []
+    in_quotes = False
+    was_quoted = False
+    pos = 0
+    while pos < len(value):
+        char = value[pos]
+        if in_quotes:
+            if char == "\\":
+                next_char = value[pos + 1]
+                if next_char not in '"\\':
+                    raise NotImplementedError('Only \\" and \\\\ escapes are supported')
+                current_element.append(next_char)
+                pos += 2
+            elif char == '"':
+                in_quotes = False
+                current_element.append(char)
+        elif char == '"':
+            in_quotes = True
+            was_quoted = True
+        elif char == "{":
+            stack.append([])
+        elif char in ",}":
+            if current_element or was_quoted:
+                elem = "".join(current_element)
+                if not was_quoted and elem == "NULL":
+                    stack[-1].append(None)
+                    stack[-1].append(_convert_pg_value(elem, elem_oid))
+                current_element = []
+                was_quoted = False
+            if char == "}":
+                completed = stack.pop()
+                if not stack:
+                    return completed
+                stack[-1].append(completed)
+        elif char != " ":
+            current_element.append(char)
+        pos += 1
+    raise ValueError(f"Malformed array literal: {value}")
+    def raise_error(self) -> None:
+        if not self._res:
+            raise LibpqError("query failed: out of memory or connection lost")
+            primary or self.error_message(),
+            res.raise_error()
+            res.raise_error()
index abd128dfa24..b86be901e7c 100644
@@ -10,7 +10,10 @@ tests += {
+      'pyt/test_multi_server.py',
index 00000000000..4ee91289f70
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+from ._env import require_test_extras, skip_unless_test_extras
+    "require_test_extras",
+    "skip_unless_test_extras",
+    "PostgresServer",
index 00000000000..c4087be3212
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+def _test_extra_skip_reason(*keys: str) -> str:
+    return "requires {} to be set in PG_TEST_EXTRA".format(", ".join(keys))
+def _has_test_extra(key: str) -> bool:
+def require_test_extras(*keys: str):
+        @pypg.require_test_extras("ldap")
+        pytestmark = pypg.require_test_extra("ssl", "kerberos")
+        not all([_has_test_extra(k) for k in keys]),
+        reason=_test_extra_skip_reason(*keys),
+def skip_unless_test_extras(*keys: str):
+    Skip the current test/fixture if any of the required keys are not present
+    in PG_TEST_EXTRA. Use this inside fixtures where decorators can't be used.
+        @pytest.fixture
+        def my_fixture():
+            skip_unless_test_extras("ldap")
+    if not all([_has_test_extra(k) for k in keys]):
+        pytest.skip(_test_extra_skip_reason(*keys))
index 00000000000..8c0cb60daa5
@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
+from typing import List
+# Stash key for tracking servers for log reporting.
+_servers_key = pytest.StashKey[List[PostgresServer]]()
+def _record_server_for_log_reporting(request, server):
+    """Record a server for log reporting on test failure."""
+    if _servers_key not in request.node.stash:
+        request.node.stash[_servers_key] = []
+    request.node.stash[_servers_key].append(server)
+def remaining_timeout_module():
+    Same as remaining_timeout, but the deadline is set once per module.
+    This fixture is per-module, which means it's generally only really useful
+    for configuring timeouts of operations that happen in the setup phase of
+    another module fixtures. If you use it in a test it would mean that each
+    subsequent test in the module gets a reduced timeout.
+    return pathlib.Path(capture(pg_config, "--bindir"))
+    return pathlib.Path(capture(pg_config, "--libdir"))
+def pg_server_global(bindir, datadir, sockdir, libpq_handle):
+    server = PostgresServer("default", bindir, datadir, sockdir, libpq_handle)
+def pg(request, pg_server_module, remaining_timeout):
+    Also captures the PostgreSQL log position at test start so that any new
+    log entries can be included in the test report on failure.
+    with pg_server_module.start_new_test(remaining_timeout) as s:
+        _record_server_for_log_reporting(request, s)
+def create_pg(request, bindir, sockdir, libpq_handle, tmp_check, remaining_timeout):
+    Factory fixture to create additional PostgreSQL servers (per-test scope).
+    Returns a function that creates new PostgreSQL server instances.
+    Servers are automatically cleaned up at the end of the test.
+        def test_multiple_servers(create_pg):
+            node1 = create_pg()
+            node2 = create_pg()
+            node3 = create_pg()
+    servers = []
+    def _create(name=None, **kwargs):
+        if name is None:
+            count = len(servers) + 1
+            name = f"pg{count}"
+        datadir = tmp_check / f"pgdata_{name}"
+        server = PostgresServer(name, bindir, datadir, sockdir, libpq_handle, **kwargs)
+        server.set_timeout(remaining_timeout)
+        _record_server_for_log_reporting(request, server)
+        servers.append(server)
+        return server
+    yield _create
+    for server in servers:
+def _module_scoped_servers():
+    """Session-scoped list to track servers created by create_pg_module."""
+def create_pg_module(
+    bindir,
+    sockdir,
+    libpq_handle,
+    tmp_check,
+    remaining_timeout_module,
+    _module_scoped_servers,
+    Factory fixture to create additional PostgreSQL servers (module scope).
+    Like create_pg, but servers persist for the entire test module.
+    Use this when multiple tests in a module can share the same servers.
+    The timeout is automatically set on all servers at the start of each test
+    via the _set_module_server_timeouts autouse fixture.
+        @pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+        def shared_nodes(create_pg_module):
+            return [create_pg_module() for _ in range(3)]
+    def _create(name=None, **kwargs):
+        if name is None:
+            count = len(_module_scoped_servers) + 1
+            name = f"pg{count}"
+        datadir = tmp_check / f"pgdata_{name}"
+        server = PostgresServer(name, bindir, datadir, sockdir, libpq_handle, **kwargs)
+        server.set_timeout(remaining_timeout_module)
+        _module_scoped_servers.append(server)
+        return server
+    yield _create
+    for server in _module_scoped_servers:
[email-masked](autouse=True)
+def _set_module_server_timeouts(request, _module_scoped_servers, remaining_timeout):
+    """Autouse fixture that sets timeout, enters subcontext, and records log positions for module-scoped servers."""
+        for server in _module_scoped_servers:
+            stack.enter_context(server.start_new_test(remaining_timeout))
+            _record_server_for_log_reporting(request, server)
[email-masked](hookwrapper=True, trylast=True)
+    Adds PostgreSQL server logs to the test report sections.
+    outcome = yield
+    report = outcome.get_result()
+    if report.when != "call":
+        return
+    if _servers_key not in item.stash:
+        return
+    servers = item.stash[_servers_key]
+    del item.stash[_servers_key]
+    include_name = len(servers) > 1
+    for server in servers:
+        content = server.log_content()
+        if content.strip():
+            section_title = "Postgres log"
+            if include_name:
+                section_title += f" ({server.name})"
+            report.sections.append((section_title, content))
index 00000000000..9242ab25007
@@ -0,0 +1,470 @@
+from libpq import PGconn, connect as libpq_connect
+        name,
+        bindir,
+        datadir,
+        sockdir,
+        libpq_handle,
+        hostaddr: Optional[str] = None,
+        port: Optional[int] = None,
+            name: The name of this server instance (for logging purposes)
+            bindir: Path to PostgreSQL bin directory
+            datadir: Path to data directory for this server
+            sockdir: Path to directory for Unix sockets
+            libpq_handle: ctypes handle to libpq
+            hostaddr: If provided, use this specific address (e.g., "127.0.0.2")
+            port: If provided, use this port instead of finding a free one,
+                is currently only allowed if hostaddr is also provided
+        if hostaddr is None and port is not None:
+            raise NotImplementedError("port was provided without hostaddr")
+        self.name = name
+        self._pg_ctl = bindir / "pg_ctl"
+        self.log = datadir / "postgresql.log"
+        self._log_start_pos = 0
+        # Determine whether to use Unix sockets
+        use_unix_sockets = platform.system() != "Windows" and hostaddr is None
+        # Use INITDB_TEMPLATE if available (much faster than running initdb)
+        initdb_template = os.environ.get("INITDB_TEMPLATE")
+        if initdb_template and os.path.isdir(initdb_template):
+            shutil.copytree(initdb_template, datadir)
+                auth_method = "trust"
+                auth_method = "peer"
+            run(
+                bindir / "initdb",
+                "--no-sync",
+                "--auth",
+                "--pgdata",
+                self.datadir,
+        if hostaddr is not None:
+            # Explicit address provided
+            addrs: list[str] = [hostaddr]
+            temp_sock = socket.socket()
+            if port is None:
+                temp_sock.bind((hostaddr, 0))
+                _, port = temp_sock.getsockname()
+        elif hasattr(socket, "has_dualstack_ipv6") and socket.has_dualstack_ipv6():
+            temp_sock = socket.create_server(
+                addr, family=socket.AF_INET6, dualstack_ipv6=True
+            hostaddr, port, _, _ = temp_sock.getsockname()
+            assert hostaddr is not None
+            temp_sock = socket.socket()
+            temp_sock.bind(addr)
+            hostaddr, port = temp_sock.getsockname()
+            assert hostaddr is not None
+        # Including the host to use for connections - either the socket
+        # directory or TCP address
+        if use_unix_sockets:
+            self.host = str(sockdir)
+            self.host = hostaddr
+        with open(os.path.join(datadir, "postgresql.conf"), "a") as f:
+            if use_unix_sockets:
+                print(
+                    "unix_socket_directories = '{}'".format(sockdir.as_posix()),
+                    file=f,
+                # Disable Unix sockets when using TCP to avoid lock conflicts
+                print("unix_socket_directories = ''", file=f)
+            print("fsync = off", file=f)
+            print("datestyle = 'ISO'", file=f)
+            print("timezone = 'UTC'", file=f)
+        # Between closing of the socket, s, and server start, we're racing
+        # against anything that wants to open up ephemeral ports, so try not to
+        # put any new work here.
+        temp_sock.close()
+        self.pg_ctl("start")
+            self.pid = int(f.readline().strip())
+    def current_log_position(self):
+        """Get the current end position of the log file."""
+        if self.log.exists():
+            return self.log.stat().st_size
+        return 0
+    def reset_log_position(self):
+        """Mark current log position as start for log_content()."""
+        self._log_start_pos = self.current_log_position()
+    def start_new_test(self, remaining_timeout):
+        Prepare server for a new test.
+        Sets timeout, resets log position, and enters a cleanup subcontext.
+        self.set_timeout(remaining_timeout)
+        self.reset_log_position()
+        with self.subcontext():
+        self._run(os.path.join(self._bindir, "psql"), "-w", *args)
+    def sql(self, query):
+        """Execute a SQL query via libpq. Returns simplified results."""
+        with self.connect() as conn:
+            return conn.sql(query)
+        self._run(self._pg_ctl, "--pgdata", self.datadir, "--log", self.log, *args)
+                "PGHOST": str(self.host),
+    def stop(self, mode="fast"):
+            self.pg_ctl("stop", "--mode", mode)
+    def log_content(self) -> str:
+        """Return log content from the current context's start position."""
+        with open(self.log) as f:
+            f.seek(self._log_start_pos)
+            return f.read()
+    def log_contains(self, pattern, times=None):
+        Context manager that checks if the log matches pattern during the block.
+            pattern: The regex pattern to search for.
+            times: If None, any number of matches is accepted.
+                   If a number, exactly that many matches are required.
+        start_pos = self.current_log_position()
+        with open(self.log) as f:
+            f.seek(start_pos)
+            content = f.read()
+        if times is None:
+            assert re.search(pattern, content), f"Pattern {pattern!r} not found in log"
+            match_count = len(re.findall(pattern, content))
+            assert match_count == times, (
+                f"Expected {times} matches of {pattern!r}, found {match_count}"
+            "host": self.host,
index 00000000000..dd73917c68c
diff --git a/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_multi_server.py b/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_multi_server.py
index 00000000000..8ee045b0cc8
+++ b/src/test/pytest/pyt/test_multi_server.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+Tests demonstrating multi-server functionality using create_pg fixture.
+These tests verify that the pytest infrastructure correctly handles
+multiple PostgreSQL server instances within a single test, and that
+module-scoped servers persist across tests.
+def test_multiple_servers_basic(create_pg):
+    """Test that we can create and connect to multiple servers."""
+    node1 = create_pg("primary")
+    node2 = create_pg("secondary")
+    conn1 = node1.connect()
+    conn2 = node2.connect()
+    # Each server should have its own data directory
+    datadir1 = conn1.sql("SHOW data_directory")
+    datadir2 = conn2.sql("SHOW data_directory")
+    assert datadir1 != datadir2
+    # Each server should be listening on a different port
+    assert node1.port != node2.port
+def shared_server(create_pg_module):
+    """A server shared across all tests in this module."""
+    server = create_pg_module("shared")
+    server.sql("CREATE TABLE module_state (value int DEFAULT 0)")
+    return server
+def test_module_server_create_row(shared_server):
+    """First test: create a row in the shared server."""
+    shared_server.connect().sql("INSERT INTO module_state VALUES (42)")
+def test_module_server_see_row(shared_server):
+    """Second test: verify we see the row from the previous test."""
+    assert shared_server.connect().sql("SELECT value FROM module_state") == 42
index 00000000000..abcd9084214
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT 42::int4, 123::int8, 3.14::float8, 'text', true, NULL")
+def test_text_array_with_commas(conn):
+    """Test text array with elements containing commas."""
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT ARRAY['A,B', 'C', ' D ']")
+    assert result == ["A,B", "C", " D "]
+def test_text_array_with_quotes(conn):
+    """Test text array with elements containing quotes."""
+    result = conn.sql(r"SELECT ARRAY[E'a\"b', 'c']")
+    assert result == ['a"b', "c"]
+def test_text_array_with_backslash(conn):
+    """Test text array with elements containing backslashes."""
+    result = conn.sql(r"SELECT ARRAY[E'a\\b', 'c']")
+    assert result == ["a\\b", "c"]
+def test_json_array_type(conn):
+    """Test array of JSON values with embedded quotes and commas."""
+    result = conn.sql("""SELECT ARRAY['{"abc": 123, "xyz": 456}'::json]""")
+    assert result == [{"abc": 123, "xyz": 456}]
+def test_json_array_multiple(conn):
+    """Test array of multiple JSON objects."""
+        """SELECT ARRAY['{"a": 1}'::json, '{"b": 2}'::json, '["x", "y"]'::json]"""
+    assert result == [{"a": 1}, {"b": 2}, ["x", "y"]]
+def test_2d_int_array(conn):
+    """Test 2D integer array."""
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT ARRAY[[1,2],[3,4]]")
+    assert result == [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
+def test_2d_text_array(conn):
+    """Test 2D integer array."""
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT ARRAY[['a','b'],['c','d,e']]")
+    assert result == [["a", "b"], ["c", "d,e"]]
+def test_3d_int_array(conn):
+    """Test 3D integer array."""
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT ARRAY[[[1,2],[3,4]],[[5,6],[7,8]]]")
+    assert result == [[[1, 2], [3, 4]], [[5, 6], [7, 8]]]
+def test_array_with_null(conn):
+    """Test array with NULL elements."""
+    result = conn.sql("SELECT ARRAY[1, NULL, 3]")
+    assert result == [1, None, 3]

From 92b671c822f6f68247fc864ec1dbe03484935bd7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
Date: Fri, 26 Dec 2025 12:31:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v5 5/7] Convert load balance tests from perl to python

---
 src/interfaces/libpq/Makefile                 |   1 +
 src/interfaces/libpq/meson.build              |   7 +-
 src/interfaces/libpq/pyt/test_load_balance.py | 170 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../libpq/t/003_load_balance_host_list.pl     |  94 ----------
 .../libpq/t/004_load_balance_dns.pl           | 144 ---------------
 5 files changed, 176 insertions(+), 240 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/interfaces/libpq/pyt/test_load_balance.py
 delete mode 100644 src/interfaces/libpq/t/003_load_balance_host_list.pl
 delete mode 100644 src/interfaces/libpq/t/004_load_balance_dns.pl

diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/Makefile b/src/interfaces/libpq/Makefile
index 9fe321147fc..41ea88c7388 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/Makefile
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/Makefile
@@ -167,6 +167,7 @@ check installcheck: export PATH := $(CURDIR)/test:$(PATH)
 
 check: test-build all
 	$(prove_check)
+	$(pytest_check)
 
 installcheck: test-build all
 	$(prove_installcheck)
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/meson.build b/src/interfaces/libpq/meson.build
index b259c998fa2..6d62ac17edb 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/meson.build
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/meson.build
@@ -150,8 +150,6 @@ tests += {
     'tests': [
       't/001_uri.pl',
       't/002_api.pl',
-      't/003_load_balance_host_list.pl',
-      't/004_load_balance_dns.pl',
       't/005_negotiate_encryption.pl',
       't/006_service.pl',
     ],
@@ -162,6 +160,11 @@ tests += {
     },
     'deps': libpq_test_deps,
   },
+  'pytest': {
+    'tests': [
+      'pyt/test_load_balance.py',
+    ],
+  },
 }
 
 subdir('po', if_found: libintl)
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/pyt/test_load_balance.py b/src/interfaces/libpq/pyt/test_load_balance.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0af46d8f37d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/pyt/test_load_balance.py
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+"""
+Tests for load_balance_hosts connection parameter.
+
+These tests verify that libpq correctly handles load balancing across multiple
+PostgreSQL servers specified in the connection string.
+"""
+
+import platform
+import re
+
+import pytest
+
+from libpq import LibpqError
+import pypg
+
+
[email-masked](scope="module")
+def load_balance_nodes_hostlist(create_pg_module):
+    """
+    Create 3 PostgreSQL nodes with different socket directories.
+
+    Each node has its own Unix socket directory for isolation.
+    Returns a tuple of (nodes, connect).
+    """
+    nodes = [create_pg_module() for _ in range(3)]
+
+    hostlist = ",".join(node.host for node in nodes)
+    portlist = ",".join(str(node.port) for node in nodes)
+
+    def connect(**kwargs):
+        return nodes[0].connect(host=hostlist, port=portlist, **kwargs)
+
+    return nodes, connect
+
+
[email-masked](scope="module")
+def load_balance_nodes_dns(create_pg_module):
+    """
+    Create 3 PostgreSQL nodes on the same port but different IP addresses.
+
+    Uses 127.0.0.1, 127.0.0.2, 127.0.0.3 with a shared port, so that
+    connections to 'pg-loadbalancetest' can be load balanced via DNS.
+
+    Since setting up a DNS server is more effort than we consider reasonable to
+    run this test, this situation is instead imitated by using a hosts file
+    where a single hostname maps to multiple different IP addresses. This test
+    requires the administrator to add the following lines to the hosts file (if
+    we detect that this hasn't happened we skip the test):
+
+    127.0.0.1 pg-loadbalancetest
+    127.0.0.2 pg-loadbalancetest
+    127.0.0.3 pg-loadbalancetest
+
+    Windows or Linux are required to run this test because these OSes allow
+    binding to 127.0.0.2 and 127.0.0.3 addresses by default, but other OSes
+    don't. We need to bind to different IP addresses, so that we can use these
+    different IP addresses in the hosts file.
+
+    The hosts file needs to be prepared before running this test. We don't do
+    it on the fly, because it requires root permissions to change the hosts
+    file. In CI we set up the previously mentioned rules in the hosts file, so
+    that this load balancing method is tested.
+
+    Requires PG_TEST_EXTRA=load_balance because it requires this manual hosts
+    file configuration and also uses TCP with trust auth, which is potentially
+    unsafe on multiuser systems.
+    """
+    pypg.skip_unless_test_extras("load_balance")
+
+    if platform.system() not in ("Linux", "Windows"):
+        pytest.skip("DNS load balance test only supported on Linux and Windows")
+
+    if platform.system() == "Windows":
+        hosts_path = r"c:\Windows\System32\Drivers\etc\hosts"
+    else:
+        hosts_path = "/etc/hosts"
+
+    try:
+        with open(hosts_path) as f:
+            hosts_content = f.read()
+    except (OSError, IOError):
+        pytest.skip(f"Could not read hosts file: {hosts_path}")
+
+    count = len(re.findall(r"127\.0\.0\.[1-3]\s+pg-loadbalancetest", hosts_content))
+    if count != 3:
+        pytest.skip("hosts file not prepared for DNS load balance test")
+
+    first_node = create_pg_module(hostaddr="127.0.0.1")
+    nodes = [
+        first_node,
+        create_pg_module(hostaddr="127.0.0.2", port=first_node.port),
+        create_pg_module(hostaddr="127.0.0.3", port=first_node.port),
+    ]
+
+    # Allow trust authentication for TCP connections from loopback
+    for node in nodes:
+        hba_path = node.datadir / "pg_hba.conf"
+        with open(hba_path, "r") as f:
+            original_content = f.read()
+        with open(hba_path, "w") as f:
+            f.write("host all all 127.0.0.0/8 trust\n")
+            f.write(original_content)
+        node.pg_ctl("reload")
+
+    def connect(**kwargs):
+        return nodes[0].connect(host="pg-loadbalancetest", **kwargs)
+
+    return nodes, connect
+
+
[email-masked](scope="module", params=["hostlist", "dns"])
+def load_balance_nodes(request):
+    """
+    Parametrized fixture providing both load balancing test environments.
+    """
+    return request.getfixturevalue(f"load_balance_nodes_{request.param}")
+
+
+def test_load_balance_hosts_invalid_value(load_balance_nodes):
+    """load_balance_hosts doesn't accept unknown values."""
+    _, connect = load_balance_nodes
+
+    with pytest.raises(
+        LibpqError, match='invalid load_balance_hosts value: "doesnotexist"'
+    ):
+        connect(load_balance_hosts="doesnotexist")
+
+
+def test_load_balance_hosts_disable(load_balance_nodes):
+    """load_balance_hosts=disable always connects to the first node."""
+    nodes, connect = load_balance_nodes
+
+    with nodes[0].log_contains("connection received"):
+        connect(load_balance_hosts="disable")
+
+
+def test_load_balance_hosts_random_distribution(load_balance_nodes):
+    """load_balance_hosts=random distributes connections across all nodes."""
+    nodes, connect = load_balance_nodes
+
+    for _ in range(50):
+        connect(load_balance_hosts="random")
+
+    occurrences = [
+        len(re.findall("connection received", node.log_content())) for node in nodes
+    ]
+
+    # Statistically, each node should receive at least one connection.
+    # The probability of any node receiving 0 connections is (2/3)^50 ≈ 1.57e-9
+    assert occurrences[0] > 0, "node1 should receive at least one connection"
+    assert occurrences[1] > 0, "node2 should receive at least one connection"
+    assert occurrences[2] > 0, "node3 should receive at least one connection"
+    assert sum(occurrences) == 50, "total connections should be 50"
+
+
+def test_load_balance_hosts_failover(load_balance_nodes):
+    """load_balance_hosts continues trying hosts until it finds a working one."""
+    nodes, connect = load_balance_nodes
+
+    nodes[0].stop()
+    nodes[1].stop()
+
+    with nodes[2].log_contains("connection received"):
+        connect(load_balance_hosts="disable")
+
+    with nodes[2].log_contains("connection received", times=5):
+        for _ in range(5):
+            connect(load_balance_hosts="random")
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/t/003_load_balance_host_list.pl b/src/interfaces/libpq/t/003_load_balance_host_list.pl
deleted file mode 100644
index 7a4c14ada98..00000000000
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/t/003_load_balance_host_list.pl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright (c) 2023-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
-use strict;
-use warnings FATAL => 'all';
-use Config;
-use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
-use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
-use Test::More;
-
-# This tests load balancing across the list of different hosts in the host
-# parameter of the connection string.
-
-# Cluster setup which is shared for testing both load balancing methods
-my $node1 = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node1');
-my $node2 = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node2', own_host => 1);
-my $node3 = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node3', own_host => 1);
-
-# Create a data directory with initdb
-$node1->init();
-$node2->init();
-$node3->init();
-
-# Start the PostgreSQL server
-$node1->start();
-$node2->start();
-$node3->start();
-
-# Start the tests for load balancing method 1
-my $hostlist = $node1->host . ',' . $node2->host . ',' . $node3->host;
-my $portlist = $node1->port . ',' . $node2->port . ',' . $node3->port;
-
-$node1->connect_fails(
-	"host=$hostlist port=$portlist load_balance_hosts=doesnotexist",
-	"load_balance_hosts doesn't accept unknown values",
-	expected_stderr => qr/invalid load_balance_hosts value: "doesnotexist"/);
-
-# load_balance_hosts=disable should always choose the first one.
-$node1->connect_ok(
-	"host=$hostlist port=$portlist load_balance_hosts=disable",
-	"load_balance_hosts=disable connects to the first node",
-	sql => "SELECT 'connect1'",
-	log_like => [qr/statement: SELECT 'connect1'/]);
-
-# Statistically the following loop with load_balance_hosts=random will almost
-# certainly connect at least once to each of the nodes. The chance of that not
-# happening is so small that it's negligible: (2/3)^50 = 1.56832855e-9
-foreach my $i (1 .. 50)
-{
-	$node1->connect_ok(
-		"host=$hostlist port=$portlist load_balance_hosts=random",
-		"repeated connections with random load balancing",
-		sql => "SELECT 'connect2'");
-}
-
-my $node1_occurrences = () =
-  $node1->log_content() =~ /statement: SELECT 'connect2'/g;
-my $node2_occurrences = () =
-  $node2->log_content() =~ /statement: SELECT 'connect2'/g;
-my $node3_occurrences = () =
-  $node3->log_content() =~ /statement: SELECT 'connect2'/g;
-
-my $total_occurrences =
-  $node1_occurrences + $node2_occurrences + $node3_occurrences;
-
-cmp_ok($node1_occurrences, '>', 1,
-	"received at least one connection on node1");
-cmp_ok($node2_occurrences, '>', 1,
-	"received at least one connection on node2");
-cmp_ok($node3_occurrences, '>', 1,
-	"received at least one connection on node3");
-is($total_occurrences, 50, "received 50 connections across all nodes");
-
-$node1->stop();
-$node2->stop();
-
-# load_balance_hosts=disable should continue trying hosts until it finds a
-# working one.
-$node3->connect_ok(
-	"host=$hostlist port=$portlist load_balance_hosts=disable",
-	"load_balance_hosts=disable continues until it connects to the a working node",
-	sql => "SELECT 'connect3'",
-	log_like => [qr/statement: SELECT 'connect3'/]);
-
-# Also with load_balance_hosts=random we continue to the next nodes if previous
-# ones are down. Connect a few times to make sure it's not just lucky.
-foreach my $i (1 .. 5)
-{
-	$node3->connect_ok(
-		"host=$hostlist port=$portlist load_balance_hosts=random",
-		"load_balance_hosts=random continues until it connects to the a working node",
-		sql => "SELECT 'connect4'",
-		log_like => [qr/statement: SELECT 'connect4'/]);
-}
-
-done_testing();
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/t/004_load_balance_dns.pl b/src/interfaces/libpq/t/004_load_balance_dns.pl
deleted file mode 100644
index 2b4bd261c3d..00000000000
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/t/004_load_balance_dns.pl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,144 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright (c) 2023-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
-use strict;
-use warnings FATAL => 'all';
-use Config;
-use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
-use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
-use Test::More;
-
-if (!$ENV{PG_TEST_EXTRA} || $ENV{PG_TEST_EXTRA} !~ /\bload_balance\b/)
-{
-	plan skip_all =>
-	  'Potentially unsafe test load_balance not enabled in PG_TEST_EXTRA';
-}
-
-# This tests loadbalancing based on a DNS entry that contains multiple records
-# for different IPs. Since setting up a DNS server is more effort than we
-# consider reasonable to run this test, this situation is instead imitated by
-# using a hosts file where a single hostname maps to multiple different IP
-# addresses. This test requires the administrator to add the following lines to
-# the hosts file (if we detect that this hasn't happened we skip the test):
-#
-# 127.0.0.1 pg-loadbalancetest
-# 127.0.0.2 pg-loadbalancetest
-# 127.0.0.3 pg-loadbalancetest
-#
-# Windows or Linux are required to run this test because these OSes allow
-# binding to 127.0.0.2 and 127.0.0.3 addresses by default, but other OSes
-# don't. We need to bind to different IP addresses, so that we can use these
-# different IP addresses in the hosts file.
-#
-# The hosts file needs to be prepared before running this test. We don't do it
-# on the fly, because it requires root permissions to change the hosts file. In
-# CI we set up the previously mentioned rules in the hosts file, so that this
-# load balancing method is tested.
-
-# Cluster setup which is shared for testing both load balancing methods
-my $can_bind_to_127_0_0_2 =
-  $Config{osname} eq 'linux' || $PostgreSQL::Test::Utils::windows_os;
-
-# Checks for the requirements for testing load balancing method 2
-if (!$can_bind_to_127_0_0_2)
-{
-	plan skip_all => 'load_balance test only supported on Linux and Windows';
-}
-
-my $hosts_path;
-if ($windows_os)
-{
-	$hosts_path = 'c:\Windows\System32\Drivers\etc\hosts';
-}
-else
-{
-	$hosts_path = '/etc/hosts';
-}
-
-my $hosts_content = PostgreSQL::Test::Utils::slurp_file($hosts_path);
-
-my $hosts_count = () =
-  $hosts_content =~ /127\.0\.0\.[1-3] pg-loadbalancetest/g;
-if ($hosts_count != 3)
-{
-	# Host file is not prepared for this test
-	plan skip_all => "hosts file was not prepared for DNS load balance test";
-}
-
-$PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster::use_tcp = 1;
-$PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster::test_pghost = '127.0.0.1';
-my $port = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster::get_free_port();
-my $node1 = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node1', port => $port);
-my $node2 =
-  PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node2', port => $port, own_host => 1);
-my $node3 =
-  PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node3', port => $port, own_host => 1);
-
-# Create a data directory with initdb
-$node1->init();
-$node2->init();
-$node3->init();
-
-# Start the PostgreSQL server
-$node1->start();
-$node2->start();
-$node3->start();
-
-# load_balance_hosts=disable should always choose the first one.
-$node1->connect_ok(
-	"host=pg-loadbalancetest port=$port load_balance_hosts=disable",
-	"load_balance_hosts=disable connects to the first node",
-	sql => "SELECT 'connect1'",
-	log_like => [qr/statement: SELECT 'connect1'/]);
-
-
-# Statistically the following loop with load_balance_hosts=random will almost
-# certainly connect at least once to each of the nodes. The chance of that not
-# happening is so small that it's negligible: (2/3)^50 = 1.56832855e-9
-foreach my $i (1 .. 50)
-{
-	$node1->connect_ok(
-		"host=pg-loadbalancetest port=$port load_balance_hosts=random",
-		"repeated connections with random load balancing",
-		sql => "SELECT 'connect2'");
-}
-
-my $node1_occurrences = () =
-  $node1->log_content() =~ /statement: SELECT 'connect2'/g;
-my $node2_occurrences = () =
-  $node2->log_content() =~ /statement: SELECT 'connect2'/g;
-my $node3_occurrences = () =
-  $node3->log_content() =~ /statement: SELECT 'connect2'/g;
-
-my $total_occurrences =
-  $node1_occurrences + $node2_occurrences + $node3_occurrences;
-
-cmp_ok($node1_occurrences, '>', 1,
-	"received at least one connection on node1");
-cmp_ok($node2_occurrences, '>', 1,
-	"received at least one connection on node2");
-cmp_ok($node3_occurrences, '>', 1,
-	"received at least one connection on node3");
-is($total_occurrences, 50, "received 50 connections across all nodes");
-
-$node1->stop();
-$node2->stop();
-
-# load_balance_hosts=disable should continue trying hosts until it finds a
-# working one.
-$node3->connect_ok(
-	"host=pg-loadbalancetest port=$port load_balance_hosts=disable",
-	"load_balance_hosts=disable continues until it connects to the a working node",
-	sql => "SELECT 'connect3'",
-	log_like => [qr/statement: SELECT 'connect3'/]);
-
-# Also with load_balance_hosts=random we continue to the next nodes if previous
-# ones are down. Connect a few times to make sure it's not just lucky.
-foreach my $i (1 .. 5)
-{
-	$node3->connect_ok(
-		"host=pg-loadbalancetest port=$port load_balance_hosts=random",
-		"load_balance_hosts=random continues until it connects to the a working node",
-		sql => "SELECT 'connect4'",
-		log_like => [qr/statement: SELECT 'connect4'/]);
-}
-
-done_testing();
-- 
2.52.0

From 99a8684e81edf2dd06b0f8b4b064e03b070ca6e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:30:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v5 6/7] WIP: pytest: Add some SSL client tests

TODOs:
 pyproject.toml                  |   8 +
 src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py    | 128 +++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 434 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

index a2c3febc30c..41d2a3c1867 100644

 
 
   matrix:
     # SPECIAL:
 
     MESON_FEATURES: >-
       -Dbonjour=enabled

   setup_additional_packages_script: |
-    C:\msys64\usr\bin\pacman.exe -S --noconfirm mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-python-pytest
+    C:\msys64\usr\bin\pacman.exe -S --noconfirm mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-python-cryptography mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-python-pytest
 
   mingw_info_script: |
     %BASH% -c "where gcc"
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 4628d2274e0..00c8ae88583 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -12,6 +12,14 @@ dependencies = [
     # Any other dependencies are effectively optional (added below). We import
     # these libraries using pytest.importorskip(). So tests will be skipped if
     # they are not available.
+
+    # Notes on the cryptography package:
+    # - 3.3.2 is shipped on Debian bullseye.
+    # - 3.4.x drops support for Python 2, making it a version of note for older LTS
+    #   distros.
+    # - 35.x switched versioning schemes and moved to Rust parsing.
+    # - 40.x is the last version supporting Python 3.6.
+    "cryptography >= 3.3.2",
 ]
 
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
 
 installcheck:
 	$(prove_installcheck)
index 00000000000..870f738ac44
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
index 00000000000..556bad33bf8
+pytestmark = pypg.require_test_extras("ssl")

From 2d78377ddcb558debee06040dbd58e2012dd9c8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:31:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v5 7/7] WIP: pytest: Add some server-side SSL tests

TODOs:

diff --git a/src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py b/src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py
index 870f738ac44..d121724800b 100644
--- a/src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py
+++ b/src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py
@@ -126,3 +126,53 @@ def certs(cryptography, tmp_path_factory):
             return f.name
 
     return _Certs()
+
+
index 00000000000..d5cb14b6c9a
+pytestmark = pypg.require_test_extras("ssl")

---

From: "Jelte Fennema-Nio" <[email-masked]>
Date: Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:25:22 +0100

> also made a lot of improvements to the patchset:

Rebased to resolve conflict with master.
From 3e185914f253d25803ce485e76cc905ad99664d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Fri, 5 Sep 2025 16:39:08 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v6 1/7] meson: Include TAP tests in the configuration summary

base-commit: b7057e43467ff2d7c04c3abcf5ec35fcc7db9611
-- 
2.52.0

From 1f091d94a7523be6233ce93e2895c1fd7e1198a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2025 10:58:56 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v6 2/7] Add support for pytest test suites

TODOs:

 src/test/Makefile           |   1 +
 16 files changed, 631 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

 

     - name: OpenBSD - Meson

 
   matrix:
     # SPECIAL:

 

 
   mingw_info_script: |
     %BASH% -c "where gcc"

 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #

 
+

 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #

 

 

 
 
index 3eb0a06abb4..0be9771d71f 100644
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ SUBDIRS = \
 	modules \
 	perl \
 	postmaster \
 	recovery \
 	regress \
 	subscription
 
 subdir('authentication')
 subdir('postmaster')
+subdir('pytest')
 subdir('recovery')
 subdir('subscription')
 subdir('modules')

From 6b583ba6f6697d7eafb254ef540b7583e128990e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 2 Sep 2025 15:37:53 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v6 3/7] ci: Add MTEST_SUITES for optional test tailoring

 
 
   on_failure:
 
       on_failure:
 
   on_failure:
     <<: *on_failure_meson
 
   check_world_script: |
     vcvarsall x64
 
   on_failure:
     <<: *on_failure_meson
 
   test_world_script: |
 
   on_failure:
     <<: *on_failure_meson
-- 
2.52.0

From 29cb1584673f078ee38b6bcb60e17db1389a218c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:25:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v6 4/7] Add pytest infrastructure to interact with PostgreSQL
 servers

 
   <sect1 id="regress-tap">
 
    <para>
 
   </sect1>

 

From c62dcae4cc29b7a9e35dbd3e7aded99f21dbc9d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
Date: Fri, 26 Dec 2025 12:31:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v6 5/7] Convert load balance tests from perl to python

---

 check: test-build all
 	$(prove_check)
+	$(pytest_check)

From 5a017da9537df3e034610db593ea4fbf5e23ee8f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:30:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v6 6/7] WIP: pytest: Add some SSL client tests

TODOs:

 

   matrix:
     # SPECIAL:
 
     MESON_FEATURES: >-
       -Dbonjour=enabled

 
   mingw_info_script: |
     %BASH% -c "where gcc"

 installcheck:
 	$(prove_installcheck)

From 772d4025a2d7321f324cc8b9d8aba927ae304e4e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:31:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v6 7/7] WIP: pytest: Add some server-side SSL tests

TODOs:

     return _Certs()
+
+

---

From: "Jelte Fennema-Nio" <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 06 Jan 2026 20:07:22 +0100

On Mon Jan 5, 2026 at 9:19 PM CET, Jacob Champion wrote:
> On Wed, Dec 17, 2025 at 8:10 AM Andres Freund <[email-masked]> wrote:
> Before it gets too far away from me: note that I have not yet been
> able to get up to speed with the combined refactoring+feature patch
> that Jelte added in v3, and it's now up to v7, 

Attached is v8. It simplifies the Cirrus CI yaml, because the
dependencies are now baked into the images. I also removed the optional
dependency on uv. Meson/autoconf now simply search for pytest binary in
the .venv directory too. Devs can then choose if they want to populate
.venv with pip or uv. Finally, if the pytest binary cannot be found,
there's a fallback attempt to use `python -m pytest`.

> That's fine by me, but I plan to focus on
> things that need to get into PG19 before I focus on this, since
> nothing is really blocked on it.

Part of the reason why I've been trying to push this forward is that
automated tests for the GoAway patch are definitely blocked on this. (The
other reason is that I'd like to reduce the amount of perl I have to
read/write.)

> I'm not sure what context this is referring to? What are you on board with?

If I understood Andres correctly this was about splitting the items
across multiple lines. I moved this to a separate thread, and it was
cammitted by Michael in 9adf32da6b. So this has been resolved afaik.

>> we'd be force to duplicate that all over.
>
> Right, I just want central infra to be pulled out of the new tests
> that need them rather than the other way around.

I'm not sure how you expect that to work in practice. I believe (and I
think Andres too) that there's some infra that we already know we'll
need for many tests, e.g. starting/stopping nodes, running queries,
handling errors. I don't think it makes sense to have those be pulled
out of new tests. You need some basics, otherwise no-one will want to
write tests. And even if they do, everyone ends up with different styles
of doing basic things. I'd rather coordinate on a bit of style upront so
that tests behave similarly for common usages.
From 8870b096cc0335739c48fe945500c8ae514e1dba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Fri, 5 Sep 2025 16:39:08 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v8 1/7] meson: Include TAP tests in the configuration summary

diff --git a/meson.build b/meson.build
index c3834a9dc8f..9d1c7ffc702 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -3971,6 +3971,7 @@ summary(
     'bison': '@0@ @1@'.format(bison.full_path(), bison_version),
     'dtrace': dtrace,
     'flex': '@0@ @1@'.format(flex.full_path(), flex_version),
+    'prove': prove,
   },
   section: 'Programs',
 )
@@ -4007,3 +4008,11 @@ summary(
   section: 'External libraries',
   list_sep: ' ',
 )
+
+summary(
+  {
+    'tap': tap_tests_enabled,
+  },
+  section: 'Other features',
+  list_sep: ' ',
+)

base-commit: 0547aeae0fd6f6d03dd7499c84145ad9e3aa51b9
-- 
2.52.0

From ee733745423dfeca9ff481e0fc567b51dcb0207e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2025 10:58:56 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v8 2/7] Add support for pytest test suites

 .cirrus.tasks.yml           |  14 ++-
 .gitignore                  |   3 +
 configure.ac                |  32 +++++-
 16 files changed, 616 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.cirrus.tasks.yml b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
index 745bd198b42..b795bad0470 100644
--- a/.cirrus.tasks.yml
+++ b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ env:
 
@@ -315,6 +317,7 @@ task:
           -Dlibcurl=enabled
           -Dnls=enabled
           -Dpam=enabled
+          -DPYTEST=pytest-3.12
 
         #pkgin -y install ...
@@ -518,14 +521,15 @@ task:
@@ -662,6 +666,8 @@ task:
       p5.34-io-tty
       p5.34-ipc-run
       python312
+      py312-packaging
+      py312-pytest
       tcl
       zstd
 
@@ -711,6 +717,7 @@ task:
     sh src/tools/ci/ci_macports_packages.sh $MACOS_PACKAGE_LIST
     # system python doesn't provide headers
     sudo /opt/local/bin/port select python3 python312
+    sudo /opt/local/bin/port select pytest pytest312
     # Make macports install visible for subsequent steps
     echo PATH=/opt/local/sbin/:/opt/local/bin/:$PATH >> $CIRRUS_ENV
   upload_caches: macports
@@ -784,6 +791,7 @@ task:
       -Dldap=enabled
       -Dssl=openssl
       -Dtap_tests=enabled
+      -Dpytest=enabled
       -Dplperl=enabled
       -Dplpython=enabled
 
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 4e911395fe3..a550ce6194b 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ win32ver.rc
 *.exe
 lib*dll.def
 lib*.pc
+__pycache__/
 
@@ -43,3 +44,5 @@ lib*.pc
index 02e4ec7890f..26863bc8e64 100755

 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #

 
+
@@ -19197,6 +19230,135 @@ $as_echo "$modulestderr" >&6; }
   fi
 fi
 
index b90a220a635..162ef0114b4 100644
 
 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #
 
@@ -2406,6 +2411,29 @@ if test "$enable_tap_tests" = yes; then
   fi
 fi
 
+if test "$enable_pytest" = yes; then
+  PGAC_PATH_PROGS(PYTEST, [pytest py.test])
+  if test -z "$PYTEST"; then
+    # Check for .venv in source directory
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING([for pytest in .venv])
+    if test -x "$srcdir/.venv/bin/pytest"; then
+      PYTEST="$srcdir/.venv/bin/pytest"
+      AC_MSG_RESULT([$PYTEST])
+    else
+      AC_MSG_RESULT([no])
+      # Try python -m pytest as a fallback
+      AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether python -m pytest works])
+      if "$PYTHON" -m pytest --version >&AS_MESSAGE_LOG_FD 2>&1; then
+        AC_MSG_RESULT([yes])
+        PYTEST="$PYTHON -m pytest"
+      else
+        AC_MSG_RESULT([no])
+        AC_MSG_ERROR([pytest not found. Install it or create a .venv with: python -m venv .venv && .venv/bin/pip install .])
+      fi
+    fi
+  fi
+fi
+
 # If compiler will take -Wl,--as-needed (or various platform-specific
 # spellings thereof) then add that to LDFLAGS.  This is much easier than
 # trying to filter LIBS to the minimum for each executable.
diff --git a/meson.build b/meson.build
index 9d1c7ffc702..d91180c0dbb 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -1711,6 +1711,53 @@ endif

+###############################################################
+# Library: pytest
+###############################################################
+
+pytest_enabled = false
+pytest_version = ''
+pytest_cmd = ['pytest']  # dummy, overwritten when pytest is found
+# We also configure the same PYTHONPATH in the pytest settings in
+# pyproject.toml, but pytest versions below 8.4 only actually use that
+# value after plugin loading. On lower versions pytest will throw an error even
+# when just running 'pytest --version'. So we need to configure it here too.
+# This won't help people manually running pytest outside of meson/make, but we
+# expect those to use a recent enough version of pytest anyway (and if not they
+# can manually configure PYTHONPATH too).
+pytest_env = {'PYTHONPATH': meson.project_source_root() / 'src' / 'test' / 'pytest'}
+
+pytestopt = get_option('pytest')
+if not pytestopt.disabled()
+  pytest = find_program(
+    get_option('PYTEST'),
+    dirs: [
+      meson.project_source_root() / '.venv/bin',
+      meson.project_source_root() / '.venv/Scripts',
+    ],
+    native: true, required: false)
+
+  if pytest.found()
+    pytest_enabled = true
+    pytest_version = run_command(pytest, '--version', env: pytest_env, check: false).stdout().strip().split(' ')[-1]
+    pytest_cmd = [pytest.full_path()]
+  else
+    # Try python -m pytest as a fallback
+    pytest_check = run_command(python, '-m', 'pytest', '--version', env: pytest_env, check: false)
+    if pytest_check.returncode() == 0
+      pytest_enabled = true
+      pytest_version = pytest_check.stdout().strip().split(' ')[-1]
+      pytest_cmd = [python.full_path(), '-m', 'pytest']
+    endif
+  endif
+
+  if not pytest_enabled and pytestopt.enabled()
+    error('pytest not found. Install it or create a .venv with: python -m venv .venv && .venv/bin/pip install .')
+  endif
+endif
+
+
+
 ###############################################################
 # Library: zstd
 ###############################################################
@@ -3798,6 +3845,64 @@ foreach test_dir : tests
         )
       endforeach
       install_suites += test_group
+    elif kind == 'pytest'
+      testwrap_pytest = testwrap_base
+      if not pytest_enabled
+        testwrap_pytest += ['--skip', 'pytest not enabled']
+      endif
+
+      test_command = pytest_cmd
+
+      test_command += [
+        '-c', meson.project_source_root() / 'pyproject.toml',
+        '--verbose',
+        '-p', 'pgtap',  # enable our test reporter plugin
+        '-ra',  # show skipped and xfailed tests too
+      ]
+
+      # Add temporary install, the build directory for non-installed binaries and
+      # also test/ for non-installed test binaries built separately.
+      env = test_env
+      env.prepend('PATH', temp_install_bindir, test_dir['bd'], test_dir['bd'] / 'test')
+      temp_install_datadir = '@0@@1@'.format(test_install_destdir, dir_prefix / dir_data)
+      env.set('share_contrib_dir', temp_install_datadir / 'contrib')
+      env.prepend('PYTHONPATH', pytest_env['PYTHONPATH'])
+
+      foreach name, value : t.get('env', {})
+        env.set(name, value)
+      endforeach
+
+      test_group = test_dir['name']
+      test_kwargs = {
+        'protocol': 'tap',
+        'suite': test_group,
+        'timeout': 1000,
+        'depends': test_deps + t.get('deps', []),
+        'env': env,
+      } + t.get('test_kwargs', {})
+
+      foreach onetest : t['tests']
+        # Make test names prettier, remove pyt/ and .py
+        onetest_p = onetest
+        if onetest_p.startswith('pyt/')
+          onetest_p = onetest.split('pyt/')[1]
+        endif
+        if onetest_p.endswith('.py')
+          onetest_p = fs.stem(onetest_p)
+        endif
+
+        test(test_dir['name'] / onetest_p,
+          python,
+          kwargs: test_kwargs,
+          args: testwrap_pytest + [
+            '--testgroup', test_dir['name'],
+            '--testname', onetest_p,
+            '--', test_command,
+            test_dir['sd'] / onetest,
+          ],
+        )
+      endforeach
+      install_suites += test_group
     else
       error('unknown kind @0@ of test in @1@'.format(kind, test_dir['sd']))
     endif
@@ -3972,6 +4077,7 @@ summary(
     'dtrace': dtrace,
     'flex': '@0@ @1@'.format(flex.full_path(), flex_version),
     'prove': prove,
+    'pytest': pytest_enabled ? ' '.join(pytest_cmd) + ' ' + pytest_version : not_found_dep,
   },
   section: 'Programs',
 )
@@ -4012,6 +4118,7 @@ summary(
 summary(
   {
     'tap': tap_tests_enabled,
+    'pytest': pytest_enabled,
   },
   section: 'Other features',
   list_sep: ' ',
diff --git a/meson_options.txt b/meson_options.txt
index 6a793f3e479..cb4825c3575 100644
--- a/meson_options.txt
+++ b/meson_options.txt
@@ -41,7 +41,10 @@ option('cassert', type: 'boolean', value: false,
   description: 'Enable assertion checks (for debugging)')

 

 
 
index 124df2c8582..778b59c9afb 100644
@@ -56,6 +56,8 @@ pgxs_kv = {
+  'PYTEST': pytest_enabled ? ' '.join(pytest_cmd) : '',
index cd45cbf57fb..09175f0eaea 100644
 
 subdir('authentication')
 subdir('postmaster')
+subdir('pytest')
 subdir('recovery')
 subdir('subscription')
 subdir('modules')

From c7ed1796b7beeaf24a0b36f190e773271f1f9df8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 2 Sep 2025 15:37:53 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v8 3/7] ci: Add MTEST_SUITES for optional test tailoring

index b795bad0470..388f5c75556 100644
@@ -249,7 +250,7 @@ task:
 
   # test runningcheck, freebsd chosen because it's currently fast enough
@@ -387,7 +388,7 @@ task:
     su postgres <<-EOF
       set -e
       ulimit -c unlimited
-      meson test $MTEST_ARGS --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS}
+      meson test $MTEST_ARGS --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS} ${MTEST_SUITES}
     EOF
 
   on_failure:
@@ -603,7 +604,7 @@ task:
         su postgres <<-EOF
           set -e
           ulimit -c unlimited
-          meson test $MTEST_ARGS --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS}
+          meson test $MTEST_ARGS --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS} ${MTEST_SUITES}
         EOF
         # so that we don't upload 64bit logs if 32bit fails
         rm -rf build/
@@ -616,7 +617,7 @@ task:
         su postgres <<-EOF
           set -e
           ulimit -c unlimited
-          PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE=0 LANG=C meson test $MTEST_ARGS -C build-32 --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS}
+          PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE=0 LANG=C meson test $MTEST_ARGS -C build-32 --num-processes ${TEST_JOBS} ${MTEST_SUITES}
         EOF
 
       on_failure:
@@ -740,7 +741,7 @@ task:
   test_world_script: |
 
   on_failure:
     <<: *on_failure_meson
@@ -820,7 +821,7 @@ task:
 
   check_world_script: |
     vcvarsall x64
 
   on_failure:
     <<: *on_failure_meson
@@ -881,7 +882,7 @@ task:
   upload_caches: ccache
 
   test_world_script: |
 
   on_failure:
     <<: *on_failure_meson
-- 
2.52.0

From b72b5f5cf497394ff2d1af9d53aa487b48394e20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:25:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v8 4/7] Add pytest infrastructure to interact with PostgreSQL
 servers

 doc/src/sgml/regress.sgml                  |   62 +-
 21 files changed, 4642 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

index d80dd46c5fd..ea92e640b19 100644
 
   <sect1 id="regress-tap">
 
    <para>
     Various tests, particularly the client program tests
@@ -929,6 +929,66 @@ PG_TEST_NOCLEAN=1 make -C src/bin/pg_dump check
 
   </sect1>
 
+    <option>-Dpytest=enabled</option> for Meson builds). You also need
+    <application>pytest</application> installed. You can either install it
+    system-wide, or create a virtual environment in the source directory:
+python -m venv .venv
+.venv/bin/pip install .
+    Alternatively, if you have <application>uv</application> installed:
+uv sync

index 5b25402ebbe..b1d0ad4baf4 100644

From 75b7774a2488a2d3e2f8dfe4aafdb9a4b82dc256 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
Date: Fri, 26 Dec 2025 12:31:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v8 5/7] Convert load balance tests from perl to python

---

index bf4baa92917..4c4bdb4b3a3 100644
 
 check: test-build all
 	$(prove_check)
+	$(pytest_check)
 
index c5ecd9c3a87..56790dd92a9 100644
 
index 1f970ff994b..00000000000
-# Copyright (c) 2023-2026, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
index 210ec1ff517..00000000000
-# Copyright (c) 2023-2026, PostgreSQL Global Development Group

From cc5897bb79b78fdffbe0b9993b775c0c4553a4ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:30:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v8 6/7] WIP: pytest: Add some SSL client tests

TODOs:
 .cirrus.tasks.yml               |   2 +
 6 files changed, 424 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.cirrus.tasks.yml b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
index 388f5c75556..8621db4a9a9 100644
--- a/.cirrus.tasks.yml
+++ b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
@@ -647,6 +647,7 @@ task:
     CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR: ${HOME}/pgsql/
     CCACHE_DIR: ${HOME}/ccache
     MACPORTS_CACHE: ${HOME}/macports-cache
+    PYTEST_DEBUG_TEMPROOT: /tmp  # default is too long for UNIX sockets on Mac
 
     MESON_FEATURES: >-
       -Dbonjour=enabled
@@ -667,6 +668,7 @@ task:
       p5.34-io-tty
       p5.34-ipc-run
       python312
+      py312-cryptography
       py312-packaging
       py312-pytest
       tcl
 
index aa062945fb9..287729ad9fb 100644
 
 installcheck:
 	$(prove_installcheck)
index 9e5bdbb6136..6ec274d8165 100644

From 841ca9ad59e9f3065e57e93f26d0ba60c108bccf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:31:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v8 7/7] WIP: pytest: Add some server-side SSL tests

TODOs:

     return _Certs()
+
+

---

From: Andres Freund <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 6 Jan 2026 18:17:50 -0500

Hi,

> there's a fallback attempt to use `python -m pytest`.

I'm somewhat sceptical that the .venv support should be introduced together
with the rest of this.

> across multiple lines.

Yep.

> I moved this to a separate thread, and it was

Yay.

> handling errors.

Yes, I do indeed agree with that.

> I don't think it makes sense to have those be pulled

Indeed. I'm fairly fundamentally opposed to merging any of this without first
having developed the basic infrastructure.

Greetings,

Andres Freund

---

From: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
Date: Wed, 7 Jan 2026 00:49:28 +0100

> I'm somewhat sceptical that the .venv support should be introduced together

Could you expand a bit on this? My thinking was that people have a
tendency to get confused by python dependency management (because
there's too many options to do it). So having an easy documented and
supported way to do it seemed like a good idea to have people not get
frustrated.

Would you rather have it only be documented how to install the python
dependencies? And not have meson/autoconf automatically detect the
.venv?

To be clear, if it was only pytest then recommending "pipx install
pytest" would probably be easiest, but it seems like we'll at least
want cryptography for the tests Jacob is writing.

And I'm also thinking ahead a bit towards being able to use (a
specific version of) ruff for formatting & linting of python code. See
also[1]

[1]: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/[email-masked]

---

From: Andres Freund <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 6 Jan 2026 19:48:57 -0500

Hi,

> specific version of) ruff for formatting & linting of python code. See

I mainly think you're doing too much at once. There may be arguments for
recognizing a .venv in the build or source directory. But it just seems like a
separate project than the basic infrastructure to have python tests.  I'd
start with just documenting the set of packages that are required and let the
user deal with the rest. Then, in a subsequent step, we can discuss whether or
not we want the venv support.

I'd also not include support for MTEST_SUITES, nor would I remove an existing
test as part of this thread.  I'd not include something like
src/test/pytest/libpq/_generated_errors.py either, that seems orthogonal to
me.   Getting something that's not yet complete, but already 288kB, merged, is
no small feat...

Greetings,

Andres Freund

---

From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 6 Jan 2026 17:01:03 -0800

> other reason is that I'd like to reduce the amount of perl I have to

Ah, okay. To state publicly what I've already mentioned to you
off-list: I have absolutely no intention of going it alone on this. My
bar is enthusiastic buy-in from a number of maintainers (the price
paid for expanding the scope from "made-for-purpose protocol test
suite" to "eventual Test::Cluster replacement"), and no -1s. I expect
that to take a while.

It's perfectly okay if you'd like to tie the GoAway proposal to this,
but that seems like it's unlikely to result in short-term success. It
was in Drafts for a reason. The stated point of v2 was to "spark some
opinions and conversation", and I have no plans to fast-track this
patchset for 19.

> I'm not sure how you expect that to work in practice.

Hopefully I'm just describing refactoring? Holding your nose,
open-coding it in a test even though you'd rather not, showcasing the
way you'd like to use it so we can discuss the style, and refactoring
it outwards and upwards in a later patch in the set, once you hit the
rule of three and there's a pattern of usage and an API that people
like. (This may have been what you're doing with v4 onwards, but again
I haven't been able to sit down with it.)

> I believe (and I
> handling errors. [snip]

Sure -- I feel like I've already agreed with that upthread, ad
nauseam... along with my reasons why v2 hadn't tackled any of that
yet. I'd hoped to talk about the design questions I had in v2, but
it's OSS and no one is required to talk about things just because I
want them to. :D Your v3 rewrote it instead, and I haven't had time to
review v3 yet.

Writing code to start and stop a server and run SQL is a matter of
programming. Writing a test suite that newcomers can intuitively use,
and test interesting new things with, is a long-term collaboration. I
am much more interested in doing the latter, because we already have
the former, and personally I'm happy to build momentum slowly and wait
on a group of people who are in a good place to discuss it.

--Jacob

---

From: "Jelte Fennema-Nio" <[email-masked]>
Date: Thu, 08 Jan 2026 13:34:57 +0100

On Wed Jan 7, 2026 at 1:48 AM CET, Andres Freund wrote:
> I mainly think you're doing too much at once.

Attached is a simplified version with all of the things you mentioned
removed.

The load balance test replacement was more meant as a POC of what this
test would look like if it had been written in Python. So I kept it in a
separate commit, but labeled it as POC for now (it's not WIP though
since I'm pretty happy with what it looks like).
From f7e6a30d6ea639b137f775311f06a13779fff6ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2025 10:58:56 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v9 1/5] Add support for pytest test suites

This contains a custom pytest plugin to generate TAP output. This plugin
is used by the Meson mtest runner, to show relevant information for
failed tests. The pytest-tap plugin would have been preferable, but it's
now in maintenance mode, and it has problems with accidentally
suppressing important collection failures.

Co-authored-by: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
---
 .cirrus.tasks.yml           |  11 +-
 .gitignore                  |   3 +
 configure                   | 166 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 configure.ac                |  24 ++++-
 meson.build                 | 100 ++++++++++++++++++
 meson_options.txt           |   8 +-
 pyproject.toml              |  21 ++++
 src/Makefile.global.in      |  29 ++++++
 src/makefiles/meson.build   |   2 +
 src/test/Makefile           |   1 +
 src/test/meson.build        |   1 +
 src/test/pytest/Makefile    |  20 ++++
 src/test/pytest/README      |   1 +
 src/test/pytest/meson.build |  15 +++
 src/test/pytest/pgtap.py    | 198 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/tools/testwrap          |   6 +-
 16 files changed, 598 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 pyproject.toml
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/Makefile
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/README
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/meson.build
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pgtap.py

diff --git a/.cirrus.tasks.yml b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
index 77d0362a551..1b0deae8d87 100644
--- a/.cirrus.tasks.yml
+++ b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ env:
     -Dldap=enabled
     -Dssl=openssl
     -Dtap_tests=enabled
+    -Dpytest=enabled
     -Dplperl=enabled
     -Dplpython=enabled
     -Ddocs=enabled
@@ -315,6 +316,7 @@ task:
           -Dlibcurl=enabled
           -Dnls=enabled
           -Dpam=enabled
+          -DPYTEST=pytest-3.12
 
@@ -518,14 +520,15 @@ task:
@@ -662,6 +665,8 @@ task:
       p5.34-io-tty
       p5.34-ipc-run
       python312
+      py312-packaging
+      py312-pytest
       tcl
       zstd
 
@@ -711,6 +716,7 @@ task:
     sh src/tools/ci/ci_macports_packages.sh $MACOS_PACKAGE_LIST
     # system python doesn't provide headers
     sudo /opt/local/bin/port select python3 python312
+    sudo /opt/local/bin/port select pytest pytest312
     # Make macports install visible for subsequent steps
     echo PATH=/opt/local/sbin/:/opt/local/bin/:$PATH >> $CIRRUS_ENV
   upload_caches: macports
@@ -784,6 +790,7 @@ task:
       -Dldap=enabled
       -Dssl=openssl
       -Dtap_tests=enabled
+      -Dpytest=enabled
       -Dplperl=enabled
       -Dplpython=enabled

index 045c913865d..1263f84e699 100755

 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #

 
+
@@ -19174,6 +19207,135 @@ $as_echo "$modulestderr" >&6; }
   fi
 fi
 
index 145197e6bd6..0a4498999fe 100644
 
 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #
 
@@ -2405,6 +2410,21 @@ if test "$enable_tap_tests" = yes; then
   fi
 fi
 
index 2064d1b0a8d..659d36d601d 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -1711,6 +1711,47 @@ endif

@@ -3800,6 +3841,64 @@ foreach test_dir : tests
@@ -3973,6 +4072,7 @@ summary(

 

 

 subdir('authentication')
 subdir('postmaster')
+subdir('pytest')
 subdir('recovery')
 subdir('subscription')
 subdir('modules')
index 00000000000..b1f6061b307
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@

base-commit: 31ddbb38eeff60ad5353768c7416fea3a0ecafce
-- 
2.52.0

From ebd0dc2218a744c0c94180472dc92a4ab901999a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:25:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v9 2/5] Add pytest infrastructure to interact with PostgreSQL
 servers

The only new tests that are part of this commit are tests that cover
this testing infrastructure itself. It's debatable whether such tests
are useful long term, because any infrastructure that's unused by actual
tests should probably not exist. For now it seems good to test this
basic functionality though, both to make sure we don't break it before
committing actual tests that use it, and also as an example for people
writing new tests.
---
 doc/src/sgml/regress.sgml                 |  66 ++-
 pyproject.toml                            |   3 +
 src/test/pytest/README                    | 154 ++++++-
 src/test/pytest/libpq/__init__.py         |  35 ++
 src/test/pytest/libpq/_core.py            | 488 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/test/pytest/libpq/errors.py           |  62 +++
 src/test/pytest/meson.build               |   4 +
 src/test/pytest/pypg/__init__.py          |  10 +
 src/test/pytest/pypg/_env.py              |  72 ++++
 src/test/pytest/pypg/fixtures.py          | 335 +++++++++++++++
 src/test/pytest/pypg/server.py            | 470 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/test/pytest/pypg/util.py              |  42 ++
 src/test/pytest/pyt/conftest.py           |   1 +
 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_errors.py        |  34 ++
 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py         | 172 ++++++++
 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_multi_server.py  |  46 ++
 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_query_helpers.py | 347 +++++++++++++++
 17 files changed, 2339 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/libpq/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/libpq/_core.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/libpq/errors.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pypg/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pypg/_env.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pypg/fixtures.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pypg/server.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pypg/util.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pyt/conftest.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_errors.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_multi_server.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_query_helpers.py

index d80dd46c5fd..2d85edacec7 100644
 
   <sect1 id="regress-tap">
 
    <para>
     Various tests, particularly the client program tests
@@ -929,6 +929,70 @@ PG_TEST_NOCLEAN=1 make -C src/bin/pg_dump check
 
   </sect1>
 
+source .venv/bin/activate
+pip install .
+source .venv/bin/activate
+    Remember to activate the virtual environment before running
+    <command>configure</command> or <command>meson setup</command>.

index 1333ed77b7e..bb75e56a25d 100644
@@ -1 +1,153 @@
+-Dpytest=enabled for Meson builds). You also need to have pytest installed.
+If you don't have pytest installed system-wide, you can create a virtual
+environment:
+    python3 -m venv .venv
+    source .venv/bin/activate    # On Windows: .venv\Scripts\activate
+    pip install .                # Installs pytest and other dependencies
+Or using uv (https://docs.astral.sh/uv/):
+    uv sync
+    source .venv/bin/activate    # On Windows: .venv\Scripts\activate
+Remember to activate the virtual environment before running configure/meson
+setup.
index 00000000000..6a71ebbe43f
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+from .errors import LibpqError
index 00000000000..1c059b9b446
@@ -0,0 +1,488 @@
+from .errors import LibpqError
+        Raises LibpqError with diagnostic information from the result.
+        raise LibpqError(
index 00000000000..c665b663e22
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+Exception classes for libpq errors.
+    """Exception for libpq errors with PostgreSQL diagnostic fields."""
index b1f6061b307..b86be901e7c 100644
@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ tests += {
index 00000000000..771fe8f76e3
+    """Invalid SQL syntax raises LibpqError with correct SQLSTATE."""
+    with pytest.raises(LibpqError) as exc_info:
+    """Unique violation includes all error fields."""
+    with pytest.raises(LibpqError) as exc_info:

From 13c9c8576b70b4cf80ea6944727baa6f5639ddc3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
Date: Fri, 26 Dec 2025 12:31:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v9 3/5] POC: Convert load balance tests from perl to python

This is a proof of concept to show how to use the pytest test
infrastructure. It converts two existing tests that could not share
code. And now they do. If we ever introduce another load balance method
(e.g. round robin). We can easily test it for both DNS and hostlist
based load balancing by adding a single new test function.
---
 src/interfaces/libpq/Makefile                 |   1 +
 src/interfaces/libpq/meson.build              |   7 +-
 src/interfaces/libpq/pyt/test_load_balance.py | 170 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../libpq/t/003_load_balance_host_list.pl     |  94 ----------
 .../libpq/t/004_load_balance_dns.pl           | 144 ---------------
 5 files changed, 176 insertions(+), 240 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/interfaces/libpq/pyt/test_load_balance.py
 delete mode 100644 src/interfaces/libpq/t/003_load_balance_host_list.pl
 delete mode 100644 src/interfaces/libpq/t/004_load_balance_dns.pl

 check: test-build all
 	$(prove_check)
+	$(pytest_check)

From c82e188e3e31277ced29e102532682630f90dfc6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:30:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v9 4/5] WIP: pytest: Add some SSL client tests

TODOs:

diff --git a/.cirrus.tasks.yml b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
index 1b0deae8d87..17fd7e0c8c3 100644
--- a/.cirrus.tasks.yml
+++ b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
@@ -645,6 +645,7 @@ task:
     CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR: ${HOME}/pgsql/
     CCACHE_DIR: ${HOME}/ccache
     MACPORTS_CACHE: ${HOME}/macports-cache
+    PYTEST_DEBUG_TEMPROOT: /tmp  # default is too long for UNIX sockets on Mac
 
     MESON_FEATURES: >-
       -Dbonjour=enabled
@@ -665,6 +666,7 @@ task:
       p5.34-io-tty
       p5.34-ipc-run
       python312
+      py312-cryptography
       py312-packaging
       py312-pytest
       tcl

 installcheck:
 	$(prove_installcheck)

From 9f9dce9a106351e969b5adc6d0744a62a677470b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:31:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v9 5/5] WIP: pytest: Add some server-side SSL tests

TODOs:

     return _Certs()
+
+

---

From: "Jelte Fennema-Nio" <[email-masked]>
Date: Thu, 08 Jan 2026 13:49:44 +0100

On Wed Jan 7, 2026 at 2:01 AM CET, Jacob Champion wrote:
> but that seems like it's unlikely to result in short-term success. 

To be clear, I did not mean to tie the GoAway proposal to this. I meant
to tie committing of *automated tests* for GoAway to this. Given how
little of our libpq interface is tested, I don't think that needs to be
a blocker for the GoAway feature itself.

Timing wise, I'd myself much rather have this patchset as an early PG20
commit than a last minute PG19 one.

> on a group of people who are in a good place to discuss it.

Sure, it's a matter of programming. But my feeling is that most people
on the list don't want to build their own test infrastructure. They want
good infrastructure to "just exist", so they can write tests easily with
it.

So that's why after trying to use your initial attempt for a test of
mine, I moved the useful parts to a shared part of the codebase. So that
people can easily try writing a test with it, and explain what they like
or don't like. Instead of having to create or copy a bunch of
boilerplate every time they want to do something.

In any case, that's where we're at now. It would be nice if you could
take a look at the actual patchset at some point, but no rush.

---

From: "Jelte Fennema-Nio" <[email-masked]>
Date: Sat, 10 Jan 2026 12:03:31 +0100

> Attached is a simplified version with all of the things you mentioned

v10 attached to resolve merge conflicts.
From e6acef252bb1b155e1e2e54b28d87a68e5c6cd17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2025 10:58:56 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v10 1/5] Add support for pytest test suites

diff --git a/.cirrus.tasks.yml b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
index 2a821593ce5..c9db12d53b9 100644
--- a/.cirrus.tasks.yml
+++ b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ env:
     -Dldap=enabled
     -Dssl=openssl
     -Dtap_tests=enabled
+    -Dpytest=enabled
     -Dplperl=enabled
     -Dplpython=enabled
     -Ddocs=enabled
@@ -315,6 +316,7 @@ task:
           -Dlibcurl=enabled
           -Dnls=enabled
           -Dpam=enabled
+          -DPYTEST=pytest-3.12
 
@@ -663,6 +666,8 @@ task:
       p5.34-io-tty
       p5.34-ipc-run
       python312
+      py312-packaging
+      py312-pytest
       tcl
       zstd
 
@@ -712,6 +717,7 @@ task:
     sh src/tools/ci/ci_macports_packages.sh $MACOS_PACKAGE_LIST
     # system python doesn't provide headers
     sudo /opt/local/bin/port select python3 python312
+    sudo /opt/local/bin/port select pytest pytest312
     # Make macports install visible for subsequent steps
     echo PATH=/opt/local/sbin/:/opt/local/bin/:$PATH >> $CIRRUS_ENV
   upload_caches: macports
@@ -785,6 +791,7 @@ task:
       -Dldap=enabled
       -Dssl=openssl
       -Dtap_tests=enabled
+      -Dpytest=enabled
       -Dplperl=enabled
       -Dplpython=enabled

 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #

 
+

 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #

index 555c94796c6..a8ac9b203f0 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -1718,6 +1718,47 @@ endif

@@ -3807,6 +3848,64 @@ foreach test_dir : tests
@@ -3980,6 +4079,7 @@ summary(

 

 
 
index aa2f9a87b14..00a24f0b36b 100644
 
 subdir('authentication')
 subdir('postmaster')
+subdir('pytest')
 subdir('recovery')
 subdir('subscription')
 subdir('modules')

base-commit: e5a5e0a90750d665cab417322b9f85c806430d85
-- 
2.52.0

From 4354347134c121751348e06c289807d05e6c4b2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:25:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v10 2/5] Add pytest infrastructure to interact with PostgreSQL
 servers

 
   <sect1 id="regress-tap">
 
    <para>
 
   </sect1>

 

From b81466d13c30db0d74381913fc7889cb7fc3f7c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
Date: Fri, 26 Dec 2025 12:31:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v10 3/5] POC: Convert load balance tests from perl to python

 
 check: test-build all
 	$(prove_check)
+	$(pytest_check)

index e1ff9a06024..00000000000
-	"load_balance_hosts=disable continues until it connects to a working node",
-		"load_balance_hosts=random continues until it connects to a working node",

From dd3cde0039ac91aada7004a1fea10238a4e0a6a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:30:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v10 4/5] WIP: pytest: Add some SSL client tests

TODOs:

diff --git a/.cirrus.tasks.yml b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
index c9db12d53b9..c75f12b779b 100644
--- a/.cirrus.tasks.yml
+++ b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
@@ -646,6 +646,7 @@ task:
     CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR: ${HOME}/pgsql/
     CCACHE_DIR: ${HOME}/ccache
     MACPORTS_CACHE: ${HOME}/macports-cache
+    PYTEST_DEBUG_TEMPROOT: /tmp  # default is too long for UNIX sockets on Mac
 
     MESON_FEATURES: >-
       -Dbonjour=enabled
@@ -666,6 +667,7 @@ task:
       p5.34-io-tty
       p5.34-ipc-run
       python312
+      py312-cryptography
       py312-packaging
       py312-pytest
       tcl

 installcheck:
 	$(prove_installcheck)

From 328de114ac60f1a274b289258da7f8129725b13f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:31:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v10 5/5] WIP: pytest: Add some server-side SSL tests

TODOs:

     return _Certs()
+
+

---

From: Aleksander Alekseev <[email-masked]>
Date: Mon, 19 Jan 2026 14:34:37 +0300

Hi,

> v10 attached to resolve merge conflicts.

I tested and reviewed patches 0001 .. 0003 on Linux x64. All in all
the code is in a pretty good shape except for several TODOs:

```
                # TODO: proper quoting
                v = v.replace("\\", "\\\\")
                v = v.replace("'", "\\'")
                v = "'{}'".format(v)
```

and:

```
            # TODO: rather than using callback(), consider explicitly signaling
            # the fn() implementation to stop early if we get an exception.
            # Otherwise we'll hang until the end of the timeout.
            self._thread = threading.Thread(target=_bg)
            self.callback(self._join)
```

Are there any plans to rewrite this code? If not, maybe there should
be no TODOs in the comments?

Also leaving this:

```
        # XXX interacts poorly with testwrap's boilerplate diagnostics
        # self.print("TAP version 13")
```

... doesn't seem to be particularly useful. I see XXX but what are
actionable items? If there are none, perhaps there shouldn't be XXX
here.

I haven't looked at 0004 and 0005.

-- 
Best regards,
Aleksander Alekseev

---

From: "Jelte Fennema-Nio" <[email-masked]>
Date: Sun, 25 Jan 2026 13:54:35 +0100

>                 v = v.replace("'", "\\'")

Thanks for the review. Attached is v11. I addressed this TODO by
implementing the full quoting logic.

>             self.callback(self._join)

I moved the whole local_server fixture and the test that it adds into
patch 0004, i.e. the first WIP patch by Jacob. I don't think this
functionality (nor the test it added) needs to be part of the initial
merge.

>         # self.print("TAP version 13")

Removed this and changed the comment on the TAP class to specify that
we're implementing TAP 12 instead (which requires no version line). 
TAP 13 doesn't seem to contain features that we currently need.

> I haven't looked at 0004 and 0005.

Makes sense. I mostly kept those patches as part of the patchset to make
sure I did not break Jacob's usecase with all my changes to the test
suite. They were more meant as: "I did not touch these patches, nor are
they ready to merge, but it's possible to do stuff like this too".
From febbb867830000a8cfcf350e4197077c9ff2ba7c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2025 10:58:56 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v11 1/5] Add support for pytest test suites

 src/test/pytest/pgtap.py    | 197 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 16 files changed, 597 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

 

 # Local excludes in root directory
 /GNUmakefile
@@ -43,3 +44,5 @@ lib*.pc
 /Release/
 /tmp_install/
 /portlock/
+/.venv/
+/uv.lock
diff --git a/configure b/configure
index a10a2c85c6a..cdd5feff014 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -630,6 +630,8 @@ vpath_build
 PG_SYSROOT
 PG_VERSION_NUM
 LDFLAGS_EX_BE
+UV
+PYTEST
 PROVE
 DBTOEPUB
 FOP
@@ -773,6 +775,7 @@ CFLAGS
 CC
 enable_injection_points
 PG_TEST_EXTRA
+enable_pytest
 enable_tap_tests
 enable_dtrace
 DTRACEFLAGS
@@ -851,6 +854,7 @@ enable_profiling
 enable_coverage
 enable_dtrace
 enable_tap_tests
+enable_pytest
 enable_injection_points
 with_blocksize
 with_segsize
@@ -1551,7 +1555,10 @@ Optional Features:
   --enable-profiling      build with profiling enabled
   --enable-coverage       build with coverage testing instrumentation
   --enable-dtrace         build with DTrace support
-  --enable-tap-tests      enable TAP tests (requires Perl and IPC::Run)
+  --enable-tap-tests      enable (Perl-based) TAP tests (requires Perl and
+                          IPC::Run)
+  --enable-pytest         enable (Python-based) pytest suites (requires
+                          Python)
   --enable-injection-points
                           enable injection points (for testing)
   --enable-depend         turn on automatic dependency tracking
@@ -3633,7 +3640,7 @@ fi

 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #

@@ -3661,6 +3668,32 @@ fi

+
@@ -19275,6 +19308,135 @@ $as_echo "$modulestderr" >&6; }
   fi
 fi
 
index 814e64a967e..f3768336474 100644
 
 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #
 
@@ -2453,6 +2458,21 @@ if test "$enable_tap_tests" = yes; then
   fi
 fi
 
index df907b62da3..47fe9db5e50 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -1764,6 +1764,47 @@ endif

@@ -3856,6 +3897,64 @@ foreach test_dir : tests
@@ -4029,6 +4128,7 @@ summary(

 
 
index 947a2d79e29..572c24c3f55 100644
 
 python_includespec	= @python_includespec@
 python_libdir		= @python_libdir@
@@ -356,6 +357,7 @@ MSGFMT  = @MSGFMT@
 MSGFMT_FLAGS = @MSGFMT_FLAGS@
 MSGMERGE = @MSGMERGE@
 OPENSSL	= @OPENSSL@
+PYTEST	= @PYTEST@
 PYTHON	= @PYTHON@
 TAR	= @TAR@
 XGETTEXT = @XGETTEXT@
@@ -510,6 +512,33 @@ prove_installcheck = @echo "TAP tests not enabled. Try configuring with --enable
 prove_check = $(prove_installcheck)
 endif

index 77f7a729cc2..6815178b35e 100644
 
 subdir('authentication')
 subdir('postmaster')
+subdir('pytest')
 subdir('recovery')
 subdir('subscription')
 subdir('modules')
index 00000000000..2ae16b624d5
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+    A basic API for reporting via the TAP 12 protocol.
+    https://testanything.org/tap-specification.html

base-commit: 9b9eaf08ab2dc22c691b22e59f1574e0f1bcc822
-- 
2.52.0

From 54eb72f93f4467fbea488b99ba47a878ec876c28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:25:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v11 2/5] Add pytest infrastructure to interact with PostgreSQL
 servers

 src/test/pytest/pypg/server.py            | 476 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py         |  35 ++
 17 files changed, 2208 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

   <sect1 id="regress-tap">
 
    <para>
 
   </sect1>

 
index 00000000000..66496328d2d
@@ -0,0 +1,476 @@
+                # Quote and escape the value for postgresql.conf single-quoted
+                # strings. This is doing the reversee of DeescapeQuotedString.
+                v = v.replace("'", "''")
+                v = v.replace("\n", "\\n")
+                v = v.replace("\r", "\\r")
+                v = v.replace("\t", "\\t")
+                v = v.replace("\b", "\\b")
+                v = v.replace("\f", "\\f")
index 00000000000..1d0d9bc3b94

From 9a133186e3d0a272f45bec33c115864a86815ab1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
Date: Fri, 26 Dec 2025 12:31:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v11 3/5] POC: Convert load balance tests from perl to python

 
 check: test-build all
 	$(prove_check)
+	$(pytest_check)

From 392ece1e81543ffb1217c9dae18ebc0fa4153a19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:30:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v11 4/5] WIP: pytest: Add some SSL client tests

TODOs:
- local_server and tcp_server_class are nearly identical and should
  share code.
- fix exception-related timeouts for .background()
- figure out the proper use of "session" vs "module" scope
- ensure that pq.libpq unwinds (to close connections) before tcp_server;
  see comment in test_server_with_ssl_disabled()
---
 .cirrus.tasks.yml                 |   2 +
 pyproject.toml                    |   8 +
 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py | 137 +++++++++++++++
 src/test/ssl/Makefile             |   2 +
 src/test/ssl/meson.build          |   6 +
 src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py      | 128 ++++++++++++++
 src/test/ssl/pyt/test_client.py   | 278 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 7 files changed, 561 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/ssl/pyt/test_client.py

     MESON_FEATURES: >-
       -Dbonjour=enabled
 
index 1d0d9bc3b94..4fcf4056f41 100644
@@ -33,3 +33,140 @@ def test_must_connect_errors(connect):
     """Tests that connect() raises LibpqError."""
     with pytest.raises(LibpqError, match="invalid connection option"):
         connect(some_unknown_keyword="whatever")
 
 installcheck:
 	$(prove_installcheck)

From d301d820cc5dfd4da0625d7e33d10b7ac3350619 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:31:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v11 5/5] WIP: pytest: Add some server-side SSL tests

TODOs:

     return _Certs()
+
+

---

From: "Jelte Fennema-Nio" <[email-masked]>
Date: Sun, 01 Mar 2026 23:16:38 +0100

> they ready to merge, but it's possible to do stuff like this too".

These patches caused CI to fail after the addition of the protocol
grease (4966bd3ed95). I fixed the tests (by forcing usage of 3.2), but I
attached them as nocfbot now, so that they can't be the reason that CI
fails again.
From 953512a17aede111f2c9a77dc92fd1dbc3365145 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:30:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v12 4/5] WIP: pytest: Add some SSL client tests

TODOs:
- local_server and tcp_server_class are nearly identical and should
  share code.
- fix exception-related timeouts for .background()
- figure out the proper use of "session" vs "module" scope
- ensure that pq.libpq unwinds (to close connections) before tcp_server;
  see comment in test_server_with_ssl_disabled()
---
 .cirrus.tasks.yml                 |   2 +
 pyproject.toml                    |   8 +
 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py | 141 +++++++++++++++
 src/test/ssl/Makefile             |   2 +
 src/test/ssl/meson.build          |   6 +
 src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py      | 128 ++++++++++++++
 src/test/ssl/pyt/test_client.py   | 280 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 7 files changed, 567 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/test/ssl/pyt/conftest.py
 create mode 100644 src/test/ssl/pyt/test_client.py

index 47ec9def20e..e3459c2e08b 100644
 
     MESON_FEATURES: >-
       -Dbonjour=enabled
 
index 1d0d9bc3b94..01b2761a76f 100644
@@ -33,3 +33,144 @@ def test_must_connect_errors(connect):
+        assert version == (3, 2)
+            host=local_server.host,
+            port=local_server.port,
+            max_protocol_version="3.2",  # Don't use grease
 
 installcheck:
 	$(prove_installcheck)
index 00000000000..4113dd21752
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+            max_protocol_version="3.2",  # Don't use grease
+        assert version == (3, 2)
+        max_protocol_version="3.2",  # Don't use grease
2.53.0

From 8874627bee0590e4a7de96ba37bc8f6e66fb6c39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:31:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v12 5/5] WIP: pytest: Add some server-side SSL tests

TODOs:

     return _Certs()
+
+
2.53.0

From a0e1c24a222191bd382e517b8c5d4b4f81664085 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2025 10:58:56 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v12 1/5] Add support for pytest test suites

diff --git a/.cirrus.tasks.yml b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
index 4841a204248..47ec9def20e 100644
--- a/.cirrus.tasks.yml
+++ b/.cirrus.tasks.yml
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ env:
     -Dldap=enabled
     -Dssl=openssl
     -Dtap_tests=enabled
+    -Dpytest=enabled
     -Dplperl=enabled
     -Dplpython=enabled
     -Ddocs=enabled
@@ -316,6 +317,7 @@ task:
           -Dlibcurl=enabled
           -Dnls=enabled
           -Dpam=enabled
+          -DPYTEST=pytest-3.12
 
@@ -519,14 +521,15 @@ task:
@@ -664,6 +667,8 @@ task:
       p5.34-io-tty
       p5.34-ipc-run
       python312
+      py312-packaging
+      py312-pytest
       tcl
       zstd
 
@@ -713,6 +718,7 @@ task:
     sh src/tools/ci/ci_macports_packages.sh $MACOS_PACKAGE_LIST
     # system python doesn't provide headers
     sudo /opt/local/bin/port select python3 python312
+    sudo /opt/local/bin/port select pytest pytest312
     # Make macports install visible for subsequent steps
     echo PATH=/opt/local/sbin/:/opt/local/bin/:$PATH >> $CIRRUS_ENV
   upload_caches: macports
@@ -786,6 +792,7 @@ task:
       -Dldap=enabled
       -Dssl=openssl
       -Dtap_tests=enabled
+      -Dpytest=enabled
       -Dplperl=enabled
       -Dplpython=enabled

index a285a6ec3d7..b6e32cf4549 100755
@@ -3634,7 +3641,7 @@ fi

 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #

@@ -3662,6 +3669,32 @@ fi

+
@@ -19261,6 +19294,135 @@ $as_echo "$modulestderr" >&6; }
   fi
 fi
 
index 476a76c7991..dbf9bd98f95 100644
--- a/configure.ac
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -226,11 +226,16 @@ AC_SUBST(DTRACEFLAGS)])
 AC_SUBST(enable_dtrace)
 
 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #
 
@@ -2457,6 +2462,21 @@ if test "$enable_tap_tests" = yes; then
   fi
 fi
 
index 5122706477d..ba53483f551 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -1824,6 +1824,47 @@ endif

@@ -3923,6 +3964,64 @@ foreach test_dir : tests
@@ -4096,6 +4195,7 @@ summary(

 

 

 subdir('authentication')
 subdir('postmaster')
+subdir('pytest')
 subdir('recovery')
 subdir('subscription')
 subdir('modules')

base-commit: d80b0225010fd407c784bbecde116a28198b6eab
-- 
2.53.0

From 9cdfb3ee319fa0700ae1f65399d9ed41a0115cb7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:25:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v12 2/5] Add pytest infrastructure to interact with PostgreSQL
 servers

 
   <sect1 id="regress-tap">
 
    <para>
 
   </sect1>

 
2.53.0

From b9db2925f41d32938cc81dfac3a56d8ce83bd48a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
Date: Fri, 26 Dec 2025 12:31:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v12 3/5] POC: Convert load balance tests from perl to python

diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/Makefile b/src/interfaces/libpq/Makefile
index 0963995eed4..d088142f8c6 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/Makefile
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/Makefile
@@ -169,6 +169,7 @@ check installcheck: export PATH := $(CURDIR)/test:$(PATH)
 
 check: test-build all
 	$(prove_check)
+	$(pytest_check)
 
 installcheck: test-build all
 	$(prove_installcheck)
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/meson.build b/src/interfaces/libpq/meson.build
index b0ae72167a1..62cde97d169 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/meson.build
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/meson.build
@@ -157,8 +157,6 @@ tests += {
     'tests': [
       't/001_uri.pl',
       't/002_api.pl',
-      't/003_load_balance_host_list.pl',
-      't/004_load_balance_dns.pl',
       't/005_negotiate_encryption.pl',
       't/006_service.pl',
     ],
@@ -169,6 +167,11 @@ tests += {
     },
     'deps': libpq_test_deps,
   },
+  'pytest': {
+    'tests': [
+      'pyt/test_load_balance.py',
+    ],
+  },
 }
 
2.53.0

---

From: "Jelte Fennema-Nio" <[email-masked]>
Date: Sat, 14 Mar 2026 15:03:20 +0100

> attached them as nocfbot now, so that they can't be the reason that CI

Turns out one of the nocfbot patches was needed to have MacOS passing in
CI due to:

    PYTEST_DEBUG_TEMPROOT: /tmp  # default is too long for UNIX sockets on Mac

I've removed that now and am using shorter temp paths for UNIX sockets
always now, so that people running tests locally on MacOS don't run into
this problem either.

I've also improved the inclusion of Postgres logs in the failure report.
They are now split by phase (setup, test, teardown) and are also shown
when the server failed to start up.
From 24049b8f196dd8e1e5f31220a49ac27aa38f869c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:30:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v13 4/5] WIP: pytest: Add some SSL client tests

TODOs:
 .cirrus.tasks.yml                 |   1 +
 src/test/pytest/pyt/test_libpq.py | 145 ++++++++++++++++
 7 files changed, 570 insertions(+)

index 47ec9def20e..cec59807d43 100644
@@ -667,6 +667,7 @@ task:
 
index 1d0d9bc3b94..49726f579e2 100644
@@ -33,3 +33,148 @@ def test_must_connect_errors(connect):
+def local_server(sockdir, remaining_timeout):
+            self.host = sockdir
+            # Get a free port number from the OS to avoid collisions.
+            with socket.socket() as s:
+                s.bind(("127.0.0.1", 0))
+                self.port = s.getsockname()[1]
 
 installcheck:
 	$(prove_installcheck)

From b6502efd59273513896fcdb15661a72410a57d1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:31:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v13 5/5] WIP: pytest: Add some server-side SSL tests

TODOs:

     return _Certs()
+
+

From 29e4fc74a796a15b16ced223c9468e5918f79b57 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jacob Champion <[email-masked]>
Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2025 10:58:56 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v13 1/5] Add support for pytest test suites

 

 
index 4c789bd9289..8b4ade4f368 100755

 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #

 
+
@@ -19392,6 +19425,135 @@ $as_echo "$modulestderr" >&6; }
   fi
 fi
 
index 9edffe481a6..7d1530f246c 100644
 
 #
-# TAP tests
+# Test frameworks
 #
 
@@ -2461,6 +2466,21 @@ if test "$enable_tap_tests" = yes; then
   fi
 fi
 
index 70dc64c349a..923179e625c 100644

@@ -3999,6 +4040,64 @@ foreach test_dir : tests
@@ -4172,6 +4271,7 @@ summary(

 

 

 subdir('authentication')
 subdir('postmaster')
+subdir('pytest')
 subdir('recovery')
 subdir('subscription')
 subdir('modules')

base-commit: ae58189a4d523f0156ebe30f4534180555669e88
-- 
2.53.0

From 8505f45d1185383930b1ef254ca091db5bd5c4bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2025 09:25:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v13 2/5] Add pytest infrastructure to interact with PostgreSQL
 servers

 src/test/pytest/pypg/fixtures.py          | 356 ++++++++++++++++
 src/test/pytest/pypg/server.py            | 482 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/test/pytest/pypg/util.py              |  55 +++
 17 files changed, 2248 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/regress.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/regress.sgml
index 43f208df272..851bafe3778 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/regress.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/regress.sgml
@@ -904,7 +904,7 @@ float4:out:.*-.*-cygwin.*=float4-misrounded-input.out
   </sect1>
 
   <sect1 id="regress-tap">
 
    <para>
     Various tests, particularly the client program tests
@@ -993,6 +993,70 @@ PG_TEST_NOCLEAN=1 make -C src/bin/pg_dump check
 
   </sect1>

 
index 00000000000..39d72a3cb38
@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+    return pathlib.Path(capture(pg_config, "--bindir", silent=True))
+    return pathlib.Path(capture(pg_config, "--libdir", silent=True))
+def sockdir():
+    Uses tempfile.TemporaryDirectory directly instead of pytest's
+    tmp_path_factory, because macOS limits Unix socket paths to 104 bytes
+    and pytest's nested temp directories can exceed that.
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="pytest_postgres_sock") as d:
+        yield pathlib.Path(d)
+def pg_server_global(request, bindir, datadir, sockdir, libpq_handle):
+        server.start()
+    except Exception:
+        # normally we only add the global server for reporting when the test
+        # actually uses the pg fixture. But if the server fails to start here,
+        # then we won't have that opportunity, so add it now to ensure any
+        # startup logs are included in the report.
+        server.start()
+    request,
+        server.start()
+def _set_module_server_timeouts(_module_scoped_servers, remaining_timeout):
+    """Registers all module-scoped servers for this test.
+    It's hard to reliably detect whether a test uses a module-scoped server or
+    not. So this simply assumes all tests in the module use the module-scoped
+    servers. There's little harm in registering servers for tests that don't
+    use them.
+    session_servers = item.session.stash.get(_servers_key, [])
+    module_node = item.getparent(pytest.Module)
+    module_servers = module_node.stash.get(_servers_key, []) if module_node else []
+    servers = session_servers + module_servers + item.stash.get(_servers_key, [])
+            section_title = f"Postgres log {report.when}"
+        server.reset_log_position()
index 00000000000..c0e308b0135
@@ -0,0 +1,482 @@
+        Initialize a PostgreSQL server instance. Call start() to actually
+        start the server.
+    def start(self):
+        """Start the server using pg_ctl."""
+        with open(os.path.join(self.datadir, "postmaster.pid")) as f:
+        if not self.log.exists():
+            return ""
index 00000000000..d46a73d0019
+    __tracebackhide__ = True  # Don't show in pytest stack traces
+    result = subprocess.run(command, check=False, shell=shell, **kwargs)
+    # Manually throw CalledProcessError to avoid subprocess.run's huge body
+    # poluting stack traces.
+    if check and result.returncode:
+        raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(
+            result.returncode, command, result.stdout, result.stderr
+    __tracebackhide__ = True  # Don't pollute pytest stack traces

From 96340fba993c2a6df4ee8832c8ec2a7d637ad8e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema-Nio <[email-masked]>
Date: Fri, 26 Dec 2025 12:31:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v13 3/5] POC: Convert load balance tests from perl to python

 
 check: test-build all
 	$(prove_check)
+	$(pytest_check)