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Is ECPG's SET CONNECTION really not thread-aware?
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* Is ECPG's SET CONNECTION really not thread-aware?
@ 2017-06-01 06:44  Tsunakawa, Takayuki <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 1 reply; 54+ messages in thread

From: Tsunakawa, Takayuki @ 2017-06-01 06:44 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Michael Meskes ([email protected]) <[email protected]>; pgsql-hackers

Hello,

The following page says:

https://www.postgresql.org/docs/devel/static/ecpg-connect.html#ecpg-set-connection

--------------------------------------------------
EXEC SQL AT connection-name SELECT ...;

If your application uses multiple threads of execution, they cannot share a connection concurrently. You must either explicitly control access to the connection (using mutexes) or use a connection for each thread. If each thread uses its own connection, you will need to use the AT clause to specify which connection the thread will use.

EXEC SQL SET CONNECTION connection-name;

...It is not thread-aware.
--------------------------------------------------


What does this mean by "not thread-aware?"  Does SET CONNECTION in one thread change the current connection in another thread?
It doesn't look so, because the connection management and SQL execution in ECPG uses thread-specific data (TSD) to get and set the current connection, like this:


bool
ECPGsetconn(int lineno, const char *connection_name)
{
    struct connection *con = ecpg_get_connection(connection_name);

    if (!ecpg_init(con, connection_name, lineno))
        return (false);

#ifdef ENABLE_THREAD_SAFETY
    pthread_setspecific(actual_connection_key, con);
#else
    actual_connection = con;
#endif
    return true;
}

Regards
Takayuki Tsunakawa



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^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 54+ messages in thread

* Re: Is ECPG's SET CONNECTION really not thread-aware?
@ 2017-06-06 00:14  Tsunakawa, Takayuki <[email protected]>
  parent: Tsunakawa, Takayuki <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 1 reply; 54+ messages in thread

From: Tsunakawa, Takayuki @ 2017-06-06 00:14 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Michael Meskes ([email protected]) <[email protected]>; pgsql-hackers

From: [email protected]
> [mailto:[email protected]] On Behalf Of Tsunakawa,
> Takayuki
> The following page says:
> 
> https://www.postgresql.org/docs/devel/static/ecpg-connect.html#ecpg-se
> t-connection
> 
> --------------------------------------------------
> EXEC SQL AT connection-name SELECT ...;
> 
> If your application uses multiple threads of execution, they cannot share
> a connection concurrently. You must either explicitly control access to
> the connection (using mutexes) or use a connection for each thread. If each
> thread uses its own connection, you will need to use the AT clause to specify
> which connection the thread will use.
> 
> EXEC SQL SET CONNECTION connection-name;
> 
> ...It is not thread-aware.
> --------------------------------------------------
> 
> 
> What does this mean by "not thread-aware?"  Does SET CONNECTION in one
> thread change the current connection in another thread?
> It doesn't look so, because the connection management and SQL execution
> in ECPG uses thread-specific data (TSD) to get and set the current connection,
> like this:

The ECPG code sets and gets the current connection to/from the TSD, so SET CONNECTION is thread-aware.  I could confirm that like this:

threadA: CONNECT AS conA
threadB: CONNECT AS conB
threadA: CONNECT AS conC
threadA & threadB: SELECT pg_backend_pid() ... each thread displays different pids
threadA: SET CONNECTION conA
threadA & threadB: SELECT pg_backend_pid() ... each thread displays different pids, with thread outputting the same pid as before

So the doc seems to need fix.  The patch is attached.

Regards
Takayuki Tsunakawa



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Attachments:

  [application/octet-stream] ecpg_setconn.patch (1.0K, ../../0A3221C70F24FB45833433255569204D1F71F40F@G01JPEXMBYT05/2-ecpg_setconn.patch)
  download | inline diff:
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ecpg.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ecpg.sgml
index dead4c3..f13a0e9 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ecpg.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ecpg.sgml
@@ -240,8 +240,7 @@ EXEC SQL AT <replaceable>connection-name</replaceable> SELECT ...;
   <para>
    If your application uses multiple threads of execution, they cannot share a
    connection concurrently. You must either explicitly control access to the connection
-   (using mutexes) or use a connection for each thread. If each thread uses its own connection,
-   you will need to use the AT clause to specify which connection the thread will use.
+   (using mutexes) or use a connection for each thread.
   </para>
 
   <para>
@@ -251,7 +250,7 @@ EXEC SQL AT <replaceable>connection-name</replaceable> SELECT ...;
 EXEC SQL SET CONNECTION <replaceable>connection-name</replaceable>;
 </programlisting>
    This option is particularly convenient if many statements are to be
-   executed on the same connection.  It is not thread-aware.
+   executed on the same connection.
   </para>
 
   <para>


^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 54+ messages in thread

* Re: Is ECPG's SET CONNECTION really not thread-aware?
@ 2017-06-06 10:20  Michael Meskes <[email protected]>
  parent: Tsunakawa, Takayuki <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 1 reply; 54+ messages in thread

From: Michael Meskes @ 2017-06-06 10:20 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Tsunakawa, Takayuki <[email protected]>; pgsql-hackers

Dear Tsunakawa-san,

sorry for the late reply, I've been traveling all of last week and only
just came back.

>> What does this mean by "not thread-aware?"  Does SET CONNECTION in one
>> thread change the current connection in another thread?
>> It doesn't look so, because the connection management and SQL execution
>> in ECPG uses thread-specific data (TSD) to get and set the current connection,
>> like this:

I'm pretty sure it is indeed thread-aware, although I didn't provide the
code for this feature myself.

> So the doc seems to need fix.  The patch is attached.

Thanks, applied.

Michael

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Michael at Fam-Meskes dot De, Michael at Meskes dot (De|Com|Net|Org)
Meskes at (Debian|Postgresql) dot Org
Jabber: michael at xmpp dot meskes dot org
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^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 54+ messages in thread

* Re: Is ECPG's SET CONNECTION really not thread-aware?
@ 2017-06-07 03:45  Tsunakawa, Takayuki <[email protected]>
  parent: Michael Meskes <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 1 reply; 54+ messages in thread

From: Tsunakawa, Takayuki @ 2017-06-07 03:45 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: 'Michael Meskes' <[email protected]>; pgsql-hackers

From: [email protected]
> [mailto:[email protected]] On Behalf Of Michael Meskes
> I'm pretty sure it is indeed thread-aware, although I didn't provide the
> code for this feature myself.
> 
> > So the doc seems to need fix.  The patch is attached.
> 
> Thanks, applied.

Thank you, I'm relieved.

Could you also apply it to past versions if you don't mind?  The oldest supported version 9.2 is already thread-aware.

Regards
Takayuki Tsunakawa


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^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 54+ messages in thread

* Re: Is ECPG's SET CONNECTION really not thread-aware?
@ 2017-06-07 14:17  Michael Meskes <[email protected]>
  parent: Tsunakawa, Takayuki <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 1 reply; 54+ messages in thread

From: Michael Meskes @ 2017-06-07 14:17 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Tsunakawa, Takayuki <[email protected]>; +Cc: 'Michael Meskes' <[email protected]>; pgsql-hackers

On Wed, Jun 07, 2017 at 03:45:23AM +0000, Tsunakawa, Takayuki wrote:
> Could you also apply it to past versions if you don't mind?  The oldest supported version 9.2 is already thread-aware.

Done.

My standard workflow is to wait a couple days to see if everything works nicely before backporting. Obviously this doesn't make any sense for a doc patch, sigh.

Michael
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Michael at Fam-Meskes dot De, Michael at Meskes dot (De|Com|Net|Org)
Meskes at (Debian|Postgresql) dot Org
Jabber: michael at xmpp dot meskes dot org
VfL Borussia! Força Barça! Go SF 49ers! Use Debian GNU/Linux, PostgreSQL


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^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 54+ messages in thread

* Re: Is ECPG's SET CONNECTION really not thread-aware?
@ 2017-06-08 00:23  Tsunakawa, Takayuki <[email protected]>
  parent: Michael Meskes <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 54+ messages in thread

From: Tsunakawa, Takayuki @ 2017-06-08 00:23 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: 'Michael Meskes' <[email protected]>; +Cc: pgsql-hackers

Dear Meskes,

From: [email protected]
> [mailto:[email protected]] On Behalf Of Michael Meskes
> Done.

Thanks, I confirmed the commit messages.


> My standard workflow is to wait a couple days to see if everything works
> nicely before backporting. Obviously this doesn't make any sense for a doc
> patch, sigh.

I see.  That's a good idea.

Regards
Takayuki Tsunakawa


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^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 54+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v6 3/3] async postgres_fdw
@ 2017-10-19 08:24  Kyotaro Horiguchi <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 54+ messages in thread

From: Kyotaro Horiguchi @ 2017-10-19 08:24 UTC (permalink / raw)

---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             |  28 +
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 272 ++++----
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c           | 601 +++++++++++++++---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h           |   2 +
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     |  20 +-
 5 files changed, 710 insertions(+), 213 deletions(-)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 08daf26fdf..be5948f613 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ typedef struct ConnCacheEntry
 	bool		invalidated;	/* true if reconnect is pending */
 	uint32		server_hashvalue;	/* hash value of foreign server OID */
 	uint32		mapping_hashvalue;	/* hash value of user mapping OID */
+	void		*storage;		/* connection specific storage */
 } ConnCacheEntry;
 
 /*
@@ -203,6 +204,7 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt)
 
 		elog(DEBUG3, "new postgres_fdw connection %p for server \"%s\" (user mapping oid %u, userid %u)",
 			 entry->conn, server->servername, user->umid, user->userid);
+		entry->storage = NULL;
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -216,6 +218,32 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt)
 	return entry->conn;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Returns the connection specific storage for this user. Allocate with
+ * initsize if not exists.
+ */
+void *
+GetConnectionSpecificStorage(UserMapping *user, size_t initsize)
+{
+	bool		found;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	ConnCacheKey key;
+
+	/* Find storage using the same key with GetConnection */
+	key = user->umid;
+	entry = hash_search(ConnectionHash, &key, HASH_ENTER, &found);
+	Assert(found);
+
+	/* Create one if not yet. */
+	if (entry->storage == NULL)
+	{
+		entry->storage = MemoryContextAlloc(CacheMemoryContext, initsize);
+		memset(entry->storage, 0, initsize);
+	}
+
+	return entry->storage;
+}
+
 /*
  * Connect to remote server using specified server and user mapping properties.
  */
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 90db550b92..9374fa3a6c 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -6973,7 +6973,7 @@ INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaaa');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |  aa   
 ----------+-------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7001,7 +7001,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7029,7 +7029,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7057,7 +7057,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | newtoo
@@ -7127,35 +7127,41 @@ insert into bar2 values(3,33,33);
 insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
 insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
-                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
-   ->  Hash Join
+   ->  Merge Join
          Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
-         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
-         ->  Append
-               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Merge Append
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Sort
                      Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+                     Sort Key: bar_1.f1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
                ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
                      Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
-         ->  Hash
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Sort
                Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  HashAggregate
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(23 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(29 rows)
 
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
  f1 | f2 
 ----+----
   1 | 11
@@ -7165,35 +7171,41 @@ select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
 (4 rows)
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
-                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
-   ->  Hash Join
+   ->  Merge Join
          Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
-         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
-         ->  Append
-               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Merge Append
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Sort
                      Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+                     Sort Key: bar_1.f1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
                ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
                      Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
-         ->  Hash
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST FOR SHARE
+         ->  Sort
                Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  HashAggregate
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(23 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(29 rows)
 
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
  f1 | f2 
 ----+----
   1 | 11
@@ -7223,11 +7235,12 @@ update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
    ->  Hash Join
          Output: bar_1.f1, (bar_1.f2 + 100), bar_1.f3, bar_1.ctid, foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
@@ -7241,12 +7254,13 @@ update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(39 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(41 rows)
 
 update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
 select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
@@ -7276,16 +7290,17 @@ where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
          Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid, (ROW(foo.f1))
          Hash Cond: (foo.f1 = bar.f1)
          ->  Append
+               Async subplans: 2 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                     Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                     Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
                      Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
-                     Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
                      Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
-                     Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
          ->  Hash
                Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid
                ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
@@ -7303,17 +7318,18 @@ where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
                Output: (ROW(foo.f1)), foo.f1
                Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  Append
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                      ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
                            Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
-                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
-                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                      ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
                            Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
-                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
-                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
-(45 rows)
+(47 rows)
 
 update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
 from
@@ -7463,27 +7479,33 @@ delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 (5 rows)
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
-                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Update on public.bar
-   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2
-   Update on public.bar
-   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
-   ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
-         Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid
-   ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
-         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
-(8 rows)
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: u.f1, u.f2
+   Sort Key: u.f1
+   CTE u
+     ->  Update on public.bar
+           Output: bar.f1, bar.f2
+           Update on public.bar
+           Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
+           ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
+                 Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid
+           ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
+                 Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  CTE Scan on u
+         Output: u.f1, u.f2
+(14 rows)
 
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
  f1 | f2  
 ----+-----
   1 | 311
   2 | 322
-  6 | 266
   3 | 333
   4 | 344
+  6 | 266
   7 | 277
 (6 rows)
 
@@ -8558,11 +8580,12 @@ SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER J
  Sort
    Sort Key: t1.a, t3.c
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 2 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: ((ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p1 t3_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: ((ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p2 t3_2)
-(7 rows)
+(8 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
   a  |  b  |  c   
@@ -8597,20 +8620,22 @@ SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10)
 -- with whole-row reference; partitionwise join does not apply
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
-                       QUERY PLAN                       
---------------------------------------------------------
+                          QUERY PLAN                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: ((t1.*)::fprt1), ((t2.*)::fprt2)
    ->  Hash Full Join
          Hash Cond: (t1.a = t2.b)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+               Async subplans: 2 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
          ->  Hash
                ->  Append
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
-(11 rows)
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+(13 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
        wr       |       wr       
@@ -8639,11 +8664,12 @@ SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t
  Sort
    Sort Key: t1.a, t1.b
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 2 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: (ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: (ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)
-(7 rows)
+(8 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
   a  |  b  
@@ -8696,21 +8722,23 @@ SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE
 -- test FOR UPDATE; partitionwise join does not apply
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
-                          QUERY PLAN                          
---------------------------------------------------------------
+                             QUERY PLAN                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    ->  Sort
          Sort Key: t1.a
          ->  Hash Join
                Hash Cond: (t2.b = t1.a)
                ->  Append
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
                ->  Hash
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
-(12 rows)
+                           Async subplans: 2 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+(14 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
   a  |  b  
@@ -8745,18 +8773,19 @@ ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p3;
 SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO false;
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
-                        QUERY PLAN                         
------------------------------------------------------------
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
    ->  HashAggregate
          Group Key: pagg_tab.a
          Filter: (avg(pagg_tab.b) < '22'::numeric)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
-(9 rows)
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(10 rows)
 
 -- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is enabled
 SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO true;
@@ -8767,13 +8796,14 @@ SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 O
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 3 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2)
-(9 rows)
+(10 rows)
 
 SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  a  | sum  | min | count 
@@ -8795,29 +8825,22 @@ SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  Sort
    Output: t1.a, (count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab)))
    Sort Key: t1.a
-   ->  Append
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1
-                     Output: t1.a, t1.*, t1.b
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1_1.a, count(((t1_1.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1_1.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1_1.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_1
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
+         Group Key: t1.a
+         Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+         ->  Append
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1_1
                      Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.*, t1_1.b
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1_2.a, count(((t1_2.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1_2.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1_2.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_2
                      Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.*, t1_2.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_3
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.*, t1_3.b
                      Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p3
-(25 rows)
+(18 rows)
 
 SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  a  | count 
@@ -8837,20 +8860,15 @@ SELECT b, avg(a), max(a), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY b HAVING sum(a) < 700
 -----------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.b
-   ->  Finalize HashAggregate
+   ->  HashAggregate
          Group Key: pagg_tab.b
          Filter: (sum(pagg_tab.a) < 700)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab_1.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab_2.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2
-(15 rows)
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(10 rows)
 
 -- ===================================================================
 -- access rights and superuser
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
index 9fc53cad68..4bfc2d39ea 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/explain.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
+#include "executor/execAsync.h"
+#include "executor/nodeForeignscan.h"
 #include "foreign/fdwapi.h"
 #include "funcapi.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
@@ -35,6 +37,7 @@
 #include "optimizer/restrictinfo.h"
 #include "optimizer/tlist.h"
 #include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "pgstat.h"
 #include "postgres_fdw.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/float.h"
@@ -56,6 +59,9 @@ PG_MODULE_MAGIC;
 /* If no remote estimates, assume a sort costs 20% extra */
 #define DEFAULT_FDW_SORT_MULTIPLIER 1.2
 
+/* Retrieve PgFdwScanState struct from ForeignScanState */
+#define GetPgFdwScanState(n) ((PgFdwScanState *)(n)->fdw_state)
+
 /*
  * Indexes of FDW-private information stored in fdw_private lists.
  *
@@ -122,11 +128,29 @@ enum FdwDirectModifyPrivateIndex
 	FdwDirectModifyPrivateSetProcessed
 };
 
+/*
+ * Connection common state - shared among all PgFdwState instances using the
+ * same connection.
+ */
+typedef struct PgFdwConnCommonState
+{
+	ForeignScanState   *leader;		/* leader node of this connection */
+	bool				busy;		/* true if this connection is busy */
+} PgFdwConnCommonState;
+
+/* Execution state base type */
+typedef struct PgFdwState
+{
+	PGconn	   *conn;					/* connection for the scan */
+	PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate;	/* connection common state */
+} PgFdwState;
+
 /*
  * Execution state of a foreign scan using postgres_fdw.
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table. NULL
 								 * for a foreign join scan. */
 	TupleDesc	tupdesc;		/* tuple descriptor of scan */
@@ -137,7 +161,6 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 	List	   *retrieved_attrs;	/* list of retrieved attribute numbers */
 
 	/* for remote query execution */
-	PGconn	   *conn;			/* connection for the scan */
 	unsigned int cursor_number; /* quasi-unique ID for my cursor */
 	bool		cursor_exists;	/* have we created the cursor? */
 	int			numParams;		/* number of parameters passed to query */
@@ -153,6 +176,12 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 	/* batch-level state, for optimizing rewinds and avoiding useless fetch */
 	int			fetch_ct_2;		/* Min(# of fetches done, 2) */
 	bool		eof_reached;	/* true if last fetch reached EOF */
+	bool		async;			/* true if run asynchronously */
+	bool		queued;			/* true if this node is in waiter queue */
+	ForeignScanState *waiter;	/* Next node to run a query among nodes
+								 * sharing the same connection */
+	ForeignScanState *last_waiter;	/* last element in waiter queue.
+									 * valid only on the leader node */
 
 	/* working memory contexts */
 	MemoryContext batch_cxt;	/* context holding current batch of tuples */
@@ -166,11 +195,11 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwModifyState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table */
 	AttInMetadata *attinmeta;	/* attribute datatype conversion metadata */
 
 	/* for remote query execution */
-	PGconn	   *conn;			/* connection for the scan */
 	char	   *p_name;			/* name of prepared statement, if created */
 
 	/* extracted fdw_private data */
@@ -197,6 +226,7 @@ typedef struct PgFdwModifyState
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwDirectModifyState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table */
 	AttInMetadata *attinmeta;	/* attribute datatype conversion metadata */
 
@@ -326,6 +356,7 @@ static void postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags);
 static TupleTableSlot *postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void postgresShutdownForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets(Query *parsetree,
 											RangeTblEntry *target_rte,
 											Relation target_relation);
@@ -391,6 +422,10 @@ static void postgresGetForeignUpperPaths(PlannerInfo *root,
 										 RelOptInfo *input_rel,
 										 RelOptInfo *output_rel,
 										 void *extra);
+static bool postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable(ForeignPath *path);
+static bool postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait(ForeignScanState *node,
+											  WaitEventSet *wes,
+											  void *caller_data, bool reinit);
 
 /*
  * Helper functions
@@ -419,7 +454,9 @@ static bool ec_member_matches_foreign(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
 									  EquivalenceClass *ec, EquivalenceMember *em,
 									  void *arg);
 static void create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node);
-static void fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void request_more_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void fetch_received_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void vacate_connection(PgFdwState *fdwconn, bool clear_queue);
 static void close_cursor(PGconn *conn, unsigned int cursor_number);
 static PgFdwModifyState *create_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 											   RangeTblEntry *rte,
@@ -522,6 +559,7 @@ postgres_fdw_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	routine->IterateForeignScan = postgresIterateForeignScan;
 	routine->ReScanForeignScan = postgresReScanForeignScan;
 	routine->EndForeignScan = postgresEndForeignScan;
+	routine->ShutdownForeignScan = postgresShutdownForeignScan;
 
 	/* Functions for updating foreign tables */
 	routine->AddForeignUpdateTargets = postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets;
@@ -558,6 +596,10 @@ postgres_fdw_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	/* Support functions for upper relation push-down */
 	routine->GetForeignUpperPaths = postgresGetForeignUpperPaths;
 
+	/* Support functions for async execution */
+	routine->IsForeignPathAsyncCapable = postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable;
+	routine->ForeignAsyncConfigureWait = postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait;
+
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(routine);
 }
 
@@ -1434,12 +1476,22 @@ postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 	 * Get connection to the foreign server.  Connection manager will
 	 * establish new connection if necessary.
 	 */
-	fsstate->conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	fsstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	fsstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->leader = NULL;
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+	fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	fsstate->last_waiter = node;
 
 	/* Assign a unique ID for my cursor */
-	fsstate->cursor_number = GetCursorNumber(fsstate->conn);
+	fsstate->cursor_number = GetCursorNumber(fsstate->s.conn);
 	fsstate->cursor_exists = false;
 
+	/* Initialize async execution status */
+	fsstate->async = false;
+	fsstate->queued = false;
+
 	/* Get private info created by planner functions. */
 	fsstate->query = strVal(list_nth(fsplan->fdw_private,
 									 FdwScanPrivateSelectSql));
@@ -1487,40 +1539,241 @@ postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 							 &fsstate->param_values);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Async queue manipulation functions
+ */
+
+/*
+ * add_async_waiter:
+ *
+ * Enqueue node if it isn't in the queue. Immediately send request it if the
+ * underlying connection is not busy.
+ */
+static inline void
+add_async_waiter(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState   *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+
+	/*
+	 * Do nothing if the node is already in the queue or already eof'ed.
+	 * Note: leader node is not marked as queued.
+	 */
+	if (leader == node || fsstate->queued || fsstate->eof_reached)
+		return;
+
+	if (leader == NULL)
+	{
+		/* no leader means not busy, send request immediately */
+		request_more_data(node);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* the connection is busy, queue the node */
+		PgFdwScanState   *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+		PgFdwScanState   *last_waiter_state
+			= GetPgFdwScanState(leader_state->last_waiter);
+
+		last_waiter_state->waiter = node;
+		leader_state->last_waiter = node;
+		fsstate->queued = true;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * move_to_next_waiter:
+ *
+ * Make the first waiter be the next leader
+ * Returns the new leader or NULL if there's no waiter.
+ */
+static inline ForeignScanState *
+move_to_next_waiter(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *next_leader = leader_state->waiter;
+
+	Assert(leader_state->s.commonstate->leader = node);
+
+	if (next_leader)
+	{
+		/* the first waiter becomes the next leader */
+		PgFdwScanState *next_leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(next_leader);
+		next_leader_state->last_waiter = leader_state->last_waiter;
+		next_leader_state->queued = false;
+	}
+
+	leader_state->waiter = NULL;
+	leader_state->s.commonstate->leader = next_leader;
+
+	return next_leader;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Remove the node from waiter queue.
+ *
+ * Remaining results are cleared if the node is a busy leader.
+ * This intended to be used during node shutdown.
+ */
+static inline void
+remove_async_node(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState		*fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState	*leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+	PgFdwScanState		*leader_state;
+	ForeignScanState	*prev;
+	PgFdwScanState		*prev_state;
+	ForeignScanState	*cur;
+
+	/* no need to remove me */
+	if (!leader || !fsstate->queued)
+		return;
+
+	leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+	if (leader == node)
+	{
+		if (leader_state->s.commonstate->busy)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * this node is waiting for result, absorb the result first so
+			 * that the following commands can be sent on the connection.
+			 */
+			PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+			PGconn *conn = leader_state->s.conn;
+
+			while(PQisBusy(conn))
+				PQclear(PQgetResult(conn));
+
+			leader_state->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+		}
+
+		move_to_next_waiter(node);
+
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Just remove the node from the queue
+	 *
+	 * Nodes don't have a link to the previous node but anyway this function is
+	 * called on the shutdown path, so we don't bother seeking for faster way
+	 * to do this.
+	 */
+	prev = leader;
+	prev_state = leader_state;
+	cur =  GetPgFdwScanState(prev)->waiter;
+	while (cur)
+	{
+		PgFdwScanState *curstate = GetPgFdwScanState(cur);
+
+		if (cur == node)
+		{
+			prev_state->waiter = curstate->waiter;
+
+			/* relink to the previous node if the last node was removed */
+			if (leader_state->last_waiter == cur)
+				leader_state->last_waiter = prev;
+
+			fsstate->queued = false;
+
+			return;
+		}
+		prev = cur;
+		prev_state = curstate;
+		cur = curstate->waiter;
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * postgresIterateForeignScan
- *		Retrieve next row from the result set, or clear tuple slot to indicate
- *		EOF.
+ *		Retrieve next row from the result set.
+ *
+ *		For synchronous nodes, returns clear tuple slot means EOF.
+ *
+ *		For asynchronous nodes, if clear tuple slot is returned, the caller
+ *		needs to check async state to tell if all tuples received
+ *		(AS_AVAILABLE) or waiting for the next data to come (AS_WAITING).
  */
 static TupleTableSlot *
 postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	TupleTableSlot *slot = node->ss.ss_ScanTupleSlot;
 
-	/*
-	 * If this is the first call after Begin or ReScan, we need to create the
-	 * cursor on the remote side.
-	 */
-	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
-		create_cursor(node);
-
-	/*
-	 * Get some more tuples, if we've run out.
-	 */
+	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples && !fsstate->eof_reached)
+	{
+		/* we've run out, get some more tuples */
+		if (!node->fs_async)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * finish the running query before sending the next command for
+			 * this node
+			 */
+			if (!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy)
+				vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fsstate, false);
+
+			request_more_data(node);
+
+			/* Fetch the result immediately. */
+			fetch_received_data(node);
+		}
+		else if (!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy)
+		{
+			/* If the connection is not busy, just send the request. */
+			request_more_data(node);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			/* The connection is busy, queue the request */
+			bool available = true;
+			ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+			PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+			/* queue the requested node */
+			add_async_waiter(node);
+
+			/*
+			 * The request for the next node cannot be sent before the leader
+			 * responds. Finish the current leader if possible.
+			 */
+			if (PQisBusy(leader_state->s.conn))
+			{
+				int rc = WaitLatchOrSocket(NULL,
+										   WL_SOCKET_READABLE | WL_TIMEOUT |
+										   WL_EXIT_ON_PM_DEATH,
+										   PQsocket(leader_state->s.conn), 0,
+										   WAIT_EVENT_ASYNC_WAIT);
+				if (!(rc & WL_SOCKET_READABLE))
+					available = false;
+			}
+
+			/* fetch the leader's data and enqueue it for the next request */
+			if (available)
+			{
+				fetch_received_data(leader);
+				add_async_waiter(leader);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
 	{
-		/* No point in another fetch if we already detected EOF, though. */
-		if (!fsstate->eof_reached)
-			fetch_more_data(node);
-		/* If we didn't get any tuples, must be end of data. */
-		if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
-			return ExecClearTuple(slot);
+		/*
+		 * We haven't received a result for the given node this time, return
+		 * with no tuple to give way to another node.
+		 */
+		if (fsstate->eof_reached)
+			node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_AVAILABLE;
+		else
+			node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_WAITING;
+
+		return ExecClearTuple(slot);
 	}
 
 	/*
 	 * Return the next tuple.
 	 */
+	node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_AVAILABLE;
 	ExecStoreHeapTuple(fsstate->tuples[fsstate->next_tuple++],
 					   slot,
 					   false);
@@ -1535,7 +1788,7 @@ postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 static void
 postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	char		sql[64];
 	PGresult   *res;
 
@@ -1543,6 +1796,8 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
 		return;
 
+	vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fsstate, true);
+
 	/*
 	 * If any internal parameters affecting this node have changed, we'd
 	 * better destroy and recreate the cursor.  Otherwise, rewinding it should
@@ -1571,9 +1826,9 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_exec_query(fsstate->conn, sql);
+	res = pgfdw_exec_query(fsstate->s.conn, sql);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fsstate->conn, true, sql);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fsstate->s.conn, true, sql);
 	PQclear(res);
 
 	/* Now force a fresh FETCH. */
@@ -1591,7 +1846,7 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 static void
 postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 
 	/* if fsstate is NULL, we are in EXPLAIN; nothing to do */
 	if (fsstate == NULL)
@@ -1599,15 +1854,31 @@ postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 
 	/* Close the cursor if open, to prevent accumulation of cursors */
 	if (fsstate->cursor_exists)
-		close_cursor(fsstate->conn, fsstate->cursor_number);
+		close_cursor(fsstate->s.conn, fsstate->cursor_number);
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(fsstate->conn);
-	fsstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(fsstate->s.conn);
+	fsstate->s.conn = NULL;
 
 	/* MemoryContexts will be deleted automatically. */
 }
 
+/*
+ * postgresShutdownForeignScan
+ *		Remove asynchrony stuff and cleanup garbage on the connection.
+ */
+static void
+postgresShutdownForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	ForeignScan *plan = (ForeignScan *) node->ss.ps.plan;
+
+	if (plan->operation != CMD_SELECT)
+		return;
+
+	/* remove the node from waiting queue */
+	remove_async_node(node);
+}
+
 /*
  * postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets
  *		Add resjunk column(s) needed for update/delete on a foreign table
@@ -2372,7 +2643,9 @@ postgresBeginDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 	 * Get connection to the foreign server.  Connection manager will
 	 * establish new connection if necessary.
 	 */
-	dmstate->conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	dmstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	dmstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
 
 	/* Update the foreign-join-related fields. */
 	if (fsplan->scan.scanrelid == 0)
@@ -2457,7 +2730,11 @@ postgresIterateDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * If this is the first call after Begin, execute the statement.
 	 */
 	if (dmstate->num_tuples == -1)
+	{
+		/* finish running query to send my command */
+		vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)dmstate, true);
 		execute_dml_stmt(node);
+	}
 
 	/*
 	 * If the local query doesn't specify RETURNING, just clear tuple slot.
@@ -2504,8 +2781,8 @@ postgresEndDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node)
 		PQclear(dmstate->result);
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(dmstate->conn);
-	dmstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(dmstate->s.conn);
+	dmstate->s.conn = NULL;
 
 	/* MemoryContext will be deleted automatically. */
 }
@@ -2703,6 +2980,7 @@ estimate_path_cost_size(PlannerInfo *root,
 		List	   *local_param_join_conds;
 		StringInfoData sql;
 		PGconn	   *conn;
+		PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate;
 		Selectivity local_sel;
 		QualCost	local_cost;
 		List	   *fdw_scan_tlist = NIL;
@@ -2747,6 +3025,18 @@ estimate_path_cost_size(PlannerInfo *root,
 
 		/* Get the remote estimate */
 		conn = GetConnection(fpinfo->user, false);
+		commonstate = GetConnectionSpecificStorage(fpinfo->user,
+												sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
+		if (commonstate)
+		{
+			PgFdwState tmpstate;
+			tmpstate.conn = conn;
+			tmpstate.commonstate = commonstate;
+
+			/* finish running query to send my command */
+			vacate_connection(&tmpstate, true);
+		}
+
 		get_remote_estimate(sql.data, conn, &rows, &width,
 							&startup_cost, &total_cost);
 		ReleaseConnection(conn);
@@ -3317,11 +3607,11 @@ ec_member_matches_foreign(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
 static void
 create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	ExprContext *econtext = node->ss.ps.ps_ExprContext;
 	int			numParams = fsstate->numParams;
 	const char **values = fsstate->param_values;
-	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->conn;
+	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
 	StringInfoData buf;
 	PGresult   *res;
 
@@ -3384,50 +3674,119 @@ create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node)
 }
 
 /*
- * Fetch some more rows from the node's cursor.
+ * Sends the next request of the node. If the given node is different from the
+ * current connection leader, pushes it back to waiter queue and let the given
+ * node be the leader.
  */
 static void
-fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
+request_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
+	char		sql[64];
+
+	/* must be non-busy */
+	Assert(!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy);
+	/* must be not-eof'ed */
+	Assert(!fsstate->eof_reached);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the first call after Begin or ReScan, we need to create the
+	 * cursor on the remote side.
+	 */
+	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
+		create_cursor(node);
+
+	snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "FETCH %d FROM c%u",
+			 fsstate->fetch_size, fsstate->cursor_number);
+
+	if (!PQsendQuery(conn, sql))
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, conn, false, sql);
+
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = true;
+
+	/* The node is the current leader, just return. */
+	if (leader == node)
+		return;
+
+	/* Let the node be the leader */
+	if (leader != NULL)
+	{
+		remove_async_node(node);
+		fsstate->last_waiter = GetPgFdwScanState(leader)->last_waiter;
+		fsstate->waiter = leader;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		fsstate->last_waiter = node;
+		fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	}
+
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->leader = node;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Fetches received data and automatically send requests of the next waiter.
+ */
+static void
+fetch_received_data(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	PGresult   *volatile res = NULL;
 	MemoryContext oldcontext;
+	ForeignScanState *waiter;
+
+	/* I should be the current connection leader */
+	Assert(fsstate->s.commonstate->leader == node);
 
 	/*
 	 * We'll store the tuples in the batch_cxt.  First, flush the previous
-	 * batch.
+	 * batch if no tuple is remaining
 	 */
-	fsstate->tuples = NULL;
-	MemoryContextReset(fsstate->batch_cxt);
+	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
+	{
+		fsstate->tuples = NULL;
+		fsstate->num_tuples = 0;
+		MemoryContextReset(fsstate->batch_cxt);
+	}
+	else if (fsstate->next_tuple > 0)
+	{
+		/* There's some remains. Move them to the beginning of the store */
+		int n = 0;
+
+		while(fsstate->next_tuple < fsstate->num_tuples)
+			fsstate->tuples[n++] = fsstate->tuples[fsstate->next_tuple++];
+		fsstate->num_tuples = n;
+	}
+
 	oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(fsstate->batch_cxt);
 
 	/* PGresult must be released before leaving this function. */
 	PG_TRY();
 	{
-		PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->conn;
-		char		sql[64];
-		int			numrows;
+		PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
+		int			addrows;
+		size_t		newsize;
 		int			i;
 
-		snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "FETCH %d FROM c%u",
-				 fsstate->fetch_size, fsstate->cursor_number);
-
-		res = pgfdw_exec_query(conn, sql);
-		/* On error, report the original query, not the FETCH. */
+		res = pgfdw_get_result(conn, fsstate->query);
 		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
 			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, conn, false, fsstate->query);
 
 		/* Convert the data into HeapTuples */
-		numrows = PQntuples(res);
-		fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) palloc0(numrows * sizeof(HeapTuple));
-		fsstate->num_tuples = numrows;
-		fsstate->next_tuple = 0;
+		addrows = PQntuples(res);
+		newsize = (fsstate->num_tuples + addrows) * sizeof(HeapTuple);
+		if (fsstate->tuples)
+			fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) repalloc(fsstate->tuples, newsize);
+		else
+			fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) palloc(newsize);
 
-		for (i = 0; i < numrows; i++)
+		for (i = 0; i < addrows; i++)
 		{
 			Assert(IsA(node->ss.ps.plan, ForeignScan));
 
-			fsstate->tuples[i] =
+			fsstate->tuples[fsstate->num_tuples + i] =
 				make_tuple_from_result_row(res, i,
 										   fsstate->rel,
 										   fsstate->attinmeta,
@@ -3437,22 +3796,73 @@ fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
 		}
 
 		/* Update fetch_ct_2 */
-		if (fsstate->fetch_ct_2 < 2)
+		if (fsstate->fetch_ct_2 < 2 && fsstate->next_tuple == 0)
 			fsstate->fetch_ct_2++;
 
+		fsstate->next_tuple = 0;
+		fsstate->num_tuples += addrows;
+
 		/* Must be EOF if we didn't get as many tuples as we asked for. */
-		fsstate->eof_reached = (numrows < fsstate->fetch_size);
+		fsstate->eof_reached = (addrows < fsstate->fetch_size);
 	}
 	PG_FINALLY();
 	{
+		fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+
 		if (res)
 			PQclear(res);
 	}
 	PG_END_TRY();
 
+	/* let the first waiter be the next leader of this connection */
+	waiter = move_to_next_waiter(node);
+
+	/* send the next request if any */
+	if (waiter)
+		request_more_data(waiter);
+
 	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Vacate the underlying connection so that this node can send the next query.
+ */
+static void
+vacate_connection(PgFdwState *fdwstate, bool clear_queue)
+{
+	PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate = fdwstate->commonstate;
+	ForeignScanState *leader;
+
+	Assert(commonstate != NULL);
+
+	/* just return if the connection is already available */
+	if (commonstate->leader == NULL || !commonstate->busy)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * let the current connection leader read all of the result for the running
+	 * query
+	 */
+	leader = commonstate->leader;
+	fetch_received_data(leader);
+
+	/* let the first waiter be the next leader of this connection */
+	move_to_next_waiter(leader);
+
+	if (!clear_queue)
+		return;
+
+	/* Clear the waiting list */
+	while (leader)
+	{
+		PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+		fsstate->last_waiter = NULL;
+		leader = fsstate->waiter;
+		fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * Force assorted GUC parameters to settings that ensure that we'll output
  * data values in a form that is unambiguous to the remote server.
@@ -3566,7 +3976,9 @@ create_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	user = GetUserMapping(userid, table->serverid);
 
 	/* Open connection; report that we'll create a prepared statement. */
-	fmstate->conn = GetConnection(user, true);
+	fmstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, true);
+	fmstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
 	fmstate->p_name = NULL;		/* prepared statement not made yet */
 
 	/* Set up remote query information. */
@@ -3653,6 +4065,9 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 		   operation == CMD_UPDATE ||
 		   operation == CMD_DELETE);
 
+	/* finish running query to send my command */
+	vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fmstate, true);
+
 	/* Set up the prepared statement on the remote server, if we didn't yet */
 	if (!fmstate->p_name)
 		prepare_foreign_modify(fmstate);
@@ -3680,14 +4095,14 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	/*
 	 * Execute the prepared statement.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->conn,
+	if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->s.conn,
 							 fmstate->p_name,
 							 fmstate->p_nums,
 							 p_values,
 							 NULL,
 							 NULL,
 							 0))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->conn, false, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->s.conn, false, fmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -3695,10 +4110,10 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->conn, fmstate->query);
+	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->s.conn, fmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) !=
 		(fmstate->has_returning ? PGRES_TUPLES_OK : PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, fmstate->query);
 
 	/* Check number of rows affected, and fetch RETURNING tuple if any */
 	if (fmstate->has_returning)
@@ -3734,7 +4149,7 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 
 	/* Construct name we'll use for the prepared statement. */
 	snprintf(prep_name, sizeof(prep_name), "pgsql_fdw_prep_%u",
-			 GetPrepStmtNumber(fmstate->conn));
+			 GetPrepStmtNumber(fmstate->s.conn));
 	p_name = pstrdup(prep_name);
 
 	/*
@@ -3744,12 +4159,12 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 	 * the prepared statements we use in this module are simple enough that
 	 * the remote server will make the right choices.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendPrepare(fmstate->conn,
+	if (!PQsendPrepare(fmstate->s.conn,
 					   p_name,
 					   fmstate->query,
 					   0,
 					   NULL))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->conn, false, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->s.conn, false, fmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -3757,9 +4172,9 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->conn, fmstate->query);
+	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->s.conn, fmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, fmstate->query);
 	PQclear(res);
 
 	/* This action shows that the prepare has been done. */
@@ -3888,16 +4303,16 @@ finish_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 		 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 		 * without releasing the PGresult.
 		 */
-		res = pgfdw_exec_query(fmstate->conn, sql);
+		res = pgfdw_exec_query(fmstate->s.conn, sql);
 		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, sql);
+			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, sql);
 		PQclear(res);
 		fmstate->p_name = NULL;
 	}
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(fmstate->conn);
-	fmstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(fmstate->s.conn);
+	fmstate->s.conn = NULL;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -4056,9 +4471,9 @@ execute_dml_stmt(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * the desired result.  This allows us to avoid assuming that the remote
 	 * server has the same OIDs we do for the parameters' types.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendQueryParams(dmstate->conn, dmstate->query, numParams,
+	if (!PQsendQueryParams(dmstate->s.conn, dmstate->query, numParams,
 						   NULL, values, NULL, NULL, 0))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, dmstate->conn, false, dmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, dmstate->s.conn, false, dmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -4066,10 +4481,10 @@ execute_dml_stmt(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	dmstate->result = pgfdw_get_result(dmstate->conn, dmstate->query);
+	dmstate->result = pgfdw_get_result(dmstate->s.conn, dmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(dmstate->result) !=
 		(dmstate->has_returning ? PGRES_TUPLES_OK : PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, dmstate->result, dmstate->conn, true,
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, dmstate->result, dmstate->s.conn, true,
 						   dmstate->query);
 
 	/* Get the number of rows affected. */
@@ -5560,6 +5975,40 @@ postgresGetForeignJoinPaths(PlannerInfo *root,
 	/* XXX Consider parameterized paths for the join relation */
 }
 
+static bool
+postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable(ForeignPath *path)
+{
+	return true;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Configure waiting event.
+ *
+ * Add wait event so that the ForeignScan node is going to wait for.
+ */
+static bool
+postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait(ForeignScanState *node, WaitEventSet *wes,
+								  void *caller_data, bool reinit)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+
+
+	/* Reinit is not supported for now. */
+	Assert(reinit);
+
+	if (fsstate->s.commonstate->leader == node)
+	{
+		AddWaitEventToSet(wes,
+						  WL_SOCKET_READABLE, PQsocket(fsstate->s.conn),
+						  NULL, caller_data);
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+
 /*
  * Assess whether the aggregation, grouping and having operations can be pushed
  * down to the foreign server.  As a side effect, save information we obtain in
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
index eef410db39..96af75a33e 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ typedef struct PgFdwRelationInfo
 	UserMapping *user;			/* only set in use_remote_estimate mode */
 
 	int			fetch_size;		/* fetch size for this remote table */
+	bool		allow_prefetch;	/* true to allow overlapped fetching  */
 
 	/*
 	 * Name of the relation, for use while EXPLAINing ForeignScan.  It is used
@@ -130,6 +131,7 @@ extern void reset_transmission_modes(int nestlevel);
 
 /* in connection.c */
 extern PGconn *GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt);
+void *GetConnectionSpecificStorage(UserMapping *user, size_t initsize);
 extern void ReleaseConnection(PGconn *conn);
 extern unsigned int GetCursorNumber(PGconn *conn);
 extern unsigned int GetPrepStmtNumber(PGconn *conn);
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index 83971665e3..359208a12a 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -1780,25 +1780,25 @@ INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
@@ -1840,12 +1840,12 @@ insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
 insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
 
 -- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an inherited source table
 explain (verbose, costs off)
@@ -1904,8 +1904,8 @@ explain (verbose, costs off)
 delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
 
 -- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with row-level triggers
 CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
-- 
2.18.4


----Next_Part(Thu_Aug_20_16_36_08_2020_519)----





^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 54+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v5 3/3] async postgres_fdw
@ 2017-10-19 08:24  Kyotaro Horiguchi <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 54+ messages in thread

From: Kyotaro Horiguchi @ 2017-10-19 08:24 UTC (permalink / raw)

---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             |  28 +
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 272 ++++----
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c           | 601 +++++++++++++++---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h           |   2 +
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     |  20 +-
 5 files changed, 710 insertions(+), 213 deletions(-)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 52d1fe3563..d9edc5e4de 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ typedef struct ConnCacheEntry
 	bool		invalidated;	/* true if reconnect is pending */
 	uint32		server_hashvalue;	/* hash value of foreign server OID */
 	uint32		mapping_hashvalue;	/* hash value of user mapping OID */
+	void		*storage;		/* connection specific storage */
 } ConnCacheEntry;
 
 /*
@@ -202,6 +203,7 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt)
 
 		elog(DEBUG3, "new postgres_fdw connection %p for server \"%s\" (user mapping oid %u, userid %u)",
 			 entry->conn, server->servername, user->umid, user->userid);
+		entry->storage = NULL;
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -215,6 +217,32 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt)
 	return entry->conn;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Returns the connection specific storage for this user. Allocate with
+ * initsize if not exists.
+ */
+void *
+GetConnectionSpecificStorage(UserMapping *user, size_t initsize)
+{
+	bool		found;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	ConnCacheKey key;
+
+	/* Find storage using the same key with GetConnection */
+	key = user->umid;
+	entry = hash_search(ConnectionHash, &key, HASH_ENTER, &found);
+	Assert(found);
+
+	/* Create one if not yet. */
+	if (entry->storage == NULL)
+	{
+		entry->storage = MemoryContextAlloc(CacheMemoryContext, initsize);
+		memset(entry->storage, 0, initsize);
+	}
+
+	return entry->storage;
+}
+
 /*
  * Connect to remote server using specified server and user mapping properties.
  */
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 82fc1290ef..bf9b4041cd 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -6973,7 +6973,7 @@ INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaaa');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |  aa   
 ----------+-------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7001,7 +7001,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7029,7 +7029,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7057,7 +7057,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | newtoo
@@ -7127,35 +7127,41 @@ insert into bar2 values(3,33,33);
 insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
 insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
-                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
-   ->  Hash Join
+   ->  Merge Join
          Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
-         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
-         ->  Append
-               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Merge Append
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Sort
                      Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+                     Sort Key: bar_1.f1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
                ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
                      Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
-         ->  Hash
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Sort
                Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  HashAggregate
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(23 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(29 rows)
 
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
  f1 | f2 
 ----+----
   1 | 11
@@ -7165,35 +7171,41 @@ select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
 (4 rows)
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
-                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
-   ->  Hash Join
+   ->  Merge Join
          Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
-         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
-         ->  Append
-               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Merge Append
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Sort
                      Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+                     Sort Key: bar_1.f1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
                ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
                      Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
-         ->  Hash
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST FOR SHARE
+         ->  Sort
                Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  HashAggregate
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(23 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(29 rows)
 
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
  f1 | f2 
 ----+----
   1 | 11
@@ -7223,11 +7235,12 @@ update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
    ->  Hash Join
          Output: bar_1.f1, (bar_1.f2 + 100), bar_1.f3, bar_1.ctid, foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
@@ -7241,12 +7254,13 @@ update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(39 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(41 rows)
 
 update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
 select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
@@ -7276,16 +7290,17 @@ where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
          Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid, (ROW(foo.f1))
          Hash Cond: (foo.f1 = bar.f1)
          ->  Append
+               Async subplans: 2 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                     Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                     Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
                      Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
-                     Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
                      Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
-                     Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
          ->  Hash
                Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid
                ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
@@ -7303,17 +7318,18 @@ where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
                Output: (ROW(foo.f1)), foo.f1
                Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  Append
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                      ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
                            Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
-                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
-                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                      ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
                            Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
-                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
-                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
-(45 rows)
+(47 rows)
 
 update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
 from
@@ -7463,27 +7479,33 @@ delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 (5 rows)
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
-                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Update on public.bar
-   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2
-   Update on public.bar
-   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
-   ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
-         Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid
-   ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
-         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
-(8 rows)
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: u.f1, u.f2
+   Sort Key: u.f1
+   CTE u
+     ->  Update on public.bar
+           Output: bar.f1, bar.f2
+           Update on public.bar
+           Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
+           ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
+                 Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid
+           ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
+                 Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  CTE Scan on u
+         Output: u.f1, u.f2
+(14 rows)
 
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
  f1 | f2  
 ----+-----
   1 | 311
   2 | 322
-  6 | 266
   3 | 333
   4 | 344
+  6 | 266
   7 | 277
 (6 rows)
 
@@ -8558,11 +8580,12 @@ SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER J
  Sort
    Sort Key: t1.a, t3.c
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 2 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: ((ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p1 t3_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: ((ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p2 t3_2)
-(7 rows)
+(8 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
   a  |  b  |  c   
@@ -8597,20 +8620,22 @@ SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10)
 -- with whole-row reference; partitionwise join does not apply
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
-                       QUERY PLAN                       
---------------------------------------------------------
+                          QUERY PLAN                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: ((t1.*)::fprt1), ((t2.*)::fprt2)
    ->  Hash Full Join
          Hash Cond: (t1.a = t2.b)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+               Async subplans: 2 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
          ->  Hash
                ->  Append
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
-(11 rows)
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+(13 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
        wr       |       wr       
@@ -8639,11 +8664,12 @@ SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t
  Sort
    Sort Key: t1.a, t1.b
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 2 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: (ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: (ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)
-(7 rows)
+(8 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
   a  |  b  
@@ -8696,21 +8722,23 @@ SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE
 -- test FOR UPDATE; partitionwise join does not apply
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
-                          QUERY PLAN                          
---------------------------------------------------------------
+                             QUERY PLAN                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    ->  Sort
          Sort Key: t1.a
          ->  Hash Join
                Hash Cond: (t2.b = t1.a)
                ->  Append
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
                ->  Hash
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
-(12 rows)
+                           Async subplans: 2 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+(14 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
   a  |  b  
@@ -8745,18 +8773,19 @@ ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p3;
 SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO false;
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
-                        QUERY PLAN                         
------------------------------------------------------------
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
    ->  HashAggregate
          Group Key: pagg_tab.a
          Filter: (avg(pagg_tab.b) < '22'::numeric)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
-(9 rows)
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(10 rows)
 
 -- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is enabled
 SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO true;
@@ -8767,13 +8796,14 @@ SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 O
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 3 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2)
-(9 rows)
+(10 rows)
 
 SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  a  | sum  | min | count 
@@ -8795,29 +8825,22 @@ SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  Sort
    Output: t1.a, (count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab)))
    Sort Key: t1.a
-   ->  Append
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1
-                     Output: t1.a, t1.*, t1.b
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1_1.a, count(((t1_1.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1_1.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1_1.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_1
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
+         Group Key: t1.a
+         Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+         ->  Append
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1_1
                      Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.*, t1_1.b
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1_2.a, count(((t1_2.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1_2.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1_2.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_2
                      Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.*, t1_2.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_3
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.*, t1_3.b
                      Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p3
-(25 rows)
+(18 rows)
 
 SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  a  | count 
@@ -8837,20 +8860,15 @@ SELECT b, avg(a), max(a), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY b HAVING sum(a) < 700
 -----------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.b
-   ->  Finalize HashAggregate
+   ->  HashAggregate
          Group Key: pagg_tab.b
          Filter: (sum(pagg_tab.a) < 700)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab_1.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab_2.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2
-(15 rows)
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(10 rows)
 
 -- ===================================================================
 -- access rights and superuser
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
index 9fc53cad68..4bfc2d39ea 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/explain.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
+#include "executor/execAsync.h"
+#include "executor/nodeForeignscan.h"
 #include "foreign/fdwapi.h"
 #include "funcapi.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
@@ -35,6 +37,7 @@
 #include "optimizer/restrictinfo.h"
 #include "optimizer/tlist.h"
 #include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "pgstat.h"
 #include "postgres_fdw.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/float.h"
@@ -56,6 +59,9 @@ PG_MODULE_MAGIC;
 /* If no remote estimates, assume a sort costs 20% extra */
 #define DEFAULT_FDW_SORT_MULTIPLIER 1.2
 
+/* Retrieve PgFdwScanState struct from ForeignScanState */
+#define GetPgFdwScanState(n) ((PgFdwScanState *)(n)->fdw_state)
+
 /*
  * Indexes of FDW-private information stored in fdw_private lists.
  *
@@ -122,11 +128,29 @@ enum FdwDirectModifyPrivateIndex
 	FdwDirectModifyPrivateSetProcessed
 };
 
+/*
+ * Connection common state - shared among all PgFdwState instances using the
+ * same connection.
+ */
+typedef struct PgFdwConnCommonState
+{
+	ForeignScanState   *leader;		/* leader node of this connection */
+	bool				busy;		/* true if this connection is busy */
+} PgFdwConnCommonState;
+
+/* Execution state base type */
+typedef struct PgFdwState
+{
+	PGconn	   *conn;					/* connection for the scan */
+	PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate;	/* connection common state */
+} PgFdwState;
+
 /*
  * Execution state of a foreign scan using postgres_fdw.
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table. NULL
 								 * for a foreign join scan. */
 	TupleDesc	tupdesc;		/* tuple descriptor of scan */
@@ -137,7 +161,6 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 	List	   *retrieved_attrs;	/* list of retrieved attribute numbers */
 
 	/* for remote query execution */
-	PGconn	   *conn;			/* connection for the scan */
 	unsigned int cursor_number; /* quasi-unique ID for my cursor */
 	bool		cursor_exists;	/* have we created the cursor? */
 	int			numParams;		/* number of parameters passed to query */
@@ -153,6 +176,12 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 	/* batch-level state, for optimizing rewinds and avoiding useless fetch */
 	int			fetch_ct_2;		/* Min(# of fetches done, 2) */
 	bool		eof_reached;	/* true if last fetch reached EOF */
+	bool		async;			/* true if run asynchronously */
+	bool		queued;			/* true if this node is in waiter queue */
+	ForeignScanState *waiter;	/* Next node to run a query among nodes
+								 * sharing the same connection */
+	ForeignScanState *last_waiter;	/* last element in waiter queue.
+									 * valid only on the leader node */
 
 	/* working memory contexts */
 	MemoryContext batch_cxt;	/* context holding current batch of tuples */
@@ -166,11 +195,11 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwModifyState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table */
 	AttInMetadata *attinmeta;	/* attribute datatype conversion metadata */
 
 	/* for remote query execution */
-	PGconn	   *conn;			/* connection for the scan */
 	char	   *p_name;			/* name of prepared statement, if created */
 
 	/* extracted fdw_private data */
@@ -197,6 +226,7 @@ typedef struct PgFdwModifyState
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwDirectModifyState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table */
 	AttInMetadata *attinmeta;	/* attribute datatype conversion metadata */
 
@@ -326,6 +356,7 @@ static void postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags);
 static TupleTableSlot *postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void postgresShutdownForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets(Query *parsetree,
 											RangeTblEntry *target_rte,
 											Relation target_relation);
@@ -391,6 +422,10 @@ static void postgresGetForeignUpperPaths(PlannerInfo *root,
 										 RelOptInfo *input_rel,
 										 RelOptInfo *output_rel,
 										 void *extra);
+static bool postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable(ForeignPath *path);
+static bool postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait(ForeignScanState *node,
+											  WaitEventSet *wes,
+											  void *caller_data, bool reinit);
 
 /*
  * Helper functions
@@ -419,7 +454,9 @@ static bool ec_member_matches_foreign(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
 									  EquivalenceClass *ec, EquivalenceMember *em,
 									  void *arg);
 static void create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node);
-static void fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void request_more_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void fetch_received_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void vacate_connection(PgFdwState *fdwconn, bool clear_queue);
 static void close_cursor(PGconn *conn, unsigned int cursor_number);
 static PgFdwModifyState *create_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 											   RangeTblEntry *rte,
@@ -522,6 +559,7 @@ postgres_fdw_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	routine->IterateForeignScan = postgresIterateForeignScan;
 	routine->ReScanForeignScan = postgresReScanForeignScan;
 	routine->EndForeignScan = postgresEndForeignScan;
+	routine->ShutdownForeignScan = postgresShutdownForeignScan;
 
 	/* Functions for updating foreign tables */
 	routine->AddForeignUpdateTargets = postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets;
@@ -558,6 +596,10 @@ postgres_fdw_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	/* Support functions for upper relation push-down */
 	routine->GetForeignUpperPaths = postgresGetForeignUpperPaths;
 
+	/* Support functions for async execution */
+	routine->IsForeignPathAsyncCapable = postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable;
+	routine->ForeignAsyncConfigureWait = postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait;
+
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(routine);
 }
 
@@ -1434,12 +1476,22 @@ postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 	 * Get connection to the foreign server.  Connection manager will
 	 * establish new connection if necessary.
 	 */
-	fsstate->conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	fsstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	fsstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->leader = NULL;
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+	fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	fsstate->last_waiter = node;
 
 	/* Assign a unique ID for my cursor */
-	fsstate->cursor_number = GetCursorNumber(fsstate->conn);
+	fsstate->cursor_number = GetCursorNumber(fsstate->s.conn);
 	fsstate->cursor_exists = false;
 
+	/* Initialize async execution status */
+	fsstate->async = false;
+	fsstate->queued = false;
+
 	/* Get private info created by planner functions. */
 	fsstate->query = strVal(list_nth(fsplan->fdw_private,
 									 FdwScanPrivateSelectSql));
@@ -1487,40 +1539,241 @@ postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 							 &fsstate->param_values);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Async queue manipulation functions
+ */
+
+/*
+ * add_async_waiter:
+ *
+ * Enqueue node if it isn't in the queue. Immediately send request it if the
+ * underlying connection is not busy.
+ */
+static inline void
+add_async_waiter(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState   *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+
+	/*
+	 * Do nothing if the node is already in the queue or already eof'ed.
+	 * Note: leader node is not marked as queued.
+	 */
+	if (leader == node || fsstate->queued || fsstate->eof_reached)
+		return;
+
+	if (leader == NULL)
+	{
+		/* no leader means not busy, send request immediately */
+		request_more_data(node);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* the connection is busy, queue the node */
+		PgFdwScanState   *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+		PgFdwScanState   *last_waiter_state
+			= GetPgFdwScanState(leader_state->last_waiter);
+
+		last_waiter_state->waiter = node;
+		leader_state->last_waiter = node;
+		fsstate->queued = true;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * move_to_next_waiter:
+ *
+ * Make the first waiter be the next leader
+ * Returns the new leader or NULL if there's no waiter.
+ */
+static inline ForeignScanState *
+move_to_next_waiter(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *next_leader = leader_state->waiter;
+
+	Assert(leader_state->s.commonstate->leader = node);
+
+	if (next_leader)
+	{
+		/* the first waiter becomes the next leader */
+		PgFdwScanState *next_leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(next_leader);
+		next_leader_state->last_waiter = leader_state->last_waiter;
+		next_leader_state->queued = false;
+	}
+
+	leader_state->waiter = NULL;
+	leader_state->s.commonstate->leader = next_leader;
+
+	return next_leader;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Remove the node from waiter queue.
+ *
+ * Remaining results are cleared if the node is a busy leader.
+ * This intended to be used during node shutdown.
+ */
+static inline void
+remove_async_node(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState		*fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState	*leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+	PgFdwScanState		*leader_state;
+	ForeignScanState	*prev;
+	PgFdwScanState		*prev_state;
+	ForeignScanState	*cur;
+
+	/* no need to remove me */
+	if (!leader || !fsstate->queued)
+		return;
+
+	leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+	if (leader == node)
+	{
+		if (leader_state->s.commonstate->busy)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * this node is waiting for result, absorb the result first so
+			 * that the following commands can be sent on the connection.
+			 */
+			PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+			PGconn *conn = leader_state->s.conn;
+
+			while(PQisBusy(conn))
+				PQclear(PQgetResult(conn));
+
+			leader_state->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+		}
+
+		move_to_next_waiter(node);
+
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Just remove the node from the queue
+	 *
+	 * Nodes don't have a link to the previous node but anyway this function is
+	 * called on the shutdown path, so we don't bother seeking for faster way
+	 * to do this.
+	 */
+	prev = leader;
+	prev_state = leader_state;
+	cur =  GetPgFdwScanState(prev)->waiter;
+	while (cur)
+	{
+		PgFdwScanState *curstate = GetPgFdwScanState(cur);
+
+		if (cur == node)
+		{
+			prev_state->waiter = curstate->waiter;
+
+			/* relink to the previous node if the last node was removed */
+			if (leader_state->last_waiter == cur)
+				leader_state->last_waiter = prev;
+
+			fsstate->queued = false;
+
+			return;
+		}
+		prev = cur;
+		prev_state = curstate;
+		cur = curstate->waiter;
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * postgresIterateForeignScan
- *		Retrieve next row from the result set, or clear tuple slot to indicate
- *		EOF.
+ *		Retrieve next row from the result set.
+ *
+ *		For synchronous nodes, returns clear tuple slot means EOF.
+ *
+ *		For asynchronous nodes, if clear tuple slot is returned, the caller
+ *		needs to check async state to tell if all tuples received
+ *		(AS_AVAILABLE) or waiting for the next data to come (AS_WAITING).
  */
 static TupleTableSlot *
 postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	TupleTableSlot *slot = node->ss.ss_ScanTupleSlot;
 
-	/*
-	 * If this is the first call after Begin or ReScan, we need to create the
-	 * cursor on the remote side.
-	 */
-	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
-		create_cursor(node);
-
-	/*
-	 * Get some more tuples, if we've run out.
-	 */
+	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples && !fsstate->eof_reached)
+	{
+		/* we've run out, get some more tuples */
+		if (!node->fs_async)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * finish the running query before sending the next command for
+			 * this node
+			 */
+			if (!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy)
+				vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fsstate, false);
+
+			request_more_data(node);
+
+			/* Fetch the result immediately. */
+			fetch_received_data(node);
+		}
+		else if (!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy)
+		{
+			/* If the connection is not busy, just send the request. */
+			request_more_data(node);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			/* The connection is busy, queue the request */
+			bool available = true;
+			ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+			PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+			/* queue the requested node */
+			add_async_waiter(node);
+
+			/*
+			 * The request for the next node cannot be sent before the leader
+			 * responds. Finish the current leader if possible.
+			 */
+			if (PQisBusy(leader_state->s.conn))
+			{
+				int rc = WaitLatchOrSocket(NULL,
+										   WL_SOCKET_READABLE | WL_TIMEOUT |
+										   WL_EXIT_ON_PM_DEATH,
+										   PQsocket(leader_state->s.conn), 0,
+										   WAIT_EVENT_ASYNC_WAIT);
+				if (!(rc & WL_SOCKET_READABLE))
+					available = false;
+			}
+
+			/* fetch the leader's data and enqueue it for the next request */
+			if (available)
+			{
+				fetch_received_data(leader);
+				add_async_waiter(leader);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
 	{
-		/* No point in another fetch if we already detected EOF, though. */
-		if (!fsstate->eof_reached)
-			fetch_more_data(node);
-		/* If we didn't get any tuples, must be end of data. */
-		if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
-			return ExecClearTuple(slot);
+		/*
+		 * We haven't received a result for the given node this time, return
+		 * with no tuple to give way to another node.
+		 */
+		if (fsstate->eof_reached)
+			node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_AVAILABLE;
+		else
+			node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_WAITING;
+
+		return ExecClearTuple(slot);
 	}
 
 	/*
 	 * Return the next tuple.
 	 */
+	node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_AVAILABLE;
 	ExecStoreHeapTuple(fsstate->tuples[fsstate->next_tuple++],
 					   slot,
 					   false);
@@ -1535,7 +1788,7 @@ postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 static void
 postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	char		sql[64];
 	PGresult   *res;
 
@@ -1543,6 +1796,8 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
 		return;
 
+	vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fsstate, true);
+
 	/*
 	 * If any internal parameters affecting this node have changed, we'd
 	 * better destroy and recreate the cursor.  Otherwise, rewinding it should
@@ -1571,9 +1826,9 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_exec_query(fsstate->conn, sql);
+	res = pgfdw_exec_query(fsstate->s.conn, sql);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fsstate->conn, true, sql);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fsstate->s.conn, true, sql);
 	PQclear(res);
 
 	/* Now force a fresh FETCH. */
@@ -1591,7 +1846,7 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 static void
 postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 
 	/* if fsstate is NULL, we are in EXPLAIN; nothing to do */
 	if (fsstate == NULL)
@@ -1599,15 +1854,31 @@ postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 
 	/* Close the cursor if open, to prevent accumulation of cursors */
 	if (fsstate->cursor_exists)
-		close_cursor(fsstate->conn, fsstate->cursor_number);
+		close_cursor(fsstate->s.conn, fsstate->cursor_number);
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(fsstate->conn);
-	fsstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(fsstate->s.conn);
+	fsstate->s.conn = NULL;
 
 	/* MemoryContexts will be deleted automatically. */
 }
 
+/*
+ * postgresShutdownForeignScan
+ *		Remove asynchrony stuff and cleanup garbage on the connection.
+ */
+static void
+postgresShutdownForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	ForeignScan *plan = (ForeignScan *) node->ss.ps.plan;
+
+	if (plan->operation != CMD_SELECT)
+		return;
+
+	/* remove the node from waiting queue */
+	remove_async_node(node);
+}
+
 /*
  * postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets
  *		Add resjunk column(s) needed for update/delete on a foreign table
@@ -2372,7 +2643,9 @@ postgresBeginDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 	 * Get connection to the foreign server.  Connection manager will
 	 * establish new connection if necessary.
 	 */
-	dmstate->conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	dmstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	dmstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
 
 	/* Update the foreign-join-related fields. */
 	if (fsplan->scan.scanrelid == 0)
@@ -2457,7 +2730,11 @@ postgresIterateDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * If this is the first call after Begin, execute the statement.
 	 */
 	if (dmstate->num_tuples == -1)
+	{
+		/* finish running query to send my command */
+		vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)dmstate, true);
 		execute_dml_stmt(node);
+	}
 
 	/*
 	 * If the local query doesn't specify RETURNING, just clear tuple slot.
@@ -2504,8 +2781,8 @@ postgresEndDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node)
 		PQclear(dmstate->result);
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(dmstate->conn);
-	dmstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(dmstate->s.conn);
+	dmstate->s.conn = NULL;
 
 	/* MemoryContext will be deleted automatically. */
 }
@@ -2703,6 +2980,7 @@ estimate_path_cost_size(PlannerInfo *root,
 		List	   *local_param_join_conds;
 		StringInfoData sql;
 		PGconn	   *conn;
+		PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate;
 		Selectivity local_sel;
 		QualCost	local_cost;
 		List	   *fdw_scan_tlist = NIL;
@@ -2747,6 +3025,18 @@ estimate_path_cost_size(PlannerInfo *root,
 
 		/* Get the remote estimate */
 		conn = GetConnection(fpinfo->user, false);
+		commonstate = GetConnectionSpecificStorage(fpinfo->user,
+												sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
+		if (commonstate)
+		{
+			PgFdwState tmpstate;
+			tmpstate.conn = conn;
+			tmpstate.commonstate = commonstate;
+
+			/* finish running query to send my command */
+			vacate_connection(&tmpstate, true);
+		}
+
 		get_remote_estimate(sql.data, conn, &rows, &width,
 							&startup_cost, &total_cost);
 		ReleaseConnection(conn);
@@ -3317,11 +3607,11 @@ ec_member_matches_foreign(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
 static void
 create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	ExprContext *econtext = node->ss.ps.ps_ExprContext;
 	int			numParams = fsstate->numParams;
 	const char **values = fsstate->param_values;
-	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->conn;
+	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
 	StringInfoData buf;
 	PGresult   *res;
 
@@ -3384,50 +3674,119 @@ create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node)
 }
 
 /*
- * Fetch some more rows from the node's cursor.
+ * Sends the next request of the node. If the given node is different from the
+ * current connection leader, pushes it back to waiter queue and let the given
+ * node be the leader.
  */
 static void
-fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
+request_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
+	char		sql[64];
+
+	/* must be non-busy */
+	Assert(!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy);
+	/* must be not-eof'ed */
+	Assert(!fsstate->eof_reached);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the first call after Begin or ReScan, we need to create the
+	 * cursor on the remote side.
+	 */
+	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
+		create_cursor(node);
+
+	snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "FETCH %d FROM c%u",
+			 fsstate->fetch_size, fsstate->cursor_number);
+
+	if (!PQsendQuery(conn, sql))
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, conn, false, sql);
+
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = true;
+
+	/* The node is the current leader, just return. */
+	if (leader == node)
+		return;
+
+	/* Let the node be the leader */
+	if (leader != NULL)
+	{
+		remove_async_node(node);
+		fsstate->last_waiter = GetPgFdwScanState(leader)->last_waiter;
+		fsstate->waiter = leader;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		fsstate->last_waiter = node;
+		fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	}
+
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->leader = node;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Fetches received data and automatically send requests of the next waiter.
+ */
+static void
+fetch_received_data(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	PGresult   *volatile res = NULL;
 	MemoryContext oldcontext;
+	ForeignScanState *waiter;
+
+	/* I should be the current connection leader */
+	Assert(fsstate->s.commonstate->leader == node);
 
 	/*
 	 * We'll store the tuples in the batch_cxt.  First, flush the previous
-	 * batch.
+	 * batch if no tuple is remaining
 	 */
-	fsstate->tuples = NULL;
-	MemoryContextReset(fsstate->batch_cxt);
+	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
+	{
+		fsstate->tuples = NULL;
+		fsstate->num_tuples = 0;
+		MemoryContextReset(fsstate->batch_cxt);
+	}
+	else if (fsstate->next_tuple > 0)
+	{
+		/* There's some remains. Move them to the beginning of the store */
+		int n = 0;
+
+		while(fsstate->next_tuple < fsstate->num_tuples)
+			fsstate->tuples[n++] = fsstate->tuples[fsstate->next_tuple++];
+		fsstate->num_tuples = n;
+	}
+
 	oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(fsstate->batch_cxt);
 
 	/* PGresult must be released before leaving this function. */
 	PG_TRY();
 	{
-		PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->conn;
-		char		sql[64];
-		int			numrows;
+		PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
+		int			addrows;
+		size_t		newsize;
 		int			i;
 
-		snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "FETCH %d FROM c%u",
-				 fsstate->fetch_size, fsstate->cursor_number);
-
-		res = pgfdw_exec_query(conn, sql);
-		/* On error, report the original query, not the FETCH. */
+		res = pgfdw_get_result(conn, fsstate->query);
 		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
 			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, conn, false, fsstate->query);
 
 		/* Convert the data into HeapTuples */
-		numrows = PQntuples(res);
-		fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) palloc0(numrows * sizeof(HeapTuple));
-		fsstate->num_tuples = numrows;
-		fsstate->next_tuple = 0;
+		addrows = PQntuples(res);
+		newsize = (fsstate->num_tuples + addrows) * sizeof(HeapTuple);
+		if (fsstate->tuples)
+			fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) repalloc(fsstate->tuples, newsize);
+		else
+			fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) palloc(newsize);
 
-		for (i = 0; i < numrows; i++)
+		for (i = 0; i < addrows; i++)
 		{
 			Assert(IsA(node->ss.ps.plan, ForeignScan));
 
-			fsstate->tuples[i] =
+			fsstate->tuples[fsstate->num_tuples + i] =
 				make_tuple_from_result_row(res, i,
 										   fsstate->rel,
 										   fsstate->attinmeta,
@@ -3437,22 +3796,73 @@ fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
 		}
 
 		/* Update fetch_ct_2 */
-		if (fsstate->fetch_ct_2 < 2)
+		if (fsstate->fetch_ct_2 < 2 && fsstate->next_tuple == 0)
 			fsstate->fetch_ct_2++;
 
+		fsstate->next_tuple = 0;
+		fsstate->num_tuples += addrows;
+
 		/* Must be EOF if we didn't get as many tuples as we asked for. */
-		fsstate->eof_reached = (numrows < fsstate->fetch_size);
+		fsstate->eof_reached = (addrows < fsstate->fetch_size);
 	}
 	PG_FINALLY();
 	{
+		fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+
 		if (res)
 			PQclear(res);
 	}
 	PG_END_TRY();
 
+	/* let the first waiter be the next leader of this connection */
+	waiter = move_to_next_waiter(node);
+
+	/* send the next request if any */
+	if (waiter)
+		request_more_data(waiter);
+
 	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Vacate the underlying connection so that this node can send the next query.
+ */
+static void
+vacate_connection(PgFdwState *fdwstate, bool clear_queue)
+{
+	PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate = fdwstate->commonstate;
+	ForeignScanState *leader;
+
+	Assert(commonstate != NULL);
+
+	/* just return if the connection is already available */
+	if (commonstate->leader == NULL || !commonstate->busy)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * let the current connection leader read all of the result for the running
+	 * query
+	 */
+	leader = commonstate->leader;
+	fetch_received_data(leader);
+
+	/* let the first waiter be the next leader of this connection */
+	move_to_next_waiter(leader);
+
+	if (!clear_queue)
+		return;
+
+	/* Clear the waiting list */
+	while (leader)
+	{
+		PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+		fsstate->last_waiter = NULL;
+		leader = fsstate->waiter;
+		fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * Force assorted GUC parameters to settings that ensure that we'll output
  * data values in a form that is unambiguous to the remote server.
@@ -3566,7 +3976,9 @@ create_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	user = GetUserMapping(userid, table->serverid);
 
 	/* Open connection; report that we'll create a prepared statement. */
-	fmstate->conn = GetConnection(user, true);
+	fmstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, true);
+	fmstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
 	fmstate->p_name = NULL;		/* prepared statement not made yet */
 
 	/* Set up remote query information. */
@@ -3653,6 +4065,9 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 		   operation == CMD_UPDATE ||
 		   operation == CMD_DELETE);
 
+	/* finish running query to send my command */
+	vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fmstate, true);
+
 	/* Set up the prepared statement on the remote server, if we didn't yet */
 	if (!fmstate->p_name)
 		prepare_foreign_modify(fmstate);
@@ -3680,14 +4095,14 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	/*
 	 * Execute the prepared statement.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->conn,
+	if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->s.conn,
 							 fmstate->p_name,
 							 fmstate->p_nums,
 							 p_values,
 							 NULL,
 							 NULL,
 							 0))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->conn, false, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->s.conn, false, fmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -3695,10 +4110,10 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->conn, fmstate->query);
+	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->s.conn, fmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) !=
 		(fmstate->has_returning ? PGRES_TUPLES_OK : PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, fmstate->query);
 
 	/* Check number of rows affected, and fetch RETURNING tuple if any */
 	if (fmstate->has_returning)
@@ -3734,7 +4149,7 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 
 	/* Construct name we'll use for the prepared statement. */
 	snprintf(prep_name, sizeof(prep_name), "pgsql_fdw_prep_%u",
-			 GetPrepStmtNumber(fmstate->conn));
+			 GetPrepStmtNumber(fmstate->s.conn));
 	p_name = pstrdup(prep_name);
 
 	/*
@@ -3744,12 +4159,12 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 	 * the prepared statements we use in this module are simple enough that
 	 * the remote server will make the right choices.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendPrepare(fmstate->conn,
+	if (!PQsendPrepare(fmstate->s.conn,
 					   p_name,
 					   fmstate->query,
 					   0,
 					   NULL))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->conn, false, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->s.conn, false, fmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -3757,9 +4172,9 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->conn, fmstate->query);
+	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->s.conn, fmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, fmstate->query);
 	PQclear(res);
 
 	/* This action shows that the prepare has been done. */
@@ -3888,16 +4303,16 @@ finish_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 		 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 		 * without releasing the PGresult.
 		 */
-		res = pgfdw_exec_query(fmstate->conn, sql);
+		res = pgfdw_exec_query(fmstate->s.conn, sql);
 		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, sql);
+			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, sql);
 		PQclear(res);
 		fmstate->p_name = NULL;
 	}
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(fmstate->conn);
-	fmstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(fmstate->s.conn);
+	fmstate->s.conn = NULL;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -4056,9 +4471,9 @@ execute_dml_stmt(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * the desired result.  This allows us to avoid assuming that the remote
 	 * server has the same OIDs we do for the parameters' types.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendQueryParams(dmstate->conn, dmstate->query, numParams,
+	if (!PQsendQueryParams(dmstate->s.conn, dmstate->query, numParams,
 						   NULL, values, NULL, NULL, 0))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, dmstate->conn, false, dmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, dmstate->s.conn, false, dmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -4066,10 +4481,10 @@ execute_dml_stmt(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	dmstate->result = pgfdw_get_result(dmstate->conn, dmstate->query);
+	dmstate->result = pgfdw_get_result(dmstate->s.conn, dmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(dmstate->result) !=
 		(dmstate->has_returning ? PGRES_TUPLES_OK : PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, dmstate->result, dmstate->conn, true,
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, dmstate->result, dmstate->s.conn, true,
 						   dmstate->query);
 
 	/* Get the number of rows affected. */
@@ -5560,6 +5975,40 @@ postgresGetForeignJoinPaths(PlannerInfo *root,
 	/* XXX Consider parameterized paths for the join relation */
 }
 
+static bool
+postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable(ForeignPath *path)
+{
+	return true;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Configure waiting event.
+ *
+ * Add wait event so that the ForeignScan node is going to wait for.
+ */
+static bool
+postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait(ForeignScanState *node, WaitEventSet *wes,
+								  void *caller_data, bool reinit)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+
+
+	/* Reinit is not supported for now. */
+	Assert(reinit);
+
+	if (fsstate->s.commonstate->leader == node)
+	{
+		AddWaitEventToSet(wes,
+						  WL_SOCKET_READABLE, PQsocket(fsstate->s.conn),
+						  NULL, caller_data);
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+
 /*
  * Assess whether the aggregation, grouping and having operations can be pushed
  * down to the foreign server.  As a side effect, save information we obtain in
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
index eef410db39..96af75a33e 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ typedef struct PgFdwRelationInfo
 	UserMapping *user;			/* only set in use_remote_estimate mode */
 
 	int			fetch_size;		/* fetch size for this remote table */
+	bool		allow_prefetch;	/* true to allow overlapped fetching  */
 
 	/*
 	 * Name of the relation, for use while EXPLAINing ForeignScan.  It is used
@@ -130,6 +131,7 @@ extern void reset_transmission_modes(int nestlevel);
 
 /* in connection.c */
 extern PGconn *GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt);
+void *GetConnectionSpecificStorage(UserMapping *user, size_t initsize);
 extern void ReleaseConnection(PGconn *conn);
 extern unsigned int GetCursorNumber(PGconn *conn);
 extern unsigned int GetPrepStmtNumber(PGconn *conn);
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index 83971665e3..359208a12a 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -1780,25 +1780,25 @@ INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
@@ -1840,12 +1840,12 @@ insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
 insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
 
 -- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an inherited source table
 explain (verbose, costs off)
@@ -1904,8 +1904,8 @@ explain (verbose, costs off)
 delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
 
 -- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with row-level triggers
 CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
-- 
2.18.4


----Next_Part(Thu_Jul__2_11_14_48_2020_705)----





^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 54+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v6 3/3] async postgres_fdw
@ 2017-10-19 08:24  Kyotaro Horiguchi <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 54+ messages in thread

From: Kyotaro Horiguchi @ 2017-10-19 08:24 UTC (permalink / raw)

---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             |  28 +
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 272 ++++----
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c           | 601 +++++++++++++++---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h           |   2 +
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     |  20 +-
 5 files changed, 710 insertions(+), 213 deletions(-)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 08daf26fdf..be5948f613 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ typedef struct ConnCacheEntry
 	bool		invalidated;	/* true if reconnect is pending */
 	uint32		server_hashvalue;	/* hash value of foreign server OID */
 	uint32		mapping_hashvalue;	/* hash value of user mapping OID */
+	void		*storage;		/* connection specific storage */
 } ConnCacheEntry;
 
 /*
@@ -203,6 +204,7 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt)
 
 		elog(DEBUG3, "new postgres_fdw connection %p for server \"%s\" (user mapping oid %u, userid %u)",
 			 entry->conn, server->servername, user->umid, user->userid);
+		entry->storage = NULL;
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -216,6 +218,32 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt)
 	return entry->conn;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Returns the connection specific storage for this user. Allocate with
+ * initsize if not exists.
+ */
+void *
+GetConnectionSpecificStorage(UserMapping *user, size_t initsize)
+{
+	bool		found;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	ConnCacheKey key;
+
+	/* Find storage using the same key with GetConnection */
+	key = user->umid;
+	entry = hash_search(ConnectionHash, &key, HASH_ENTER, &found);
+	Assert(found);
+
+	/* Create one if not yet. */
+	if (entry->storage == NULL)
+	{
+		entry->storage = MemoryContextAlloc(CacheMemoryContext, initsize);
+		memset(entry->storage, 0, initsize);
+	}
+
+	return entry->storage;
+}
+
 /*
  * Connect to remote server using specified server and user mapping properties.
  */
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 90db550b92..9374fa3a6c 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -6973,7 +6973,7 @@ INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaaa');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |  aa   
 ----------+-------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7001,7 +7001,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7029,7 +7029,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7057,7 +7057,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | newtoo
@@ -7127,35 +7127,41 @@ insert into bar2 values(3,33,33);
 insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
 insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
-                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
-   ->  Hash Join
+   ->  Merge Join
          Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
-         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
-         ->  Append
-               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Merge Append
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Sort
                      Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+                     Sort Key: bar_1.f1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
                ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
                      Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
-         ->  Hash
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Sort
                Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  HashAggregate
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(23 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(29 rows)
 
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
  f1 | f2 
 ----+----
   1 | 11
@@ -7165,35 +7171,41 @@ select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
 (4 rows)
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
-                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
-   ->  Hash Join
+   ->  Merge Join
          Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
-         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
-         ->  Append
-               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Merge Append
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Sort
                      Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+                     Sort Key: bar_1.f1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
                ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
                      Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
-         ->  Hash
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST FOR SHARE
+         ->  Sort
                Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  HashAggregate
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(23 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(29 rows)
 
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
  f1 | f2 
 ----+----
   1 | 11
@@ -7223,11 +7235,12 @@ update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
    ->  Hash Join
          Output: bar_1.f1, (bar_1.f2 + 100), bar_1.f3, bar_1.ctid, foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
@@ -7241,12 +7254,13 @@ update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(39 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(41 rows)
 
 update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
 select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
@@ -7276,16 +7290,17 @@ where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
          Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid, (ROW(foo.f1))
          Hash Cond: (foo.f1 = bar.f1)
          ->  Append
+               Async subplans: 2 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                     Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                     Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
                      Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
-                     Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
                      Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
-                     Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
          ->  Hash
                Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid
                ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
@@ -7303,17 +7318,18 @@ where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
                Output: (ROW(foo.f1)), foo.f1
                Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  Append
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                      ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
                            Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
-                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
-                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                      ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
                            Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
-                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
-                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
-(45 rows)
+(47 rows)
 
 update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
 from
@@ -7463,27 +7479,33 @@ delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 (5 rows)
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
-                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Update on public.bar
-   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2
-   Update on public.bar
-   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
-   ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
-         Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid
-   ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
-         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
-(8 rows)
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: u.f1, u.f2
+   Sort Key: u.f1
+   CTE u
+     ->  Update on public.bar
+           Output: bar.f1, bar.f2
+           Update on public.bar
+           Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
+           ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
+                 Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid
+           ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
+                 Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  CTE Scan on u
+         Output: u.f1, u.f2
+(14 rows)
 
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
  f1 | f2  
 ----+-----
   1 | 311
   2 | 322
-  6 | 266
   3 | 333
   4 | 344
+  6 | 266
   7 | 277
 (6 rows)
 
@@ -8558,11 +8580,12 @@ SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER J
  Sort
    Sort Key: t1.a, t3.c
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 2 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: ((ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p1 t3_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: ((ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p2 t3_2)
-(7 rows)
+(8 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
   a  |  b  |  c   
@@ -8597,20 +8620,22 @@ SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10)
 -- with whole-row reference; partitionwise join does not apply
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
-                       QUERY PLAN                       
---------------------------------------------------------
+                          QUERY PLAN                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: ((t1.*)::fprt1), ((t2.*)::fprt2)
    ->  Hash Full Join
          Hash Cond: (t1.a = t2.b)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+               Async subplans: 2 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
          ->  Hash
                ->  Append
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
-(11 rows)
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+(13 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
        wr       |       wr       
@@ -8639,11 +8664,12 @@ SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t
  Sort
    Sort Key: t1.a, t1.b
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 2 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: (ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: (ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)
-(7 rows)
+(8 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
   a  |  b  
@@ -8696,21 +8722,23 @@ SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE
 -- test FOR UPDATE; partitionwise join does not apply
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
-                          QUERY PLAN                          
---------------------------------------------------------------
+                             QUERY PLAN                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    ->  Sort
          Sort Key: t1.a
          ->  Hash Join
                Hash Cond: (t2.b = t1.a)
                ->  Append
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
                ->  Hash
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
-(12 rows)
+                           Async subplans: 2 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+(14 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
   a  |  b  
@@ -8745,18 +8773,19 @@ ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p3;
 SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO false;
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
-                        QUERY PLAN                         
------------------------------------------------------------
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
    ->  HashAggregate
          Group Key: pagg_tab.a
          Filter: (avg(pagg_tab.b) < '22'::numeric)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
-(9 rows)
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(10 rows)
 
 -- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is enabled
 SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO true;
@@ -8767,13 +8796,14 @@ SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 O
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 3 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2)
-(9 rows)
+(10 rows)
 
 SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  a  | sum  | min | count 
@@ -8795,29 +8825,22 @@ SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  Sort
    Output: t1.a, (count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab)))
    Sort Key: t1.a
-   ->  Append
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1
-                     Output: t1.a, t1.*, t1.b
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1_1.a, count(((t1_1.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1_1.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1_1.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_1
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
+         Group Key: t1.a
+         Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+         ->  Append
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1_1
                      Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.*, t1_1.b
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1_2.a, count(((t1_2.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1_2.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1_2.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_2
                      Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.*, t1_2.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_3
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.*, t1_3.b
                      Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p3
-(25 rows)
+(18 rows)
 
 SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  a  | count 
@@ -8837,20 +8860,15 @@ SELECT b, avg(a), max(a), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY b HAVING sum(a) < 700
 -----------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.b
-   ->  Finalize HashAggregate
+   ->  HashAggregate
          Group Key: pagg_tab.b
          Filter: (sum(pagg_tab.a) < 700)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab_1.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab_2.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2
-(15 rows)
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(10 rows)
 
 -- ===================================================================
 -- access rights and superuser
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
index 9fc53cad68..4bfc2d39ea 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/explain.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
+#include "executor/execAsync.h"
+#include "executor/nodeForeignscan.h"
 #include "foreign/fdwapi.h"
 #include "funcapi.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
@@ -35,6 +37,7 @@
 #include "optimizer/restrictinfo.h"
 #include "optimizer/tlist.h"
 #include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "pgstat.h"
 #include "postgres_fdw.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/float.h"
@@ -56,6 +59,9 @@ PG_MODULE_MAGIC;
 /* If no remote estimates, assume a sort costs 20% extra */
 #define DEFAULT_FDW_SORT_MULTIPLIER 1.2
 
+/* Retrieve PgFdwScanState struct from ForeignScanState */
+#define GetPgFdwScanState(n) ((PgFdwScanState *)(n)->fdw_state)
+
 /*
  * Indexes of FDW-private information stored in fdw_private lists.
  *
@@ -122,11 +128,29 @@ enum FdwDirectModifyPrivateIndex
 	FdwDirectModifyPrivateSetProcessed
 };
 
+/*
+ * Connection common state - shared among all PgFdwState instances using the
+ * same connection.
+ */
+typedef struct PgFdwConnCommonState
+{
+	ForeignScanState   *leader;		/* leader node of this connection */
+	bool				busy;		/* true if this connection is busy */
+} PgFdwConnCommonState;
+
+/* Execution state base type */
+typedef struct PgFdwState
+{
+	PGconn	   *conn;					/* connection for the scan */
+	PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate;	/* connection common state */
+} PgFdwState;
+
 /*
  * Execution state of a foreign scan using postgres_fdw.
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table. NULL
 								 * for a foreign join scan. */
 	TupleDesc	tupdesc;		/* tuple descriptor of scan */
@@ -137,7 +161,6 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 	List	   *retrieved_attrs;	/* list of retrieved attribute numbers */
 
 	/* for remote query execution */
-	PGconn	   *conn;			/* connection for the scan */
 	unsigned int cursor_number; /* quasi-unique ID for my cursor */
 	bool		cursor_exists;	/* have we created the cursor? */
 	int			numParams;		/* number of parameters passed to query */
@@ -153,6 +176,12 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 	/* batch-level state, for optimizing rewinds and avoiding useless fetch */
 	int			fetch_ct_2;		/* Min(# of fetches done, 2) */
 	bool		eof_reached;	/* true if last fetch reached EOF */
+	bool		async;			/* true if run asynchronously */
+	bool		queued;			/* true if this node is in waiter queue */
+	ForeignScanState *waiter;	/* Next node to run a query among nodes
+								 * sharing the same connection */
+	ForeignScanState *last_waiter;	/* last element in waiter queue.
+									 * valid only on the leader node */
 
 	/* working memory contexts */
 	MemoryContext batch_cxt;	/* context holding current batch of tuples */
@@ -166,11 +195,11 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwModifyState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table */
 	AttInMetadata *attinmeta;	/* attribute datatype conversion metadata */
 
 	/* for remote query execution */
-	PGconn	   *conn;			/* connection for the scan */
 	char	   *p_name;			/* name of prepared statement, if created */
 
 	/* extracted fdw_private data */
@@ -197,6 +226,7 @@ typedef struct PgFdwModifyState
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwDirectModifyState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table */
 	AttInMetadata *attinmeta;	/* attribute datatype conversion metadata */
 
@@ -326,6 +356,7 @@ static void postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags);
 static TupleTableSlot *postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void postgresShutdownForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets(Query *parsetree,
 											RangeTblEntry *target_rte,
 											Relation target_relation);
@@ -391,6 +422,10 @@ static void postgresGetForeignUpperPaths(PlannerInfo *root,
 										 RelOptInfo *input_rel,
 										 RelOptInfo *output_rel,
 										 void *extra);
+static bool postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable(ForeignPath *path);
+static bool postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait(ForeignScanState *node,
+											  WaitEventSet *wes,
+											  void *caller_data, bool reinit);
 
 /*
  * Helper functions
@@ -419,7 +454,9 @@ static bool ec_member_matches_foreign(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
 									  EquivalenceClass *ec, EquivalenceMember *em,
 									  void *arg);
 static void create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node);
-static void fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void request_more_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void fetch_received_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void vacate_connection(PgFdwState *fdwconn, bool clear_queue);
 static void close_cursor(PGconn *conn, unsigned int cursor_number);
 static PgFdwModifyState *create_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 											   RangeTblEntry *rte,
@@ -522,6 +559,7 @@ postgres_fdw_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	routine->IterateForeignScan = postgresIterateForeignScan;
 	routine->ReScanForeignScan = postgresReScanForeignScan;
 	routine->EndForeignScan = postgresEndForeignScan;
+	routine->ShutdownForeignScan = postgresShutdownForeignScan;
 
 	/* Functions for updating foreign tables */
 	routine->AddForeignUpdateTargets = postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets;
@@ -558,6 +596,10 @@ postgres_fdw_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	/* Support functions for upper relation push-down */
 	routine->GetForeignUpperPaths = postgresGetForeignUpperPaths;
 
+	/* Support functions for async execution */
+	routine->IsForeignPathAsyncCapable = postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable;
+	routine->ForeignAsyncConfigureWait = postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait;
+
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(routine);
 }
 
@@ -1434,12 +1476,22 @@ postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 	 * Get connection to the foreign server.  Connection manager will
 	 * establish new connection if necessary.
 	 */
-	fsstate->conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	fsstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	fsstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->leader = NULL;
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+	fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	fsstate->last_waiter = node;
 
 	/* Assign a unique ID for my cursor */
-	fsstate->cursor_number = GetCursorNumber(fsstate->conn);
+	fsstate->cursor_number = GetCursorNumber(fsstate->s.conn);
 	fsstate->cursor_exists = false;
 
+	/* Initialize async execution status */
+	fsstate->async = false;
+	fsstate->queued = false;
+
 	/* Get private info created by planner functions. */
 	fsstate->query = strVal(list_nth(fsplan->fdw_private,
 									 FdwScanPrivateSelectSql));
@@ -1487,40 +1539,241 @@ postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 							 &fsstate->param_values);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Async queue manipulation functions
+ */
+
+/*
+ * add_async_waiter:
+ *
+ * Enqueue node if it isn't in the queue. Immediately send request it if the
+ * underlying connection is not busy.
+ */
+static inline void
+add_async_waiter(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState   *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+
+	/*
+	 * Do nothing if the node is already in the queue or already eof'ed.
+	 * Note: leader node is not marked as queued.
+	 */
+	if (leader == node || fsstate->queued || fsstate->eof_reached)
+		return;
+
+	if (leader == NULL)
+	{
+		/* no leader means not busy, send request immediately */
+		request_more_data(node);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* the connection is busy, queue the node */
+		PgFdwScanState   *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+		PgFdwScanState   *last_waiter_state
+			= GetPgFdwScanState(leader_state->last_waiter);
+
+		last_waiter_state->waiter = node;
+		leader_state->last_waiter = node;
+		fsstate->queued = true;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * move_to_next_waiter:
+ *
+ * Make the first waiter be the next leader
+ * Returns the new leader or NULL if there's no waiter.
+ */
+static inline ForeignScanState *
+move_to_next_waiter(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *next_leader = leader_state->waiter;
+
+	Assert(leader_state->s.commonstate->leader = node);
+
+	if (next_leader)
+	{
+		/* the first waiter becomes the next leader */
+		PgFdwScanState *next_leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(next_leader);
+		next_leader_state->last_waiter = leader_state->last_waiter;
+		next_leader_state->queued = false;
+	}
+
+	leader_state->waiter = NULL;
+	leader_state->s.commonstate->leader = next_leader;
+
+	return next_leader;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Remove the node from waiter queue.
+ *
+ * Remaining results are cleared if the node is a busy leader.
+ * This intended to be used during node shutdown.
+ */
+static inline void
+remove_async_node(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState		*fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState	*leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+	PgFdwScanState		*leader_state;
+	ForeignScanState	*prev;
+	PgFdwScanState		*prev_state;
+	ForeignScanState	*cur;
+
+	/* no need to remove me */
+	if (!leader || !fsstate->queued)
+		return;
+
+	leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+	if (leader == node)
+	{
+		if (leader_state->s.commonstate->busy)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * this node is waiting for result, absorb the result first so
+			 * that the following commands can be sent on the connection.
+			 */
+			PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+			PGconn *conn = leader_state->s.conn;
+
+			while(PQisBusy(conn))
+				PQclear(PQgetResult(conn));
+
+			leader_state->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+		}
+
+		move_to_next_waiter(node);
+
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Just remove the node from the queue
+	 *
+	 * Nodes don't have a link to the previous node but anyway this function is
+	 * called on the shutdown path, so we don't bother seeking for faster way
+	 * to do this.
+	 */
+	prev = leader;
+	prev_state = leader_state;
+	cur =  GetPgFdwScanState(prev)->waiter;
+	while (cur)
+	{
+		PgFdwScanState *curstate = GetPgFdwScanState(cur);
+
+		if (cur == node)
+		{
+			prev_state->waiter = curstate->waiter;
+
+			/* relink to the previous node if the last node was removed */
+			if (leader_state->last_waiter == cur)
+				leader_state->last_waiter = prev;
+
+			fsstate->queued = false;
+
+			return;
+		}
+		prev = cur;
+		prev_state = curstate;
+		cur = curstate->waiter;
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * postgresIterateForeignScan
- *		Retrieve next row from the result set, or clear tuple slot to indicate
- *		EOF.
+ *		Retrieve next row from the result set.
+ *
+ *		For synchronous nodes, returns clear tuple slot means EOF.
+ *
+ *		For asynchronous nodes, if clear tuple slot is returned, the caller
+ *		needs to check async state to tell if all tuples received
+ *		(AS_AVAILABLE) or waiting for the next data to come (AS_WAITING).
  */
 static TupleTableSlot *
 postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	TupleTableSlot *slot = node->ss.ss_ScanTupleSlot;
 
-	/*
-	 * If this is the first call after Begin or ReScan, we need to create the
-	 * cursor on the remote side.
-	 */
-	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
-		create_cursor(node);
-
-	/*
-	 * Get some more tuples, if we've run out.
-	 */
+	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples && !fsstate->eof_reached)
+	{
+		/* we've run out, get some more tuples */
+		if (!node->fs_async)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * finish the running query before sending the next command for
+			 * this node
+			 */
+			if (!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy)
+				vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fsstate, false);
+
+			request_more_data(node);
+
+			/* Fetch the result immediately. */
+			fetch_received_data(node);
+		}
+		else if (!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy)
+		{
+			/* If the connection is not busy, just send the request. */
+			request_more_data(node);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			/* The connection is busy, queue the request */
+			bool available = true;
+			ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+			PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+			/* queue the requested node */
+			add_async_waiter(node);
+
+			/*
+			 * The request for the next node cannot be sent before the leader
+			 * responds. Finish the current leader if possible.
+			 */
+			if (PQisBusy(leader_state->s.conn))
+			{
+				int rc = WaitLatchOrSocket(NULL,
+										   WL_SOCKET_READABLE | WL_TIMEOUT |
+										   WL_EXIT_ON_PM_DEATH,
+										   PQsocket(leader_state->s.conn), 0,
+										   WAIT_EVENT_ASYNC_WAIT);
+				if (!(rc & WL_SOCKET_READABLE))
+					available = false;
+			}
+
+			/* fetch the leader's data and enqueue it for the next request */
+			if (available)
+			{
+				fetch_received_data(leader);
+				add_async_waiter(leader);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
 	{
-		/* No point in another fetch if we already detected EOF, though. */
-		if (!fsstate->eof_reached)
-			fetch_more_data(node);
-		/* If we didn't get any tuples, must be end of data. */
-		if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
-			return ExecClearTuple(slot);
+		/*
+		 * We haven't received a result for the given node this time, return
+		 * with no tuple to give way to another node.
+		 */
+		if (fsstate->eof_reached)
+			node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_AVAILABLE;
+		else
+			node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_WAITING;
+
+		return ExecClearTuple(slot);
 	}
 
 	/*
 	 * Return the next tuple.
 	 */
+	node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_AVAILABLE;
 	ExecStoreHeapTuple(fsstate->tuples[fsstate->next_tuple++],
 					   slot,
 					   false);
@@ -1535,7 +1788,7 @@ postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 static void
 postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	char		sql[64];
 	PGresult   *res;
 
@@ -1543,6 +1796,8 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
 		return;
 
+	vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fsstate, true);
+
 	/*
 	 * If any internal parameters affecting this node have changed, we'd
 	 * better destroy and recreate the cursor.  Otherwise, rewinding it should
@@ -1571,9 +1826,9 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_exec_query(fsstate->conn, sql);
+	res = pgfdw_exec_query(fsstate->s.conn, sql);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fsstate->conn, true, sql);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fsstate->s.conn, true, sql);
 	PQclear(res);
 
 	/* Now force a fresh FETCH. */
@@ -1591,7 +1846,7 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 static void
 postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 
 	/* if fsstate is NULL, we are in EXPLAIN; nothing to do */
 	if (fsstate == NULL)
@@ -1599,15 +1854,31 @@ postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 
 	/* Close the cursor if open, to prevent accumulation of cursors */
 	if (fsstate->cursor_exists)
-		close_cursor(fsstate->conn, fsstate->cursor_number);
+		close_cursor(fsstate->s.conn, fsstate->cursor_number);
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(fsstate->conn);
-	fsstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(fsstate->s.conn);
+	fsstate->s.conn = NULL;
 
 	/* MemoryContexts will be deleted automatically. */
 }
 
+/*
+ * postgresShutdownForeignScan
+ *		Remove asynchrony stuff and cleanup garbage on the connection.
+ */
+static void
+postgresShutdownForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	ForeignScan *plan = (ForeignScan *) node->ss.ps.plan;
+
+	if (plan->operation != CMD_SELECT)
+		return;
+
+	/* remove the node from waiting queue */
+	remove_async_node(node);
+}
+
 /*
  * postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets
  *		Add resjunk column(s) needed for update/delete on a foreign table
@@ -2372,7 +2643,9 @@ postgresBeginDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 	 * Get connection to the foreign server.  Connection manager will
 	 * establish new connection if necessary.
 	 */
-	dmstate->conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	dmstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	dmstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
 
 	/* Update the foreign-join-related fields. */
 	if (fsplan->scan.scanrelid == 0)
@@ -2457,7 +2730,11 @@ postgresIterateDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * If this is the first call after Begin, execute the statement.
 	 */
 	if (dmstate->num_tuples == -1)
+	{
+		/* finish running query to send my command */
+		vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)dmstate, true);
 		execute_dml_stmt(node);
+	}
 
 	/*
 	 * If the local query doesn't specify RETURNING, just clear tuple slot.
@@ -2504,8 +2781,8 @@ postgresEndDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node)
 		PQclear(dmstate->result);
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(dmstate->conn);
-	dmstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(dmstate->s.conn);
+	dmstate->s.conn = NULL;
 
 	/* MemoryContext will be deleted automatically. */
 }
@@ -2703,6 +2980,7 @@ estimate_path_cost_size(PlannerInfo *root,
 		List	   *local_param_join_conds;
 		StringInfoData sql;
 		PGconn	   *conn;
+		PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate;
 		Selectivity local_sel;
 		QualCost	local_cost;
 		List	   *fdw_scan_tlist = NIL;
@@ -2747,6 +3025,18 @@ estimate_path_cost_size(PlannerInfo *root,
 
 		/* Get the remote estimate */
 		conn = GetConnection(fpinfo->user, false);
+		commonstate = GetConnectionSpecificStorage(fpinfo->user,
+												sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
+		if (commonstate)
+		{
+			PgFdwState tmpstate;
+			tmpstate.conn = conn;
+			tmpstate.commonstate = commonstate;
+
+			/* finish running query to send my command */
+			vacate_connection(&tmpstate, true);
+		}
+
 		get_remote_estimate(sql.data, conn, &rows, &width,
 							&startup_cost, &total_cost);
 		ReleaseConnection(conn);
@@ -3317,11 +3607,11 @@ ec_member_matches_foreign(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
 static void
 create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	ExprContext *econtext = node->ss.ps.ps_ExprContext;
 	int			numParams = fsstate->numParams;
 	const char **values = fsstate->param_values;
-	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->conn;
+	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
 	StringInfoData buf;
 	PGresult   *res;
 
@@ -3384,50 +3674,119 @@ create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node)
 }
 
 /*
- * Fetch some more rows from the node's cursor.
+ * Sends the next request of the node. If the given node is different from the
+ * current connection leader, pushes it back to waiter queue and let the given
+ * node be the leader.
  */
 static void
-fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
+request_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
+	char		sql[64];
+
+	/* must be non-busy */
+	Assert(!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy);
+	/* must be not-eof'ed */
+	Assert(!fsstate->eof_reached);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the first call after Begin or ReScan, we need to create the
+	 * cursor on the remote side.
+	 */
+	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
+		create_cursor(node);
+
+	snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "FETCH %d FROM c%u",
+			 fsstate->fetch_size, fsstate->cursor_number);
+
+	if (!PQsendQuery(conn, sql))
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, conn, false, sql);
+
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = true;
+
+	/* The node is the current leader, just return. */
+	if (leader == node)
+		return;
+
+	/* Let the node be the leader */
+	if (leader != NULL)
+	{
+		remove_async_node(node);
+		fsstate->last_waiter = GetPgFdwScanState(leader)->last_waiter;
+		fsstate->waiter = leader;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		fsstate->last_waiter = node;
+		fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	}
+
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->leader = node;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Fetches received data and automatically send requests of the next waiter.
+ */
+static void
+fetch_received_data(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	PGresult   *volatile res = NULL;
 	MemoryContext oldcontext;
+	ForeignScanState *waiter;
+
+	/* I should be the current connection leader */
+	Assert(fsstate->s.commonstate->leader == node);
 
 	/*
 	 * We'll store the tuples in the batch_cxt.  First, flush the previous
-	 * batch.
+	 * batch if no tuple is remaining
 	 */
-	fsstate->tuples = NULL;
-	MemoryContextReset(fsstate->batch_cxt);
+	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
+	{
+		fsstate->tuples = NULL;
+		fsstate->num_tuples = 0;
+		MemoryContextReset(fsstate->batch_cxt);
+	}
+	else if (fsstate->next_tuple > 0)
+	{
+		/* There's some remains. Move them to the beginning of the store */
+		int n = 0;
+
+		while(fsstate->next_tuple < fsstate->num_tuples)
+			fsstate->tuples[n++] = fsstate->tuples[fsstate->next_tuple++];
+		fsstate->num_tuples = n;
+	}
+
 	oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(fsstate->batch_cxt);
 
 	/* PGresult must be released before leaving this function. */
 	PG_TRY();
 	{
-		PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->conn;
-		char		sql[64];
-		int			numrows;
+		PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
+		int			addrows;
+		size_t		newsize;
 		int			i;
 
-		snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "FETCH %d FROM c%u",
-				 fsstate->fetch_size, fsstate->cursor_number);
-
-		res = pgfdw_exec_query(conn, sql);
-		/* On error, report the original query, not the FETCH. */
+		res = pgfdw_get_result(conn, fsstate->query);
 		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
 			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, conn, false, fsstate->query);
 
 		/* Convert the data into HeapTuples */
-		numrows = PQntuples(res);
-		fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) palloc0(numrows * sizeof(HeapTuple));
-		fsstate->num_tuples = numrows;
-		fsstate->next_tuple = 0;
+		addrows = PQntuples(res);
+		newsize = (fsstate->num_tuples + addrows) * sizeof(HeapTuple);
+		if (fsstate->tuples)
+			fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) repalloc(fsstate->tuples, newsize);
+		else
+			fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) palloc(newsize);
 
-		for (i = 0; i < numrows; i++)
+		for (i = 0; i < addrows; i++)
 		{
 			Assert(IsA(node->ss.ps.plan, ForeignScan));
 
-			fsstate->tuples[i] =
+			fsstate->tuples[fsstate->num_tuples + i] =
 				make_tuple_from_result_row(res, i,
 										   fsstate->rel,
 										   fsstate->attinmeta,
@@ -3437,22 +3796,73 @@ fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
 		}
 
 		/* Update fetch_ct_2 */
-		if (fsstate->fetch_ct_2 < 2)
+		if (fsstate->fetch_ct_2 < 2 && fsstate->next_tuple == 0)
 			fsstate->fetch_ct_2++;
 
+		fsstate->next_tuple = 0;
+		fsstate->num_tuples += addrows;
+
 		/* Must be EOF if we didn't get as many tuples as we asked for. */
-		fsstate->eof_reached = (numrows < fsstate->fetch_size);
+		fsstate->eof_reached = (addrows < fsstate->fetch_size);
 	}
 	PG_FINALLY();
 	{
+		fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+
 		if (res)
 			PQclear(res);
 	}
 	PG_END_TRY();
 
+	/* let the first waiter be the next leader of this connection */
+	waiter = move_to_next_waiter(node);
+
+	/* send the next request if any */
+	if (waiter)
+		request_more_data(waiter);
+
 	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Vacate the underlying connection so that this node can send the next query.
+ */
+static void
+vacate_connection(PgFdwState *fdwstate, bool clear_queue)
+{
+	PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate = fdwstate->commonstate;
+	ForeignScanState *leader;
+
+	Assert(commonstate != NULL);
+
+	/* just return if the connection is already available */
+	if (commonstate->leader == NULL || !commonstate->busy)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * let the current connection leader read all of the result for the running
+	 * query
+	 */
+	leader = commonstate->leader;
+	fetch_received_data(leader);
+
+	/* let the first waiter be the next leader of this connection */
+	move_to_next_waiter(leader);
+
+	if (!clear_queue)
+		return;
+
+	/* Clear the waiting list */
+	while (leader)
+	{
+		PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+		fsstate->last_waiter = NULL;
+		leader = fsstate->waiter;
+		fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * Force assorted GUC parameters to settings that ensure that we'll output
  * data values in a form that is unambiguous to the remote server.
@@ -3566,7 +3976,9 @@ create_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	user = GetUserMapping(userid, table->serverid);
 
 	/* Open connection; report that we'll create a prepared statement. */
-	fmstate->conn = GetConnection(user, true);
+	fmstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, true);
+	fmstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
 	fmstate->p_name = NULL;		/* prepared statement not made yet */
 
 	/* Set up remote query information. */
@@ -3653,6 +4065,9 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 		   operation == CMD_UPDATE ||
 		   operation == CMD_DELETE);
 
+	/* finish running query to send my command */
+	vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fmstate, true);
+
 	/* Set up the prepared statement on the remote server, if we didn't yet */
 	if (!fmstate->p_name)
 		prepare_foreign_modify(fmstate);
@@ -3680,14 +4095,14 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	/*
 	 * Execute the prepared statement.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->conn,
+	if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->s.conn,
 							 fmstate->p_name,
 							 fmstate->p_nums,
 							 p_values,
 							 NULL,
 							 NULL,
 							 0))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->conn, false, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->s.conn, false, fmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -3695,10 +4110,10 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->conn, fmstate->query);
+	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->s.conn, fmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) !=
 		(fmstate->has_returning ? PGRES_TUPLES_OK : PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, fmstate->query);
 
 	/* Check number of rows affected, and fetch RETURNING tuple if any */
 	if (fmstate->has_returning)
@@ -3734,7 +4149,7 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 
 	/* Construct name we'll use for the prepared statement. */
 	snprintf(prep_name, sizeof(prep_name), "pgsql_fdw_prep_%u",
-			 GetPrepStmtNumber(fmstate->conn));
+			 GetPrepStmtNumber(fmstate->s.conn));
 	p_name = pstrdup(prep_name);
 
 	/*
@@ -3744,12 +4159,12 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 	 * the prepared statements we use in this module are simple enough that
 	 * the remote server will make the right choices.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendPrepare(fmstate->conn,
+	if (!PQsendPrepare(fmstate->s.conn,
 					   p_name,
 					   fmstate->query,
 					   0,
 					   NULL))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->conn, false, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->s.conn, false, fmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -3757,9 +4172,9 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->conn, fmstate->query);
+	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->s.conn, fmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, fmstate->query);
 	PQclear(res);
 
 	/* This action shows that the prepare has been done. */
@@ -3888,16 +4303,16 @@ finish_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 		 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 		 * without releasing the PGresult.
 		 */
-		res = pgfdw_exec_query(fmstate->conn, sql);
+		res = pgfdw_exec_query(fmstate->s.conn, sql);
 		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, sql);
+			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, sql);
 		PQclear(res);
 		fmstate->p_name = NULL;
 	}
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(fmstate->conn);
-	fmstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(fmstate->s.conn);
+	fmstate->s.conn = NULL;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -4056,9 +4471,9 @@ execute_dml_stmt(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * the desired result.  This allows us to avoid assuming that the remote
 	 * server has the same OIDs we do for the parameters' types.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendQueryParams(dmstate->conn, dmstate->query, numParams,
+	if (!PQsendQueryParams(dmstate->s.conn, dmstate->query, numParams,
 						   NULL, values, NULL, NULL, 0))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, dmstate->conn, false, dmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, dmstate->s.conn, false, dmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -4066,10 +4481,10 @@ execute_dml_stmt(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	dmstate->result = pgfdw_get_result(dmstate->conn, dmstate->query);
+	dmstate->result = pgfdw_get_result(dmstate->s.conn, dmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(dmstate->result) !=
 		(dmstate->has_returning ? PGRES_TUPLES_OK : PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, dmstate->result, dmstate->conn, true,
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, dmstate->result, dmstate->s.conn, true,
 						   dmstate->query);
 
 	/* Get the number of rows affected. */
@@ -5560,6 +5975,40 @@ postgresGetForeignJoinPaths(PlannerInfo *root,
 	/* XXX Consider parameterized paths for the join relation */
 }
 
+static bool
+postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable(ForeignPath *path)
+{
+	return true;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Configure waiting event.
+ *
+ * Add wait event so that the ForeignScan node is going to wait for.
+ */
+static bool
+postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait(ForeignScanState *node, WaitEventSet *wes,
+								  void *caller_data, bool reinit)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+
+
+	/* Reinit is not supported for now. */
+	Assert(reinit);
+
+	if (fsstate->s.commonstate->leader == node)
+	{
+		AddWaitEventToSet(wes,
+						  WL_SOCKET_READABLE, PQsocket(fsstate->s.conn),
+						  NULL, caller_data);
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+
 /*
  * Assess whether the aggregation, grouping and having operations can be pushed
  * down to the foreign server.  As a side effect, save information we obtain in
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
index eef410db39..96af75a33e 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ typedef struct PgFdwRelationInfo
 	UserMapping *user;			/* only set in use_remote_estimate mode */
 
 	int			fetch_size;		/* fetch size for this remote table */
+	bool		allow_prefetch;	/* true to allow overlapped fetching  */
 
 	/*
 	 * Name of the relation, for use while EXPLAINing ForeignScan.  It is used
@@ -130,6 +131,7 @@ extern void reset_transmission_modes(int nestlevel);
 
 /* in connection.c */
 extern PGconn *GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt);
+void *GetConnectionSpecificStorage(UserMapping *user, size_t initsize);
 extern void ReleaseConnection(PGconn *conn);
 extern unsigned int GetCursorNumber(PGconn *conn);
 extern unsigned int GetPrepStmtNumber(PGconn *conn);
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index 83971665e3..359208a12a 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -1780,25 +1780,25 @@ INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
@@ -1840,12 +1840,12 @@ insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
 insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
 
 -- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an inherited source table
 explain (verbose, costs off)
@@ -1904,8 +1904,8 @@ explain (verbose, costs off)
 delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
 
 -- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with row-level triggers
 CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
-- 
2.18.4


----Next_Part(Thu_Aug_20_16_36_08_2020_519)----





^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 54+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v5 3/3] async postgres_fdw
@ 2017-10-19 08:24  Kyotaro Horiguchi <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 54+ messages in thread

From: Kyotaro Horiguchi @ 2017-10-19 08:24 UTC (permalink / raw)

---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             |  28 +
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 272 ++++----
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c           | 601 +++++++++++++++---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h           |   2 +
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     |  20 +-
 5 files changed, 710 insertions(+), 213 deletions(-)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 52d1fe3563..d9edc5e4de 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ typedef struct ConnCacheEntry
 	bool		invalidated;	/* true if reconnect is pending */
 	uint32		server_hashvalue;	/* hash value of foreign server OID */
 	uint32		mapping_hashvalue;	/* hash value of user mapping OID */
+	void		*storage;		/* connection specific storage */
 } ConnCacheEntry;
 
 /*
@@ -202,6 +203,7 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt)
 
 		elog(DEBUG3, "new postgres_fdw connection %p for server \"%s\" (user mapping oid %u, userid %u)",
 			 entry->conn, server->servername, user->umid, user->userid);
+		entry->storage = NULL;
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -215,6 +217,32 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt)
 	return entry->conn;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Returns the connection specific storage for this user. Allocate with
+ * initsize if not exists.
+ */
+void *
+GetConnectionSpecificStorage(UserMapping *user, size_t initsize)
+{
+	bool		found;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	ConnCacheKey key;
+
+	/* Find storage using the same key with GetConnection */
+	key = user->umid;
+	entry = hash_search(ConnectionHash, &key, HASH_ENTER, &found);
+	Assert(found);
+
+	/* Create one if not yet. */
+	if (entry->storage == NULL)
+	{
+		entry->storage = MemoryContextAlloc(CacheMemoryContext, initsize);
+		memset(entry->storage, 0, initsize);
+	}
+
+	return entry->storage;
+}
+
 /*
  * Connect to remote server using specified server and user mapping properties.
  */
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 82fc1290ef..bf9b4041cd 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -6973,7 +6973,7 @@ INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaaa');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |  aa   
 ----------+-------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7001,7 +7001,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7029,7 +7029,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7057,7 +7057,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | newtoo
@@ -7127,35 +7127,41 @@ insert into bar2 values(3,33,33);
 insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
 insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
-                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
-   ->  Hash Join
+   ->  Merge Join
          Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
-         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
-         ->  Append
-               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Merge Append
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Sort
                      Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+                     Sort Key: bar_1.f1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
                ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
                      Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
-         ->  Hash
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Sort
                Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  HashAggregate
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(23 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(29 rows)
 
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
  f1 | f2 
 ----+----
   1 | 11
@@ -7165,35 +7171,41 @@ select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
 (4 rows)
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
-                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
-   ->  Hash Join
+   ->  Merge Join
          Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
-         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
-         ->  Append
-               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Merge Append
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Sort
                      Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+                     Sort Key: bar_1.f1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
                ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
                      Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
-         ->  Hash
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST FOR SHARE
+         ->  Sort
                Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  HashAggregate
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(23 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(29 rows)
 
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
  f1 | f2 
 ----+----
   1 | 11
@@ -7223,11 +7235,12 @@ update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
    ->  Hash Join
          Output: bar_1.f1, (bar_1.f2 + 100), bar_1.f3, bar_1.ctid, foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
@@ -7241,12 +7254,13 @@ update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(39 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(41 rows)
 
 update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
 select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
@@ -7276,16 +7290,17 @@ where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
          Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid, (ROW(foo.f1))
          Hash Cond: (foo.f1 = bar.f1)
          ->  Append
+               Async subplans: 2 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                     Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                     Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
                      Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
-                     Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
                      Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
-                     Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
          ->  Hash
                Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid
                ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
@@ -7303,17 +7318,18 @@ where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
                Output: (ROW(foo.f1)), foo.f1
                Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  Append
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                      ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
                            Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
-                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
-                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                      ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
                            Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
-                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
-                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
-(45 rows)
+(47 rows)
 
 update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
 from
@@ -7463,27 +7479,33 @@ delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 (5 rows)
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
-                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Update on public.bar
-   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2
-   Update on public.bar
-   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
-   ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
-         Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid
-   ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
-         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
-(8 rows)
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: u.f1, u.f2
+   Sort Key: u.f1
+   CTE u
+     ->  Update on public.bar
+           Output: bar.f1, bar.f2
+           Update on public.bar
+           Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
+           ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
+                 Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid
+           ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
+                 Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  CTE Scan on u
+         Output: u.f1, u.f2
+(14 rows)
 
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
  f1 | f2  
 ----+-----
   1 | 311
   2 | 322
-  6 | 266
   3 | 333
   4 | 344
+  6 | 266
   7 | 277
 (6 rows)
 
@@ -8558,11 +8580,12 @@ SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER J
  Sort
    Sort Key: t1.a, t3.c
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 2 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: ((ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p1 t3_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: ((ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p2 t3_2)
-(7 rows)
+(8 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
   a  |  b  |  c   
@@ -8597,20 +8620,22 @@ SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10)
 -- with whole-row reference; partitionwise join does not apply
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
-                       QUERY PLAN                       
---------------------------------------------------------
+                          QUERY PLAN                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: ((t1.*)::fprt1), ((t2.*)::fprt2)
    ->  Hash Full Join
          Hash Cond: (t1.a = t2.b)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+               Async subplans: 2 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
          ->  Hash
                ->  Append
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
-(11 rows)
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+(13 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
        wr       |       wr       
@@ -8639,11 +8664,12 @@ SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t
  Sort
    Sort Key: t1.a, t1.b
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 2 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: (ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: (ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)
-(7 rows)
+(8 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
   a  |  b  
@@ -8696,21 +8722,23 @@ SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE
 -- test FOR UPDATE; partitionwise join does not apply
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
-                          QUERY PLAN                          
---------------------------------------------------------------
+                             QUERY PLAN                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    ->  Sort
          Sort Key: t1.a
          ->  Hash Join
                Hash Cond: (t2.b = t1.a)
                ->  Append
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
                ->  Hash
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
-(12 rows)
+                           Async subplans: 2 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+(14 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
   a  |  b  
@@ -8745,18 +8773,19 @@ ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p3;
 SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO false;
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
-                        QUERY PLAN                         
------------------------------------------------------------
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
    ->  HashAggregate
          Group Key: pagg_tab.a
          Filter: (avg(pagg_tab.b) < '22'::numeric)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
-(9 rows)
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(10 rows)
 
 -- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is enabled
 SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO true;
@@ -8767,13 +8796,14 @@ SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 O
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 3 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2)
-(9 rows)
+(10 rows)
 
 SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  a  | sum  | min | count 
@@ -8795,29 +8825,22 @@ SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  Sort
    Output: t1.a, (count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab)))
    Sort Key: t1.a
-   ->  Append
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1
-                     Output: t1.a, t1.*, t1.b
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1_1.a, count(((t1_1.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1_1.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1_1.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_1
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
+         Group Key: t1.a
+         Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+         ->  Append
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1_1
                      Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.*, t1_1.b
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1_2.a, count(((t1_2.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1_2.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1_2.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_2
                      Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.*, t1_2.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_3
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.*, t1_3.b
                      Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p3
-(25 rows)
+(18 rows)
 
 SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  a  | count 
@@ -8837,20 +8860,15 @@ SELECT b, avg(a), max(a), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY b HAVING sum(a) < 700
 -----------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.b
-   ->  Finalize HashAggregate
+   ->  HashAggregate
          Group Key: pagg_tab.b
          Filter: (sum(pagg_tab.a) < 700)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab_1.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab_2.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2
-(15 rows)
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(10 rows)
 
 -- ===================================================================
 -- access rights and superuser
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
index 9fc53cad68..4bfc2d39ea 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/explain.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
+#include "executor/execAsync.h"
+#include "executor/nodeForeignscan.h"
 #include "foreign/fdwapi.h"
 #include "funcapi.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
@@ -35,6 +37,7 @@
 #include "optimizer/restrictinfo.h"
 #include "optimizer/tlist.h"
 #include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "pgstat.h"
 #include "postgres_fdw.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/float.h"
@@ -56,6 +59,9 @@ PG_MODULE_MAGIC;
 /* If no remote estimates, assume a sort costs 20% extra */
 #define DEFAULT_FDW_SORT_MULTIPLIER 1.2
 
+/* Retrieve PgFdwScanState struct from ForeignScanState */
+#define GetPgFdwScanState(n) ((PgFdwScanState *)(n)->fdw_state)
+
 /*
  * Indexes of FDW-private information stored in fdw_private lists.
  *
@@ -122,11 +128,29 @@ enum FdwDirectModifyPrivateIndex
 	FdwDirectModifyPrivateSetProcessed
 };
 
+/*
+ * Connection common state - shared among all PgFdwState instances using the
+ * same connection.
+ */
+typedef struct PgFdwConnCommonState
+{
+	ForeignScanState   *leader;		/* leader node of this connection */
+	bool				busy;		/* true if this connection is busy */
+} PgFdwConnCommonState;
+
+/* Execution state base type */
+typedef struct PgFdwState
+{
+	PGconn	   *conn;					/* connection for the scan */
+	PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate;	/* connection common state */
+} PgFdwState;
+
 /*
  * Execution state of a foreign scan using postgres_fdw.
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table. NULL
 								 * for a foreign join scan. */
 	TupleDesc	tupdesc;		/* tuple descriptor of scan */
@@ -137,7 +161,6 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 	List	   *retrieved_attrs;	/* list of retrieved attribute numbers */
 
 	/* for remote query execution */
-	PGconn	   *conn;			/* connection for the scan */
 	unsigned int cursor_number; /* quasi-unique ID for my cursor */
 	bool		cursor_exists;	/* have we created the cursor? */
 	int			numParams;		/* number of parameters passed to query */
@@ -153,6 +176,12 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 	/* batch-level state, for optimizing rewinds and avoiding useless fetch */
 	int			fetch_ct_2;		/* Min(# of fetches done, 2) */
 	bool		eof_reached;	/* true if last fetch reached EOF */
+	bool		async;			/* true if run asynchronously */
+	bool		queued;			/* true if this node is in waiter queue */
+	ForeignScanState *waiter;	/* Next node to run a query among nodes
+								 * sharing the same connection */
+	ForeignScanState *last_waiter;	/* last element in waiter queue.
+									 * valid only on the leader node */
 
 	/* working memory contexts */
 	MemoryContext batch_cxt;	/* context holding current batch of tuples */
@@ -166,11 +195,11 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwModifyState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table */
 	AttInMetadata *attinmeta;	/* attribute datatype conversion metadata */
 
 	/* for remote query execution */
-	PGconn	   *conn;			/* connection for the scan */
 	char	   *p_name;			/* name of prepared statement, if created */
 
 	/* extracted fdw_private data */
@@ -197,6 +226,7 @@ typedef struct PgFdwModifyState
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwDirectModifyState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table */
 	AttInMetadata *attinmeta;	/* attribute datatype conversion metadata */
 
@@ -326,6 +356,7 @@ static void postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags);
 static TupleTableSlot *postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void postgresShutdownForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets(Query *parsetree,
 											RangeTblEntry *target_rte,
 											Relation target_relation);
@@ -391,6 +422,10 @@ static void postgresGetForeignUpperPaths(PlannerInfo *root,
 										 RelOptInfo *input_rel,
 										 RelOptInfo *output_rel,
 										 void *extra);
+static bool postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable(ForeignPath *path);
+static bool postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait(ForeignScanState *node,
+											  WaitEventSet *wes,
+											  void *caller_data, bool reinit);
 
 /*
  * Helper functions
@@ -419,7 +454,9 @@ static bool ec_member_matches_foreign(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
 									  EquivalenceClass *ec, EquivalenceMember *em,
 									  void *arg);
 static void create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node);
-static void fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void request_more_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void fetch_received_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void vacate_connection(PgFdwState *fdwconn, bool clear_queue);
 static void close_cursor(PGconn *conn, unsigned int cursor_number);
 static PgFdwModifyState *create_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 											   RangeTblEntry *rte,
@@ -522,6 +559,7 @@ postgres_fdw_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	routine->IterateForeignScan = postgresIterateForeignScan;
 	routine->ReScanForeignScan = postgresReScanForeignScan;
 	routine->EndForeignScan = postgresEndForeignScan;
+	routine->ShutdownForeignScan = postgresShutdownForeignScan;
 
 	/* Functions for updating foreign tables */
 	routine->AddForeignUpdateTargets = postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets;
@@ -558,6 +596,10 @@ postgres_fdw_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	/* Support functions for upper relation push-down */
 	routine->GetForeignUpperPaths = postgresGetForeignUpperPaths;
 
+	/* Support functions for async execution */
+	routine->IsForeignPathAsyncCapable = postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable;
+	routine->ForeignAsyncConfigureWait = postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait;
+
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(routine);
 }
 
@@ -1434,12 +1476,22 @@ postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 	 * Get connection to the foreign server.  Connection manager will
 	 * establish new connection if necessary.
 	 */
-	fsstate->conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	fsstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	fsstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->leader = NULL;
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+	fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	fsstate->last_waiter = node;
 
 	/* Assign a unique ID for my cursor */
-	fsstate->cursor_number = GetCursorNumber(fsstate->conn);
+	fsstate->cursor_number = GetCursorNumber(fsstate->s.conn);
 	fsstate->cursor_exists = false;
 
+	/* Initialize async execution status */
+	fsstate->async = false;
+	fsstate->queued = false;
+
 	/* Get private info created by planner functions. */
 	fsstate->query = strVal(list_nth(fsplan->fdw_private,
 									 FdwScanPrivateSelectSql));
@@ -1487,40 +1539,241 @@ postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 							 &fsstate->param_values);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Async queue manipulation functions
+ */
+
+/*
+ * add_async_waiter:
+ *
+ * Enqueue node if it isn't in the queue. Immediately send request it if the
+ * underlying connection is not busy.
+ */
+static inline void
+add_async_waiter(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState   *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+
+	/*
+	 * Do nothing if the node is already in the queue or already eof'ed.
+	 * Note: leader node is not marked as queued.
+	 */
+	if (leader == node || fsstate->queued || fsstate->eof_reached)
+		return;
+
+	if (leader == NULL)
+	{
+		/* no leader means not busy, send request immediately */
+		request_more_data(node);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* the connection is busy, queue the node */
+		PgFdwScanState   *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+		PgFdwScanState   *last_waiter_state
+			= GetPgFdwScanState(leader_state->last_waiter);
+
+		last_waiter_state->waiter = node;
+		leader_state->last_waiter = node;
+		fsstate->queued = true;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * move_to_next_waiter:
+ *
+ * Make the first waiter be the next leader
+ * Returns the new leader or NULL if there's no waiter.
+ */
+static inline ForeignScanState *
+move_to_next_waiter(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *next_leader = leader_state->waiter;
+
+	Assert(leader_state->s.commonstate->leader = node);
+
+	if (next_leader)
+	{
+		/* the first waiter becomes the next leader */
+		PgFdwScanState *next_leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(next_leader);
+		next_leader_state->last_waiter = leader_state->last_waiter;
+		next_leader_state->queued = false;
+	}
+
+	leader_state->waiter = NULL;
+	leader_state->s.commonstate->leader = next_leader;
+
+	return next_leader;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Remove the node from waiter queue.
+ *
+ * Remaining results are cleared if the node is a busy leader.
+ * This intended to be used during node shutdown.
+ */
+static inline void
+remove_async_node(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState		*fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState	*leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+	PgFdwScanState		*leader_state;
+	ForeignScanState	*prev;
+	PgFdwScanState		*prev_state;
+	ForeignScanState	*cur;
+
+	/* no need to remove me */
+	if (!leader || !fsstate->queued)
+		return;
+
+	leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+	if (leader == node)
+	{
+		if (leader_state->s.commonstate->busy)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * this node is waiting for result, absorb the result first so
+			 * that the following commands can be sent on the connection.
+			 */
+			PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+			PGconn *conn = leader_state->s.conn;
+
+			while(PQisBusy(conn))
+				PQclear(PQgetResult(conn));
+
+			leader_state->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+		}
+
+		move_to_next_waiter(node);
+
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Just remove the node from the queue
+	 *
+	 * Nodes don't have a link to the previous node but anyway this function is
+	 * called on the shutdown path, so we don't bother seeking for faster way
+	 * to do this.
+	 */
+	prev = leader;
+	prev_state = leader_state;
+	cur =  GetPgFdwScanState(prev)->waiter;
+	while (cur)
+	{
+		PgFdwScanState *curstate = GetPgFdwScanState(cur);
+
+		if (cur == node)
+		{
+			prev_state->waiter = curstate->waiter;
+
+			/* relink to the previous node if the last node was removed */
+			if (leader_state->last_waiter == cur)
+				leader_state->last_waiter = prev;
+
+			fsstate->queued = false;
+
+			return;
+		}
+		prev = cur;
+		prev_state = curstate;
+		cur = curstate->waiter;
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * postgresIterateForeignScan
- *		Retrieve next row from the result set, or clear tuple slot to indicate
- *		EOF.
+ *		Retrieve next row from the result set.
+ *
+ *		For synchronous nodes, returns clear tuple slot means EOF.
+ *
+ *		For asynchronous nodes, if clear tuple slot is returned, the caller
+ *		needs to check async state to tell if all tuples received
+ *		(AS_AVAILABLE) or waiting for the next data to come (AS_WAITING).
  */
 static TupleTableSlot *
 postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	TupleTableSlot *slot = node->ss.ss_ScanTupleSlot;
 
-	/*
-	 * If this is the first call after Begin or ReScan, we need to create the
-	 * cursor on the remote side.
-	 */
-	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
-		create_cursor(node);
-
-	/*
-	 * Get some more tuples, if we've run out.
-	 */
+	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples && !fsstate->eof_reached)
+	{
+		/* we've run out, get some more tuples */
+		if (!node->fs_async)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * finish the running query before sending the next command for
+			 * this node
+			 */
+			if (!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy)
+				vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fsstate, false);
+
+			request_more_data(node);
+
+			/* Fetch the result immediately. */
+			fetch_received_data(node);
+		}
+		else if (!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy)
+		{
+			/* If the connection is not busy, just send the request. */
+			request_more_data(node);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			/* The connection is busy, queue the request */
+			bool available = true;
+			ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+			PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+			/* queue the requested node */
+			add_async_waiter(node);
+
+			/*
+			 * The request for the next node cannot be sent before the leader
+			 * responds. Finish the current leader if possible.
+			 */
+			if (PQisBusy(leader_state->s.conn))
+			{
+				int rc = WaitLatchOrSocket(NULL,
+										   WL_SOCKET_READABLE | WL_TIMEOUT |
+										   WL_EXIT_ON_PM_DEATH,
+										   PQsocket(leader_state->s.conn), 0,
+										   WAIT_EVENT_ASYNC_WAIT);
+				if (!(rc & WL_SOCKET_READABLE))
+					available = false;
+			}
+
+			/* fetch the leader's data and enqueue it for the next request */
+			if (available)
+			{
+				fetch_received_data(leader);
+				add_async_waiter(leader);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
 	{
-		/* No point in another fetch if we already detected EOF, though. */
-		if (!fsstate->eof_reached)
-			fetch_more_data(node);
-		/* If we didn't get any tuples, must be end of data. */
-		if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
-			return ExecClearTuple(slot);
+		/*
+		 * We haven't received a result for the given node this time, return
+		 * with no tuple to give way to another node.
+		 */
+		if (fsstate->eof_reached)
+			node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_AVAILABLE;
+		else
+			node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_WAITING;
+
+		return ExecClearTuple(slot);
 	}
 
 	/*
 	 * Return the next tuple.
 	 */
+	node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_AVAILABLE;
 	ExecStoreHeapTuple(fsstate->tuples[fsstate->next_tuple++],
 					   slot,
 					   false);
@@ -1535,7 +1788,7 @@ postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 static void
 postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	char		sql[64];
 	PGresult   *res;
 
@@ -1543,6 +1796,8 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
 		return;
 
+	vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fsstate, true);
+
 	/*
 	 * If any internal parameters affecting this node have changed, we'd
 	 * better destroy and recreate the cursor.  Otherwise, rewinding it should
@@ -1571,9 +1826,9 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_exec_query(fsstate->conn, sql);
+	res = pgfdw_exec_query(fsstate->s.conn, sql);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fsstate->conn, true, sql);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fsstate->s.conn, true, sql);
 	PQclear(res);
 
 	/* Now force a fresh FETCH. */
@@ -1591,7 +1846,7 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 static void
 postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 
 	/* if fsstate is NULL, we are in EXPLAIN; nothing to do */
 	if (fsstate == NULL)
@@ -1599,15 +1854,31 @@ postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 
 	/* Close the cursor if open, to prevent accumulation of cursors */
 	if (fsstate->cursor_exists)
-		close_cursor(fsstate->conn, fsstate->cursor_number);
+		close_cursor(fsstate->s.conn, fsstate->cursor_number);
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(fsstate->conn);
-	fsstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(fsstate->s.conn);
+	fsstate->s.conn = NULL;
 
 	/* MemoryContexts will be deleted automatically. */
 }
 
+/*
+ * postgresShutdownForeignScan
+ *		Remove asynchrony stuff and cleanup garbage on the connection.
+ */
+static void
+postgresShutdownForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	ForeignScan *plan = (ForeignScan *) node->ss.ps.plan;
+
+	if (plan->operation != CMD_SELECT)
+		return;
+
+	/* remove the node from waiting queue */
+	remove_async_node(node);
+}
+
 /*
  * postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets
  *		Add resjunk column(s) needed for update/delete on a foreign table
@@ -2372,7 +2643,9 @@ postgresBeginDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 	 * Get connection to the foreign server.  Connection manager will
 	 * establish new connection if necessary.
 	 */
-	dmstate->conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	dmstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	dmstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
 
 	/* Update the foreign-join-related fields. */
 	if (fsplan->scan.scanrelid == 0)
@@ -2457,7 +2730,11 @@ postgresIterateDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * If this is the first call after Begin, execute the statement.
 	 */
 	if (dmstate->num_tuples == -1)
+	{
+		/* finish running query to send my command */
+		vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)dmstate, true);
 		execute_dml_stmt(node);
+	}
 
 	/*
 	 * If the local query doesn't specify RETURNING, just clear tuple slot.
@@ -2504,8 +2781,8 @@ postgresEndDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node)
 		PQclear(dmstate->result);
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(dmstate->conn);
-	dmstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(dmstate->s.conn);
+	dmstate->s.conn = NULL;
 
 	/* MemoryContext will be deleted automatically. */
 }
@@ -2703,6 +2980,7 @@ estimate_path_cost_size(PlannerInfo *root,
 		List	   *local_param_join_conds;
 		StringInfoData sql;
 		PGconn	   *conn;
+		PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate;
 		Selectivity local_sel;
 		QualCost	local_cost;
 		List	   *fdw_scan_tlist = NIL;
@@ -2747,6 +3025,18 @@ estimate_path_cost_size(PlannerInfo *root,
 
 		/* Get the remote estimate */
 		conn = GetConnection(fpinfo->user, false);
+		commonstate = GetConnectionSpecificStorage(fpinfo->user,
+												sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
+		if (commonstate)
+		{
+			PgFdwState tmpstate;
+			tmpstate.conn = conn;
+			tmpstate.commonstate = commonstate;
+
+			/* finish running query to send my command */
+			vacate_connection(&tmpstate, true);
+		}
+
 		get_remote_estimate(sql.data, conn, &rows, &width,
 							&startup_cost, &total_cost);
 		ReleaseConnection(conn);
@@ -3317,11 +3607,11 @@ ec_member_matches_foreign(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
 static void
 create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	ExprContext *econtext = node->ss.ps.ps_ExprContext;
 	int			numParams = fsstate->numParams;
 	const char **values = fsstate->param_values;
-	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->conn;
+	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
 	StringInfoData buf;
 	PGresult   *res;
 
@@ -3384,50 +3674,119 @@ create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node)
 }
 
 /*
- * Fetch some more rows from the node's cursor.
+ * Sends the next request of the node. If the given node is different from the
+ * current connection leader, pushes it back to waiter queue and let the given
+ * node be the leader.
  */
 static void
-fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
+request_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
+	char		sql[64];
+
+	/* must be non-busy */
+	Assert(!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy);
+	/* must be not-eof'ed */
+	Assert(!fsstate->eof_reached);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the first call after Begin or ReScan, we need to create the
+	 * cursor on the remote side.
+	 */
+	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
+		create_cursor(node);
+
+	snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "FETCH %d FROM c%u",
+			 fsstate->fetch_size, fsstate->cursor_number);
+
+	if (!PQsendQuery(conn, sql))
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, conn, false, sql);
+
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = true;
+
+	/* The node is the current leader, just return. */
+	if (leader == node)
+		return;
+
+	/* Let the node be the leader */
+	if (leader != NULL)
+	{
+		remove_async_node(node);
+		fsstate->last_waiter = GetPgFdwScanState(leader)->last_waiter;
+		fsstate->waiter = leader;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		fsstate->last_waiter = node;
+		fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	}
+
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->leader = node;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Fetches received data and automatically send requests of the next waiter.
+ */
+static void
+fetch_received_data(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	PGresult   *volatile res = NULL;
 	MemoryContext oldcontext;
+	ForeignScanState *waiter;
+
+	/* I should be the current connection leader */
+	Assert(fsstate->s.commonstate->leader == node);
 
 	/*
 	 * We'll store the tuples in the batch_cxt.  First, flush the previous
-	 * batch.
+	 * batch if no tuple is remaining
 	 */
-	fsstate->tuples = NULL;
-	MemoryContextReset(fsstate->batch_cxt);
+	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
+	{
+		fsstate->tuples = NULL;
+		fsstate->num_tuples = 0;
+		MemoryContextReset(fsstate->batch_cxt);
+	}
+	else if (fsstate->next_tuple > 0)
+	{
+		/* There's some remains. Move them to the beginning of the store */
+		int n = 0;
+
+		while(fsstate->next_tuple < fsstate->num_tuples)
+			fsstate->tuples[n++] = fsstate->tuples[fsstate->next_tuple++];
+		fsstate->num_tuples = n;
+	}
+
 	oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(fsstate->batch_cxt);
 
 	/* PGresult must be released before leaving this function. */
 	PG_TRY();
 	{
-		PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->conn;
-		char		sql[64];
-		int			numrows;
+		PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
+		int			addrows;
+		size_t		newsize;
 		int			i;
 
-		snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "FETCH %d FROM c%u",
-				 fsstate->fetch_size, fsstate->cursor_number);
-
-		res = pgfdw_exec_query(conn, sql);
-		/* On error, report the original query, not the FETCH. */
+		res = pgfdw_get_result(conn, fsstate->query);
 		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
 			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, conn, false, fsstate->query);
 
 		/* Convert the data into HeapTuples */
-		numrows = PQntuples(res);
-		fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) palloc0(numrows * sizeof(HeapTuple));
-		fsstate->num_tuples = numrows;
-		fsstate->next_tuple = 0;
+		addrows = PQntuples(res);
+		newsize = (fsstate->num_tuples + addrows) * sizeof(HeapTuple);
+		if (fsstate->tuples)
+			fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) repalloc(fsstate->tuples, newsize);
+		else
+			fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) palloc(newsize);
 
-		for (i = 0; i < numrows; i++)
+		for (i = 0; i < addrows; i++)
 		{
 			Assert(IsA(node->ss.ps.plan, ForeignScan));
 
-			fsstate->tuples[i] =
+			fsstate->tuples[fsstate->num_tuples + i] =
 				make_tuple_from_result_row(res, i,
 										   fsstate->rel,
 										   fsstate->attinmeta,
@@ -3437,22 +3796,73 @@ fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
 		}
 
 		/* Update fetch_ct_2 */
-		if (fsstate->fetch_ct_2 < 2)
+		if (fsstate->fetch_ct_2 < 2 && fsstate->next_tuple == 0)
 			fsstate->fetch_ct_2++;
 
+		fsstate->next_tuple = 0;
+		fsstate->num_tuples += addrows;
+
 		/* Must be EOF if we didn't get as many tuples as we asked for. */
-		fsstate->eof_reached = (numrows < fsstate->fetch_size);
+		fsstate->eof_reached = (addrows < fsstate->fetch_size);
 	}
 	PG_FINALLY();
 	{
+		fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+
 		if (res)
 			PQclear(res);
 	}
 	PG_END_TRY();
 
+	/* let the first waiter be the next leader of this connection */
+	waiter = move_to_next_waiter(node);
+
+	/* send the next request if any */
+	if (waiter)
+		request_more_data(waiter);
+
 	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Vacate the underlying connection so that this node can send the next query.
+ */
+static void
+vacate_connection(PgFdwState *fdwstate, bool clear_queue)
+{
+	PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate = fdwstate->commonstate;
+	ForeignScanState *leader;
+
+	Assert(commonstate != NULL);
+
+	/* just return if the connection is already available */
+	if (commonstate->leader == NULL || !commonstate->busy)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * let the current connection leader read all of the result for the running
+	 * query
+	 */
+	leader = commonstate->leader;
+	fetch_received_data(leader);
+
+	/* let the first waiter be the next leader of this connection */
+	move_to_next_waiter(leader);
+
+	if (!clear_queue)
+		return;
+
+	/* Clear the waiting list */
+	while (leader)
+	{
+		PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+		fsstate->last_waiter = NULL;
+		leader = fsstate->waiter;
+		fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * Force assorted GUC parameters to settings that ensure that we'll output
  * data values in a form that is unambiguous to the remote server.
@@ -3566,7 +3976,9 @@ create_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	user = GetUserMapping(userid, table->serverid);
 
 	/* Open connection; report that we'll create a prepared statement. */
-	fmstate->conn = GetConnection(user, true);
+	fmstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, true);
+	fmstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
 	fmstate->p_name = NULL;		/* prepared statement not made yet */
 
 	/* Set up remote query information. */
@@ -3653,6 +4065,9 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 		   operation == CMD_UPDATE ||
 		   operation == CMD_DELETE);
 
+	/* finish running query to send my command */
+	vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fmstate, true);
+
 	/* Set up the prepared statement on the remote server, if we didn't yet */
 	if (!fmstate->p_name)
 		prepare_foreign_modify(fmstate);
@@ -3680,14 +4095,14 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	/*
 	 * Execute the prepared statement.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->conn,
+	if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->s.conn,
 							 fmstate->p_name,
 							 fmstate->p_nums,
 							 p_values,
 							 NULL,
 							 NULL,
 							 0))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->conn, false, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->s.conn, false, fmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -3695,10 +4110,10 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->conn, fmstate->query);
+	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->s.conn, fmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) !=
 		(fmstate->has_returning ? PGRES_TUPLES_OK : PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, fmstate->query);
 
 	/* Check number of rows affected, and fetch RETURNING tuple if any */
 	if (fmstate->has_returning)
@@ -3734,7 +4149,7 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 
 	/* Construct name we'll use for the prepared statement. */
 	snprintf(prep_name, sizeof(prep_name), "pgsql_fdw_prep_%u",
-			 GetPrepStmtNumber(fmstate->conn));
+			 GetPrepStmtNumber(fmstate->s.conn));
 	p_name = pstrdup(prep_name);
 
 	/*
@@ -3744,12 +4159,12 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 	 * the prepared statements we use in this module are simple enough that
 	 * the remote server will make the right choices.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendPrepare(fmstate->conn,
+	if (!PQsendPrepare(fmstate->s.conn,
 					   p_name,
 					   fmstate->query,
 					   0,
 					   NULL))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->conn, false, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->s.conn, false, fmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -3757,9 +4172,9 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->conn, fmstate->query);
+	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->s.conn, fmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, fmstate->query);
 	PQclear(res);
 
 	/* This action shows that the prepare has been done. */
@@ -3888,16 +4303,16 @@ finish_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 		 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 		 * without releasing the PGresult.
 		 */
-		res = pgfdw_exec_query(fmstate->conn, sql);
+		res = pgfdw_exec_query(fmstate->s.conn, sql);
 		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, sql);
+			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, sql);
 		PQclear(res);
 		fmstate->p_name = NULL;
 	}
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(fmstate->conn);
-	fmstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(fmstate->s.conn);
+	fmstate->s.conn = NULL;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -4056,9 +4471,9 @@ execute_dml_stmt(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * the desired result.  This allows us to avoid assuming that the remote
 	 * server has the same OIDs we do for the parameters' types.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendQueryParams(dmstate->conn, dmstate->query, numParams,
+	if (!PQsendQueryParams(dmstate->s.conn, dmstate->query, numParams,
 						   NULL, values, NULL, NULL, 0))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, dmstate->conn, false, dmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, dmstate->s.conn, false, dmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -4066,10 +4481,10 @@ execute_dml_stmt(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	dmstate->result = pgfdw_get_result(dmstate->conn, dmstate->query);
+	dmstate->result = pgfdw_get_result(dmstate->s.conn, dmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(dmstate->result) !=
 		(dmstate->has_returning ? PGRES_TUPLES_OK : PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, dmstate->result, dmstate->conn, true,
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, dmstate->result, dmstate->s.conn, true,
 						   dmstate->query);
 
 	/* Get the number of rows affected. */
@@ -5560,6 +5975,40 @@ postgresGetForeignJoinPaths(PlannerInfo *root,
 	/* XXX Consider parameterized paths for the join relation */
 }
 
+static bool
+postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable(ForeignPath *path)
+{
+	return true;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Configure waiting event.
+ *
+ * Add wait event so that the ForeignScan node is going to wait for.
+ */
+static bool
+postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait(ForeignScanState *node, WaitEventSet *wes,
+								  void *caller_data, bool reinit)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+
+
+	/* Reinit is not supported for now. */
+	Assert(reinit);
+
+	if (fsstate->s.commonstate->leader == node)
+	{
+		AddWaitEventToSet(wes,
+						  WL_SOCKET_READABLE, PQsocket(fsstate->s.conn),
+						  NULL, caller_data);
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+
 /*
  * Assess whether the aggregation, grouping and having operations can be pushed
  * down to the foreign server.  As a side effect, save information we obtain in
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
index eef410db39..96af75a33e 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ typedef struct PgFdwRelationInfo
 	UserMapping *user;			/* only set in use_remote_estimate mode */
 
 	int			fetch_size;		/* fetch size for this remote table */
+	bool		allow_prefetch;	/* true to allow overlapped fetching  */
 
 	/*
 	 * Name of the relation, for use while EXPLAINing ForeignScan.  It is used
@@ -130,6 +131,7 @@ extern void reset_transmission_modes(int nestlevel);
 
 /* in connection.c */
 extern PGconn *GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt);
+void *GetConnectionSpecificStorage(UserMapping *user, size_t initsize);
 extern void ReleaseConnection(PGconn *conn);
 extern unsigned int GetCursorNumber(PGconn *conn);
 extern unsigned int GetPrepStmtNumber(PGconn *conn);
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index 83971665e3..359208a12a 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -1780,25 +1780,25 @@ INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
@@ -1840,12 +1840,12 @@ insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
 insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
 
 -- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an inherited source table
 explain (verbose, costs off)
@@ -1904,8 +1904,8 @@ explain (verbose, costs off)
 delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
 
 -- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with row-level triggers
 CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
-- 
2.18.4


----Next_Part(Thu_Jul__2_11_14_48_2020_705)----





^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 54+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v6 3/3] async postgres_fdw
@ 2017-10-19 08:24  Kyotaro Horiguchi <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 54+ messages in thread

From: Kyotaro Horiguchi @ 2017-10-19 08:24 UTC (permalink / raw)

---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             |  28 +
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 272 ++++----
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c           | 601 +++++++++++++++---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h           |   2 +
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     |  20 +-
 5 files changed, 710 insertions(+), 213 deletions(-)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 08daf26fdf..be5948f613 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ typedef struct ConnCacheEntry
 	bool		invalidated;	/* true if reconnect is pending */
 	uint32		server_hashvalue;	/* hash value of foreign server OID */
 	uint32		mapping_hashvalue;	/* hash value of user mapping OID */
+	void		*storage;		/* connection specific storage */
 } ConnCacheEntry;
 
 /*
@@ -203,6 +204,7 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt)
 
 		elog(DEBUG3, "new postgres_fdw connection %p for server \"%s\" (user mapping oid %u, userid %u)",
 			 entry->conn, server->servername, user->umid, user->userid);
+		entry->storage = NULL;
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -216,6 +218,32 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt)
 	return entry->conn;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Returns the connection specific storage for this user. Allocate with
+ * initsize if not exists.
+ */
+void *
+GetConnectionSpecificStorage(UserMapping *user, size_t initsize)
+{
+	bool		found;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	ConnCacheKey key;
+
+	/* Find storage using the same key with GetConnection */
+	key = user->umid;
+	entry = hash_search(ConnectionHash, &key, HASH_ENTER, &found);
+	Assert(found);
+
+	/* Create one if not yet. */
+	if (entry->storage == NULL)
+	{
+		entry->storage = MemoryContextAlloc(CacheMemoryContext, initsize);
+		memset(entry->storage, 0, initsize);
+	}
+
+	return entry->storage;
+}
+
 /*
  * Connect to remote server using specified server and user mapping properties.
  */
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 90db550b92..9374fa3a6c 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -6973,7 +6973,7 @@ INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaaa');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |  aa   
 ----------+-------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7001,7 +7001,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7029,7 +7029,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7057,7 +7057,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | newtoo
@@ -7127,35 +7127,41 @@ insert into bar2 values(3,33,33);
 insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
 insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
-                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
-   ->  Hash Join
+   ->  Merge Join
          Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
-         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
-         ->  Append
-               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Merge Append
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Sort
                      Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+                     Sort Key: bar_1.f1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
                ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
                      Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
-         ->  Hash
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Sort
                Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  HashAggregate
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(23 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(29 rows)
 
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
  f1 | f2 
 ----+----
   1 | 11
@@ -7165,35 +7171,41 @@ select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
 (4 rows)
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
-                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
-   ->  Hash Join
+   ->  Merge Join
          Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
-         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
-         ->  Append
-               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Merge Append
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Sort
                      Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+                     Sort Key: bar_1.f1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
                ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
                      Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
-         ->  Hash
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST FOR SHARE
+         ->  Sort
                Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  HashAggregate
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(23 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(29 rows)
 
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
  f1 | f2 
 ----+----
   1 | 11
@@ -7223,11 +7235,12 @@ update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
    ->  Hash Join
          Output: bar_1.f1, (bar_1.f2 + 100), bar_1.f3, bar_1.ctid, foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
@@ -7241,12 +7254,13 @@ update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(39 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(41 rows)
 
 update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
 select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
@@ -7276,16 +7290,17 @@ where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
          Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid, (ROW(foo.f1))
          Hash Cond: (foo.f1 = bar.f1)
          ->  Append
+               Async subplans: 2 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                     Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                     Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
                      Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
-                     Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
                      Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
-                     Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
          ->  Hash
                Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid
                ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
@@ -7303,17 +7318,18 @@ where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
                Output: (ROW(foo.f1)), foo.f1
                Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  Append
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                      ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
                            Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
-                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
-                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                      ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
                            Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
-                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
-                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
-(45 rows)
+(47 rows)
 
 update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
 from
@@ -7463,27 +7479,33 @@ delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 (5 rows)
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
-                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Update on public.bar
-   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2
-   Update on public.bar
-   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
-   ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
-         Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid
-   ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
-         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
-(8 rows)
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: u.f1, u.f2
+   Sort Key: u.f1
+   CTE u
+     ->  Update on public.bar
+           Output: bar.f1, bar.f2
+           Update on public.bar
+           Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
+           ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
+                 Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid
+           ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
+                 Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  CTE Scan on u
+         Output: u.f1, u.f2
+(14 rows)
 
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
  f1 | f2  
 ----+-----
   1 | 311
   2 | 322
-  6 | 266
   3 | 333
   4 | 344
+  6 | 266
   7 | 277
 (6 rows)
 
@@ -8558,11 +8580,12 @@ SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER J
  Sort
    Sort Key: t1.a, t3.c
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 2 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: ((ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p1 t3_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: ((ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p2 t3_2)
-(7 rows)
+(8 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
   a  |  b  |  c   
@@ -8597,20 +8620,22 @@ SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10)
 -- with whole-row reference; partitionwise join does not apply
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
-                       QUERY PLAN                       
---------------------------------------------------------
+                          QUERY PLAN                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: ((t1.*)::fprt1), ((t2.*)::fprt2)
    ->  Hash Full Join
          Hash Cond: (t1.a = t2.b)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+               Async subplans: 2 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
          ->  Hash
                ->  Append
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
-(11 rows)
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+(13 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
        wr       |       wr       
@@ -8639,11 +8664,12 @@ SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t
  Sort
    Sort Key: t1.a, t1.b
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 2 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: (ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: (ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)
-(7 rows)
+(8 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
   a  |  b  
@@ -8696,21 +8722,23 @@ SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE
 -- test FOR UPDATE; partitionwise join does not apply
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
-                          QUERY PLAN                          
---------------------------------------------------------------
+                             QUERY PLAN                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    ->  Sort
          Sort Key: t1.a
          ->  Hash Join
                Hash Cond: (t2.b = t1.a)
                ->  Append
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
                ->  Hash
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
-(12 rows)
+                           Async subplans: 2 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+(14 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
   a  |  b  
@@ -8745,18 +8773,19 @@ ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p3;
 SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO false;
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
-                        QUERY PLAN                         
------------------------------------------------------------
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
    ->  HashAggregate
          Group Key: pagg_tab.a
          Filter: (avg(pagg_tab.b) < '22'::numeric)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
-(9 rows)
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(10 rows)
 
 -- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is enabled
 SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO true;
@@ -8767,13 +8796,14 @@ SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 O
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 3 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2)
-(9 rows)
+(10 rows)
 
 SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  a  | sum  | min | count 
@@ -8795,29 +8825,22 @@ SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  Sort
    Output: t1.a, (count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab)))
    Sort Key: t1.a
-   ->  Append
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1
-                     Output: t1.a, t1.*, t1.b
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1_1.a, count(((t1_1.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1_1.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1_1.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_1
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
+         Group Key: t1.a
+         Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+         ->  Append
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1_1
                      Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.*, t1_1.b
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1_2.a, count(((t1_2.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1_2.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1_2.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_2
                      Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.*, t1_2.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_3
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.*, t1_3.b
                      Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p3
-(25 rows)
+(18 rows)
 
 SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  a  | count 
@@ -8837,20 +8860,15 @@ SELECT b, avg(a), max(a), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY b HAVING sum(a) < 700
 -----------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.b
-   ->  Finalize HashAggregate
+   ->  HashAggregate
          Group Key: pagg_tab.b
          Filter: (sum(pagg_tab.a) < 700)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab_1.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab_2.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2
-(15 rows)
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(10 rows)
 
 -- ===================================================================
 -- access rights and superuser
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
index 9fc53cad68..4bfc2d39ea 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/explain.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
+#include "executor/execAsync.h"
+#include "executor/nodeForeignscan.h"
 #include "foreign/fdwapi.h"
 #include "funcapi.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
@@ -35,6 +37,7 @@
 #include "optimizer/restrictinfo.h"
 #include "optimizer/tlist.h"
 #include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "pgstat.h"
 #include "postgres_fdw.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/float.h"
@@ -56,6 +59,9 @@ PG_MODULE_MAGIC;
 /* If no remote estimates, assume a sort costs 20% extra */
 #define DEFAULT_FDW_SORT_MULTIPLIER 1.2
 
+/* Retrieve PgFdwScanState struct from ForeignScanState */
+#define GetPgFdwScanState(n) ((PgFdwScanState *)(n)->fdw_state)
+
 /*
  * Indexes of FDW-private information stored in fdw_private lists.
  *
@@ -122,11 +128,29 @@ enum FdwDirectModifyPrivateIndex
 	FdwDirectModifyPrivateSetProcessed
 };
 
+/*
+ * Connection common state - shared among all PgFdwState instances using the
+ * same connection.
+ */
+typedef struct PgFdwConnCommonState
+{
+	ForeignScanState   *leader;		/* leader node of this connection */
+	bool				busy;		/* true if this connection is busy */
+} PgFdwConnCommonState;
+
+/* Execution state base type */
+typedef struct PgFdwState
+{
+	PGconn	   *conn;					/* connection for the scan */
+	PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate;	/* connection common state */
+} PgFdwState;
+
 /*
  * Execution state of a foreign scan using postgres_fdw.
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table. NULL
 								 * for a foreign join scan. */
 	TupleDesc	tupdesc;		/* tuple descriptor of scan */
@@ -137,7 +161,6 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 	List	   *retrieved_attrs;	/* list of retrieved attribute numbers */
 
 	/* for remote query execution */
-	PGconn	   *conn;			/* connection for the scan */
 	unsigned int cursor_number; /* quasi-unique ID for my cursor */
 	bool		cursor_exists;	/* have we created the cursor? */
 	int			numParams;		/* number of parameters passed to query */
@@ -153,6 +176,12 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 	/* batch-level state, for optimizing rewinds and avoiding useless fetch */
 	int			fetch_ct_2;		/* Min(# of fetches done, 2) */
 	bool		eof_reached;	/* true if last fetch reached EOF */
+	bool		async;			/* true if run asynchronously */
+	bool		queued;			/* true if this node is in waiter queue */
+	ForeignScanState *waiter;	/* Next node to run a query among nodes
+								 * sharing the same connection */
+	ForeignScanState *last_waiter;	/* last element in waiter queue.
+									 * valid only on the leader node */
 
 	/* working memory contexts */
 	MemoryContext batch_cxt;	/* context holding current batch of tuples */
@@ -166,11 +195,11 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwModifyState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table */
 	AttInMetadata *attinmeta;	/* attribute datatype conversion metadata */
 
 	/* for remote query execution */
-	PGconn	   *conn;			/* connection for the scan */
 	char	   *p_name;			/* name of prepared statement, if created */
 
 	/* extracted fdw_private data */
@@ -197,6 +226,7 @@ typedef struct PgFdwModifyState
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwDirectModifyState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table */
 	AttInMetadata *attinmeta;	/* attribute datatype conversion metadata */
 
@@ -326,6 +356,7 @@ static void postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags);
 static TupleTableSlot *postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void postgresShutdownForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets(Query *parsetree,
 											RangeTblEntry *target_rte,
 											Relation target_relation);
@@ -391,6 +422,10 @@ static void postgresGetForeignUpperPaths(PlannerInfo *root,
 										 RelOptInfo *input_rel,
 										 RelOptInfo *output_rel,
 										 void *extra);
+static bool postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable(ForeignPath *path);
+static bool postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait(ForeignScanState *node,
+											  WaitEventSet *wes,
+											  void *caller_data, bool reinit);
 
 /*
  * Helper functions
@@ -419,7 +454,9 @@ static bool ec_member_matches_foreign(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
 									  EquivalenceClass *ec, EquivalenceMember *em,
 									  void *arg);
 static void create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node);
-static void fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void request_more_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void fetch_received_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void vacate_connection(PgFdwState *fdwconn, bool clear_queue);
 static void close_cursor(PGconn *conn, unsigned int cursor_number);
 static PgFdwModifyState *create_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 											   RangeTblEntry *rte,
@@ -522,6 +559,7 @@ postgres_fdw_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	routine->IterateForeignScan = postgresIterateForeignScan;
 	routine->ReScanForeignScan = postgresReScanForeignScan;
 	routine->EndForeignScan = postgresEndForeignScan;
+	routine->ShutdownForeignScan = postgresShutdownForeignScan;
 
 	/* Functions for updating foreign tables */
 	routine->AddForeignUpdateTargets = postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets;
@@ -558,6 +596,10 @@ postgres_fdw_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	/* Support functions for upper relation push-down */
 	routine->GetForeignUpperPaths = postgresGetForeignUpperPaths;
 
+	/* Support functions for async execution */
+	routine->IsForeignPathAsyncCapable = postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable;
+	routine->ForeignAsyncConfigureWait = postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait;
+
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(routine);
 }
 
@@ -1434,12 +1476,22 @@ postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 	 * Get connection to the foreign server.  Connection manager will
 	 * establish new connection if necessary.
 	 */
-	fsstate->conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	fsstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	fsstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->leader = NULL;
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+	fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	fsstate->last_waiter = node;
 
 	/* Assign a unique ID for my cursor */
-	fsstate->cursor_number = GetCursorNumber(fsstate->conn);
+	fsstate->cursor_number = GetCursorNumber(fsstate->s.conn);
 	fsstate->cursor_exists = false;
 
+	/* Initialize async execution status */
+	fsstate->async = false;
+	fsstate->queued = false;
+
 	/* Get private info created by planner functions. */
 	fsstate->query = strVal(list_nth(fsplan->fdw_private,
 									 FdwScanPrivateSelectSql));
@@ -1487,40 +1539,241 @@ postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 							 &fsstate->param_values);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Async queue manipulation functions
+ */
+
+/*
+ * add_async_waiter:
+ *
+ * Enqueue node if it isn't in the queue. Immediately send request it if the
+ * underlying connection is not busy.
+ */
+static inline void
+add_async_waiter(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState   *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+
+	/*
+	 * Do nothing if the node is already in the queue or already eof'ed.
+	 * Note: leader node is not marked as queued.
+	 */
+	if (leader == node || fsstate->queued || fsstate->eof_reached)
+		return;
+
+	if (leader == NULL)
+	{
+		/* no leader means not busy, send request immediately */
+		request_more_data(node);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* the connection is busy, queue the node */
+		PgFdwScanState   *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+		PgFdwScanState   *last_waiter_state
+			= GetPgFdwScanState(leader_state->last_waiter);
+
+		last_waiter_state->waiter = node;
+		leader_state->last_waiter = node;
+		fsstate->queued = true;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * move_to_next_waiter:
+ *
+ * Make the first waiter be the next leader
+ * Returns the new leader or NULL if there's no waiter.
+ */
+static inline ForeignScanState *
+move_to_next_waiter(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *next_leader = leader_state->waiter;
+
+	Assert(leader_state->s.commonstate->leader = node);
+
+	if (next_leader)
+	{
+		/* the first waiter becomes the next leader */
+		PgFdwScanState *next_leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(next_leader);
+		next_leader_state->last_waiter = leader_state->last_waiter;
+		next_leader_state->queued = false;
+	}
+
+	leader_state->waiter = NULL;
+	leader_state->s.commonstate->leader = next_leader;
+
+	return next_leader;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Remove the node from waiter queue.
+ *
+ * Remaining results are cleared if the node is a busy leader.
+ * This intended to be used during node shutdown.
+ */
+static inline void
+remove_async_node(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState		*fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState	*leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+	PgFdwScanState		*leader_state;
+	ForeignScanState	*prev;
+	PgFdwScanState		*prev_state;
+	ForeignScanState	*cur;
+
+	/* no need to remove me */
+	if (!leader || !fsstate->queued)
+		return;
+
+	leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+	if (leader == node)
+	{
+		if (leader_state->s.commonstate->busy)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * this node is waiting for result, absorb the result first so
+			 * that the following commands can be sent on the connection.
+			 */
+			PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+			PGconn *conn = leader_state->s.conn;
+
+			while(PQisBusy(conn))
+				PQclear(PQgetResult(conn));
+
+			leader_state->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+		}
+
+		move_to_next_waiter(node);
+
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Just remove the node from the queue
+	 *
+	 * Nodes don't have a link to the previous node but anyway this function is
+	 * called on the shutdown path, so we don't bother seeking for faster way
+	 * to do this.
+	 */
+	prev = leader;
+	prev_state = leader_state;
+	cur =  GetPgFdwScanState(prev)->waiter;
+	while (cur)
+	{
+		PgFdwScanState *curstate = GetPgFdwScanState(cur);
+
+		if (cur == node)
+		{
+			prev_state->waiter = curstate->waiter;
+
+			/* relink to the previous node if the last node was removed */
+			if (leader_state->last_waiter == cur)
+				leader_state->last_waiter = prev;
+
+			fsstate->queued = false;
+
+			return;
+		}
+		prev = cur;
+		prev_state = curstate;
+		cur = curstate->waiter;
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * postgresIterateForeignScan
- *		Retrieve next row from the result set, or clear tuple slot to indicate
- *		EOF.
+ *		Retrieve next row from the result set.
+ *
+ *		For synchronous nodes, returns clear tuple slot means EOF.
+ *
+ *		For asynchronous nodes, if clear tuple slot is returned, the caller
+ *		needs to check async state to tell if all tuples received
+ *		(AS_AVAILABLE) or waiting for the next data to come (AS_WAITING).
  */
 static TupleTableSlot *
 postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	TupleTableSlot *slot = node->ss.ss_ScanTupleSlot;
 
-	/*
-	 * If this is the first call after Begin or ReScan, we need to create the
-	 * cursor on the remote side.
-	 */
-	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
-		create_cursor(node);
-
-	/*
-	 * Get some more tuples, if we've run out.
-	 */
+	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples && !fsstate->eof_reached)
+	{
+		/* we've run out, get some more tuples */
+		if (!node->fs_async)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * finish the running query before sending the next command for
+			 * this node
+			 */
+			if (!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy)
+				vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fsstate, false);
+
+			request_more_data(node);
+
+			/* Fetch the result immediately. */
+			fetch_received_data(node);
+		}
+		else if (!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy)
+		{
+			/* If the connection is not busy, just send the request. */
+			request_more_data(node);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			/* The connection is busy, queue the request */
+			bool available = true;
+			ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+			PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+			/* queue the requested node */
+			add_async_waiter(node);
+
+			/*
+			 * The request for the next node cannot be sent before the leader
+			 * responds. Finish the current leader if possible.
+			 */
+			if (PQisBusy(leader_state->s.conn))
+			{
+				int rc = WaitLatchOrSocket(NULL,
+										   WL_SOCKET_READABLE | WL_TIMEOUT |
+										   WL_EXIT_ON_PM_DEATH,
+										   PQsocket(leader_state->s.conn), 0,
+										   WAIT_EVENT_ASYNC_WAIT);
+				if (!(rc & WL_SOCKET_READABLE))
+					available = false;
+			}
+
+			/* fetch the leader's data and enqueue it for the next request */
+			if (available)
+			{
+				fetch_received_data(leader);
+				add_async_waiter(leader);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
 	{
-		/* No point in another fetch if we already detected EOF, though. */
-		if (!fsstate->eof_reached)
-			fetch_more_data(node);
-		/* If we didn't get any tuples, must be end of data. */
-		if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
-			return ExecClearTuple(slot);
+		/*
+		 * We haven't received a result for the given node this time, return
+		 * with no tuple to give way to another node.
+		 */
+		if (fsstate->eof_reached)
+			node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_AVAILABLE;
+		else
+			node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_WAITING;
+
+		return ExecClearTuple(slot);
 	}
 
 	/*
 	 * Return the next tuple.
 	 */
+	node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_AVAILABLE;
 	ExecStoreHeapTuple(fsstate->tuples[fsstate->next_tuple++],
 					   slot,
 					   false);
@@ -1535,7 +1788,7 @@ postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 static void
 postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	char		sql[64];
 	PGresult   *res;
 
@@ -1543,6 +1796,8 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
 		return;
 
+	vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fsstate, true);
+
 	/*
 	 * If any internal parameters affecting this node have changed, we'd
 	 * better destroy and recreate the cursor.  Otherwise, rewinding it should
@@ -1571,9 +1826,9 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_exec_query(fsstate->conn, sql);
+	res = pgfdw_exec_query(fsstate->s.conn, sql);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fsstate->conn, true, sql);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fsstate->s.conn, true, sql);
 	PQclear(res);
 
 	/* Now force a fresh FETCH. */
@@ -1591,7 +1846,7 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 static void
 postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 
 	/* if fsstate is NULL, we are in EXPLAIN; nothing to do */
 	if (fsstate == NULL)
@@ -1599,15 +1854,31 @@ postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 
 	/* Close the cursor if open, to prevent accumulation of cursors */
 	if (fsstate->cursor_exists)
-		close_cursor(fsstate->conn, fsstate->cursor_number);
+		close_cursor(fsstate->s.conn, fsstate->cursor_number);
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(fsstate->conn);
-	fsstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(fsstate->s.conn);
+	fsstate->s.conn = NULL;
 
 	/* MemoryContexts will be deleted automatically. */
 }
 
+/*
+ * postgresShutdownForeignScan
+ *		Remove asynchrony stuff and cleanup garbage on the connection.
+ */
+static void
+postgresShutdownForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	ForeignScan *plan = (ForeignScan *) node->ss.ps.plan;
+
+	if (plan->operation != CMD_SELECT)
+		return;
+
+	/* remove the node from waiting queue */
+	remove_async_node(node);
+}
+
 /*
  * postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets
  *		Add resjunk column(s) needed for update/delete on a foreign table
@@ -2372,7 +2643,9 @@ postgresBeginDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 	 * Get connection to the foreign server.  Connection manager will
 	 * establish new connection if necessary.
 	 */
-	dmstate->conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	dmstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	dmstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
 
 	/* Update the foreign-join-related fields. */
 	if (fsplan->scan.scanrelid == 0)
@@ -2457,7 +2730,11 @@ postgresIterateDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * If this is the first call after Begin, execute the statement.
 	 */
 	if (dmstate->num_tuples == -1)
+	{
+		/* finish running query to send my command */
+		vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)dmstate, true);
 		execute_dml_stmt(node);
+	}
 
 	/*
 	 * If the local query doesn't specify RETURNING, just clear tuple slot.
@@ -2504,8 +2781,8 @@ postgresEndDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node)
 		PQclear(dmstate->result);
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(dmstate->conn);
-	dmstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(dmstate->s.conn);
+	dmstate->s.conn = NULL;
 
 	/* MemoryContext will be deleted automatically. */
 }
@@ -2703,6 +2980,7 @@ estimate_path_cost_size(PlannerInfo *root,
 		List	   *local_param_join_conds;
 		StringInfoData sql;
 		PGconn	   *conn;
+		PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate;
 		Selectivity local_sel;
 		QualCost	local_cost;
 		List	   *fdw_scan_tlist = NIL;
@@ -2747,6 +3025,18 @@ estimate_path_cost_size(PlannerInfo *root,
 
 		/* Get the remote estimate */
 		conn = GetConnection(fpinfo->user, false);
+		commonstate = GetConnectionSpecificStorage(fpinfo->user,
+												sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
+		if (commonstate)
+		{
+			PgFdwState tmpstate;
+			tmpstate.conn = conn;
+			tmpstate.commonstate = commonstate;
+
+			/* finish running query to send my command */
+			vacate_connection(&tmpstate, true);
+		}
+
 		get_remote_estimate(sql.data, conn, &rows, &width,
 							&startup_cost, &total_cost);
 		ReleaseConnection(conn);
@@ -3317,11 +3607,11 @@ ec_member_matches_foreign(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
 static void
 create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	ExprContext *econtext = node->ss.ps.ps_ExprContext;
 	int			numParams = fsstate->numParams;
 	const char **values = fsstate->param_values;
-	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->conn;
+	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
 	StringInfoData buf;
 	PGresult   *res;
 
@@ -3384,50 +3674,119 @@ create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node)
 }
 
 /*
- * Fetch some more rows from the node's cursor.
+ * Sends the next request of the node. If the given node is different from the
+ * current connection leader, pushes it back to waiter queue and let the given
+ * node be the leader.
  */
 static void
-fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
+request_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
+	char		sql[64];
+
+	/* must be non-busy */
+	Assert(!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy);
+	/* must be not-eof'ed */
+	Assert(!fsstate->eof_reached);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the first call after Begin or ReScan, we need to create the
+	 * cursor on the remote side.
+	 */
+	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
+		create_cursor(node);
+
+	snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "FETCH %d FROM c%u",
+			 fsstate->fetch_size, fsstate->cursor_number);
+
+	if (!PQsendQuery(conn, sql))
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, conn, false, sql);
+
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = true;
+
+	/* The node is the current leader, just return. */
+	if (leader == node)
+		return;
+
+	/* Let the node be the leader */
+	if (leader != NULL)
+	{
+		remove_async_node(node);
+		fsstate->last_waiter = GetPgFdwScanState(leader)->last_waiter;
+		fsstate->waiter = leader;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		fsstate->last_waiter = node;
+		fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	}
+
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->leader = node;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Fetches received data and automatically send requests of the next waiter.
+ */
+static void
+fetch_received_data(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	PGresult   *volatile res = NULL;
 	MemoryContext oldcontext;
+	ForeignScanState *waiter;
+
+	/* I should be the current connection leader */
+	Assert(fsstate->s.commonstate->leader == node);
 
 	/*
 	 * We'll store the tuples in the batch_cxt.  First, flush the previous
-	 * batch.
+	 * batch if no tuple is remaining
 	 */
-	fsstate->tuples = NULL;
-	MemoryContextReset(fsstate->batch_cxt);
+	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
+	{
+		fsstate->tuples = NULL;
+		fsstate->num_tuples = 0;
+		MemoryContextReset(fsstate->batch_cxt);
+	}
+	else if (fsstate->next_tuple > 0)
+	{
+		/* There's some remains. Move them to the beginning of the store */
+		int n = 0;
+
+		while(fsstate->next_tuple < fsstate->num_tuples)
+			fsstate->tuples[n++] = fsstate->tuples[fsstate->next_tuple++];
+		fsstate->num_tuples = n;
+	}
+
 	oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(fsstate->batch_cxt);
 
 	/* PGresult must be released before leaving this function. */
 	PG_TRY();
 	{
-		PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->conn;
-		char		sql[64];
-		int			numrows;
+		PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
+		int			addrows;
+		size_t		newsize;
 		int			i;
 
-		snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "FETCH %d FROM c%u",
-				 fsstate->fetch_size, fsstate->cursor_number);
-
-		res = pgfdw_exec_query(conn, sql);
-		/* On error, report the original query, not the FETCH. */
+		res = pgfdw_get_result(conn, fsstate->query);
 		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
 			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, conn, false, fsstate->query);
 
 		/* Convert the data into HeapTuples */
-		numrows = PQntuples(res);
-		fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) palloc0(numrows * sizeof(HeapTuple));
-		fsstate->num_tuples = numrows;
-		fsstate->next_tuple = 0;
+		addrows = PQntuples(res);
+		newsize = (fsstate->num_tuples + addrows) * sizeof(HeapTuple);
+		if (fsstate->tuples)
+			fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) repalloc(fsstate->tuples, newsize);
+		else
+			fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) palloc(newsize);
 
-		for (i = 0; i < numrows; i++)
+		for (i = 0; i < addrows; i++)
 		{
 			Assert(IsA(node->ss.ps.plan, ForeignScan));
 
-			fsstate->tuples[i] =
+			fsstate->tuples[fsstate->num_tuples + i] =
 				make_tuple_from_result_row(res, i,
 										   fsstate->rel,
 										   fsstate->attinmeta,
@@ -3437,22 +3796,73 @@ fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
 		}
 
 		/* Update fetch_ct_2 */
-		if (fsstate->fetch_ct_2 < 2)
+		if (fsstate->fetch_ct_2 < 2 && fsstate->next_tuple == 0)
 			fsstate->fetch_ct_2++;
 
+		fsstate->next_tuple = 0;
+		fsstate->num_tuples += addrows;
+
 		/* Must be EOF if we didn't get as many tuples as we asked for. */
-		fsstate->eof_reached = (numrows < fsstate->fetch_size);
+		fsstate->eof_reached = (addrows < fsstate->fetch_size);
 	}
 	PG_FINALLY();
 	{
+		fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+
 		if (res)
 			PQclear(res);
 	}
 	PG_END_TRY();
 
+	/* let the first waiter be the next leader of this connection */
+	waiter = move_to_next_waiter(node);
+
+	/* send the next request if any */
+	if (waiter)
+		request_more_data(waiter);
+
 	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Vacate the underlying connection so that this node can send the next query.
+ */
+static void
+vacate_connection(PgFdwState *fdwstate, bool clear_queue)
+{
+	PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate = fdwstate->commonstate;
+	ForeignScanState *leader;
+
+	Assert(commonstate != NULL);
+
+	/* just return if the connection is already available */
+	if (commonstate->leader == NULL || !commonstate->busy)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * let the current connection leader read all of the result for the running
+	 * query
+	 */
+	leader = commonstate->leader;
+	fetch_received_data(leader);
+
+	/* let the first waiter be the next leader of this connection */
+	move_to_next_waiter(leader);
+
+	if (!clear_queue)
+		return;
+
+	/* Clear the waiting list */
+	while (leader)
+	{
+		PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+		fsstate->last_waiter = NULL;
+		leader = fsstate->waiter;
+		fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * Force assorted GUC parameters to settings that ensure that we'll output
  * data values in a form that is unambiguous to the remote server.
@@ -3566,7 +3976,9 @@ create_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	user = GetUserMapping(userid, table->serverid);
 
 	/* Open connection; report that we'll create a prepared statement. */
-	fmstate->conn = GetConnection(user, true);
+	fmstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, true);
+	fmstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
 	fmstate->p_name = NULL;		/* prepared statement not made yet */
 
 	/* Set up remote query information. */
@@ -3653,6 +4065,9 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 		   operation == CMD_UPDATE ||
 		   operation == CMD_DELETE);
 
+	/* finish running query to send my command */
+	vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fmstate, true);
+
 	/* Set up the prepared statement on the remote server, if we didn't yet */
 	if (!fmstate->p_name)
 		prepare_foreign_modify(fmstate);
@@ -3680,14 +4095,14 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	/*
 	 * Execute the prepared statement.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->conn,
+	if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->s.conn,
 							 fmstate->p_name,
 							 fmstate->p_nums,
 							 p_values,
 							 NULL,
 							 NULL,
 							 0))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->conn, false, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->s.conn, false, fmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -3695,10 +4110,10 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->conn, fmstate->query);
+	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->s.conn, fmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) !=
 		(fmstate->has_returning ? PGRES_TUPLES_OK : PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, fmstate->query);
 
 	/* Check number of rows affected, and fetch RETURNING tuple if any */
 	if (fmstate->has_returning)
@@ -3734,7 +4149,7 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 
 	/* Construct name we'll use for the prepared statement. */
 	snprintf(prep_name, sizeof(prep_name), "pgsql_fdw_prep_%u",
-			 GetPrepStmtNumber(fmstate->conn));
+			 GetPrepStmtNumber(fmstate->s.conn));
 	p_name = pstrdup(prep_name);
 
 	/*
@@ -3744,12 +4159,12 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 	 * the prepared statements we use in this module are simple enough that
 	 * the remote server will make the right choices.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendPrepare(fmstate->conn,
+	if (!PQsendPrepare(fmstate->s.conn,
 					   p_name,
 					   fmstate->query,
 					   0,
 					   NULL))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->conn, false, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->s.conn, false, fmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -3757,9 +4172,9 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->conn, fmstate->query);
+	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->s.conn, fmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, fmstate->query);
 	PQclear(res);
 
 	/* This action shows that the prepare has been done. */
@@ -3888,16 +4303,16 @@ finish_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 		 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 		 * without releasing the PGresult.
 		 */
-		res = pgfdw_exec_query(fmstate->conn, sql);
+		res = pgfdw_exec_query(fmstate->s.conn, sql);
 		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, sql);
+			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, sql);
 		PQclear(res);
 		fmstate->p_name = NULL;
 	}
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(fmstate->conn);
-	fmstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(fmstate->s.conn);
+	fmstate->s.conn = NULL;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -4056,9 +4471,9 @@ execute_dml_stmt(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * the desired result.  This allows us to avoid assuming that the remote
 	 * server has the same OIDs we do for the parameters' types.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendQueryParams(dmstate->conn, dmstate->query, numParams,
+	if (!PQsendQueryParams(dmstate->s.conn, dmstate->query, numParams,
 						   NULL, values, NULL, NULL, 0))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, dmstate->conn, false, dmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, dmstate->s.conn, false, dmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -4066,10 +4481,10 @@ execute_dml_stmt(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	dmstate->result = pgfdw_get_result(dmstate->conn, dmstate->query);
+	dmstate->result = pgfdw_get_result(dmstate->s.conn, dmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(dmstate->result) !=
 		(dmstate->has_returning ? PGRES_TUPLES_OK : PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, dmstate->result, dmstate->conn, true,
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, dmstate->result, dmstate->s.conn, true,
 						   dmstate->query);
 
 	/* Get the number of rows affected. */
@@ -5560,6 +5975,40 @@ postgresGetForeignJoinPaths(PlannerInfo *root,
 	/* XXX Consider parameterized paths for the join relation */
 }
 
+static bool
+postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable(ForeignPath *path)
+{
+	return true;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Configure waiting event.
+ *
+ * Add wait event so that the ForeignScan node is going to wait for.
+ */
+static bool
+postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait(ForeignScanState *node, WaitEventSet *wes,
+								  void *caller_data, bool reinit)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+
+
+	/* Reinit is not supported for now. */
+	Assert(reinit);
+
+	if (fsstate->s.commonstate->leader == node)
+	{
+		AddWaitEventToSet(wes,
+						  WL_SOCKET_READABLE, PQsocket(fsstate->s.conn),
+						  NULL, caller_data);
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+
 /*
  * Assess whether the aggregation, grouping and having operations can be pushed
  * down to the foreign server.  As a side effect, save information we obtain in
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
index eef410db39..96af75a33e 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ typedef struct PgFdwRelationInfo
 	UserMapping *user;			/* only set in use_remote_estimate mode */
 
 	int			fetch_size;		/* fetch size for this remote table */
+	bool		allow_prefetch;	/* true to allow overlapped fetching  */
 
 	/*
 	 * Name of the relation, for use while EXPLAINing ForeignScan.  It is used
@@ -130,6 +131,7 @@ extern void reset_transmission_modes(int nestlevel);
 
 /* in connection.c */
 extern PGconn *GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt);
+void *GetConnectionSpecificStorage(UserMapping *user, size_t initsize);
 extern void ReleaseConnection(PGconn *conn);
 extern unsigned int GetCursorNumber(PGconn *conn);
 extern unsigned int GetPrepStmtNumber(PGconn *conn);
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index 83971665e3..359208a12a 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -1780,25 +1780,25 @@ INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
@@ -1840,12 +1840,12 @@ insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
 insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
 
 -- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an inherited source table
 explain (verbose, costs off)
@@ -1904,8 +1904,8 @@ explain (verbose, costs off)
 delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
 
 -- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with row-level triggers
 CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
-- 
2.18.4


----Next_Part(Thu_Aug_20_16_36_08_2020_519)----





^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 54+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v5 3/3] async postgres_fdw
@ 2017-10-19 08:24  Kyotaro Horiguchi <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 54+ messages in thread

From: Kyotaro Horiguchi @ 2017-10-19 08:24 UTC (permalink / raw)

---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             |  28 +
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 272 ++++----
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c           | 601 +++++++++++++++---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h           |   2 +
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     |  20 +-
 5 files changed, 710 insertions(+), 213 deletions(-)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 52d1fe3563..d9edc5e4de 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ typedef struct ConnCacheEntry
 	bool		invalidated;	/* true if reconnect is pending */
 	uint32		server_hashvalue;	/* hash value of foreign server OID */
 	uint32		mapping_hashvalue;	/* hash value of user mapping OID */
+	void		*storage;		/* connection specific storage */
 } ConnCacheEntry;
 
 /*
@@ -202,6 +203,7 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt)
 
 		elog(DEBUG3, "new postgres_fdw connection %p for server \"%s\" (user mapping oid %u, userid %u)",
 			 entry->conn, server->servername, user->umid, user->userid);
+		entry->storage = NULL;
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -215,6 +217,32 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt)
 	return entry->conn;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Returns the connection specific storage for this user. Allocate with
+ * initsize if not exists.
+ */
+void *
+GetConnectionSpecificStorage(UserMapping *user, size_t initsize)
+{
+	bool		found;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	ConnCacheKey key;
+
+	/* Find storage using the same key with GetConnection */
+	key = user->umid;
+	entry = hash_search(ConnectionHash, &key, HASH_ENTER, &found);
+	Assert(found);
+
+	/* Create one if not yet. */
+	if (entry->storage == NULL)
+	{
+		entry->storage = MemoryContextAlloc(CacheMemoryContext, initsize);
+		memset(entry->storage, 0, initsize);
+	}
+
+	return entry->storage;
+}
+
 /*
  * Connect to remote server using specified server and user mapping properties.
  */
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 82fc1290ef..bf9b4041cd 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -6973,7 +6973,7 @@ INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaaa');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |  aa   
 ----------+-------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7001,7 +7001,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7029,7 +7029,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7057,7 +7057,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | newtoo
@@ -7127,35 +7127,41 @@ insert into bar2 values(3,33,33);
 insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
 insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
-                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
-   ->  Hash Join
+   ->  Merge Join
          Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
-         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
-         ->  Append
-               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Merge Append
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Sort
                      Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+                     Sort Key: bar_1.f1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
                ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
                      Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
-         ->  Hash
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Sort
                Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  HashAggregate
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(23 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(29 rows)
 
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
  f1 | f2 
 ----+----
   1 | 11
@@ -7165,35 +7171,41 @@ select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
 (4 rows)
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
-                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
-   ->  Hash Join
+   ->  Merge Join
          Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
-         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
-         ->  Append
-               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Merge Append
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Sort
                      Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+                     Sort Key: bar_1.f1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
                ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
                      Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
-         ->  Hash
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST FOR SHARE
+         ->  Sort
                Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  HashAggregate
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(23 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(29 rows)
 
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
  f1 | f2 
 ----+----
   1 | 11
@@ -7223,11 +7235,12 @@ update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
    ->  Hash Join
          Output: bar_1.f1, (bar_1.f2 + 100), bar_1.f3, bar_1.ctid, foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
@@ -7241,12 +7254,13 @@ update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(39 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(41 rows)
 
 update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
 select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
@@ -7276,16 +7290,17 @@ where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
          Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid, (ROW(foo.f1))
          Hash Cond: (foo.f1 = bar.f1)
          ->  Append
+               Async subplans: 2 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                     Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                     Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
                      Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
-                     Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
                      Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
-                     Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
          ->  Hash
                Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid
                ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
@@ -7303,17 +7318,18 @@ where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
                Output: (ROW(foo.f1)), foo.f1
                Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  Append
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                      ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
                            Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
-                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
-                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                      ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
                            Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
-                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
-                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
-(45 rows)
+(47 rows)
 
 update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
 from
@@ -7463,27 +7479,33 @@ delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 (5 rows)
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
-                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Update on public.bar
-   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2
-   Update on public.bar
-   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
-   ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
-         Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid
-   ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
-         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
-(8 rows)
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: u.f1, u.f2
+   Sort Key: u.f1
+   CTE u
+     ->  Update on public.bar
+           Output: bar.f1, bar.f2
+           Update on public.bar
+           Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
+           ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
+                 Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid
+           ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
+                 Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  CTE Scan on u
+         Output: u.f1, u.f2
+(14 rows)
 
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
  f1 | f2  
 ----+-----
   1 | 311
   2 | 322
-  6 | 266
   3 | 333
   4 | 344
+  6 | 266
   7 | 277
 (6 rows)
 
@@ -8558,11 +8580,12 @@ SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER J
  Sort
    Sort Key: t1.a, t3.c
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 2 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: ((ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p1 t3_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: ((ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p2 t3_2)
-(7 rows)
+(8 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
   a  |  b  |  c   
@@ -8597,20 +8620,22 @@ SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10)
 -- with whole-row reference; partitionwise join does not apply
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
-                       QUERY PLAN                       
---------------------------------------------------------
+                          QUERY PLAN                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: ((t1.*)::fprt1), ((t2.*)::fprt2)
    ->  Hash Full Join
          Hash Cond: (t1.a = t2.b)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+               Async subplans: 2 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
          ->  Hash
                ->  Append
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
-(11 rows)
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+(13 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
        wr       |       wr       
@@ -8639,11 +8664,12 @@ SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t
  Sort
    Sort Key: t1.a, t1.b
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 2 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: (ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: (ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)
-(7 rows)
+(8 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
   a  |  b  
@@ -8696,21 +8722,23 @@ SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE
 -- test FOR UPDATE; partitionwise join does not apply
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
-                          QUERY PLAN                          
---------------------------------------------------------------
+                             QUERY PLAN                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    ->  Sort
          Sort Key: t1.a
          ->  Hash Join
                Hash Cond: (t2.b = t1.a)
                ->  Append
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
                ->  Hash
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
-(12 rows)
+                           Async subplans: 2 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+(14 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
   a  |  b  
@@ -8745,18 +8773,19 @@ ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p3;
 SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO false;
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
-                        QUERY PLAN                         
------------------------------------------------------------
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
    ->  HashAggregate
          Group Key: pagg_tab.a
          Filter: (avg(pagg_tab.b) < '22'::numeric)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
-(9 rows)
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(10 rows)
 
 -- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is enabled
 SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO true;
@@ -8767,13 +8796,14 @@ SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 O
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 3 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2)
-(9 rows)
+(10 rows)
 
 SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  a  | sum  | min | count 
@@ -8795,29 +8825,22 @@ SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  Sort
    Output: t1.a, (count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab)))
    Sort Key: t1.a
-   ->  Append
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1
-                     Output: t1.a, t1.*, t1.b
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1_1.a, count(((t1_1.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1_1.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1_1.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_1
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
+         Group Key: t1.a
+         Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+         ->  Append
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1_1
                      Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.*, t1_1.b
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1_2.a, count(((t1_2.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1_2.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1_2.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_2
                      Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.*, t1_2.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_3
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.*, t1_3.b
                      Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p3
-(25 rows)
+(18 rows)
 
 SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  a  | count 
@@ -8837,20 +8860,15 @@ SELECT b, avg(a), max(a), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY b HAVING sum(a) < 700
 -----------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.b
-   ->  Finalize HashAggregate
+   ->  HashAggregate
          Group Key: pagg_tab.b
          Filter: (sum(pagg_tab.a) < 700)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab_1.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab_2.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2
-(15 rows)
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(10 rows)
 
 -- ===================================================================
 -- access rights and superuser
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
index 9fc53cad68..4bfc2d39ea 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/explain.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
+#include "executor/execAsync.h"
+#include "executor/nodeForeignscan.h"
 #include "foreign/fdwapi.h"
 #include "funcapi.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
@@ -35,6 +37,7 @@
 #include "optimizer/restrictinfo.h"
 #include "optimizer/tlist.h"
 #include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "pgstat.h"
 #include "postgres_fdw.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/float.h"
@@ -56,6 +59,9 @@ PG_MODULE_MAGIC;
 /* If no remote estimates, assume a sort costs 20% extra */
 #define DEFAULT_FDW_SORT_MULTIPLIER 1.2
 
+/* Retrieve PgFdwScanState struct from ForeignScanState */
+#define GetPgFdwScanState(n) ((PgFdwScanState *)(n)->fdw_state)
+
 /*
  * Indexes of FDW-private information stored in fdw_private lists.
  *
@@ -122,11 +128,29 @@ enum FdwDirectModifyPrivateIndex
 	FdwDirectModifyPrivateSetProcessed
 };
 
+/*
+ * Connection common state - shared among all PgFdwState instances using the
+ * same connection.
+ */
+typedef struct PgFdwConnCommonState
+{
+	ForeignScanState   *leader;		/* leader node of this connection */
+	bool				busy;		/* true if this connection is busy */
+} PgFdwConnCommonState;
+
+/* Execution state base type */
+typedef struct PgFdwState
+{
+	PGconn	   *conn;					/* connection for the scan */
+	PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate;	/* connection common state */
+} PgFdwState;
+
 /*
  * Execution state of a foreign scan using postgres_fdw.
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table. NULL
 								 * for a foreign join scan. */
 	TupleDesc	tupdesc;		/* tuple descriptor of scan */
@@ -137,7 +161,6 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 	List	   *retrieved_attrs;	/* list of retrieved attribute numbers */
 
 	/* for remote query execution */
-	PGconn	   *conn;			/* connection for the scan */
 	unsigned int cursor_number; /* quasi-unique ID for my cursor */
 	bool		cursor_exists;	/* have we created the cursor? */
 	int			numParams;		/* number of parameters passed to query */
@@ -153,6 +176,12 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 	/* batch-level state, for optimizing rewinds and avoiding useless fetch */
 	int			fetch_ct_2;		/* Min(# of fetches done, 2) */
 	bool		eof_reached;	/* true if last fetch reached EOF */
+	bool		async;			/* true if run asynchronously */
+	bool		queued;			/* true if this node is in waiter queue */
+	ForeignScanState *waiter;	/* Next node to run a query among nodes
+								 * sharing the same connection */
+	ForeignScanState *last_waiter;	/* last element in waiter queue.
+									 * valid only on the leader node */
 
 	/* working memory contexts */
 	MemoryContext batch_cxt;	/* context holding current batch of tuples */
@@ -166,11 +195,11 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwModifyState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table */
 	AttInMetadata *attinmeta;	/* attribute datatype conversion metadata */
 
 	/* for remote query execution */
-	PGconn	   *conn;			/* connection for the scan */
 	char	   *p_name;			/* name of prepared statement, if created */
 
 	/* extracted fdw_private data */
@@ -197,6 +226,7 @@ typedef struct PgFdwModifyState
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwDirectModifyState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table */
 	AttInMetadata *attinmeta;	/* attribute datatype conversion metadata */
 
@@ -326,6 +356,7 @@ static void postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags);
 static TupleTableSlot *postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void postgresShutdownForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets(Query *parsetree,
 											RangeTblEntry *target_rte,
 											Relation target_relation);
@@ -391,6 +422,10 @@ static void postgresGetForeignUpperPaths(PlannerInfo *root,
 										 RelOptInfo *input_rel,
 										 RelOptInfo *output_rel,
 										 void *extra);
+static bool postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable(ForeignPath *path);
+static bool postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait(ForeignScanState *node,
+											  WaitEventSet *wes,
+											  void *caller_data, bool reinit);
 
 /*
  * Helper functions
@@ -419,7 +454,9 @@ static bool ec_member_matches_foreign(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
 									  EquivalenceClass *ec, EquivalenceMember *em,
 									  void *arg);
 static void create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node);
-static void fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void request_more_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void fetch_received_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void vacate_connection(PgFdwState *fdwconn, bool clear_queue);
 static void close_cursor(PGconn *conn, unsigned int cursor_number);
 static PgFdwModifyState *create_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 											   RangeTblEntry *rte,
@@ -522,6 +559,7 @@ postgres_fdw_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	routine->IterateForeignScan = postgresIterateForeignScan;
 	routine->ReScanForeignScan = postgresReScanForeignScan;
 	routine->EndForeignScan = postgresEndForeignScan;
+	routine->ShutdownForeignScan = postgresShutdownForeignScan;
 
 	/* Functions for updating foreign tables */
 	routine->AddForeignUpdateTargets = postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets;
@@ -558,6 +596,10 @@ postgres_fdw_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	/* Support functions for upper relation push-down */
 	routine->GetForeignUpperPaths = postgresGetForeignUpperPaths;
 
+	/* Support functions for async execution */
+	routine->IsForeignPathAsyncCapable = postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable;
+	routine->ForeignAsyncConfigureWait = postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait;
+
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(routine);
 }
 
@@ -1434,12 +1476,22 @@ postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 	 * Get connection to the foreign server.  Connection manager will
 	 * establish new connection if necessary.
 	 */
-	fsstate->conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	fsstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	fsstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->leader = NULL;
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+	fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	fsstate->last_waiter = node;
 
 	/* Assign a unique ID for my cursor */
-	fsstate->cursor_number = GetCursorNumber(fsstate->conn);
+	fsstate->cursor_number = GetCursorNumber(fsstate->s.conn);
 	fsstate->cursor_exists = false;
 
+	/* Initialize async execution status */
+	fsstate->async = false;
+	fsstate->queued = false;
+
 	/* Get private info created by planner functions. */
 	fsstate->query = strVal(list_nth(fsplan->fdw_private,
 									 FdwScanPrivateSelectSql));
@@ -1487,40 +1539,241 @@ postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 							 &fsstate->param_values);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Async queue manipulation functions
+ */
+
+/*
+ * add_async_waiter:
+ *
+ * Enqueue node if it isn't in the queue. Immediately send request it if the
+ * underlying connection is not busy.
+ */
+static inline void
+add_async_waiter(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState   *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+
+	/*
+	 * Do nothing if the node is already in the queue or already eof'ed.
+	 * Note: leader node is not marked as queued.
+	 */
+	if (leader == node || fsstate->queued || fsstate->eof_reached)
+		return;
+
+	if (leader == NULL)
+	{
+		/* no leader means not busy, send request immediately */
+		request_more_data(node);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* the connection is busy, queue the node */
+		PgFdwScanState   *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+		PgFdwScanState   *last_waiter_state
+			= GetPgFdwScanState(leader_state->last_waiter);
+
+		last_waiter_state->waiter = node;
+		leader_state->last_waiter = node;
+		fsstate->queued = true;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * move_to_next_waiter:
+ *
+ * Make the first waiter be the next leader
+ * Returns the new leader or NULL if there's no waiter.
+ */
+static inline ForeignScanState *
+move_to_next_waiter(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *next_leader = leader_state->waiter;
+
+	Assert(leader_state->s.commonstate->leader = node);
+
+	if (next_leader)
+	{
+		/* the first waiter becomes the next leader */
+		PgFdwScanState *next_leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(next_leader);
+		next_leader_state->last_waiter = leader_state->last_waiter;
+		next_leader_state->queued = false;
+	}
+
+	leader_state->waiter = NULL;
+	leader_state->s.commonstate->leader = next_leader;
+
+	return next_leader;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Remove the node from waiter queue.
+ *
+ * Remaining results are cleared if the node is a busy leader.
+ * This intended to be used during node shutdown.
+ */
+static inline void
+remove_async_node(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState		*fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState	*leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+	PgFdwScanState		*leader_state;
+	ForeignScanState	*prev;
+	PgFdwScanState		*prev_state;
+	ForeignScanState	*cur;
+
+	/* no need to remove me */
+	if (!leader || !fsstate->queued)
+		return;
+
+	leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+	if (leader == node)
+	{
+		if (leader_state->s.commonstate->busy)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * this node is waiting for result, absorb the result first so
+			 * that the following commands can be sent on the connection.
+			 */
+			PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+			PGconn *conn = leader_state->s.conn;
+
+			while(PQisBusy(conn))
+				PQclear(PQgetResult(conn));
+
+			leader_state->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+		}
+
+		move_to_next_waiter(node);
+
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Just remove the node from the queue
+	 *
+	 * Nodes don't have a link to the previous node but anyway this function is
+	 * called on the shutdown path, so we don't bother seeking for faster way
+	 * to do this.
+	 */
+	prev = leader;
+	prev_state = leader_state;
+	cur =  GetPgFdwScanState(prev)->waiter;
+	while (cur)
+	{
+		PgFdwScanState *curstate = GetPgFdwScanState(cur);
+
+		if (cur == node)
+		{
+			prev_state->waiter = curstate->waiter;
+
+			/* relink to the previous node if the last node was removed */
+			if (leader_state->last_waiter == cur)
+				leader_state->last_waiter = prev;
+
+			fsstate->queued = false;
+
+			return;
+		}
+		prev = cur;
+		prev_state = curstate;
+		cur = curstate->waiter;
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * postgresIterateForeignScan
- *		Retrieve next row from the result set, or clear tuple slot to indicate
- *		EOF.
+ *		Retrieve next row from the result set.
+ *
+ *		For synchronous nodes, returns clear tuple slot means EOF.
+ *
+ *		For asynchronous nodes, if clear tuple slot is returned, the caller
+ *		needs to check async state to tell if all tuples received
+ *		(AS_AVAILABLE) or waiting for the next data to come (AS_WAITING).
  */
 static TupleTableSlot *
 postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	TupleTableSlot *slot = node->ss.ss_ScanTupleSlot;
 
-	/*
-	 * If this is the first call after Begin or ReScan, we need to create the
-	 * cursor on the remote side.
-	 */
-	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
-		create_cursor(node);
-
-	/*
-	 * Get some more tuples, if we've run out.
-	 */
+	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples && !fsstate->eof_reached)
+	{
+		/* we've run out, get some more tuples */
+		if (!node->fs_async)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * finish the running query before sending the next command for
+			 * this node
+			 */
+			if (!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy)
+				vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fsstate, false);
+
+			request_more_data(node);
+
+			/* Fetch the result immediately. */
+			fetch_received_data(node);
+		}
+		else if (!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy)
+		{
+			/* If the connection is not busy, just send the request. */
+			request_more_data(node);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			/* The connection is busy, queue the request */
+			bool available = true;
+			ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+			PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+			/* queue the requested node */
+			add_async_waiter(node);
+
+			/*
+			 * The request for the next node cannot be sent before the leader
+			 * responds. Finish the current leader if possible.
+			 */
+			if (PQisBusy(leader_state->s.conn))
+			{
+				int rc = WaitLatchOrSocket(NULL,
+										   WL_SOCKET_READABLE | WL_TIMEOUT |
+										   WL_EXIT_ON_PM_DEATH,
+										   PQsocket(leader_state->s.conn), 0,
+										   WAIT_EVENT_ASYNC_WAIT);
+				if (!(rc & WL_SOCKET_READABLE))
+					available = false;
+			}
+
+			/* fetch the leader's data and enqueue it for the next request */
+			if (available)
+			{
+				fetch_received_data(leader);
+				add_async_waiter(leader);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
 	{
-		/* No point in another fetch if we already detected EOF, though. */
-		if (!fsstate->eof_reached)
-			fetch_more_data(node);
-		/* If we didn't get any tuples, must be end of data. */
-		if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
-			return ExecClearTuple(slot);
+		/*
+		 * We haven't received a result for the given node this time, return
+		 * with no tuple to give way to another node.
+		 */
+		if (fsstate->eof_reached)
+			node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_AVAILABLE;
+		else
+			node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_WAITING;
+
+		return ExecClearTuple(slot);
 	}
 
 	/*
 	 * Return the next tuple.
 	 */
+	node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_AVAILABLE;
 	ExecStoreHeapTuple(fsstate->tuples[fsstate->next_tuple++],
 					   slot,
 					   false);
@@ -1535,7 +1788,7 @@ postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 static void
 postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	char		sql[64];
 	PGresult   *res;
 
@@ -1543,6 +1796,8 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
 		return;
 
+	vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fsstate, true);
+
 	/*
 	 * If any internal parameters affecting this node have changed, we'd
 	 * better destroy and recreate the cursor.  Otherwise, rewinding it should
@@ -1571,9 +1826,9 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_exec_query(fsstate->conn, sql);
+	res = pgfdw_exec_query(fsstate->s.conn, sql);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fsstate->conn, true, sql);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fsstate->s.conn, true, sql);
 	PQclear(res);
 
 	/* Now force a fresh FETCH. */
@@ -1591,7 +1846,7 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 static void
 postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 
 	/* if fsstate is NULL, we are in EXPLAIN; nothing to do */
 	if (fsstate == NULL)
@@ -1599,15 +1854,31 @@ postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 
 	/* Close the cursor if open, to prevent accumulation of cursors */
 	if (fsstate->cursor_exists)
-		close_cursor(fsstate->conn, fsstate->cursor_number);
+		close_cursor(fsstate->s.conn, fsstate->cursor_number);
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(fsstate->conn);
-	fsstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(fsstate->s.conn);
+	fsstate->s.conn = NULL;
 
 	/* MemoryContexts will be deleted automatically. */
 }
 
+/*
+ * postgresShutdownForeignScan
+ *		Remove asynchrony stuff and cleanup garbage on the connection.
+ */
+static void
+postgresShutdownForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	ForeignScan *plan = (ForeignScan *) node->ss.ps.plan;
+
+	if (plan->operation != CMD_SELECT)
+		return;
+
+	/* remove the node from waiting queue */
+	remove_async_node(node);
+}
+
 /*
  * postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets
  *		Add resjunk column(s) needed for update/delete on a foreign table
@@ -2372,7 +2643,9 @@ postgresBeginDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 	 * Get connection to the foreign server.  Connection manager will
 	 * establish new connection if necessary.
 	 */
-	dmstate->conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	dmstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	dmstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
 
 	/* Update the foreign-join-related fields. */
 	if (fsplan->scan.scanrelid == 0)
@@ -2457,7 +2730,11 @@ postgresIterateDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * If this is the first call after Begin, execute the statement.
 	 */
 	if (dmstate->num_tuples == -1)
+	{
+		/* finish running query to send my command */
+		vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)dmstate, true);
 		execute_dml_stmt(node);
+	}
 
 	/*
 	 * If the local query doesn't specify RETURNING, just clear tuple slot.
@@ -2504,8 +2781,8 @@ postgresEndDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node)
 		PQclear(dmstate->result);
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(dmstate->conn);
-	dmstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(dmstate->s.conn);
+	dmstate->s.conn = NULL;
 
 	/* MemoryContext will be deleted automatically. */
 }
@@ -2703,6 +2980,7 @@ estimate_path_cost_size(PlannerInfo *root,
 		List	   *local_param_join_conds;
 		StringInfoData sql;
 		PGconn	   *conn;
+		PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate;
 		Selectivity local_sel;
 		QualCost	local_cost;
 		List	   *fdw_scan_tlist = NIL;
@@ -2747,6 +3025,18 @@ estimate_path_cost_size(PlannerInfo *root,
 
 		/* Get the remote estimate */
 		conn = GetConnection(fpinfo->user, false);
+		commonstate = GetConnectionSpecificStorage(fpinfo->user,
+												sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
+		if (commonstate)
+		{
+			PgFdwState tmpstate;
+			tmpstate.conn = conn;
+			tmpstate.commonstate = commonstate;
+
+			/* finish running query to send my command */
+			vacate_connection(&tmpstate, true);
+		}
+
 		get_remote_estimate(sql.data, conn, &rows, &width,
 							&startup_cost, &total_cost);
 		ReleaseConnection(conn);
@@ -3317,11 +3607,11 @@ ec_member_matches_foreign(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
 static void
 create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	ExprContext *econtext = node->ss.ps.ps_ExprContext;
 	int			numParams = fsstate->numParams;
 	const char **values = fsstate->param_values;
-	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->conn;
+	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
 	StringInfoData buf;
 	PGresult   *res;
 
@@ -3384,50 +3674,119 @@ create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node)
 }
 
 /*
- * Fetch some more rows from the node's cursor.
+ * Sends the next request of the node. If the given node is different from the
+ * current connection leader, pushes it back to waiter queue and let the given
+ * node be the leader.
  */
 static void
-fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
+request_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
+	char		sql[64];
+
+	/* must be non-busy */
+	Assert(!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy);
+	/* must be not-eof'ed */
+	Assert(!fsstate->eof_reached);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the first call after Begin or ReScan, we need to create the
+	 * cursor on the remote side.
+	 */
+	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
+		create_cursor(node);
+
+	snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "FETCH %d FROM c%u",
+			 fsstate->fetch_size, fsstate->cursor_number);
+
+	if (!PQsendQuery(conn, sql))
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, conn, false, sql);
+
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = true;
+
+	/* The node is the current leader, just return. */
+	if (leader == node)
+		return;
+
+	/* Let the node be the leader */
+	if (leader != NULL)
+	{
+		remove_async_node(node);
+		fsstate->last_waiter = GetPgFdwScanState(leader)->last_waiter;
+		fsstate->waiter = leader;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		fsstate->last_waiter = node;
+		fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	}
+
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->leader = node;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Fetches received data and automatically send requests of the next waiter.
+ */
+static void
+fetch_received_data(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	PGresult   *volatile res = NULL;
 	MemoryContext oldcontext;
+	ForeignScanState *waiter;
+
+	/* I should be the current connection leader */
+	Assert(fsstate->s.commonstate->leader == node);
 
 	/*
 	 * We'll store the tuples in the batch_cxt.  First, flush the previous
-	 * batch.
+	 * batch if no tuple is remaining
 	 */
-	fsstate->tuples = NULL;
-	MemoryContextReset(fsstate->batch_cxt);
+	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
+	{
+		fsstate->tuples = NULL;
+		fsstate->num_tuples = 0;
+		MemoryContextReset(fsstate->batch_cxt);
+	}
+	else if (fsstate->next_tuple > 0)
+	{
+		/* There's some remains. Move them to the beginning of the store */
+		int n = 0;
+
+		while(fsstate->next_tuple < fsstate->num_tuples)
+			fsstate->tuples[n++] = fsstate->tuples[fsstate->next_tuple++];
+		fsstate->num_tuples = n;
+	}
+
 	oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(fsstate->batch_cxt);
 
 	/* PGresult must be released before leaving this function. */
 	PG_TRY();
 	{
-		PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->conn;
-		char		sql[64];
-		int			numrows;
+		PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
+		int			addrows;
+		size_t		newsize;
 		int			i;
 
-		snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "FETCH %d FROM c%u",
-				 fsstate->fetch_size, fsstate->cursor_number);
-
-		res = pgfdw_exec_query(conn, sql);
-		/* On error, report the original query, not the FETCH. */
+		res = pgfdw_get_result(conn, fsstate->query);
 		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
 			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, conn, false, fsstate->query);
 
 		/* Convert the data into HeapTuples */
-		numrows = PQntuples(res);
-		fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) palloc0(numrows * sizeof(HeapTuple));
-		fsstate->num_tuples = numrows;
-		fsstate->next_tuple = 0;
+		addrows = PQntuples(res);
+		newsize = (fsstate->num_tuples + addrows) * sizeof(HeapTuple);
+		if (fsstate->tuples)
+			fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) repalloc(fsstate->tuples, newsize);
+		else
+			fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) palloc(newsize);
 
-		for (i = 0; i < numrows; i++)
+		for (i = 0; i < addrows; i++)
 		{
 			Assert(IsA(node->ss.ps.plan, ForeignScan));
 
-			fsstate->tuples[i] =
+			fsstate->tuples[fsstate->num_tuples + i] =
 				make_tuple_from_result_row(res, i,
 										   fsstate->rel,
 										   fsstate->attinmeta,
@@ -3437,22 +3796,73 @@ fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
 		}
 
 		/* Update fetch_ct_2 */
-		if (fsstate->fetch_ct_2 < 2)
+		if (fsstate->fetch_ct_2 < 2 && fsstate->next_tuple == 0)
 			fsstate->fetch_ct_2++;
 
+		fsstate->next_tuple = 0;
+		fsstate->num_tuples += addrows;
+
 		/* Must be EOF if we didn't get as many tuples as we asked for. */
-		fsstate->eof_reached = (numrows < fsstate->fetch_size);
+		fsstate->eof_reached = (addrows < fsstate->fetch_size);
 	}
 	PG_FINALLY();
 	{
+		fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+
 		if (res)
 			PQclear(res);
 	}
 	PG_END_TRY();
 
+	/* let the first waiter be the next leader of this connection */
+	waiter = move_to_next_waiter(node);
+
+	/* send the next request if any */
+	if (waiter)
+		request_more_data(waiter);
+
 	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Vacate the underlying connection so that this node can send the next query.
+ */
+static void
+vacate_connection(PgFdwState *fdwstate, bool clear_queue)
+{
+	PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate = fdwstate->commonstate;
+	ForeignScanState *leader;
+
+	Assert(commonstate != NULL);
+
+	/* just return if the connection is already available */
+	if (commonstate->leader == NULL || !commonstate->busy)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * let the current connection leader read all of the result for the running
+	 * query
+	 */
+	leader = commonstate->leader;
+	fetch_received_data(leader);
+
+	/* let the first waiter be the next leader of this connection */
+	move_to_next_waiter(leader);
+
+	if (!clear_queue)
+		return;
+
+	/* Clear the waiting list */
+	while (leader)
+	{
+		PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+		fsstate->last_waiter = NULL;
+		leader = fsstate->waiter;
+		fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * Force assorted GUC parameters to settings that ensure that we'll output
  * data values in a form that is unambiguous to the remote server.
@@ -3566,7 +3976,9 @@ create_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	user = GetUserMapping(userid, table->serverid);
 
 	/* Open connection; report that we'll create a prepared statement. */
-	fmstate->conn = GetConnection(user, true);
+	fmstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, true);
+	fmstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
 	fmstate->p_name = NULL;		/* prepared statement not made yet */
 
 	/* Set up remote query information. */
@@ -3653,6 +4065,9 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 		   operation == CMD_UPDATE ||
 		   operation == CMD_DELETE);
 
+	/* finish running query to send my command */
+	vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fmstate, true);
+
 	/* Set up the prepared statement on the remote server, if we didn't yet */
 	if (!fmstate->p_name)
 		prepare_foreign_modify(fmstate);
@@ -3680,14 +4095,14 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	/*
 	 * Execute the prepared statement.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->conn,
+	if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->s.conn,
 							 fmstate->p_name,
 							 fmstate->p_nums,
 							 p_values,
 							 NULL,
 							 NULL,
 							 0))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->conn, false, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->s.conn, false, fmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -3695,10 +4110,10 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->conn, fmstate->query);
+	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->s.conn, fmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) !=
 		(fmstate->has_returning ? PGRES_TUPLES_OK : PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, fmstate->query);
 
 	/* Check number of rows affected, and fetch RETURNING tuple if any */
 	if (fmstate->has_returning)
@@ -3734,7 +4149,7 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 
 	/* Construct name we'll use for the prepared statement. */
 	snprintf(prep_name, sizeof(prep_name), "pgsql_fdw_prep_%u",
-			 GetPrepStmtNumber(fmstate->conn));
+			 GetPrepStmtNumber(fmstate->s.conn));
 	p_name = pstrdup(prep_name);
 
 	/*
@@ -3744,12 +4159,12 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 	 * the prepared statements we use in this module are simple enough that
 	 * the remote server will make the right choices.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendPrepare(fmstate->conn,
+	if (!PQsendPrepare(fmstate->s.conn,
 					   p_name,
 					   fmstate->query,
 					   0,
 					   NULL))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->conn, false, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->s.conn, false, fmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -3757,9 +4172,9 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->conn, fmstate->query);
+	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->s.conn, fmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, fmstate->query);
 	PQclear(res);
 
 	/* This action shows that the prepare has been done. */
@@ -3888,16 +4303,16 @@ finish_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 		 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 		 * without releasing the PGresult.
 		 */
-		res = pgfdw_exec_query(fmstate->conn, sql);
+		res = pgfdw_exec_query(fmstate->s.conn, sql);
 		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, sql);
+			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, sql);
 		PQclear(res);
 		fmstate->p_name = NULL;
 	}
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(fmstate->conn);
-	fmstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(fmstate->s.conn);
+	fmstate->s.conn = NULL;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -4056,9 +4471,9 @@ execute_dml_stmt(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * the desired result.  This allows us to avoid assuming that the remote
 	 * server has the same OIDs we do for the parameters' types.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendQueryParams(dmstate->conn, dmstate->query, numParams,
+	if (!PQsendQueryParams(dmstate->s.conn, dmstate->query, numParams,
 						   NULL, values, NULL, NULL, 0))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, dmstate->conn, false, dmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, dmstate->s.conn, false, dmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -4066,10 +4481,10 @@ execute_dml_stmt(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	dmstate->result = pgfdw_get_result(dmstate->conn, dmstate->query);
+	dmstate->result = pgfdw_get_result(dmstate->s.conn, dmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(dmstate->result) !=
 		(dmstate->has_returning ? PGRES_TUPLES_OK : PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, dmstate->result, dmstate->conn, true,
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, dmstate->result, dmstate->s.conn, true,
 						   dmstate->query);
 
 	/* Get the number of rows affected. */
@@ -5560,6 +5975,40 @@ postgresGetForeignJoinPaths(PlannerInfo *root,
 	/* XXX Consider parameterized paths for the join relation */
 }
 
+static bool
+postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable(ForeignPath *path)
+{
+	return true;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Configure waiting event.
+ *
+ * Add wait event so that the ForeignScan node is going to wait for.
+ */
+static bool
+postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait(ForeignScanState *node, WaitEventSet *wes,
+								  void *caller_data, bool reinit)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+
+
+	/* Reinit is not supported for now. */
+	Assert(reinit);
+
+	if (fsstate->s.commonstate->leader == node)
+	{
+		AddWaitEventToSet(wes,
+						  WL_SOCKET_READABLE, PQsocket(fsstate->s.conn),
+						  NULL, caller_data);
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+
 /*
  * Assess whether the aggregation, grouping and having operations can be pushed
  * down to the foreign server.  As a side effect, save information we obtain in
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
index eef410db39..96af75a33e 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ typedef struct PgFdwRelationInfo
 	UserMapping *user;			/* only set in use_remote_estimate mode */
 
 	int			fetch_size;		/* fetch size for this remote table */
+	bool		allow_prefetch;	/* true to allow overlapped fetching  */
 
 	/*
 	 * Name of the relation, for use while EXPLAINing ForeignScan.  It is used
@@ -130,6 +131,7 @@ extern void reset_transmission_modes(int nestlevel);
 
 /* in connection.c */
 extern PGconn *GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt);
+void *GetConnectionSpecificStorage(UserMapping *user, size_t initsize);
 extern void ReleaseConnection(PGconn *conn);
 extern unsigned int GetCursorNumber(PGconn *conn);
 extern unsigned int GetPrepStmtNumber(PGconn *conn);
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index 83971665e3..359208a12a 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -1780,25 +1780,25 @@ INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
@@ -1840,12 +1840,12 @@ insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
 insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
 
 -- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an inherited source table
 explain (verbose, costs off)
@@ -1904,8 +1904,8 @@ explain (verbose, costs off)
 delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
 
 -- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with row-level triggers
 CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
-- 
2.18.4


----Next_Part(Thu_Jul__2_11_14_48_2020_705)----





^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 54+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v6 3/3] async postgres_fdw
@ 2017-10-19 08:24  Kyotaro Horiguchi <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 54+ messages in thread

From: Kyotaro Horiguchi @ 2017-10-19 08:24 UTC (permalink / raw)

---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             |  28 +
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 272 ++++----
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c           | 601 +++++++++++++++---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h           |   2 +
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     |  20 +-
 5 files changed, 710 insertions(+), 213 deletions(-)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 08daf26fdf..be5948f613 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ typedef struct ConnCacheEntry
 	bool		invalidated;	/* true if reconnect is pending */
 	uint32		server_hashvalue;	/* hash value of foreign server OID */
 	uint32		mapping_hashvalue;	/* hash value of user mapping OID */
+	void		*storage;		/* connection specific storage */
 } ConnCacheEntry;
 
 /*
@@ -203,6 +204,7 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt)
 
 		elog(DEBUG3, "new postgres_fdw connection %p for server \"%s\" (user mapping oid %u, userid %u)",
 			 entry->conn, server->servername, user->umid, user->userid);
+		entry->storage = NULL;
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -216,6 +218,32 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt)
 	return entry->conn;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Returns the connection specific storage for this user. Allocate with
+ * initsize if not exists.
+ */
+void *
+GetConnectionSpecificStorage(UserMapping *user, size_t initsize)
+{
+	bool		found;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	ConnCacheKey key;
+
+	/* Find storage using the same key with GetConnection */
+	key = user->umid;
+	entry = hash_search(ConnectionHash, &key, HASH_ENTER, &found);
+	Assert(found);
+
+	/* Create one if not yet. */
+	if (entry->storage == NULL)
+	{
+		entry->storage = MemoryContextAlloc(CacheMemoryContext, initsize);
+		memset(entry->storage, 0, initsize);
+	}
+
+	return entry->storage;
+}
+
 /*
  * Connect to remote server using specified server and user mapping properties.
  */
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 90db550b92..9374fa3a6c 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -6973,7 +6973,7 @@ INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaaa');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |  aa   
 ----------+-------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7001,7 +7001,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7029,7 +7029,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7057,7 +7057,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | newtoo
@@ -7127,35 +7127,41 @@ insert into bar2 values(3,33,33);
 insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
 insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
-                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
-   ->  Hash Join
+   ->  Merge Join
          Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
-         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
-         ->  Append
-               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Merge Append
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Sort
                      Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+                     Sort Key: bar_1.f1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
                ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
                      Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
-         ->  Hash
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Sort
                Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  HashAggregate
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(23 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(29 rows)
 
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
  f1 | f2 
 ----+----
   1 | 11
@@ -7165,35 +7171,41 @@ select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
 (4 rows)
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
-                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
-   ->  Hash Join
+   ->  Merge Join
          Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
-         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
-         ->  Append
-               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Merge Append
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Sort
                      Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+                     Sort Key: bar_1.f1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
                ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
                      Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
-         ->  Hash
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST FOR SHARE
+         ->  Sort
                Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  HashAggregate
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(23 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(29 rows)
 
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
  f1 | f2 
 ----+----
   1 | 11
@@ -7223,11 +7235,12 @@ update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
    ->  Hash Join
          Output: bar_1.f1, (bar_1.f2 + 100), bar_1.f3, bar_1.ctid, foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
@@ -7241,12 +7254,13 @@ update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(39 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(41 rows)
 
 update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
 select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
@@ -7276,16 +7290,17 @@ where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
          Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid, (ROW(foo.f1))
          Hash Cond: (foo.f1 = bar.f1)
          ->  Append
+               Async subplans: 2 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                     Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                     Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
                      Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
-                     Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
                      Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
-                     Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
          ->  Hash
                Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid
                ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
@@ -7303,17 +7318,18 @@ where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
                Output: (ROW(foo.f1)), foo.f1
                Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  Append
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                      ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
                            Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
-                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
-                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                      ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
                            Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
-                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
-                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
-(45 rows)
+(47 rows)
 
 update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
 from
@@ -7463,27 +7479,33 @@ delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 (5 rows)
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
-                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Update on public.bar
-   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2
-   Update on public.bar
-   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
-   ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
-         Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid
-   ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
-         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
-(8 rows)
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: u.f1, u.f2
+   Sort Key: u.f1
+   CTE u
+     ->  Update on public.bar
+           Output: bar.f1, bar.f2
+           Update on public.bar
+           Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
+           ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
+                 Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid
+           ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
+                 Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  CTE Scan on u
+         Output: u.f1, u.f2
+(14 rows)
 
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
  f1 | f2  
 ----+-----
   1 | 311
   2 | 322
-  6 | 266
   3 | 333
   4 | 344
+  6 | 266
   7 | 277
 (6 rows)
 
@@ -8558,11 +8580,12 @@ SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER J
  Sort
    Sort Key: t1.a, t3.c
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 2 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: ((ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p1 t3_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: ((ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p2 t3_2)
-(7 rows)
+(8 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
   a  |  b  |  c   
@@ -8597,20 +8620,22 @@ SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10)
 -- with whole-row reference; partitionwise join does not apply
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
-                       QUERY PLAN                       
---------------------------------------------------------
+                          QUERY PLAN                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: ((t1.*)::fprt1), ((t2.*)::fprt2)
    ->  Hash Full Join
          Hash Cond: (t1.a = t2.b)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+               Async subplans: 2 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
          ->  Hash
                ->  Append
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
-(11 rows)
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+(13 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
        wr       |       wr       
@@ -8639,11 +8664,12 @@ SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t
  Sort
    Sort Key: t1.a, t1.b
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 2 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: (ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: (ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)
-(7 rows)
+(8 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
   a  |  b  
@@ -8696,21 +8722,23 @@ SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE
 -- test FOR UPDATE; partitionwise join does not apply
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
-                          QUERY PLAN                          
---------------------------------------------------------------
+                             QUERY PLAN                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    ->  Sort
          Sort Key: t1.a
          ->  Hash Join
                Hash Cond: (t2.b = t1.a)
                ->  Append
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
                ->  Hash
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
-(12 rows)
+                           Async subplans: 2 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+(14 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
   a  |  b  
@@ -8745,18 +8773,19 @@ ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p3;
 SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO false;
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
-                        QUERY PLAN                         
------------------------------------------------------------
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
    ->  HashAggregate
          Group Key: pagg_tab.a
          Filter: (avg(pagg_tab.b) < '22'::numeric)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
-(9 rows)
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(10 rows)
 
 -- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is enabled
 SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO true;
@@ -8767,13 +8796,14 @@ SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 O
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 3 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2)
-(9 rows)
+(10 rows)
 
 SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  a  | sum  | min | count 
@@ -8795,29 +8825,22 @@ SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  Sort
    Output: t1.a, (count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab)))
    Sort Key: t1.a
-   ->  Append
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1
-                     Output: t1.a, t1.*, t1.b
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1_1.a, count(((t1_1.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1_1.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1_1.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_1
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
+         Group Key: t1.a
+         Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+         ->  Append
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1_1
                      Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.*, t1_1.b
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1_2.a, count(((t1_2.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1_2.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1_2.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_2
                      Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.*, t1_2.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_3
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.*, t1_3.b
                      Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p3
-(25 rows)
+(18 rows)
 
 SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  a  | count 
@@ -8837,20 +8860,15 @@ SELECT b, avg(a), max(a), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY b HAVING sum(a) < 700
 -----------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.b
-   ->  Finalize HashAggregate
+   ->  HashAggregate
          Group Key: pagg_tab.b
          Filter: (sum(pagg_tab.a) < 700)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab_1.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab_2.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2
-(15 rows)
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(10 rows)
 
 -- ===================================================================
 -- access rights and superuser
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
index 9fc53cad68..4bfc2d39ea 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/explain.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
+#include "executor/execAsync.h"
+#include "executor/nodeForeignscan.h"
 #include "foreign/fdwapi.h"
 #include "funcapi.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
@@ -35,6 +37,7 @@
 #include "optimizer/restrictinfo.h"
 #include "optimizer/tlist.h"
 #include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "pgstat.h"
 #include "postgres_fdw.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/float.h"
@@ -56,6 +59,9 @@ PG_MODULE_MAGIC;
 /* If no remote estimates, assume a sort costs 20% extra */
 #define DEFAULT_FDW_SORT_MULTIPLIER 1.2
 
+/* Retrieve PgFdwScanState struct from ForeignScanState */
+#define GetPgFdwScanState(n) ((PgFdwScanState *)(n)->fdw_state)
+
 /*
  * Indexes of FDW-private information stored in fdw_private lists.
  *
@@ -122,11 +128,29 @@ enum FdwDirectModifyPrivateIndex
 	FdwDirectModifyPrivateSetProcessed
 };
 
+/*
+ * Connection common state - shared among all PgFdwState instances using the
+ * same connection.
+ */
+typedef struct PgFdwConnCommonState
+{
+	ForeignScanState   *leader;		/* leader node of this connection */
+	bool				busy;		/* true if this connection is busy */
+} PgFdwConnCommonState;
+
+/* Execution state base type */
+typedef struct PgFdwState
+{
+	PGconn	   *conn;					/* connection for the scan */
+	PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate;	/* connection common state */
+} PgFdwState;
+
 /*
  * Execution state of a foreign scan using postgres_fdw.
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table. NULL
 								 * for a foreign join scan. */
 	TupleDesc	tupdesc;		/* tuple descriptor of scan */
@@ -137,7 +161,6 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 	List	   *retrieved_attrs;	/* list of retrieved attribute numbers */
 
 	/* for remote query execution */
-	PGconn	   *conn;			/* connection for the scan */
 	unsigned int cursor_number; /* quasi-unique ID for my cursor */
 	bool		cursor_exists;	/* have we created the cursor? */
 	int			numParams;		/* number of parameters passed to query */
@@ -153,6 +176,12 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 	/* batch-level state, for optimizing rewinds and avoiding useless fetch */
 	int			fetch_ct_2;		/* Min(# of fetches done, 2) */
 	bool		eof_reached;	/* true if last fetch reached EOF */
+	bool		async;			/* true if run asynchronously */
+	bool		queued;			/* true if this node is in waiter queue */
+	ForeignScanState *waiter;	/* Next node to run a query among nodes
+								 * sharing the same connection */
+	ForeignScanState *last_waiter;	/* last element in waiter queue.
+									 * valid only on the leader node */
 
 	/* working memory contexts */
 	MemoryContext batch_cxt;	/* context holding current batch of tuples */
@@ -166,11 +195,11 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwModifyState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table */
 	AttInMetadata *attinmeta;	/* attribute datatype conversion metadata */
 
 	/* for remote query execution */
-	PGconn	   *conn;			/* connection for the scan */
 	char	   *p_name;			/* name of prepared statement, if created */
 
 	/* extracted fdw_private data */
@@ -197,6 +226,7 @@ typedef struct PgFdwModifyState
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwDirectModifyState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table */
 	AttInMetadata *attinmeta;	/* attribute datatype conversion metadata */
 
@@ -326,6 +356,7 @@ static void postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags);
 static TupleTableSlot *postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void postgresShutdownForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets(Query *parsetree,
 											RangeTblEntry *target_rte,
 											Relation target_relation);
@@ -391,6 +422,10 @@ static void postgresGetForeignUpperPaths(PlannerInfo *root,
 										 RelOptInfo *input_rel,
 										 RelOptInfo *output_rel,
 										 void *extra);
+static bool postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable(ForeignPath *path);
+static bool postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait(ForeignScanState *node,
+											  WaitEventSet *wes,
+											  void *caller_data, bool reinit);
 
 /*
  * Helper functions
@@ -419,7 +454,9 @@ static bool ec_member_matches_foreign(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
 									  EquivalenceClass *ec, EquivalenceMember *em,
 									  void *arg);
 static void create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node);
-static void fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void request_more_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void fetch_received_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void vacate_connection(PgFdwState *fdwconn, bool clear_queue);
 static void close_cursor(PGconn *conn, unsigned int cursor_number);
 static PgFdwModifyState *create_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 											   RangeTblEntry *rte,
@@ -522,6 +559,7 @@ postgres_fdw_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	routine->IterateForeignScan = postgresIterateForeignScan;
 	routine->ReScanForeignScan = postgresReScanForeignScan;
 	routine->EndForeignScan = postgresEndForeignScan;
+	routine->ShutdownForeignScan = postgresShutdownForeignScan;
 
 	/* Functions for updating foreign tables */
 	routine->AddForeignUpdateTargets = postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets;
@@ -558,6 +596,10 @@ postgres_fdw_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	/* Support functions for upper relation push-down */
 	routine->GetForeignUpperPaths = postgresGetForeignUpperPaths;
 
+	/* Support functions for async execution */
+	routine->IsForeignPathAsyncCapable = postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable;
+	routine->ForeignAsyncConfigureWait = postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait;
+
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(routine);
 }
 
@@ -1434,12 +1476,22 @@ postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 	 * Get connection to the foreign server.  Connection manager will
 	 * establish new connection if necessary.
 	 */
-	fsstate->conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	fsstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	fsstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->leader = NULL;
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+	fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	fsstate->last_waiter = node;
 
 	/* Assign a unique ID for my cursor */
-	fsstate->cursor_number = GetCursorNumber(fsstate->conn);
+	fsstate->cursor_number = GetCursorNumber(fsstate->s.conn);
 	fsstate->cursor_exists = false;
 
+	/* Initialize async execution status */
+	fsstate->async = false;
+	fsstate->queued = false;
+
 	/* Get private info created by planner functions. */
 	fsstate->query = strVal(list_nth(fsplan->fdw_private,
 									 FdwScanPrivateSelectSql));
@@ -1487,40 +1539,241 @@ postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 							 &fsstate->param_values);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Async queue manipulation functions
+ */
+
+/*
+ * add_async_waiter:
+ *
+ * Enqueue node if it isn't in the queue. Immediately send request it if the
+ * underlying connection is not busy.
+ */
+static inline void
+add_async_waiter(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState   *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+
+	/*
+	 * Do nothing if the node is already in the queue or already eof'ed.
+	 * Note: leader node is not marked as queued.
+	 */
+	if (leader == node || fsstate->queued || fsstate->eof_reached)
+		return;
+
+	if (leader == NULL)
+	{
+		/* no leader means not busy, send request immediately */
+		request_more_data(node);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* the connection is busy, queue the node */
+		PgFdwScanState   *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+		PgFdwScanState   *last_waiter_state
+			= GetPgFdwScanState(leader_state->last_waiter);
+
+		last_waiter_state->waiter = node;
+		leader_state->last_waiter = node;
+		fsstate->queued = true;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * move_to_next_waiter:
+ *
+ * Make the first waiter be the next leader
+ * Returns the new leader or NULL if there's no waiter.
+ */
+static inline ForeignScanState *
+move_to_next_waiter(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *next_leader = leader_state->waiter;
+
+	Assert(leader_state->s.commonstate->leader = node);
+
+	if (next_leader)
+	{
+		/* the first waiter becomes the next leader */
+		PgFdwScanState *next_leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(next_leader);
+		next_leader_state->last_waiter = leader_state->last_waiter;
+		next_leader_state->queued = false;
+	}
+
+	leader_state->waiter = NULL;
+	leader_state->s.commonstate->leader = next_leader;
+
+	return next_leader;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Remove the node from waiter queue.
+ *
+ * Remaining results are cleared if the node is a busy leader.
+ * This intended to be used during node shutdown.
+ */
+static inline void
+remove_async_node(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState		*fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState	*leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+	PgFdwScanState		*leader_state;
+	ForeignScanState	*prev;
+	PgFdwScanState		*prev_state;
+	ForeignScanState	*cur;
+
+	/* no need to remove me */
+	if (!leader || !fsstate->queued)
+		return;
+
+	leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+	if (leader == node)
+	{
+		if (leader_state->s.commonstate->busy)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * this node is waiting for result, absorb the result first so
+			 * that the following commands can be sent on the connection.
+			 */
+			PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+			PGconn *conn = leader_state->s.conn;
+
+			while(PQisBusy(conn))
+				PQclear(PQgetResult(conn));
+
+			leader_state->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+		}
+
+		move_to_next_waiter(node);
+
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Just remove the node from the queue
+	 *
+	 * Nodes don't have a link to the previous node but anyway this function is
+	 * called on the shutdown path, so we don't bother seeking for faster way
+	 * to do this.
+	 */
+	prev = leader;
+	prev_state = leader_state;
+	cur =  GetPgFdwScanState(prev)->waiter;
+	while (cur)
+	{
+		PgFdwScanState *curstate = GetPgFdwScanState(cur);
+
+		if (cur == node)
+		{
+			prev_state->waiter = curstate->waiter;
+
+			/* relink to the previous node if the last node was removed */
+			if (leader_state->last_waiter == cur)
+				leader_state->last_waiter = prev;
+
+			fsstate->queued = false;
+
+			return;
+		}
+		prev = cur;
+		prev_state = curstate;
+		cur = curstate->waiter;
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * postgresIterateForeignScan
- *		Retrieve next row from the result set, or clear tuple slot to indicate
- *		EOF.
+ *		Retrieve next row from the result set.
+ *
+ *		For synchronous nodes, returns clear tuple slot means EOF.
+ *
+ *		For asynchronous nodes, if clear tuple slot is returned, the caller
+ *		needs to check async state to tell if all tuples received
+ *		(AS_AVAILABLE) or waiting for the next data to come (AS_WAITING).
  */
 static TupleTableSlot *
 postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	TupleTableSlot *slot = node->ss.ss_ScanTupleSlot;
 
-	/*
-	 * If this is the first call after Begin or ReScan, we need to create the
-	 * cursor on the remote side.
-	 */
-	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
-		create_cursor(node);
-
-	/*
-	 * Get some more tuples, if we've run out.
-	 */
+	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples && !fsstate->eof_reached)
+	{
+		/* we've run out, get some more tuples */
+		if (!node->fs_async)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * finish the running query before sending the next command for
+			 * this node
+			 */
+			if (!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy)
+				vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fsstate, false);
+
+			request_more_data(node);
+
+			/* Fetch the result immediately. */
+			fetch_received_data(node);
+		}
+		else if (!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy)
+		{
+			/* If the connection is not busy, just send the request. */
+			request_more_data(node);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			/* The connection is busy, queue the request */
+			bool available = true;
+			ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+			PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+			/* queue the requested node */
+			add_async_waiter(node);
+
+			/*
+			 * The request for the next node cannot be sent before the leader
+			 * responds. Finish the current leader if possible.
+			 */
+			if (PQisBusy(leader_state->s.conn))
+			{
+				int rc = WaitLatchOrSocket(NULL,
+										   WL_SOCKET_READABLE | WL_TIMEOUT |
+										   WL_EXIT_ON_PM_DEATH,
+										   PQsocket(leader_state->s.conn), 0,
+										   WAIT_EVENT_ASYNC_WAIT);
+				if (!(rc & WL_SOCKET_READABLE))
+					available = false;
+			}
+
+			/* fetch the leader's data and enqueue it for the next request */
+			if (available)
+			{
+				fetch_received_data(leader);
+				add_async_waiter(leader);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
 	{
-		/* No point in another fetch if we already detected EOF, though. */
-		if (!fsstate->eof_reached)
-			fetch_more_data(node);
-		/* If we didn't get any tuples, must be end of data. */
-		if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
-			return ExecClearTuple(slot);
+		/*
+		 * We haven't received a result for the given node this time, return
+		 * with no tuple to give way to another node.
+		 */
+		if (fsstate->eof_reached)
+			node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_AVAILABLE;
+		else
+			node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_WAITING;
+
+		return ExecClearTuple(slot);
 	}
 
 	/*
 	 * Return the next tuple.
 	 */
+	node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_AVAILABLE;
 	ExecStoreHeapTuple(fsstate->tuples[fsstate->next_tuple++],
 					   slot,
 					   false);
@@ -1535,7 +1788,7 @@ postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 static void
 postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	char		sql[64];
 	PGresult   *res;
 
@@ -1543,6 +1796,8 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
 		return;
 
+	vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fsstate, true);
+
 	/*
 	 * If any internal parameters affecting this node have changed, we'd
 	 * better destroy and recreate the cursor.  Otherwise, rewinding it should
@@ -1571,9 +1826,9 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_exec_query(fsstate->conn, sql);
+	res = pgfdw_exec_query(fsstate->s.conn, sql);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fsstate->conn, true, sql);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fsstate->s.conn, true, sql);
 	PQclear(res);
 
 	/* Now force a fresh FETCH. */
@@ -1591,7 +1846,7 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 static void
 postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 
 	/* if fsstate is NULL, we are in EXPLAIN; nothing to do */
 	if (fsstate == NULL)
@@ -1599,15 +1854,31 @@ postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 
 	/* Close the cursor if open, to prevent accumulation of cursors */
 	if (fsstate->cursor_exists)
-		close_cursor(fsstate->conn, fsstate->cursor_number);
+		close_cursor(fsstate->s.conn, fsstate->cursor_number);
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(fsstate->conn);
-	fsstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(fsstate->s.conn);
+	fsstate->s.conn = NULL;
 
 	/* MemoryContexts will be deleted automatically. */
 }
 
+/*
+ * postgresShutdownForeignScan
+ *		Remove asynchrony stuff and cleanup garbage on the connection.
+ */
+static void
+postgresShutdownForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	ForeignScan *plan = (ForeignScan *) node->ss.ps.plan;
+
+	if (plan->operation != CMD_SELECT)
+		return;
+
+	/* remove the node from waiting queue */
+	remove_async_node(node);
+}
+
 /*
  * postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets
  *		Add resjunk column(s) needed for update/delete on a foreign table
@@ -2372,7 +2643,9 @@ postgresBeginDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 	 * Get connection to the foreign server.  Connection manager will
 	 * establish new connection if necessary.
 	 */
-	dmstate->conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	dmstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	dmstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
 
 	/* Update the foreign-join-related fields. */
 	if (fsplan->scan.scanrelid == 0)
@@ -2457,7 +2730,11 @@ postgresIterateDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * If this is the first call after Begin, execute the statement.
 	 */
 	if (dmstate->num_tuples == -1)
+	{
+		/* finish running query to send my command */
+		vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)dmstate, true);
 		execute_dml_stmt(node);
+	}
 
 	/*
 	 * If the local query doesn't specify RETURNING, just clear tuple slot.
@@ -2504,8 +2781,8 @@ postgresEndDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node)
 		PQclear(dmstate->result);
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(dmstate->conn);
-	dmstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(dmstate->s.conn);
+	dmstate->s.conn = NULL;
 
 	/* MemoryContext will be deleted automatically. */
 }
@@ -2703,6 +2980,7 @@ estimate_path_cost_size(PlannerInfo *root,
 		List	   *local_param_join_conds;
 		StringInfoData sql;
 		PGconn	   *conn;
+		PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate;
 		Selectivity local_sel;
 		QualCost	local_cost;
 		List	   *fdw_scan_tlist = NIL;
@@ -2747,6 +3025,18 @@ estimate_path_cost_size(PlannerInfo *root,
 
 		/* Get the remote estimate */
 		conn = GetConnection(fpinfo->user, false);
+		commonstate = GetConnectionSpecificStorage(fpinfo->user,
+												sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
+		if (commonstate)
+		{
+			PgFdwState tmpstate;
+			tmpstate.conn = conn;
+			tmpstate.commonstate = commonstate;
+
+			/* finish running query to send my command */
+			vacate_connection(&tmpstate, true);
+		}
+
 		get_remote_estimate(sql.data, conn, &rows, &width,
 							&startup_cost, &total_cost);
 		ReleaseConnection(conn);
@@ -3317,11 +3607,11 @@ ec_member_matches_foreign(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
 static void
 create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	ExprContext *econtext = node->ss.ps.ps_ExprContext;
 	int			numParams = fsstate->numParams;
 	const char **values = fsstate->param_values;
-	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->conn;
+	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
 	StringInfoData buf;
 	PGresult   *res;
 
@@ -3384,50 +3674,119 @@ create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node)
 }
 
 /*
- * Fetch some more rows from the node's cursor.
+ * Sends the next request of the node. If the given node is different from the
+ * current connection leader, pushes it back to waiter queue and let the given
+ * node be the leader.
  */
 static void
-fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
+request_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
+	char		sql[64];
+
+	/* must be non-busy */
+	Assert(!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy);
+	/* must be not-eof'ed */
+	Assert(!fsstate->eof_reached);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the first call after Begin or ReScan, we need to create the
+	 * cursor on the remote side.
+	 */
+	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
+		create_cursor(node);
+
+	snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "FETCH %d FROM c%u",
+			 fsstate->fetch_size, fsstate->cursor_number);
+
+	if (!PQsendQuery(conn, sql))
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, conn, false, sql);
+
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = true;
+
+	/* The node is the current leader, just return. */
+	if (leader == node)
+		return;
+
+	/* Let the node be the leader */
+	if (leader != NULL)
+	{
+		remove_async_node(node);
+		fsstate->last_waiter = GetPgFdwScanState(leader)->last_waiter;
+		fsstate->waiter = leader;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		fsstate->last_waiter = node;
+		fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	}
+
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->leader = node;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Fetches received data and automatically send requests of the next waiter.
+ */
+static void
+fetch_received_data(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	PGresult   *volatile res = NULL;
 	MemoryContext oldcontext;
+	ForeignScanState *waiter;
+
+	/* I should be the current connection leader */
+	Assert(fsstate->s.commonstate->leader == node);
 
 	/*
 	 * We'll store the tuples in the batch_cxt.  First, flush the previous
-	 * batch.
+	 * batch if no tuple is remaining
 	 */
-	fsstate->tuples = NULL;
-	MemoryContextReset(fsstate->batch_cxt);
+	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
+	{
+		fsstate->tuples = NULL;
+		fsstate->num_tuples = 0;
+		MemoryContextReset(fsstate->batch_cxt);
+	}
+	else if (fsstate->next_tuple > 0)
+	{
+		/* There's some remains. Move them to the beginning of the store */
+		int n = 0;
+
+		while(fsstate->next_tuple < fsstate->num_tuples)
+			fsstate->tuples[n++] = fsstate->tuples[fsstate->next_tuple++];
+		fsstate->num_tuples = n;
+	}
+
 	oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(fsstate->batch_cxt);
 
 	/* PGresult must be released before leaving this function. */
 	PG_TRY();
 	{
-		PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->conn;
-		char		sql[64];
-		int			numrows;
+		PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
+		int			addrows;
+		size_t		newsize;
 		int			i;
 
-		snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "FETCH %d FROM c%u",
-				 fsstate->fetch_size, fsstate->cursor_number);
-
-		res = pgfdw_exec_query(conn, sql);
-		/* On error, report the original query, not the FETCH. */
+		res = pgfdw_get_result(conn, fsstate->query);
 		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
 			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, conn, false, fsstate->query);
 
 		/* Convert the data into HeapTuples */
-		numrows = PQntuples(res);
-		fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) palloc0(numrows * sizeof(HeapTuple));
-		fsstate->num_tuples = numrows;
-		fsstate->next_tuple = 0;
+		addrows = PQntuples(res);
+		newsize = (fsstate->num_tuples + addrows) * sizeof(HeapTuple);
+		if (fsstate->tuples)
+			fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) repalloc(fsstate->tuples, newsize);
+		else
+			fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) palloc(newsize);
 
-		for (i = 0; i < numrows; i++)
+		for (i = 0; i < addrows; i++)
 		{
 			Assert(IsA(node->ss.ps.plan, ForeignScan));
 
-			fsstate->tuples[i] =
+			fsstate->tuples[fsstate->num_tuples + i] =
 				make_tuple_from_result_row(res, i,
 										   fsstate->rel,
 										   fsstate->attinmeta,
@@ -3437,22 +3796,73 @@ fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
 		}
 
 		/* Update fetch_ct_2 */
-		if (fsstate->fetch_ct_2 < 2)
+		if (fsstate->fetch_ct_2 < 2 && fsstate->next_tuple == 0)
 			fsstate->fetch_ct_2++;
 
+		fsstate->next_tuple = 0;
+		fsstate->num_tuples += addrows;
+
 		/* Must be EOF if we didn't get as many tuples as we asked for. */
-		fsstate->eof_reached = (numrows < fsstate->fetch_size);
+		fsstate->eof_reached = (addrows < fsstate->fetch_size);
 	}
 	PG_FINALLY();
 	{
+		fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+
 		if (res)
 			PQclear(res);
 	}
 	PG_END_TRY();
 
+	/* let the first waiter be the next leader of this connection */
+	waiter = move_to_next_waiter(node);
+
+	/* send the next request if any */
+	if (waiter)
+		request_more_data(waiter);
+
 	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Vacate the underlying connection so that this node can send the next query.
+ */
+static void
+vacate_connection(PgFdwState *fdwstate, bool clear_queue)
+{
+	PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate = fdwstate->commonstate;
+	ForeignScanState *leader;
+
+	Assert(commonstate != NULL);
+
+	/* just return if the connection is already available */
+	if (commonstate->leader == NULL || !commonstate->busy)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * let the current connection leader read all of the result for the running
+	 * query
+	 */
+	leader = commonstate->leader;
+	fetch_received_data(leader);
+
+	/* let the first waiter be the next leader of this connection */
+	move_to_next_waiter(leader);
+
+	if (!clear_queue)
+		return;
+
+	/* Clear the waiting list */
+	while (leader)
+	{
+		PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+		fsstate->last_waiter = NULL;
+		leader = fsstate->waiter;
+		fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * Force assorted GUC parameters to settings that ensure that we'll output
  * data values in a form that is unambiguous to the remote server.
@@ -3566,7 +3976,9 @@ create_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	user = GetUserMapping(userid, table->serverid);
 
 	/* Open connection; report that we'll create a prepared statement. */
-	fmstate->conn = GetConnection(user, true);
+	fmstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, true);
+	fmstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
 	fmstate->p_name = NULL;		/* prepared statement not made yet */
 
 	/* Set up remote query information. */
@@ -3653,6 +4065,9 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 		   operation == CMD_UPDATE ||
 		   operation == CMD_DELETE);
 
+	/* finish running query to send my command */
+	vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fmstate, true);
+
 	/* Set up the prepared statement on the remote server, if we didn't yet */
 	if (!fmstate->p_name)
 		prepare_foreign_modify(fmstate);
@@ -3680,14 +4095,14 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	/*
 	 * Execute the prepared statement.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->conn,
+	if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->s.conn,
 							 fmstate->p_name,
 							 fmstate->p_nums,
 							 p_values,
 							 NULL,
 							 NULL,
 							 0))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->conn, false, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->s.conn, false, fmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -3695,10 +4110,10 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->conn, fmstate->query);
+	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->s.conn, fmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) !=
 		(fmstate->has_returning ? PGRES_TUPLES_OK : PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, fmstate->query);
 
 	/* Check number of rows affected, and fetch RETURNING tuple if any */
 	if (fmstate->has_returning)
@@ -3734,7 +4149,7 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 
 	/* Construct name we'll use for the prepared statement. */
 	snprintf(prep_name, sizeof(prep_name), "pgsql_fdw_prep_%u",
-			 GetPrepStmtNumber(fmstate->conn));
+			 GetPrepStmtNumber(fmstate->s.conn));
 	p_name = pstrdup(prep_name);
 
 	/*
@@ -3744,12 +4159,12 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 	 * the prepared statements we use in this module are simple enough that
 	 * the remote server will make the right choices.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendPrepare(fmstate->conn,
+	if (!PQsendPrepare(fmstate->s.conn,
 					   p_name,
 					   fmstate->query,
 					   0,
 					   NULL))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->conn, false, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->s.conn, false, fmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -3757,9 +4172,9 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->conn, fmstate->query);
+	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->s.conn, fmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, fmstate->query);
 	PQclear(res);
 
 	/* This action shows that the prepare has been done. */
@@ -3888,16 +4303,16 @@ finish_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 		 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 		 * without releasing the PGresult.
 		 */
-		res = pgfdw_exec_query(fmstate->conn, sql);
+		res = pgfdw_exec_query(fmstate->s.conn, sql);
 		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, sql);
+			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, sql);
 		PQclear(res);
 		fmstate->p_name = NULL;
 	}
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(fmstate->conn);
-	fmstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(fmstate->s.conn);
+	fmstate->s.conn = NULL;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -4056,9 +4471,9 @@ execute_dml_stmt(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * the desired result.  This allows us to avoid assuming that the remote
 	 * server has the same OIDs we do for the parameters' types.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendQueryParams(dmstate->conn, dmstate->query, numParams,
+	if (!PQsendQueryParams(dmstate->s.conn, dmstate->query, numParams,
 						   NULL, values, NULL, NULL, 0))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, dmstate->conn, false, dmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, dmstate->s.conn, false, dmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -4066,10 +4481,10 @@ execute_dml_stmt(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	dmstate->result = pgfdw_get_result(dmstate->conn, dmstate->query);
+	dmstate->result = pgfdw_get_result(dmstate->s.conn, dmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(dmstate->result) !=
 		(dmstate->has_returning ? PGRES_TUPLES_OK : PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, dmstate->result, dmstate->conn, true,
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, dmstate->result, dmstate->s.conn, true,
 						   dmstate->query);
 
 	/* Get the number of rows affected. */
@@ -5560,6 +5975,40 @@ postgresGetForeignJoinPaths(PlannerInfo *root,
 	/* XXX Consider parameterized paths for the join relation */
 }
 
+static bool
+postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable(ForeignPath *path)
+{
+	return true;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Configure waiting event.
+ *
+ * Add wait event so that the ForeignScan node is going to wait for.
+ */
+static bool
+postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait(ForeignScanState *node, WaitEventSet *wes,
+								  void *caller_data, bool reinit)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+
+
+	/* Reinit is not supported for now. */
+	Assert(reinit);
+
+	if (fsstate->s.commonstate->leader == node)
+	{
+		AddWaitEventToSet(wes,
+						  WL_SOCKET_READABLE, PQsocket(fsstate->s.conn),
+						  NULL, caller_data);
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+
 /*
  * Assess whether the aggregation, grouping and having operations can be pushed
  * down to the foreign server.  As a side effect, save information we obtain in
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
index eef410db39..96af75a33e 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ typedef struct PgFdwRelationInfo
 	UserMapping *user;			/* only set in use_remote_estimate mode */
 
 	int			fetch_size;		/* fetch size for this remote table */
+	bool		allow_prefetch;	/* true to allow overlapped fetching  */
 
 	/*
 	 * Name of the relation, for use while EXPLAINing ForeignScan.  It is used
@@ -130,6 +131,7 @@ extern void reset_transmission_modes(int nestlevel);
 
 /* in connection.c */
 extern PGconn *GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt);
+void *GetConnectionSpecificStorage(UserMapping *user, size_t initsize);
 extern void ReleaseConnection(PGconn *conn);
 extern unsigned int GetCursorNumber(PGconn *conn);
 extern unsigned int GetPrepStmtNumber(PGconn *conn);
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index 83971665e3..359208a12a 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -1780,25 +1780,25 @@ INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
@@ -1840,12 +1840,12 @@ insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
 insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
 
 -- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an inherited source table
 explain (verbose, costs off)
@@ -1904,8 +1904,8 @@ explain (verbose, costs off)
 delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
 
 -- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with row-level triggers
 CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
-- 
2.18.4


----Next_Part(Thu_Aug_20_16_36_08_2020_519)----





^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 54+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v5 3/3] async postgres_fdw
@ 2017-10-19 08:24  Kyotaro Horiguchi <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 54+ messages in thread

From: Kyotaro Horiguchi @ 2017-10-19 08:24 UTC (permalink / raw)

---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             |  28 +
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 272 ++++----
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c           | 601 +++++++++++++++---
 contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h           |   2 +
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     |  20 +-
 5 files changed, 710 insertions(+), 213 deletions(-)

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 52d1fe3563..d9edc5e4de 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ typedef struct ConnCacheEntry
 	bool		invalidated;	/* true if reconnect is pending */
 	uint32		server_hashvalue;	/* hash value of foreign server OID */
 	uint32		mapping_hashvalue;	/* hash value of user mapping OID */
+	void		*storage;		/* connection specific storage */
 } ConnCacheEntry;
 
 /*
@@ -202,6 +203,7 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt)
 
 		elog(DEBUG3, "new postgres_fdw connection %p for server \"%s\" (user mapping oid %u, userid %u)",
 			 entry->conn, server->servername, user->umid, user->userid);
+		entry->storage = NULL;
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -215,6 +217,32 @@ GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt)
 	return entry->conn;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Returns the connection specific storage for this user. Allocate with
+ * initsize if not exists.
+ */
+void *
+GetConnectionSpecificStorage(UserMapping *user, size_t initsize)
+{
+	bool		found;
+	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
+	ConnCacheKey key;
+
+	/* Find storage using the same key with GetConnection */
+	key = user->umid;
+	entry = hash_search(ConnectionHash, &key, HASH_ENTER, &found);
+	Assert(found);
+
+	/* Create one if not yet. */
+	if (entry->storage == NULL)
+	{
+		entry->storage = MemoryContextAlloc(CacheMemoryContext, initsize);
+		memset(entry->storage, 0, initsize);
+	}
+
+	return entry->storage;
+}
+
 /*
  * Connect to remote server using specified server and user mapping properties.
  */
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 82fc1290ef..bf9b4041cd 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -6973,7 +6973,7 @@ INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaaa');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |  aa   
 ----------+-------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7001,7 +7001,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7029,7 +7029,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | aaa
@@ -7057,7 +7057,7 @@ SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 (3 rows)
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
  tableoid |   aa   
 ----------+--------
  a        | newtoo
@@ -7127,35 +7127,41 @@ insert into bar2 values(3,33,33);
 insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
 insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
-                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                    
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
-   ->  Hash Join
+   ->  Merge Join
          Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
-         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
-         ->  Append
-               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Merge Append
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Sort
                      Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+                     Sort Key: bar_1.f1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
                ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
                      Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR UPDATE
-         ->  Hash
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST FOR UPDATE
+         ->  Sort
                Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  HashAggregate
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(23 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(29 rows)
 
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
  f1 | f2 
 ----+----
   1 | 11
@@ -7165,35 +7171,41 @@ select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
 (4 rows)
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
-                                          QUERY PLAN                                          
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
+                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                   
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
-   ->  Hash Join
+   ->  Merge Join
          Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid, foo.ctid, bar.*, bar.tableoid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
-         Hash Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
-         ->  Append
-               ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+         Merge Cond: (bar.f1 = foo.f1)
+         ->  Merge Append
+               Sort Key: bar.f1
+               ->  Sort
                      Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
+                     Sort Key: bar_1.f1
+                     ->  Seq Scan on public.bar bar_1
+                           Output: bar_1.f1, bar_1.f2, bar_1.ctid, bar_1.*, bar_1.tableoid
                ->  Foreign Scan on public.bar2 bar_2
                      Output: bar_2.f1, bar_2.f2, bar_2.ctid, bar_2.*, bar_2.tableoid
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 FOR SHARE
-         ->  Hash
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct2 ORDER BY f1 ASC NULLS LAST FOR SHARE
+         ->  Sort
                Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
+               Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  HashAggregate
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(23 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(29 rows)
 
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
  f1 | f2 
 ----+----
   1 | 11
@@ -7223,11 +7235,12 @@ update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
    ->  Hash Join
          Output: bar_1.f1, (bar_1.f2 + 100), bar_1.f3, bar_1.ctid, foo.ctid, foo.*, foo.tableoid
          Inner Unique: true
@@ -7241,12 +7254,13 @@ update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
                      Output: foo.ctid, foo.f1, foo.*, foo.tableoid
                      Group Key: foo.f1
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
-                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
+                           Async subplans: 1 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_2
                                  Output: foo_2.ctid, foo_2.f1, foo_2.*, foo_2.tableoid
                                  Remote SQL: SELECT f1, f2, f3, ctid FROM public.loct1
-(39 rows)
+                           ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_1
+                                 Output: foo_1.ctid, foo_1.f1, foo_1.*, foo_1.tableoid
+(41 rows)
 
 update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
 select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
@@ -7276,16 +7290,17 @@ where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
          Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid, (ROW(foo.f1))
          Hash Cond: (foo.f1 = bar.f1)
          ->  Append
+               Async subplans: 2 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                     Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                     Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
                      Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
-                     Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
                      Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
-                     Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
          ->  Hash
                Output: bar.f1, bar.f2, bar.ctid
                ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
@@ -7303,17 +7318,18 @@ where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
                Output: (ROW(foo.f1)), foo.f1
                Sort Key: foo.f1
                ->  Append
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
+                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
+                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
+                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                      ->  Seq Scan on public.foo
                            Output: ROW(foo.f1), foo.f1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_1
-                           Output: ROW(foo_1.f1), foo_1.f1
-                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
                      ->  Seq Scan on public.foo foo_2
                            Output: ROW((foo_2.f1 + 3)), (foo_2.f1 + 3)
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on public.foo2 foo_3
-                           Output: ROW((foo_3.f1 + 3)), (foo_3.f1 + 3)
-                           Remote SQL: SELECT f1 FROM public.loct1
-(45 rows)
+(47 rows)
 
 update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
 from
@@ -7463,27 +7479,33 @@ delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 (5 rows)
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
-                                  QUERY PLAN                                  
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Update on public.bar
-   Output: bar.f1, bar.f2
-   Update on public.bar
-   Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
-   ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
-         Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid
-   ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
-         Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
-(8 rows)
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
+                                      QUERY PLAN                                      
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Sort
+   Output: u.f1, u.f2
+   Sort Key: u.f1
+   CTE u
+     ->  Update on public.bar
+           Output: bar.f1, bar.f2
+           Update on public.bar
+           Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
+           ->  Seq Scan on public.bar
+                 Output: bar.f1, (bar.f2 + 100), bar.ctid
+           ->  Foreign Update on public.bar2 bar_1
+                 Remote SQL: UPDATE public.loct2 SET f2 = (f2 + 100) RETURNING f1, f2
+   ->  CTE Scan on u
+         Output: u.f1, u.f2
+(14 rows)
 
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
  f1 | f2  
 ----+-----
   1 | 311
   2 | 322
-  6 | 266
   3 | 333
   4 | 344
+  6 | 266
   7 | 277
 (6 rows)
 
@@ -8558,11 +8580,12 @@ SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER J
  Sort
    Sort Key: t1.a, t3.c
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 2 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: ((ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p1 t3_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: ((ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)) INNER JOIN (ftprt1_p2 t3_2)
-(7 rows)
+(8 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
   a  |  b  |  c   
@@ -8597,20 +8620,22 @@ SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10)
 -- with whole-row reference; partitionwise join does not apply
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
-                       QUERY PLAN                       
---------------------------------------------------------
+                          QUERY PLAN                          
+--------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: ((t1.*)::fprt1), ((t2.*)::fprt2)
    ->  Hash Full Join
          Hash Cond: (t1.a = t2.b)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+               Async subplans: 2 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
          ->  Hash
                ->  Append
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
-(11 rows)
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+(13 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
        wr       |       wr       
@@ -8639,11 +8664,12 @@ SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t
  Sort
    Sort Key: t1.a, t1.b
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 2 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: (ftprt1_p1 t1_1) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p1 t2_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: (ftprt1_p2 t1_2) INNER JOIN (ftprt2_p2 t2_2)
-(7 rows)
+(8 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
   a  |  b  
@@ -8696,21 +8722,23 @@ SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE
 -- test FOR UPDATE; partitionwise join does not apply
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
-                          QUERY PLAN                          
---------------------------------------------------------------
+                             QUERY PLAN                             
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
  LockRows
    ->  Sort
          Sort Key: t1.a
          ->  Hash Join
                Hash Cond: (t2.b = t1.a)
                ->  Append
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
+                     Async subplans: 2 
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p1 t2_1
+                     ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt2_p2 t2_2
                ->  Hash
                      ->  Append
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
-                           ->  Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
-(12 rows)
+                           Async subplans: 2 
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p1 t1_1
+                           ->  Async Foreign Scan on ftprt1_p2 t1_2
+(14 rows)
 
 SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
   a  |  b  
@@ -8745,18 +8773,19 @@ ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p3;
 SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO false;
 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
 SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
-                        QUERY PLAN                         
------------------------------------------------------------
+                           QUERY PLAN                            
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
    ->  HashAggregate
          Group Key: pagg_tab.a
          Filter: (avg(pagg_tab.b) < '22'::numeric)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
-               ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
-(9 rows)
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(10 rows)
 
 -- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is enabled
 SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO true;
@@ -8767,13 +8796,14 @@ SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 O
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.a
    ->  Append
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         Async subplans: 3 
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1)
-         ->  Foreign Scan
+         ->  Async Foreign Scan
                Relations: Aggregate on (fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2)
-(9 rows)
+(10 rows)
 
 SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  a  | sum  | min | count 
@@ -8795,29 +8825,22 @@ SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  Sort
    Output: t1.a, (count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab)))
    Sort Key: t1.a
-   ->  Append
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1
-                     Output: t1.a, t1.*, t1.b
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1_1.a, count(((t1_1.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1_1.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1_1.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_1
+   ->  HashAggregate
+         Output: t1.a, count(((t1.*)::pagg_tab))
+         Group Key: t1.a
+         Filter: (avg(t1.b) < '22'::numeric)
+         ->  Append
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p1 t1_1
                      Output: t1_1.a, t1_1.*, t1_1.b
-                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
-         ->  HashAggregate
-               Output: t1_2.a, count(((t1_2.*)::pagg_tab))
-               Group Key: t1_2.a
-               Filter: (avg(t1_2.b) < '22'::numeric)
-               ->  Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_2
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p2 t1_2
                      Output: t1_2.a, t1_2.*, t1_2.b
+                     Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on public.fpagg_tab_p3 t1_3
+                     Output: t1_3.a, t1_3.*, t1_3.b
                      Remote SQL: SELECT a, b, c FROM public.pagg_tab_p3
-(25 rows)
+(18 rows)
 
 SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
  a  | count 
@@ -8837,20 +8860,15 @@ SELECT b, avg(a), max(a), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY b HAVING sum(a) < 700
 -----------------------------------------------------------------
  Sort
    Sort Key: pagg_tab.b
-   ->  Finalize HashAggregate
+   ->  HashAggregate
          Group Key: pagg_tab.b
          Filter: (sum(pagg_tab.a) < 700)
          ->  Append
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab_1.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_1
-               ->  Partial HashAggregate
-                     Group Key: pagg_tab_2.b
-                     ->  Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_2
-(15 rows)
+               Async subplans: 3 
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p1 pagg_tab_1
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p2 pagg_tab_2
+               ->  Async Foreign Scan on fpagg_tab_p3 pagg_tab_3
+(10 rows)
 
 -- ===================================================================
 -- access rights and superuser
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
index 9fc53cad68..4bfc2d39ea 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/explain.h"
 #include "commands/vacuum.h"
+#include "executor/execAsync.h"
+#include "executor/nodeForeignscan.h"
 #include "foreign/fdwapi.h"
 #include "funcapi.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
@@ -35,6 +37,7 @@
 #include "optimizer/restrictinfo.h"
 #include "optimizer/tlist.h"
 #include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "pgstat.h"
 #include "postgres_fdw.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/float.h"
@@ -56,6 +59,9 @@ PG_MODULE_MAGIC;
 /* If no remote estimates, assume a sort costs 20% extra */
 #define DEFAULT_FDW_SORT_MULTIPLIER 1.2
 
+/* Retrieve PgFdwScanState struct from ForeignScanState */
+#define GetPgFdwScanState(n) ((PgFdwScanState *)(n)->fdw_state)
+
 /*
  * Indexes of FDW-private information stored in fdw_private lists.
  *
@@ -122,11 +128,29 @@ enum FdwDirectModifyPrivateIndex
 	FdwDirectModifyPrivateSetProcessed
 };
 
+/*
+ * Connection common state - shared among all PgFdwState instances using the
+ * same connection.
+ */
+typedef struct PgFdwConnCommonState
+{
+	ForeignScanState   *leader;		/* leader node of this connection */
+	bool				busy;		/* true if this connection is busy */
+} PgFdwConnCommonState;
+
+/* Execution state base type */
+typedef struct PgFdwState
+{
+	PGconn	   *conn;					/* connection for the scan */
+	PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate;	/* connection common state */
+} PgFdwState;
+
 /*
  * Execution state of a foreign scan using postgres_fdw.
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table. NULL
 								 * for a foreign join scan. */
 	TupleDesc	tupdesc;		/* tuple descriptor of scan */
@@ -137,7 +161,6 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 	List	   *retrieved_attrs;	/* list of retrieved attribute numbers */
 
 	/* for remote query execution */
-	PGconn	   *conn;			/* connection for the scan */
 	unsigned int cursor_number; /* quasi-unique ID for my cursor */
 	bool		cursor_exists;	/* have we created the cursor? */
 	int			numParams;		/* number of parameters passed to query */
@@ -153,6 +176,12 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
 	/* batch-level state, for optimizing rewinds and avoiding useless fetch */
 	int			fetch_ct_2;		/* Min(# of fetches done, 2) */
 	bool		eof_reached;	/* true if last fetch reached EOF */
+	bool		async;			/* true if run asynchronously */
+	bool		queued;			/* true if this node is in waiter queue */
+	ForeignScanState *waiter;	/* Next node to run a query among nodes
+								 * sharing the same connection */
+	ForeignScanState *last_waiter;	/* last element in waiter queue.
+									 * valid only on the leader node */
 
 	/* working memory contexts */
 	MemoryContext batch_cxt;	/* context holding current batch of tuples */
@@ -166,11 +195,11 @@ typedef struct PgFdwScanState
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwModifyState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table */
 	AttInMetadata *attinmeta;	/* attribute datatype conversion metadata */
 
 	/* for remote query execution */
-	PGconn	   *conn;			/* connection for the scan */
 	char	   *p_name;			/* name of prepared statement, if created */
 
 	/* extracted fdw_private data */
@@ -197,6 +226,7 @@ typedef struct PgFdwModifyState
  */
 typedef struct PgFdwDirectModifyState
 {
+	PgFdwState	s;				/* common structure */
 	Relation	rel;			/* relcache entry for the foreign table */
 	AttInMetadata *attinmeta;	/* attribute datatype conversion metadata */
 
@@ -326,6 +356,7 @@ static void postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags);
 static TupleTableSlot *postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void postgresShutdownForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node);
 static void postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets(Query *parsetree,
 											RangeTblEntry *target_rte,
 											Relation target_relation);
@@ -391,6 +422,10 @@ static void postgresGetForeignUpperPaths(PlannerInfo *root,
 										 RelOptInfo *input_rel,
 										 RelOptInfo *output_rel,
 										 void *extra);
+static bool postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable(ForeignPath *path);
+static bool postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait(ForeignScanState *node,
+											  WaitEventSet *wes,
+											  void *caller_data, bool reinit);
 
 /*
  * Helper functions
@@ -419,7 +454,9 @@ static bool ec_member_matches_foreign(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
 									  EquivalenceClass *ec, EquivalenceMember *em,
 									  void *arg);
 static void create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node);
-static void fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void request_more_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void fetch_received_data(ForeignScanState *node);
+static void vacate_connection(PgFdwState *fdwconn, bool clear_queue);
 static void close_cursor(PGconn *conn, unsigned int cursor_number);
 static PgFdwModifyState *create_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 											   RangeTblEntry *rte,
@@ -522,6 +559,7 @@ postgres_fdw_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	routine->IterateForeignScan = postgresIterateForeignScan;
 	routine->ReScanForeignScan = postgresReScanForeignScan;
 	routine->EndForeignScan = postgresEndForeignScan;
+	routine->ShutdownForeignScan = postgresShutdownForeignScan;
 
 	/* Functions for updating foreign tables */
 	routine->AddForeignUpdateTargets = postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets;
@@ -558,6 +596,10 @@ postgres_fdw_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	/* Support functions for upper relation push-down */
 	routine->GetForeignUpperPaths = postgresGetForeignUpperPaths;
 
+	/* Support functions for async execution */
+	routine->IsForeignPathAsyncCapable = postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable;
+	routine->ForeignAsyncConfigureWait = postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait;
+
 	PG_RETURN_POINTER(routine);
 }
 
@@ -1434,12 +1476,22 @@ postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 	 * Get connection to the foreign server.  Connection manager will
 	 * establish new connection if necessary.
 	 */
-	fsstate->conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	fsstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	fsstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->leader = NULL;
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+	fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	fsstate->last_waiter = node;
 
 	/* Assign a unique ID for my cursor */
-	fsstate->cursor_number = GetCursorNumber(fsstate->conn);
+	fsstate->cursor_number = GetCursorNumber(fsstate->s.conn);
 	fsstate->cursor_exists = false;
 
+	/* Initialize async execution status */
+	fsstate->async = false;
+	fsstate->queued = false;
+
 	/* Get private info created by planner functions. */
 	fsstate->query = strVal(list_nth(fsplan->fdw_private,
 									 FdwScanPrivateSelectSql));
@@ -1487,40 +1539,241 @@ postgresBeginForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 							 &fsstate->param_values);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Async queue manipulation functions
+ */
+
+/*
+ * add_async_waiter:
+ *
+ * Enqueue node if it isn't in the queue. Immediately send request it if the
+ * underlying connection is not busy.
+ */
+static inline void
+add_async_waiter(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState   *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+
+	/*
+	 * Do nothing if the node is already in the queue or already eof'ed.
+	 * Note: leader node is not marked as queued.
+	 */
+	if (leader == node || fsstate->queued || fsstate->eof_reached)
+		return;
+
+	if (leader == NULL)
+	{
+		/* no leader means not busy, send request immediately */
+		request_more_data(node);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* the connection is busy, queue the node */
+		PgFdwScanState   *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+		PgFdwScanState   *last_waiter_state
+			= GetPgFdwScanState(leader_state->last_waiter);
+
+		last_waiter_state->waiter = node;
+		leader_state->last_waiter = node;
+		fsstate->queued = true;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * move_to_next_waiter:
+ *
+ * Make the first waiter be the next leader
+ * Returns the new leader or NULL if there's no waiter.
+ */
+static inline ForeignScanState *
+move_to_next_waiter(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *next_leader = leader_state->waiter;
+
+	Assert(leader_state->s.commonstate->leader = node);
+
+	if (next_leader)
+	{
+		/* the first waiter becomes the next leader */
+		PgFdwScanState *next_leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(next_leader);
+		next_leader_state->last_waiter = leader_state->last_waiter;
+		next_leader_state->queued = false;
+	}
+
+	leader_state->waiter = NULL;
+	leader_state->s.commonstate->leader = next_leader;
+
+	return next_leader;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Remove the node from waiter queue.
+ *
+ * Remaining results are cleared if the node is a busy leader.
+ * This intended to be used during node shutdown.
+ */
+static inline void
+remove_async_node(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState		*fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState	*leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+	PgFdwScanState		*leader_state;
+	ForeignScanState	*prev;
+	PgFdwScanState		*prev_state;
+	ForeignScanState	*cur;
+
+	/* no need to remove me */
+	if (!leader || !fsstate->queued)
+		return;
+
+	leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+	if (leader == node)
+	{
+		if (leader_state->s.commonstate->busy)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * this node is waiting for result, absorb the result first so
+			 * that the following commands can be sent on the connection.
+			 */
+			PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+			PGconn *conn = leader_state->s.conn;
+
+			while(PQisBusy(conn))
+				PQclear(PQgetResult(conn));
+
+			leader_state->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+		}
+
+		move_to_next_waiter(node);
+
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Just remove the node from the queue
+	 *
+	 * Nodes don't have a link to the previous node but anyway this function is
+	 * called on the shutdown path, so we don't bother seeking for faster way
+	 * to do this.
+	 */
+	prev = leader;
+	prev_state = leader_state;
+	cur =  GetPgFdwScanState(prev)->waiter;
+	while (cur)
+	{
+		PgFdwScanState *curstate = GetPgFdwScanState(cur);
+
+		if (cur == node)
+		{
+			prev_state->waiter = curstate->waiter;
+
+			/* relink to the previous node if the last node was removed */
+			if (leader_state->last_waiter == cur)
+				leader_state->last_waiter = prev;
+
+			fsstate->queued = false;
+
+			return;
+		}
+		prev = cur;
+		prev_state = curstate;
+		cur = curstate->waiter;
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * postgresIterateForeignScan
- *		Retrieve next row from the result set, or clear tuple slot to indicate
- *		EOF.
+ *		Retrieve next row from the result set.
+ *
+ *		For synchronous nodes, returns clear tuple slot means EOF.
+ *
+ *		For asynchronous nodes, if clear tuple slot is returned, the caller
+ *		needs to check async state to tell if all tuples received
+ *		(AS_AVAILABLE) or waiting for the next data to come (AS_WAITING).
  */
 static TupleTableSlot *
 postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	TupleTableSlot *slot = node->ss.ss_ScanTupleSlot;
 
-	/*
-	 * If this is the first call after Begin or ReScan, we need to create the
-	 * cursor on the remote side.
-	 */
-	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
-		create_cursor(node);
-
-	/*
-	 * Get some more tuples, if we've run out.
-	 */
+	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples && !fsstate->eof_reached)
+	{
+		/* we've run out, get some more tuples */
+		if (!node->fs_async)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * finish the running query before sending the next command for
+			 * this node
+			 */
+			if (!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy)
+				vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fsstate, false);
+
+			request_more_data(node);
+
+			/* Fetch the result immediately. */
+			fetch_received_data(node);
+		}
+		else if (!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy)
+		{
+			/* If the connection is not busy, just send the request. */
+			request_more_data(node);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			/* The connection is busy, queue the request */
+			bool available = true;
+			ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+			PgFdwScanState *leader_state = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+			/* queue the requested node */
+			add_async_waiter(node);
+
+			/*
+			 * The request for the next node cannot be sent before the leader
+			 * responds. Finish the current leader if possible.
+			 */
+			if (PQisBusy(leader_state->s.conn))
+			{
+				int rc = WaitLatchOrSocket(NULL,
+										   WL_SOCKET_READABLE | WL_TIMEOUT |
+										   WL_EXIT_ON_PM_DEATH,
+										   PQsocket(leader_state->s.conn), 0,
+										   WAIT_EVENT_ASYNC_WAIT);
+				if (!(rc & WL_SOCKET_READABLE))
+					available = false;
+			}
+
+			/* fetch the leader's data and enqueue it for the next request */
+			if (available)
+			{
+				fetch_received_data(leader);
+				add_async_waiter(leader);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
 	{
-		/* No point in another fetch if we already detected EOF, though. */
-		if (!fsstate->eof_reached)
-			fetch_more_data(node);
-		/* If we didn't get any tuples, must be end of data. */
-		if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
-			return ExecClearTuple(slot);
+		/*
+		 * We haven't received a result for the given node this time, return
+		 * with no tuple to give way to another node.
+		 */
+		if (fsstate->eof_reached)
+			node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_AVAILABLE;
+		else
+			node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_WAITING;
+
+		return ExecClearTuple(slot);
 	}
 
 	/*
 	 * Return the next tuple.
 	 */
+	node->ss.ps.asyncstate = AS_AVAILABLE;
 	ExecStoreHeapTuple(fsstate->tuples[fsstate->next_tuple++],
 					   slot,
 					   false);
@@ -1535,7 +1788,7 @@ postgresIterateForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 static void
 postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	char		sql[64];
 	PGresult   *res;
 
@@ -1543,6 +1796,8 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
 		return;
 
+	vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fsstate, true);
+
 	/*
 	 * If any internal parameters affecting this node have changed, we'd
 	 * better destroy and recreate the cursor.  Otherwise, rewinding it should
@@ -1571,9 +1826,9 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_exec_query(fsstate->conn, sql);
+	res = pgfdw_exec_query(fsstate->s.conn, sql);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fsstate->conn, true, sql);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fsstate->s.conn, true, sql);
 	PQclear(res);
 
 	/* Now force a fresh FETCH. */
@@ -1591,7 +1846,7 @@ postgresReScanForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 static void
 postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 
 	/* if fsstate is NULL, we are in EXPLAIN; nothing to do */
 	if (fsstate == NULL)
@@ -1599,15 +1854,31 @@ postgresEndForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
 
 	/* Close the cursor if open, to prevent accumulation of cursors */
 	if (fsstate->cursor_exists)
-		close_cursor(fsstate->conn, fsstate->cursor_number);
+		close_cursor(fsstate->s.conn, fsstate->cursor_number);
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(fsstate->conn);
-	fsstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(fsstate->s.conn);
+	fsstate->s.conn = NULL;
 
 	/* MemoryContexts will be deleted automatically. */
 }
 
+/*
+ * postgresShutdownForeignScan
+ *		Remove asynchrony stuff and cleanup garbage on the connection.
+ */
+static void
+postgresShutdownForeignScan(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	ForeignScan *plan = (ForeignScan *) node->ss.ps.plan;
+
+	if (plan->operation != CMD_SELECT)
+		return;
+
+	/* remove the node from waiting queue */
+	remove_async_node(node);
+}
+
 /*
  * postgresAddForeignUpdateTargets
  *		Add resjunk column(s) needed for update/delete on a foreign table
@@ -2372,7 +2643,9 @@ postgresBeginDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node, int eflags)
 	 * Get connection to the foreign server.  Connection manager will
 	 * establish new connection if necessary.
 	 */
-	dmstate->conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	dmstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, false);
+	dmstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
 
 	/* Update the foreign-join-related fields. */
 	if (fsplan->scan.scanrelid == 0)
@@ -2457,7 +2730,11 @@ postgresIterateDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * If this is the first call after Begin, execute the statement.
 	 */
 	if (dmstate->num_tuples == -1)
+	{
+		/* finish running query to send my command */
+		vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)dmstate, true);
 		execute_dml_stmt(node);
+	}
 
 	/*
 	 * If the local query doesn't specify RETURNING, just clear tuple slot.
@@ -2504,8 +2781,8 @@ postgresEndDirectModify(ForeignScanState *node)
 		PQclear(dmstate->result);
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(dmstate->conn);
-	dmstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(dmstate->s.conn);
+	dmstate->s.conn = NULL;
 
 	/* MemoryContext will be deleted automatically. */
 }
@@ -2703,6 +2980,7 @@ estimate_path_cost_size(PlannerInfo *root,
 		List	   *local_param_join_conds;
 		StringInfoData sql;
 		PGconn	   *conn;
+		PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate;
 		Selectivity local_sel;
 		QualCost	local_cost;
 		List	   *fdw_scan_tlist = NIL;
@@ -2747,6 +3025,18 @@ estimate_path_cost_size(PlannerInfo *root,
 
 		/* Get the remote estimate */
 		conn = GetConnection(fpinfo->user, false);
+		commonstate = GetConnectionSpecificStorage(fpinfo->user,
+												sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
+		if (commonstate)
+		{
+			PgFdwState tmpstate;
+			tmpstate.conn = conn;
+			tmpstate.commonstate = commonstate;
+
+			/* finish running query to send my command */
+			vacate_connection(&tmpstate, true);
+		}
+
 		get_remote_estimate(sql.data, conn, &rows, &width,
 							&startup_cost, &total_cost);
 		ReleaseConnection(conn);
@@ -3317,11 +3607,11 @@ ec_member_matches_foreign(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
 static void
 create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	ExprContext *econtext = node->ss.ps.ps_ExprContext;
 	int			numParams = fsstate->numParams;
 	const char **values = fsstate->param_values;
-	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->conn;
+	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
 	StringInfoData buf;
 	PGresult   *res;
 
@@ -3384,50 +3674,119 @@ create_cursor(ForeignScanState *node)
 }
 
 /*
- * Fetch some more rows from the node's cursor.
+ * Sends the next request of the node. If the given node is different from the
+ * current connection leader, pushes it back to waiter queue and let the given
+ * node be the leader.
  */
 static void
-fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
+request_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
 {
-	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = (PgFdwScanState *) node->fdw_state;
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+	ForeignScanState *leader = fsstate->s.commonstate->leader;
+	PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
+	char		sql[64];
+
+	/* must be non-busy */
+	Assert(!fsstate->s.commonstate->busy);
+	/* must be not-eof'ed */
+	Assert(!fsstate->eof_reached);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the first call after Begin or ReScan, we need to create the
+	 * cursor on the remote side.
+	 */
+	if (!fsstate->cursor_exists)
+		create_cursor(node);
+
+	snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "FETCH %d FROM c%u",
+			 fsstate->fetch_size, fsstate->cursor_number);
+
+	if (!PQsendQuery(conn, sql))
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, conn, false, sql);
+
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = true;
+
+	/* The node is the current leader, just return. */
+	if (leader == node)
+		return;
+
+	/* Let the node be the leader */
+	if (leader != NULL)
+	{
+		remove_async_node(node);
+		fsstate->last_waiter = GetPgFdwScanState(leader)->last_waiter;
+		fsstate->waiter = leader;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		fsstate->last_waiter = node;
+		fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	}
+
+	fsstate->s.commonstate->leader = node;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Fetches received data and automatically send requests of the next waiter.
+ */
+static void
+fetch_received_data(ForeignScanState *node)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
 	PGresult   *volatile res = NULL;
 	MemoryContext oldcontext;
+	ForeignScanState *waiter;
+
+	/* I should be the current connection leader */
+	Assert(fsstate->s.commonstate->leader == node);
 
 	/*
 	 * We'll store the tuples in the batch_cxt.  First, flush the previous
-	 * batch.
+	 * batch if no tuple is remaining
 	 */
-	fsstate->tuples = NULL;
-	MemoryContextReset(fsstate->batch_cxt);
+	if (fsstate->next_tuple >= fsstate->num_tuples)
+	{
+		fsstate->tuples = NULL;
+		fsstate->num_tuples = 0;
+		MemoryContextReset(fsstate->batch_cxt);
+	}
+	else if (fsstate->next_tuple > 0)
+	{
+		/* There's some remains. Move them to the beginning of the store */
+		int n = 0;
+
+		while(fsstate->next_tuple < fsstate->num_tuples)
+			fsstate->tuples[n++] = fsstate->tuples[fsstate->next_tuple++];
+		fsstate->num_tuples = n;
+	}
+
 	oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(fsstate->batch_cxt);
 
 	/* PGresult must be released before leaving this function. */
 	PG_TRY();
 	{
-		PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->conn;
-		char		sql[64];
-		int			numrows;
+		PGconn	   *conn = fsstate->s.conn;
+		int			addrows;
+		size_t		newsize;
 		int			i;
 
-		snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "FETCH %d FROM c%u",
-				 fsstate->fetch_size, fsstate->cursor_number);
-
-		res = pgfdw_exec_query(conn, sql);
-		/* On error, report the original query, not the FETCH. */
+		res = pgfdw_get_result(conn, fsstate->query);
 		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
 			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, conn, false, fsstate->query);
 
 		/* Convert the data into HeapTuples */
-		numrows = PQntuples(res);
-		fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) palloc0(numrows * sizeof(HeapTuple));
-		fsstate->num_tuples = numrows;
-		fsstate->next_tuple = 0;
+		addrows = PQntuples(res);
+		newsize = (fsstate->num_tuples + addrows) * sizeof(HeapTuple);
+		if (fsstate->tuples)
+			fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) repalloc(fsstate->tuples, newsize);
+		else
+			fsstate->tuples = (HeapTuple *) palloc(newsize);
 
-		for (i = 0; i < numrows; i++)
+		for (i = 0; i < addrows; i++)
 		{
 			Assert(IsA(node->ss.ps.plan, ForeignScan));
 
-			fsstate->tuples[i] =
+			fsstate->tuples[fsstate->num_tuples + i] =
 				make_tuple_from_result_row(res, i,
 										   fsstate->rel,
 										   fsstate->attinmeta,
@@ -3437,22 +3796,73 @@ fetch_more_data(ForeignScanState *node)
 		}
 
 		/* Update fetch_ct_2 */
-		if (fsstate->fetch_ct_2 < 2)
+		if (fsstate->fetch_ct_2 < 2 && fsstate->next_tuple == 0)
 			fsstate->fetch_ct_2++;
 
+		fsstate->next_tuple = 0;
+		fsstate->num_tuples += addrows;
+
 		/* Must be EOF if we didn't get as many tuples as we asked for. */
-		fsstate->eof_reached = (numrows < fsstate->fetch_size);
+		fsstate->eof_reached = (addrows < fsstate->fetch_size);
 	}
 	PG_FINALLY();
 	{
+		fsstate->s.commonstate->busy = false;
+
 		if (res)
 			PQclear(res);
 	}
 	PG_END_TRY();
 
+	/* let the first waiter be the next leader of this connection */
+	waiter = move_to_next_waiter(node);
+
+	/* send the next request if any */
+	if (waiter)
+		request_more_data(waiter);
+
 	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Vacate the underlying connection so that this node can send the next query.
+ */
+static void
+vacate_connection(PgFdwState *fdwstate, bool clear_queue)
+{
+	PgFdwConnCommonState *commonstate = fdwstate->commonstate;
+	ForeignScanState *leader;
+
+	Assert(commonstate != NULL);
+
+	/* just return if the connection is already available */
+	if (commonstate->leader == NULL || !commonstate->busy)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * let the current connection leader read all of the result for the running
+	 * query
+	 */
+	leader = commonstate->leader;
+	fetch_received_data(leader);
+
+	/* let the first waiter be the next leader of this connection */
+	move_to_next_waiter(leader);
+
+	if (!clear_queue)
+		return;
+
+	/* Clear the waiting list */
+	while (leader)
+	{
+		PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(leader);
+
+		fsstate->last_waiter = NULL;
+		leader = fsstate->waiter;
+		fsstate->waiter = NULL;
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * Force assorted GUC parameters to settings that ensure that we'll output
  * data values in a form that is unambiguous to the remote server.
@@ -3566,7 +3976,9 @@ create_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	user = GetUserMapping(userid, table->serverid);
 
 	/* Open connection; report that we'll create a prepared statement. */
-	fmstate->conn = GetConnection(user, true);
+	fmstate->s.conn = GetConnection(user, true);
+	fmstate->s.commonstate = (PgFdwConnCommonState *)
+		GetConnectionSpecificStorage(user, sizeof(PgFdwConnCommonState));
 	fmstate->p_name = NULL;		/* prepared statement not made yet */
 
 	/* Set up remote query information. */
@@ -3653,6 +4065,9 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 		   operation == CMD_UPDATE ||
 		   operation == CMD_DELETE);
 
+	/* finish running query to send my command */
+	vacate_connection((PgFdwState *)fmstate, true);
+
 	/* Set up the prepared statement on the remote server, if we didn't yet */
 	if (!fmstate->p_name)
 		prepare_foreign_modify(fmstate);
@@ -3680,14 +4095,14 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	/*
 	 * Execute the prepared statement.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->conn,
+	if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(fmstate->s.conn,
 							 fmstate->p_name,
 							 fmstate->p_nums,
 							 p_values,
 							 NULL,
 							 NULL,
 							 0))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->conn, false, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->s.conn, false, fmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -3695,10 +4110,10 @@ execute_foreign_modify(EState *estate,
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->conn, fmstate->query);
+	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->s.conn, fmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) !=
 		(fmstate->has_returning ? PGRES_TUPLES_OK : PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, fmstate->query);
 
 	/* Check number of rows affected, and fetch RETURNING tuple if any */
 	if (fmstate->has_returning)
@@ -3734,7 +4149,7 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 
 	/* Construct name we'll use for the prepared statement. */
 	snprintf(prep_name, sizeof(prep_name), "pgsql_fdw_prep_%u",
-			 GetPrepStmtNumber(fmstate->conn));
+			 GetPrepStmtNumber(fmstate->s.conn));
 	p_name = pstrdup(prep_name);
 
 	/*
@@ -3744,12 +4159,12 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 	 * the prepared statements we use in this module are simple enough that
 	 * the remote server will make the right choices.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendPrepare(fmstate->conn,
+	if (!PQsendPrepare(fmstate->s.conn,
 					   p_name,
 					   fmstate->query,
 					   0,
 					   NULL))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->conn, false, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, fmstate->s.conn, false, fmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -3757,9 +4172,9 @@ prepare_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->conn, fmstate->query);
+	res = pgfdw_get_result(fmstate->s.conn, fmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, fmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, fmstate->query);
 	PQclear(res);
 
 	/* This action shows that the prepare has been done. */
@@ -3888,16 +4303,16 @@ finish_foreign_modify(PgFdwModifyState *fmstate)
 		 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 		 * without releasing the PGresult.
 		 */
-		res = pgfdw_exec_query(fmstate->conn, sql);
+		res = pgfdw_exec_query(fmstate->s.conn, sql);
 		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
-			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->conn, true, sql);
+			pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, fmstate->s.conn, true, sql);
 		PQclear(res);
 		fmstate->p_name = NULL;
 	}
 
 	/* Release remote connection */
-	ReleaseConnection(fmstate->conn);
-	fmstate->conn = NULL;
+	ReleaseConnection(fmstate->s.conn);
+	fmstate->s.conn = NULL;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -4056,9 +4471,9 @@ execute_dml_stmt(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * the desired result.  This allows us to avoid assuming that the remote
 	 * server has the same OIDs we do for the parameters' types.
 	 */
-	if (!PQsendQueryParams(dmstate->conn, dmstate->query, numParams,
+	if (!PQsendQueryParams(dmstate->s.conn, dmstate->query, numParams,
 						   NULL, values, NULL, NULL, 0))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, dmstate->conn, false, dmstate->query);
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, NULL, dmstate->s.conn, false, dmstate->query);
 
 	/*
 	 * Get the result, and check for success.
@@ -4066,10 +4481,10 @@ execute_dml_stmt(ForeignScanState *node)
 	 * We don't use a PG_TRY block here, so be careful not to throw error
 	 * without releasing the PGresult.
 	 */
-	dmstate->result = pgfdw_get_result(dmstate->conn, dmstate->query);
+	dmstate->result = pgfdw_get_result(dmstate->s.conn, dmstate->query);
 	if (PQresultStatus(dmstate->result) !=
 		(dmstate->has_returning ? PGRES_TUPLES_OK : PGRES_COMMAND_OK))
-		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, dmstate->result, dmstate->conn, true,
+		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, dmstate->result, dmstate->s.conn, true,
 						   dmstate->query);
 
 	/* Get the number of rows affected. */
@@ -5560,6 +5975,40 @@ postgresGetForeignJoinPaths(PlannerInfo *root,
 	/* XXX Consider parameterized paths for the join relation */
 }
 
+static bool
+postgresIsForeignPathAsyncCapable(ForeignPath *path)
+{
+	return true;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Configure waiting event.
+ *
+ * Add wait event so that the ForeignScan node is going to wait for.
+ */
+static bool
+postgresForeignAsyncConfigureWait(ForeignScanState *node, WaitEventSet *wes,
+								  void *caller_data, bool reinit)
+{
+	PgFdwScanState *fsstate = GetPgFdwScanState(node);
+
+
+	/* Reinit is not supported for now. */
+	Assert(reinit);
+
+	if (fsstate->s.commonstate->leader == node)
+	{
+		AddWaitEventToSet(wes,
+						  WL_SOCKET_READABLE, PQsocket(fsstate->s.conn),
+						  NULL, caller_data);
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+
 /*
  * Assess whether the aggregation, grouping and having operations can be pushed
  * down to the foreign server.  As a side effect, save information we obtain in
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
index eef410db39..96af75a33e 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.h
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ typedef struct PgFdwRelationInfo
 	UserMapping *user;			/* only set in use_remote_estimate mode */
 
 	int			fetch_size;		/* fetch size for this remote table */
+	bool		allow_prefetch;	/* true to allow overlapped fetching  */
 
 	/*
 	 * Name of the relation, for use while EXPLAINing ForeignScan.  It is used
@@ -130,6 +131,7 @@ extern void reset_transmission_modes(int nestlevel);
 
 /* in connection.c */
 extern PGconn *GetConnection(UserMapping *user, bool will_prep_stmt);
+void *GetConnectionSpecificStorage(UserMapping *user, size_t initsize);
 extern void ReleaseConnection(PGconn *conn);
 extern unsigned int GetCursorNumber(PGconn *conn);
 extern unsigned int GetPrepStmtNumber(PGconn *conn);
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index 83971665e3..359208a12a 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -1780,25 +1780,25 @@ INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
 INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
 UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
 
-SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a ORDER BY 1, 2;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
 SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
 
@@ -1840,12 +1840,12 @@ insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
 insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for update;
 
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
-select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) order by 1 for share;
 
 -- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an inherited source table
 explain (verbose, costs off)
@@ -1904,8 +1904,8 @@ explain (verbose, costs off)
 delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
 explain (verbose, costs off)
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
-update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
+with u as (update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *) select * from u order by 1;
 
 -- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with row-level triggers
 CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
-- 
2.18.4


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