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[PATCH v7 2/4] Move page-reader out of XLogReadRecord
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* [PATCH v7 2/4] Move page-reader out of XLogReadRecord
@ 2019-09-10 03:58 Kyotaro Horiguchi <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread

From: Kyotaro Horiguchi @ 2019-09-10 03:58 UTC (permalink / raw)

This is the second step of removing callbacks from WAL record reader.
Since it is essential to take in additional data while reading a
record, the function have to ask caller for new data while keeping
working state. Thus the function is turned into a state machine.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/twophase.c         |  11 +-
 src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c             |  54 +-
 src/backend/access/transam/xlogreader.c       | 647 +++++++++++-------
 src/backend/access/transam/xlogutils.c        |  12 +-
 src/backend/replication/logical/logical.c     |  17 +-
 .../replication/logical/logicalfuncs.c        |   8 +-
 src/backend/replication/slotfuncs.c           |   8 +-
 src/backend/replication/walsender.c           |  13 +-
 src/bin/pg_rewind/parsexlog.c                 |  71 +-
 src/bin/pg_waldump/pg_waldump.c               |  24 +-
 src/include/access/xlogreader.h               |  90 +--
 src/include/access/xlogutils.h                |   4 +-
 src/include/replication/logical.h             |   9 +-
 13 files changed, 579 insertions(+), 389 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/twophase.c b/src/backend/access/transam/twophase.c
index 5adf956f41..f5f6278880 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/twophase.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/twophase.c
@@ -1330,8 +1330,7 @@ XlogReadTwoPhaseData(XLogRecPtr lsn, char **buf, int *len)
 	XLogReaderState *xlogreader;
 	char	   *errormsg;
 
-	xlogreader = XLogReaderAllocate(wal_segment_size, NULL,
-									&read_local_xlog_page, NULL);
+	xlogreader = XLogReaderAllocate(wal_segment_size, NULL);
 	if (!xlogreader)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
@@ -1339,7 +1338,13 @@ XlogReadTwoPhaseData(XLogRecPtr lsn, char **buf, int *len)
 				 errdetail("Failed while allocating a WAL reading processor.")));
 
 	XLogBeginRead(xlogreader, lsn);
-	record = XLogReadRecord(xlogreader, &errormsg);
+	while (XLogReadRecord(xlogreader, &record, &errormsg) ==
+		   XLREAD_NEED_DATA)
+	{
+		if (!read_local_xlog_page(xlogreader))
+			break;
+	}
+
 	if (record == NULL)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode_for_file_access(),
diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
index 51c409d00e..c138504f0d 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
@@ -819,13 +819,6 @@ static XLogSource readSource = XLOG_FROM_ANY;
 static XLogSource currentSource = XLOG_FROM_ANY;
 static bool lastSourceFailed = false;
 
-typedef struct XLogPageReadPrivate
-{
-	int			emode;
-	bool		fetching_ckpt;	/* are we fetching a checkpoint record? */
-	bool		randAccess;
-} XLogPageReadPrivate;
-
 /*
  * These variables track when we last obtained some WAL data to process,
  * and where we got it from.  (XLogReceiptSource is initially the same as
@@ -900,8 +893,8 @@ static bool InstallXLogFileSegment(XLogSegNo *segno, char *tmppath,
 static int	XLogFileRead(XLogSegNo segno, int emode, TimeLineID tli,
 						 XLogSource source, bool notfoundOk);
 static int	XLogFileReadAnyTLI(XLogSegNo segno, int emode, XLogSource source);
-static bool	XLogPageRead(XLogReaderState *xlogreader, XLogRecPtr targetPagePtr,
-						 int reqLen, XLogRecPtr targetRecPtr, char *readBuf);
+static bool XLogPageRead(XLogReaderState *xlogreader,
+						 bool fetching_ckpt, int emode, bool randAccess);
 static bool WaitForWALToBecomeAvailable(XLogRecPtr RecPtr, bool randAccess,
 										bool fetching_ckpt, XLogRecPtr tliRecPtr);
 static int	emode_for_corrupt_record(int emode, XLogRecPtr RecPtr);
@@ -1212,8 +1205,7 @@ XLogInsertRecord(XLogRecData *rdata,
 			appendBinaryStringInfo(&recordBuf, rdata->data, rdata->len);
 
 		if (!debug_reader)
-			debug_reader = XLogReaderAllocate(wal_segment_size, NULL,
-											  NULL, NULL);
+			debug_reader = XLogReaderAllocate(wal_segment_size, NULL);
 
 		if (!debug_reader)
 		{
@@ -4279,15 +4271,10 @@ CleanupBackupHistory(void)
  * record is available.
  */
 static XLogRecord *
-ReadRecord(XLogReaderState *xlogreader, int emode,
-		   bool fetching_ckpt)
+ReadRecord(XLogReaderState *xlogreader, int emode, bool fetching_ckpt)
 {
 	XLogRecord *record;
-	XLogPageReadPrivate *private = (XLogPageReadPrivate *) xlogreader->private_data;
-
-	private->fetching_ckpt = fetching_ckpt;
-	private->emode = emode;
-	private->randAccess = (xlogreader->ReadRecPtr == InvalidXLogRecPtr);
+	bool		randAccess = (xlogreader->ReadRecPtr == InvalidXLogRecPtr);
 
 	/* This is the first attempt to read this page. */
 	lastSourceFailed = false;
@@ -4295,8 +4282,16 @@ ReadRecord(XLogReaderState *xlogreader, int emode,
 	for (;;)
 	{
 		char	   *errormsg;
+		XLogReadRecordResult result;
+
+		while ((result = XLogReadRecord(xlogreader, &record, &errormsg))
+			   == XLREAD_NEED_DATA)
+		{
+			if (!XLogPageRead(xlogreader, fetching_ckpt, emode, randAccess))
+				break;
+
+		}
 
-		record = XLogReadRecord(xlogreader, &errormsg);
 		ReadRecPtr = xlogreader->ReadRecPtr;
 		EndRecPtr = xlogreader->EndRecPtr;
 		if (record == NULL)
@@ -6257,7 +6252,6 @@ StartupXLOG(void)
 	bool		backupFromStandby = false;
 	DBState		dbstate_at_startup;
 	XLogReaderState *xlogreader;
-	XLogPageReadPrivate private;
 	bool		fast_promoted = false;
 	struct stat st;
 
@@ -6413,9 +6407,7 @@ StartupXLOG(void)
 		OwnLatch(&XLogCtl->recoveryWakeupLatch);
 
 	/* Set up XLOG reader facility */
-	MemSet(&private, 0, sizeof(XLogPageReadPrivate));
-	xlogreader = XLogReaderAllocate(wal_segment_size, NULL,
-									&XLogPageRead, &private);
+	xlogreader = XLogReaderAllocate(wal_segment_size, NULL);
 	if (!xlogreader)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
@@ -11660,12 +11652,13 @@ CancelBackup(void)
  * sleep and retry.
  */
 static bool
-XLogPageRead(XLogReaderState *xlogreader, XLogRecPtr targetPagePtr, int reqLen,
-			 XLogRecPtr targetRecPtr, char *readBuf)
+XLogPageRead(XLogReaderState *xlogreader,
+			 bool fetching_ckpt, int emode, bool randAccess)
 {
-	XLogPageReadPrivate *private =
-	(XLogPageReadPrivate *) xlogreader->private_data;
-	int			emode = private->emode;
+	char *readBuf				= xlogreader->readBuf;
+	XLogRecPtr targetPagePtr	= xlogreader->readPagePtr;
+	int reqLen					= xlogreader->readLen;
+	XLogRecPtr targetRecPtr		= xlogreader->ReadRecPtr;
 	uint32		targetPageOff;
 	XLogSegNo	targetSegNo PG_USED_FOR_ASSERTS_ONLY;
 	int			r;
@@ -11708,8 +11701,8 @@ retry:
 		 receivedUpto < targetPagePtr + reqLen))
 	{
 		if (!WaitForWALToBecomeAvailable(targetPagePtr + reqLen,
-										 private->randAccess,
-										 private->fetching_ckpt,
+										 randAccess,
+										 fetching_ckpt,
 										 targetRecPtr))
 		{
 			if (readFile >= 0)
@@ -11814,6 +11807,7 @@ retry:
 		goto next_record_is_invalid;
 	}
 
+	Assert(xlogreader->readPagePtr == targetPagePtr);
 	xlogreader->readLen = readLen;
 	return true;
 
diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xlogreader.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xlogreader.c
index 2c1500443e..ad85f50c77 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xlogreader.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xlogreader.c
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ static bool XLogNeedData(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecPtr pageptr,
 						 int reqLen, bool header_inclusive);
 static void XLogReaderInvalReadState(XLogReaderState *state);
 static bool ValidXLogRecordHeader(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecPtr RecPtr,
-								  XLogRecPtr PrevRecPtr, XLogRecord *record, bool randAccess);
+								  XLogRecPtr PrevRecPtr, XLogRecord *record);
 static bool ValidXLogRecord(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecord *record,
 							XLogRecPtr recptr);
 static void ResetDecoder(XLogReaderState *state);
@@ -70,8 +70,7 @@ report_invalid_record(XLogReaderState *state, const char *fmt,...)
  * Returns NULL if the xlogreader couldn't be allocated.
  */
 XLogReaderState *
-XLogReaderAllocate(int wal_segment_size, const char *waldir,
-				   XLogPageReadCB pagereadfunc, void *private_data)
+XLogReaderAllocate(int wal_segment_size, const char *waldir)
 {
 	XLogReaderState *state;
 
@@ -102,9 +101,6 @@ XLogReaderAllocate(int wal_segment_size, const char *waldir,
 	WALOpenSegmentInit(&state->seg, &state->segcxt, wal_segment_size,
 					   waldir);
 
-	state->read_page = pagereadfunc;
-	/* system_identifier initialized to zeroes above */
-	state->private_data = private_data;
 	/* ReadRecPtr, EndRecPtr and readLen initialized to zeroes above */
 	state->errormsg_buf = palloc_extended(MAX_ERRORMSG_LEN + 1,
 										  MCXT_ALLOC_NO_OOM);
@@ -239,6 +235,7 @@ XLogBeginRead(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecPtr RecPtr)
 	/* Begin at the passed-in record pointer. */
 	state->EndRecPtr = RecPtr;
 	state->ReadRecPtr = InvalidXLogRecPtr;
+	state->readRecordState = XLREAD_NEXT_RECORD;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -247,314 +244,452 @@ XLogBeginRead(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecPtr RecPtr)
  * XLogBeginRead() or XLogFindNextRecord() must be called before the first call
  * to XLogReadRecord().
  *
- * If the read_page callback fails to read the requested data, NULL is
- * returned.  The callback is expected to have reported the error; errormsg
- * is set to NULL.
+ * This function may return XLREAD_NEED_DATA several times before returning a
+ * result record. The caller shall read in some new data then call this
+ * function again with the same parameters.
  *
- * If the reading fails for some other reason, NULL is also returned, and
- * *errormsg is set to a string with details of the failure.
+ * When a record is successfully read, returns XLREAD_SUCCESS with result
+ * record being stored in *record. Otherwise *record is NULL.
  *
- * The returned pointer (or *errormsg) points to an internal buffer that's
- * valid until the next call to XLogReadRecord.
+ * Returns XLREAD_NEED_DATA if more data is needed to finish reading the
+ * current record.  In that case, state->readPagePtr and state->readLen inform
+ * the desired position and minimum length of data needed. The caller shall
+ * read in the requested data and set state->readBuf to point to a buffer
+ * containing it. The caller must also set state->readPageTLI and
+ * state->readLen to indicate the timeline that it was read from, and the
+ * length of data that is now available (which must be >= given readLen),
+ * respectively.
+ *
+ * If invalid data is encountered, returns XLREAD_FAIL with *record being set to
+ * NULL. *errormsg is set to a string with details of the failure.
+ * The returned pointer (or *errormsg) points to an internal buffer that's valid
+ * until the next call to XLogReadRecord.
+ *
+ *
+ * This function runs a state machine consists of the following states.
+ *
+ * XLREAD_NEXT_RECORD :
+ *    The initial state, if called with valid RecPtr, try to read a record at
+ *    that position.  If invalid RecPtr is given try to read a record just after
+ *    the last one previously read.
+ *    This state ens after setting ReadRecPtr. Then goes to XLREAD_TOT_LEN.
+ *
+ * XLREAD_TOT_LEN:
+ *    Examining record header. Ends after reading record total
+ *    length. recordRemainLen and recordGotLen are initialized.
+ *
+ * XLREAD_FIRST_FRAGMENT:
+ *    Reading the first fragment. Ends with finishing reading a single
+ *    record. Goes to XLREAD_NEXT_RECORD if that's all or
+ *    XLREAD_CONTINUATION if we have continuation.
+
+ * XLREAD_CONTINUATION:
+ *    Reading continuation of record. Ends with finishing the whole record then
+ *    goes to XLREAD_NEXT_RECORD. During this state, recordRemainLen indicates
+ *    how much is left and readRecordBuf holds the partially assert
+ *    record.recordContRecPtr points to the beginning of the next page where to
+ *    continue.
+ *
+ * If wrong data found in any state, the state machine stays at the current
+ * state. This behavior allows to continue reading a reacord switching among
+ * different souces, while streaming replication.
  */
-XLogRecord *
-XLogReadRecord(XLogReaderState *state, char **errormsg)
+XLogReadRecordResult
+XLogReadRecord(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecord **record, char **errormsg)
 {
-	XLogRecPtr	RecPtr;
-	XLogRecord *record;
-	XLogRecPtr	targetPagePtr;
-	bool		randAccess;
-	uint32		len,
-				total_len;
-	uint32		targetRecOff;
-	uint32		pageHeaderSize;
-	bool		gotheader;
+	XLogRecord *prec;
 
-	/*
-	 * randAccess indicates whether to verify the previous-record pointer of
-	 * the record we're reading.  We only do this if we're reading
-	 * sequentially, which is what we initially assume.
-	 */
-	randAccess = false;
+	*record = NULL;
 
 	/* reset error state */
 	*errormsg = NULL;
 	state->errormsg_buf[0] = '\0';
 
-	ResetDecoder(state);
+	switch (state->readRecordState)
+	{
+		case XLREAD_NEXT_RECORD:
+			ResetDecoder(state);
 
-	RecPtr = state->EndRecPtr;
+			if (state->ReadRecPtr != InvalidXLogRecPtr)
+			{
+				/* read the record after the one we just read */
 
-	if (state->ReadRecPtr != InvalidXLogRecPtr)
-	{
-		/* read the record after the one we just read */
+				/*
+				 * EndRecPtr is pointing to end+1 of the previous WAL record.
+				 * If we're at a page boundary, no more records can fit on the
+				 * current page. We must skip over the page header, but we
+				 * can't do that until we've read in the page, since the header
+				 * size is variable.
+				 */
+				state->PrevRecPtr = state->ReadRecPtr;
+				state->ReadRecPtr = state->EndRecPtr;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Caller supplied a position to start at.
+				 *
+				 * In this case, EndRecPtr should already be pointing to a
+				 * valid record starting position.
+				 */
+				Assert(XRecOffIsValid(state->EndRecPtr));
+				state->ReadRecPtr = state->EndRecPtr;
 
-		/*
-		 * EndRecPtr is pointing to end+1 of the previous WAL record.  If
-		 * we're at a page boundary, no more records can fit on the current
-		 * page. We must skip over the page header, but we can't do that until
-		 * we've read in the page, since the header size is variable.
-		 */
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		/*
-		 * Caller supplied a position to start at.
-		 *
-		 * In this case, EndRecPtr should already be pointing to a valid
-		 * record starting position.
-		 */
-		Assert(XRecOffIsValid(RecPtr));
-		randAccess = true;
-	}
+				/*
+				 * We cannot verify the previous-record pointer when we're
+				 * seeking to a particular record. Reset PrevRecPtr so that we
+				 * won't try doing that.
+				 */
+				state->PrevRecPtr = InvalidXLogRecPtr;
+				state->EndRecPtr = InvalidXLogRecPtr; 		/* to be tidy */
+			}
 
-	state->currRecPtr = RecPtr;
+			state->record_verified = false;
+			state->readRecordState = XLREAD_TOT_LEN;
+			/* fall through */
 
-	targetPagePtr = RecPtr - (RecPtr % XLOG_BLCKSZ);
-	targetRecOff = RecPtr % XLOG_BLCKSZ;
+		case XLREAD_TOT_LEN:
+		{
+			uint32		total_len;
+			uint32		pageHeaderSize;
+			XLogRecPtr	targetPagePtr;
+			uint32		targetRecOff;
+			XLogPageHeader pageHeader;
 
-	/*
-	 * Read the page containing the record into state->readBuf. Request enough
-	 * byte to cover the whole record header, or at least the part of it that
-	 * fits on the same page.
-	 */
-	while (XLogNeedData(state, targetPagePtr,
-						Min(targetRecOff + SizeOfXLogRecord, XLOG_BLCKSZ),
-						targetRecOff != 0))
-	{
-		if (!state->read_page(state, state->readPagePtr, state->readLen,
-							  RecPtr, state->readBuf))
-			break;
-	}
+			targetPagePtr =
+				state->ReadRecPtr - (state->ReadRecPtr % XLOG_BLCKSZ);
+			targetRecOff = state->ReadRecPtr % XLOG_BLCKSZ;
 
-	if (!state->page_verified)
-		goto err;
+			/*
+			 * Check if we have enough data. For the first record in the page,
+			 * the requesting length doesn't contain page header.
+			 */
+			if (XLogNeedData(state, targetPagePtr,
+							 Min(targetRecOff + SizeOfXLogRecord, XLOG_BLCKSZ),
+							 targetRecOff != 0))
+				return XLREAD_NEED_DATA;
 
-	/*
-	 * We have at least the page header, so we can examine it now.
-	 */
-	pageHeaderSize = XLogPageHeaderSize((XLogPageHeader) state->readBuf);
-	if (targetRecOff == 0)
-	{
-		/*
-		 * At page start, so skip over page header.
-		 */
-		RecPtr += pageHeaderSize;
-		targetRecOff = pageHeaderSize;
-	}
-	else if (targetRecOff < pageHeaderSize)
-	{
-		report_invalid_record(state, "invalid record offset at %X/%X",
-							  (uint32) (RecPtr >> 32), (uint32) RecPtr);
-		goto err;
-	}
+			/* error out if caller supplied bogus page */
+			if (!state->page_verified)
+				goto err;
 
-	if ((((XLogPageHeader) state->readBuf)->xlp_info & XLP_FIRST_IS_CONTRECORD) &&
-		targetRecOff == pageHeaderSize)
-	{
-		report_invalid_record(state, "contrecord is requested by %X/%X",
-							  (uint32) (RecPtr >> 32), (uint32) RecPtr);
-		goto err;
-	}
+			/* examine page header now. */
+			pageHeaderSize =
+				XLogPageHeaderSize((XLogPageHeader) state->readBuf);
+			if (targetRecOff == 0)
+			{
+				/* At page start, so skip over page header. */
+				state->ReadRecPtr += pageHeaderSize;
+				targetRecOff = pageHeaderSize;
+			}
+			else if (targetRecOff < pageHeaderSize)
+			{
+				report_invalid_record(state, "invalid record offset at %X/%X",
+									  (uint32) (state->ReadRecPtr >> 32),
+									  (uint32) state->ReadRecPtr);
+				goto err;
+			}
 
-	/* XLogNeedData has verified the page header */
-	Assert(pageHeaderSize <= state->readLen);
+			pageHeader = (XLogPageHeader) state->readBuf;
+			if ((pageHeader->xlp_info & XLP_FIRST_IS_CONTRECORD) &&
+				targetRecOff == pageHeaderSize)
+			{
+				report_invalid_record(state, "contrecord is requested by %X/%X",
+									  (uint32) (state->ReadRecPtr >> 32),
+									  (uint32) state->ReadRecPtr);
+				goto err;
+			}
 
-	/*
-	 * Read the record length.
-	 *
-	 * NB: Even though we use an XLogRecord pointer here, the whole record
-	 * header might not fit on this page. xl_tot_len is the first field of the
-	 * struct, so it must be on this page (the records are MAXALIGNed), but we
-	 * cannot access any other fields until we've verified that we got the
-	 * whole header.
-	 */
-	record = (XLogRecord *) (state->readBuf + RecPtr % XLOG_BLCKSZ);
-	total_len = record->xl_tot_len;
+			/* XLogNeedData has verified the page header */
+			Assert(pageHeaderSize <= state->readLen);
 
-	/*
-	 * If the whole record header is on this page, validate it immediately.
-	 * Otherwise do just a basic sanity check on xl_tot_len, and validate the
-	 * rest of the header after reading it from the next page.  The xl_tot_len
-	 * check is necessary here to ensure that we enter the "Need to reassemble
-	 * record" code path below; otherwise we might fail to apply
-	 * ValidXLogRecordHeader at all.
-	 */
-	if (targetRecOff <= XLOG_BLCKSZ - SizeOfXLogRecord)
-	{
-		if (!ValidXLogRecordHeader(state, RecPtr, state->ReadRecPtr, record,
-								   randAccess))
-			goto err;
-		gotheader = true;
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		/* XXX: more validation should be done here */
-		if (total_len < SizeOfXLogRecord)
-		{
-			report_invalid_record(state,
-								  "invalid record length at %X/%X: wanted %u, got %u",
-								  (uint32) (RecPtr >> 32), (uint32) RecPtr,
-								  (uint32) SizeOfXLogRecord, total_len);
-			goto err;
-		}
-		gotheader = false;
-	}
+			/*
+			 * Read the record length.
+			 *
+			 * NB: Even though we use an XLogRecord pointer here, the whole
+			 * record header might not fit on this page. xl_tot_len is the first
+			 * field of the struct, so it must be on this page (the records are
+			 * MAXALIGNed), but we cannot access any other fields until we've
+			 * verified that we got the whole header.
+			 */
+			prec = (XLogRecord *) (state->readBuf +
+								   state->ReadRecPtr % XLOG_BLCKSZ);
+			total_len = prec->xl_tot_len;
 
-	len = XLOG_BLCKSZ - RecPtr % XLOG_BLCKSZ;
-	if (total_len > len)
-	{
-		/* Need to reassemble record */
-		char	   *contdata;
-		XLogPageHeader pageHeader;
-		char	   *buffer;
-		uint32		gotlen;
+			/*
+			 * If the whole record header is on this page, validate it
+			 * immediately.  Otherwise do just a basic sanity check on
+			 * xl_tot_len, and validate the rest of the header after reading it
+			 * from the next page.  The xl_tot_len check is necessary here to
+			 * ensure that we enter the XLREAD_CONTINUATION state below;
+			 * otherwise we might fail to apply ValidXLogRecordHeader at all.
+			 */
+			if (targetRecOff <= XLOG_BLCKSZ - SizeOfXLogRecord)
+			{
+				if (!ValidXLogRecordHeader(state, state->ReadRecPtr,
+										   state->PrevRecPtr, prec))
+					goto err;
 
-		/*
-		 * Enlarge readRecordBuf as needed.
-		 */
-		if (total_len > state->readRecordBufSize &&
-			!allocate_recordbuf(state, total_len))
-		{
-			/* We treat this as a "bogus data" condition */
-			report_invalid_record(state, "record length %u at %X/%X too long",
-								  total_len,
-								  (uint32) (RecPtr >> 32), (uint32) RecPtr);
-			goto err;
-		}
+				state->record_verified = true;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				/* XXX: more validation should be done here */
+				if (total_len < SizeOfXLogRecord)
+				{
+					report_invalid_record(state,
+										  "invalid record length at %X/%X: wanted %u, got %u",
+										  (uint32) (state->ReadRecPtr >> 32),
+										  (uint32) state->ReadRecPtr,
+										  (uint32) SizeOfXLogRecord, total_len);
+					goto err;
+				}
+			}
 
-		/* Copy the first fragment of the record from the first page. */
-		memcpy(state->readRecordBuf,
-			   state->readBuf + RecPtr % XLOG_BLCKSZ, len);
-		buffer = state->readRecordBuf + len;
-		gotlen = len;
+			/*
+			 * Wait for the rest of the record, or the part of the record that
+			 * fit on the first page if crossed a page boundary, to become
+			 * available.
+			 */
+			state->recordGotLen = 0;
+			state->recordRemainLen = total_len;
+			state->readRecordState = XLREAD_FIRST_FRAGMENT;
+		}
+		/* fall through */
 
-		do
+		case XLREAD_FIRST_FRAGMENT:
 		{
-			int rest_len = total_len - gotlen;
+			uint32		total_len = state->recordRemainLen;
+			uint32		request_len;
+			uint32		record_len;
+			XLogRecPtr	targetPagePtr;
+			uint32		targetRecOff;
 
-			/* Calculate pointer to beginning of next page */
-			targetPagePtr += XLOG_BLCKSZ;
+			/*
+			 * Wait for the rest of the record on the first page to become
+			 * available
+			 */
+			targetPagePtr =
+				state->ReadRecPtr - (state->ReadRecPtr % XLOG_BLCKSZ);
+			targetRecOff = state->ReadRecPtr % XLOG_BLCKSZ;
 
-			/* Wait for the next page to become available */
-			while (XLogNeedData(state, targetPagePtr,
-								Min(rest_len, XLOG_BLCKSZ),
-								false))
-			{
-				if (!state->read_page(state, state->readPagePtr, state->readLen,
-									  state->ReadRecPtr, state->readBuf))
-					break;
-			}
+			request_len = Min(targetRecOff + total_len, XLOG_BLCKSZ);
+			record_len = request_len - targetRecOff;
+
+			/* ReadRecPtr contains page header */
+			Assert (targetRecOff != 0);
+			if (XLogNeedData(state, targetPagePtr, request_len, true))
+				return XLREAD_NEED_DATA;
 
+			/* error out if caller supplied bogus page */
 			if (!state->page_verified)
 				goto err;
 
-			Assert(SizeOfXLogShortPHD <= state->readLen);
+			prec = (XLogRecord *) (state->readBuf + targetRecOff);
 
-			/* Check that the continuation on next page looks valid */
-			pageHeader = (XLogPageHeader) state->readBuf;
-			if (!(pageHeader->xlp_info & XLP_FIRST_IS_CONTRECORD))
+			/* validate record header if not yet */
+			if (!state->record_verified && record_len >= SizeOfXLogRecord)
 			{
-				report_invalid_record(state,
-									  "there is no contrecord flag at %X/%X",
-									  (uint32) (RecPtr >> 32), (uint32) RecPtr);
-				goto err;
+				if (!ValidXLogRecordHeader(state, state->ReadRecPtr,
+										   state->PrevRecPtr, prec))
+					goto err;
+
+				state->record_verified = true;
+			}
+
+
+			if (total_len == record_len)
+			{
+				/* Record does not cross a page boundary */
+				Assert(state->record_verified);
+
+				if (!ValidXLogRecord(state, prec, state->ReadRecPtr))
+					goto err;
+
+				state->record_verified = true;  /* to be tidy */
+
+				/* We already checked the header earlier */
+				state->EndRecPtr = state->ReadRecPtr + MAXALIGN(record_len);
+
+				*record = prec;
+				state->readRecordState = XLREAD_NEXT_RECORD;
+				break;
 			}
 
 			/*
-			 * Cross-check that xlp_rem_len agrees with how much of the record
-			 * we expect there to be left.
+			 * The record continues on the next page. Need to reassemble
+			 * record
 			 */
-			if (pageHeader->xlp_rem_len == 0 ||
-				total_len != (pageHeader->xlp_rem_len + gotlen))
+			Assert(total_len > record_len);
+
+			/* Enlarge readRecordBuf as needed. */
+			if (total_len > state->readRecordBufSize &&
+				!allocate_recordbuf(state, total_len))
 			{
+				/* We treat this as a "bogus data" condition */
 				report_invalid_record(state,
-									  "invalid contrecord length %u at %X/%X",
-									  pageHeader->xlp_rem_len,
-									  (uint32) (RecPtr >> 32), (uint32) RecPtr);
+									  "record length %u at %X/%X too long",
+									  total_len,
+									  (uint32) (state->ReadRecPtr >> 32),
+									  (uint32) state->ReadRecPtr);
 				goto err;
 			}
 
-			/* Append the continuation from this page to the buffer */
-			pageHeaderSize = XLogPageHeaderSize(pageHeader);
+			/* Copy the first fragment of the record from the first page. */
+			memcpy(state->readRecordBuf, state->readBuf + targetRecOff,
+				   record_len);
+			state->recordGotLen += record_len;
+			state->recordRemainLen -= record_len;
 
-			Assert(pageHeaderSize <= state->readLen);
+			/* Calculate pointer to beginning of next page */
+			state->recordContRecPtr = state->ReadRecPtr + record_len;
+			Assert(state->recordContRecPtr % XLOG_BLCKSZ == 0);
 
-			contdata = (char *) state->readBuf + pageHeaderSize;
-			len = XLOG_BLCKSZ - pageHeaderSize;
-			if (pageHeader->xlp_rem_len < len)
-				len = pageHeader->xlp_rem_len;
+			state->readRecordState = XLREAD_CONTINUATION;
+		}
+		/* fall through */
 
-			Assert (pageHeaderSize + len <= state->readLen);
-			memcpy(buffer, (char *) contdata, len);
-			buffer += len;
-			gotlen += len;
+		case XLREAD_CONTINUATION:
+		{
+			XLogPageHeader pageHeader;
+			uint32		pageHeaderSize;
+			XLogRecPtr	targetPagePtr;
+
+			/* we enter this state only if we haven't read the whole record. */
+			Assert (state->recordRemainLen > 0);
 
-			/* If we just reassembled the record header, validate it. */
-			if (!gotheader)
+			while(state->recordRemainLen > 0)
 			{
-				record = (XLogRecord *) state->readRecordBuf;
-				if (!ValidXLogRecordHeader(state, RecPtr, state->ReadRecPtr,
-										   record, randAccess))
+				char	   *contdata;
+				uint32		request_len;
+				uint32		record_len;
+
+				/* Wait for the next page to become available */
+				targetPagePtr = state->recordContRecPtr;
+
+				/* this request contains page header */
+				Assert (targetPagePtr != 0);
+				if (XLogNeedData(state, targetPagePtr,
+								 Min(state->recordRemainLen, XLOG_BLCKSZ),
+								 false))
+					return XLREAD_NEED_DATA;
+
+				if (!state->page_verified)
 					goto err;
-				gotheader = true;
-			}
-		} while (gotlen < total_len);
 
-		Assert(gotheader);
+				Assert(SizeOfXLogShortPHD <= state->readLen);
 
-		record = (XLogRecord *) state->readRecordBuf;
-		if (!ValidXLogRecord(state, record, RecPtr))
-			goto err;
+				/* Check that the continuation on next page looks valid */
+				pageHeader = (XLogPageHeader) state->readBuf;
+				if (!(pageHeader->xlp_info & XLP_FIRST_IS_CONTRECORD))
+				{
+					report_invalid_record(
+						state,
+						"there is no contrecord flag at %X/%X reading %X/%X",
+						(uint32) (state->recordContRecPtr >> 32),
+						(uint32) state->recordContRecPtr,
+						(uint32) (state->ReadRecPtr >> 32),
+						(uint32) state->ReadRecPtr);
+					goto err;
+				}
 
-		pageHeaderSize = XLogPageHeaderSize((XLogPageHeader) state->readBuf);
-		state->ReadRecPtr = RecPtr;
-		state->EndRecPtr = targetPagePtr + pageHeaderSize
-			+ MAXALIGN(pageHeader->xlp_rem_len);
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		/* Wait for the record data to become available */
-		while (XLogNeedData(state, targetPagePtr,
-							Min(targetRecOff + total_len, XLOG_BLCKSZ), true))
-		{
-			if (!state->read_page(state, state->readPagePtr, state->readLen,
-								  state->ReadRecPtr, state->readBuf))
-				break;
-		}
+				/*
+				 * Cross-check that xlp_rem_len agrees with how much of the
+				 * record we expect there to be left.
+				 */
+				if (pageHeader->xlp_rem_len == 0 ||
+					pageHeader->xlp_rem_len != state->recordRemainLen)
+				{
+					report_invalid_record(
+						state,
+						"invalid contrecord length %u at %X/%X reading %X/%X, expected %u",
+						pageHeader->xlp_rem_len,
+						(uint32) (state->recordContRecPtr >> 32),
+						(uint32) state->recordContRecPtr,
+						(uint32) (state->ReadRecPtr >> 32),
+						(uint32) state->ReadRecPtr,
+						state->recordRemainLen);
+					goto err;
+				}
 
-		if (!state->page_verified)
-			goto err;
+				/* Append the continuation from this page to the buffer */
+				pageHeaderSize = XLogPageHeaderSize(pageHeader);
 
-		/* Record does not cross a page boundary */
-		if (!ValidXLogRecord(state, record, RecPtr))
-			goto err;
+				/*
+				 * XLogNeedData should have ensured that the whole page header
+				 * was read
+				 */
+				Assert(state->readLen >= pageHeaderSize);
+
+				contdata = (char *) state->readBuf + pageHeaderSize;
+				record_len = XLOG_BLCKSZ - pageHeaderSize;
+				if (pageHeader->xlp_rem_len < record_len)
+					record_len = pageHeader->xlp_rem_len;
+
+				request_len = record_len + pageHeaderSize;
 
-		state->EndRecPtr = RecPtr + MAXALIGN(total_len);
+				/* XLogNeedData should have ensured all needed data was read */
+				Assert (state->readLen >= request_len);
 
-		state->ReadRecPtr = RecPtr;
+				memcpy(state->readRecordBuf + state->recordGotLen,
+					   (char *) contdata, record_len);
+				state->recordGotLen += record_len;
+				state->recordRemainLen -= record_len;
+
+				/* If we just reassembled the record header, validate it. */
+				if (!state->record_verified)
+				{
+					Assert(state->recordGotLen >= SizeOfXLogRecord);
+					if (!ValidXLogRecordHeader(state, state->ReadRecPtr,
+											   state->PrevRecPtr,
+											   (XLogRecord *) state->readRecordBuf))
+						goto err;
+
+					state->record_verified = true;
+				}
+
+				/* Calculate pointer to beginning of next page, and continue */
+				state->recordContRecPtr += XLOG_BLCKSZ;
+			}
+
+			/* targetPagePtr is pointing the last-read page here */
+			prec = (XLogRecord *) state->readRecordBuf;
+			if (!ValidXLogRecord(state, prec, state->ReadRecPtr))
+				goto err;
+
+			pageHeaderSize =
+				XLogPageHeaderSize((XLogPageHeader) state->readBuf);
+			state->EndRecPtr = targetPagePtr + pageHeaderSize
+				+ MAXALIGN(pageHeader->xlp_rem_len);
+
+			*record = prec;
+			state->readRecordState = XLREAD_NEXT_RECORD;
+			break;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/*
 	 * Special processing if it's an XLOG SWITCH record
 	 */
-	if (record->xl_rmid == RM_XLOG_ID &&
-		(record->xl_info & ~XLR_INFO_MASK) == XLOG_SWITCH)
+	if ((*record)->xl_rmid == RM_XLOG_ID &&
+		((*record)->xl_info & ~XLR_INFO_MASK) == XLOG_SWITCH)
 	{
 		/* Pretend it extends to end of segment */
 		state->EndRecPtr += state->segcxt.ws_segsize - 1;
 		state->EndRecPtr -= XLogSegmentOffset(state->EndRecPtr, state->segcxt.ws_segsize);
 	}
 
-	if (DecodeXLogRecord(state, record, errormsg))
-		return record;
-	else
-		return NULL;
+	Assert (!*record || state->readLen >= 0);
+	if (DecodeXLogRecord(state, *record, errormsg))
+		return XLREAD_SUCCESS;
+
+	*record = NULL;
+	return XLREAD_FAIL;
 
 err:
 
 	/*
-	 * Invalidate the read state. We might read from a different source after
+	 * Invalidate the read page. We might read from a different source after
 	 * failure.
 	 */
 	XLogReaderInvalReadState(state);
@@ -562,7 +697,8 @@ err:
 	if (state->errormsg_buf[0] != '\0')
 		*errormsg = state->errormsg_buf;
 
-	return NULL;
+	*record = NULL;
+	return XLREAD_FAIL;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -715,11 +851,12 @@ XLogReaderInvalReadState(XLogReaderState *state)
  *
  * This is just a convenience subroutine to avoid duplicated code in
  * XLogReadRecord.  It's not intended for use from anywhere else.
+ *
+ * If PrevRecPtr is valid, the xl_prev is is cross-checked with it.
  */
 static bool
 ValidXLogRecordHeader(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecPtr RecPtr,
-					  XLogRecPtr PrevRecPtr, XLogRecord *record,
-					  bool randAccess)
+					  XLogRecPtr PrevRecPtr, XLogRecord *record)
 {
 	if (record->xl_tot_len < SizeOfXLogRecord)
 	{
@@ -737,7 +874,7 @@ ValidXLogRecordHeader(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecPtr RecPtr,
 							  (uint32) RecPtr);
 		return false;
 	}
-	if (randAccess)
+	if (PrevRecPtr == InvalidXLogRecPtr)
 	{
 		/*
 		 * We can't exactly verify the prev-link, but surely it should be less
@@ -969,11 +1106,14 @@ XLogReaderValidatePageHeader(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecPtr recptr,
  * XLogReadRecord() will read the next valid record.
  */
 XLogRecPtr
-XLogFindNextRecord(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecPtr RecPtr)
+XLogFindNextRecord(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecPtr RecPtr,
+				   XLogFindNextRecordCB read_page, void *private)
 {
 	XLogRecPtr	tmpRecPtr;
 	XLogRecPtr	found = InvalidXLogRecPtr;
 	XLogPageHeader header;
+	XLogRecord *record;
+	XLogReadRecordResult result;
 	char	   *errormsg;
 
 	Assert(!XLogRecPtrIsInvalid(RecPtr));
@@ -1006,8 +1146,7 @@ XLogFindNextRecord(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecPtr RecPtr)
 		while(XLogNeedData(state, targetPagePtr, targetRecOff,
 						   targetRecOff != 0))
 		{
-			if (!state->read_page(state, state->readPagePtr, state->readLen,
-								  state->ReadRecPtr, state->readBuf))
+			if (!read_page(state, private))
 				break;
 		}
 
@@ -1059,8 +1198,16 @@ XLogFindNextRecord(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecPtr RecPtr)
 	 * or we just jumped over the remaining data of a continuation.
 	 */
 	XLogBeginRead(state, tmpRecPtr);
-	while (XLogReadRecord(state, &errormsg) != NULL)
+	while ((result = XLogReadRecord(state, &record, &errormsg)) !=
+		   XLREAD_FAIL)
 	{
+		if (result == XLREAD_NEED_DATA)
+		{
+			if (!read_page(state, private))
+				goto err;
+			continue;
+		}
+
 		/* past the record we've found, break out */
 		if (RecPtr <= state->ReadRecPtr)
 		{
diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xlogutils.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xlogutils.c
index 47676bf800..b2c2abc826 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xlogutils.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xlogutils.c
@@ -685,8 +685,7 @@ XLogTruncateRelation(RelFileNode rnode, ForkNumber forkNum,
 void
 XLogReadDetermineTimeline(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecPtr wantPage, uint32 wantLength)
 {
-	const XLogRecPtr lastReadPage = state->seg.ws_segno *
-	state->segcxt.ws_segsize + state->readLen;
+	const XLogRecPtr lastReadPage = state->readPagePtr;
 
 	Assert(wantPage != InvalidXLogRecPtr && wantPage % XLOG_BLCKSZ == 0);
 	Assert(wantLength <= XLOG_BLCKSZ);
@@ -701,7 +700,7 @@ XLogReadDetermineTimeline(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecPtr wantPage, uint32 wa
 	 * current TLI has since become historical.
 	 */
 	if (lastReadPage == wantPage &&
-		state->readLen != 0 &&
+		state->page_verified &&
 		lastReadPage + state->readLen >= wantPage + Min(wantLength, XLOG_BLCKSZ - 1))
 		return;
 
@@ -819,9 +818,11 @@ wal_segment_open(XLogSegNo nextSegNo, WALSegmentContext * segcxt,
  * loop for now.
  */
 bool
-read_local_xlog_page(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecPtr targetPagePtr,
-					 int reqLen, XLogRecPtr targetRecPtr, char *cur_page)
+read_local_xlog_page(XLogReaderState *state)
 {
+	XLogRecPtr	targetPagePtr = state->readPagePtr;
+	int			reqLen		  = state->readLen;
+	char	   *cur_page	  = state->readBuf;
 	XLogRecPtr	read_upto,
 				loc;
 	TimeLineID	tli;
@@ -939,6 +940,7 @@ read_local_xlog_page(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecPtr targetPagePtr,
 		WALReadRaiseError(&errinfo);
 
 	/* number of valid bytes in the buffer */
+	state->readPagePtr = targetPagePtr;
 	state->readLen = count;
 	return true;
 }
diff --git a/src/backend/replication/logical/logical.c b/src/backend/replication/logical/logical.c
index 5adf253583..7782e3ad2f 100644
--- a/src/backend/replication/logical/logical.c
+++ b/src/backend/replication/logical/logical.c
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ StartupDecodingContext(List *output_plugin_options,
 					   TransactionId xmin_horizon,
 					   bool need_full_snapshot,
 					   bool fast_forward,
-					   XLogPageReadCB read_page,
+					   LogicalDecodingXLogReadPageCB read_page,
 					   LogicalOutputPluginWriterPrepareWrite prepare_write,
 					   LogicalOutputPluginWriterWrite do_write,
 					   LogicalOutputPluginWriterUpdateProgress update_progress)
@@ -169,11 +169,12 @@ StartupDecodingContext(List *output_plugin_options,
 
 	ctx->slot = slot;
 
-	ctx->reader = XLogReaderAllocate(wal_segment_size, NULL, read_page, ctx);
+	ctx->reader = XLogReaderAllocate(wal_segment_size, NULL);
 	if (!ctx->reader)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
 				 errmsg("out of memory")));
+	ctx->read_page = read_page;
 
 	ctx->reorder = ReorderBufferAllocate();
 	ctx->snapshot_builder =
@@ -230,7 +231,7 @@ CreateInitDecodingContext(char *plugin,
 						  List *output_plugin_options,
 						  bool need_full_snapshot,
 						  XLogRecPtr restart_lsn,
-						  XLogPageReadCB read_page,
+						  LogicalDecodingXLogReadPageCB read_page,
 						  LogicalOutputPluginWriterPrepareWrite prepare_write,
 						  LogicalOutputPluginWriterWrite do_write,
 						  LogicalOutputPluginWriterUpdateProgress update_progress)
@@ -372,7 +373,7 @@ LogicalDecodingContext *
 CreateDecodingContext(XLogRecPtr start_lsn,
 					  List *output_plugin_options,
 					  bool fast_forward,
-					  XLogPageReadCB read_page,
+					  LogicalDecodingXLogReadPageCB read_page,
 					  LogicalOutputPluginWriterPrepareWrite prepare_write,
 					  LogicalOutputPluginWriterWrite do_write,
 					  LogicalOutputPluginWriterUpdateProgress update_progress)
@@ -479,7 +480,13 @@ DecodingContextFindStartpoint(LogicalDecodingContext *ctx)
 		char	   *err = NULL;
 
 		/* the read_page callback waits for new WAL */
-		record = XLogReadRecord(ctx->reader, &err);
+		while (XLogReadRecord(ctx->reader, &record, &err) ==
+			   XLREAD_NEED_DATA)
+		{
+			if (!ctx->read_page(ctx->reader))
+				break;
+		}
+
 		if (err)
 			elog(ERROR, "%s", err);
 		if (!record)
diff --git a/src/backend/replication/logical/logicalfuncs.c b/src/backend/replication/logical/logicalfuncs.c
index 04510094a8..a28e05b8aa 100644
--- a/src/backend/replication/logical/logicalfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/replication/logical/logicalfuncs.c
@@ -269,7 +269,13 @@ pg_logical_slot_get_changes_guts(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, bool confirm, bool bin
 			XLogRecord *record;
 			char	   *errm = NULL;
 
-			record = XLogReadRecord(ctx->reader, &errm);
+			while (XLogReadRecord(ctx->reader, &record, &errm) ==
+				   XLREAD_NEED_DATA)
+			{
+				if (!ctx->read_page(ctx->reader))
+					break;
+			}
+
 			if (errm)
 				elog(ERROR, "%s", errm);
 
diff --git a/src/backend/replication/slotfuncs.c b/src/backend/replication/slotfuncs.c
index ce0c9127bc..572c4fadda 100644
--- a/src/backend/replication/slotfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/replication/slotfuncs.c
@@ -449,7 +449,13 @@ pg_logical_replication_slot_advance(XLogRecPtr moveto)
 			 * Read records.  No changes are generated in fast_forward mode,
 			 * but snapbuilder/slot statuses are updated properly.
 			 */
-			record = XLogReadRecord(ctx->reader, &errm);
+			while (XLogReadRecord(ctx->reader, &record, &errm) ==
+				   XLREAD_NEED_DATA)
+			{
+				if (!ctx->read_page(ctx->reader))
+					break;
+			}
+
 			if (errm)
 				elog(ERROR, "%s", errm);
 
diff --git a/src/backend/replication/walsender.c b/src/backend/replication/walsender.c
index c66ea308d8..b165900d4f 100644
--- a/src/backend/replication/walsender.c
+++ b/src/backend/replication/walsender.c
@@ -763,9 +763,11 @@ StartReplication(StartReplicationCmd *cmd)
  * set every time WAL is flushed.
  */
 static bool
-logical_read_xlog_page(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecPtr targetPagePtr, int reqLen,
-					   XLogRecPtr targetRecPtr, char *cur_page)
+logical_read_xlog_page(XLogReaderState *state)
 {
+	XLogRecPtr		targetPagePtr = state->readPagePtr;
+	int				reqLen		  = state->readLen;
+	char		   *cur_page	  = state->readBuf;
 	XLogRecPtr	flushptr;
 	int			count;
 	WALReadError errinfo;
@@ -2801,7 +2803,12 @@ XLogSendLogical(void)
 	 */
 	WalSndCaughtUp = false;
 
-	record = XLogReadRecord(logical_decoding_ctx->reader, &errm);
+	while (XLogReadRecord(logical_decoding_ctx->reader, &record, &errm) ==
+		   XLREAD_NEED_DATA)
+	{
+		if (!logical_decoding_ctx->read_page(logical_decoding_ctx->reader))
+			break;
+	}
 
 	/* xlog record was invalid */
 	if (errm != NULL)
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_rewind/parsexlog.c b/src/bin/pg_rewind/parsexlog.c
index 78ee9f3faa..55337b65f1 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_rewind/parsexlog.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_rewind/parsexlog.c
@@ -39,14 +39,8 @@ static int	xlogreadfd = -1;
 static XLogSegNo xlogreadsegno = -1;
 static char xlogfpath[MAXPGPATH];
 
-typedef struct XLogPageReadPrivate
-{
-	int			tliIndex;
-} XLogPageReadPrivate;
-
-static bool	SimpleXLogPageRead(XLogReaderState *xlogreader,
-							   XLogRecPtr targetPagePtr,
-							   int reqLen, XLogRecPtr targetRecPtr, char *readBuf);
+static bool SimpleXLogPageRead(XLogReaderState *xlogreader,
+							   const char *datadir, int *tliIndex);
 
 /*
  * Read WAL from the datadir/pg_wal, starting from 'startpoint' on timeline
@@ -60,18 +54,20 @@ extractPageMap(const char *datadir, XLogRecPtr startpoint, int tliIndex,
 	XLogRecord *record;
 	XLogReaderState *xlogreader;
 	char	   *errormsg;
-	XLogPageReadPrivate private;
 
-	private.tliIndex = tliIndex;
-	xlogreader = XLogReaderAllocate(WalSegSz, datadir, &SimpleXLogPageRead,
-									&private);
+	xlogreader = XLogReaderAllocate(WalSegSz, datadir);
 	if (xlogreader == NULL)
 		pg_fatal("out of memory");
 
 	XLogBeginRead(xlogreader, startpoint);
 	do
 	{
-		record = XLogReadRecord(xlogreader, &errormsg);
+		while (XLogReadRecord(xlogreader, &record, &errormsg) ==
+			   XLREAD_NEED_DATA)
+		{
+			if (!SimpleXLogPageRead(xlogreader, datadir, &tliIndex))
+				break;
+		}
 
 		if (record == NULL)
 		{
@@ -108,17 +104,19 @@ readOneRecord(const char *datadir, XLogRecPtr ptr, int tliIndex)
 	XLogRecord *record;
 	XLogReaderState *xlogreader;
 	char	   *errormsg;
-	XLogPageReadPrivate private;
 	XLogRecPtr	endptr;
 
-	private.tliIndex = tliIndex;
-	xlogreader = XLogReaderAllocate(WalSegSz, datadir, &SimpleXLogPageRead,
-									&private);
+	xlogreader = XLogReaderAllocate(WalSegSz, datadir);
 	if (xlogreader == NULL)
 		pg_fatal("out of memory");
 
 	XLogBeginRead(xlogreader, ptr);
-	record = XLogReadRecord(xlogreader, &errormsg);
+	while (XLogReadRecord(xlogreader, &record, &errormsg) ==
+		   XLREAD_NEED_DATA)
+	{
+		if (!SimpleXLogPageRead(xlogreader, datadir, &tliIndex))
+			break;
+	}
 	if (record == NULL)
 	{
 		if (errormsg)
@@ -153,7 +151,6 @@ findLastCheckpoint(const char *datadir, XLogRecPtr forkptr, int tliIndex,
 	XLogRecPtr	searchptr;
 	XLogReaderState *xlogreader;
 	char	   *errormsg;
-	XLogPageReadPrivate private;
 
 	/*
 	 * The given fork pointer points to the end of the last common record,
@@ -169,9 +166,7 @@ findLastCheckpoint(const char *datadir, XLogRecPtr forkptr, int tliIndex,
 			forkptr += SizeOfXLogShortPHD;
 	}
 
-	private.tliIndex = tliIndex;
-	xlogreader = XLogReaderAllocate(WalSegSz, datadir, &SimpleXLogPageRead,
-									&private);
+	xlogreader = XLogReaderAllocate(WalSegSz, datadir);
 	if (xlogreader == NULL)
 		pg_fatal("out of memory");
 
@@ -181,7 +176,12 @@ findLastCheckpoint(const char *datadir, XLogRecPtr forkptr, int tliIndex,
 		uint8		info;
 
 		XLogBeginRead(xlogreader, searchptr);
-		record = XLogReadRecord(xlogreader, &errormsg);
+		while (XLogReadRecord(xlogreader, &record, &errormsg) ==
+			   XLREAD_NEED_DATA)
+		{
+			if (!SimpleXLogPageRead(xlogreader, datadir, &tliIndex))
+				break;
+		}
 
 		if (record == NULL)
 		{
@@ -228,10 +228,11 @@ findLastCheckpoint(const char *datadir, XLogRecPtr forkptr, int tliIndex,
 
 /* XLogReader callback function, to read a WAL page */
 static bool
-SimpleXLogPageRead(XLogReaderState *xlogreader, XLogRecPtr targetPagePtr,
-				   int reqLen, XLogRecPtr targetRecPtr, char *readBuf)
+SimpleXLogPageRead(XLogReaderState *xlogreader, const char *datadir,
+				   int *tliIndex)
 {
-	XLogPageReadPrivate *private = (XLogPageReadPrivate *) xlogreader->private_data;
+	XLogRecPtr	targetPagePtr = xlogreader->readPagePtr;
+	char	   *readBuf		  = xlogreader->readBuf;
 	uint32		targetPageOff;
 	XLogRecPtr	targetSegEnd;
 	XLogSegNo	targetSegNo;
@@ -264,14 +265,14 @@ SimpleXLogPageRead(XLogReaderState *xlogreader, XLogRecPtr targetPagePtr,
 		 * be done both forward and backward, consider also switching timeline
 		 * accordingly.
 		 */
-		while (private->tliIndex < targetNentries - 1 &&
-			   targetHistory[private->tliIndex].end < targetSegEnd)
-			private->tliIndex++;
-		while (private->tliIndex > 0 &&
-			   targetHistory[private->tliIndex].begin >= targetSegEnd)
-			private->tliIndex--;
-
-		XLogFileName(xlogfname, targetHistory[private->tliIndex].tli,
+		while (*tliIndex < targetNentries - 1 &&
+			   targetHistory[*tliIndex].end < targetSegEnd)
+			(*tliIndex)++;
+		while (*tliIndex > 0 &&
+			   targetHistory[*tliIndex].begin >= targetSegEnd)
+			(*tliIndex)--;
+
+		XLogFileName(xlogfname, targetHistory[*tliIndex].tli,
 					 xlogreadsegno, WalSegSz);
 
 		snprintf(xlogfpath, MAXPGPATH, "%s/" XLOGDIR "/%s",
@@ -316,7 +317,7 @@ SimpleXLogPageRead(XLogReaderState *xlogreader, XLogRecPtr targetPagePtr,
 
 	Assert(targetSegNo == xlogreadsegno);
 
-	xlogreader->seg.ws_tli = targetHistory[private->tliIndex].tli;
+	xlogreader->seg.ws_tli = targetHistory[*tliIndex].tli;
 	xlogreader->readLen = XLOG_BLCKSZ;
 	return true;
 }
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_waldump/pg_waldump.c b/src/bin/pg_waldump/pg_waldump.c
index 443fe33599..0cd0d132af 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_waldump/pg_waldump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_waldump/pg_waldump.c
@@ -323,10 +323,12 @@ WALDumpOpenSegment(XLogSegNo nextSegNo, WALSegmentContext *segcxt,
  * XLogReader read_page callback
  */
 static bool
-WALDumpReadPage(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecPtr targetPagePtr, int reqLen,
-				XLogRecPtr targetPtr, char *readBuff)
+WALDumpReadPage(XLogReaderState *state, void *priv)
 {
-	XLogDumpPrivate *private = state->private_data;
+	XLogRecPtr	targetPagePtr = state->readPagePtr;
+	int			reqLen		  = state->readLen;
+	char	   *readBuff	  = state->readBuf;
+	XLogDumpPrivate *private  = (XLogDumpPrivate *) priv;
 	int			count = XLOG_BLCKSZ;
 	WALReadError errinfo;
 
@@ -365,6 +367,7 @@ WALDumpReadPage(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecPtr targetPagePtr, int reqLen,
 						(Size) errinfo.wre_req);
 	}
 
+	Assert(count >= state->readLen);
 	state->readLen = count;
 	return true;
 }
@@ -1026,13 +1029,14 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 	/* done with argument parsing, do the actual work */
 
 	/* we have everything we need, start reading */
-	xlogreader_state = XLogReaderAllocate(WalSegSz, waldir, WALDumpReadPage,
-										  &private);
+	xlogreader_state = XLogReaderAllocate(WalSegSz, waldir);
+
 	if (!xlogreader_state)
 		fatal_error("out of memory");
 
 	/* first find a valid recptr to start from */
-	first_record = XLogFindNextRecord(xlogreader_state, private.startptr);
+	first_record = XLogFindNextRecord(xlogreader_state, private.startptr,
+									  &WALDumpReadPage, (void*) &private);
 
 	if (first_record == InvalidXLogRecPtr)
 		fatal_error("could not find a valid record after %X/%X",
@@ -1056,7 +1060,13 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 	for (;;)
 	{
 		/* try to read the next record */
-		record = XLogReadRecord(xlogreader_state, &errormsg);
+		while (XLogReadRecord(xlogreader_state, &record, &errormsg) ==
+			   XLREAD_NEED_DATA)
+		{
+			if (!WALDumpReadPage(xlogreader_state, (void *) &private))
+				break;
+		}
+
 		if (!record)
 		{
 			if (!config.follow || private.endptr_reached)
diff --git a/src/include/access/xlogreader.h b/src/include/access/xlogreader.h
index 6ad953eea3..e59e42bee3 100644
--- a/src/include/access/xlogreader.h
+++ b/src/include/access/xlogreader.h
@@ -50,13 +50,6 @@ typedef struct WALSegmentContext
 
 typedef struct XLogReaderState XLogReaderState;
 
-/* Function type definition for the read_page callback */
-typedef bool (*XLogPageReadCB) (XLogReaderState *xlogreader,
-							   XLogRecPtr targetPagePtr,
-							   int reqLen,
-							   XLogRecPtr targetRecPtr,
-							   char *readBuf);
-
 typedef struct
 {
 	/* Is this block ref in use? */
@@ -86,6 +79,29 @@ typedef struct
 	uint16		data_bufsz;
 } DecodedBkpBlock;
 
+/* Return code from XLogReadRecord */
+typedef enum XLogReadRecordResult
+{
+	XLREAD_SUCCESS,		/* record is successfully read */
+	XLREAD_NEED_DATA,	/* need more data. see XLogReadRecord. */
+	XLREAD_FAIL			/* failed during reading a record */
+} XLogReadRecordResult;
+
+/*
+ * internal state of XLogReadRecord
+ *
+ * XLogReadState runs a state machine while reading a record. Theses states
+ * are not seen outside the function. Each state may repeat several times
+ * exiting requesting caller for new data. See the comment of XLogReadRecrod
+ * for details.
+ */
+typedef enum XLogReadRecordState {
+	XLREAD_NEXT_RECORD,
+	XLREAD_TOT_LEN,
+	XLREAD_FIRST_FRAGMENT,
+	XLREAD_CONTINUATION
+} XLogReadRecordState;
+
 struct XLogReaderState
 {
 	/* ----------------------------------------
@@ -93,46 +109,20 @@ struct XLogReaderState
 	 * ----------------------------------------
 	 */
 
-	/*
-	 * Data input callback (mandatory).
-	 *
-	 * This callback shall read at least reqLen valid bytes of the xlog page
-	 * starting at targetPagePtr, and store them in readBuf.  The callback
-	 * shall return the number of bytes read (never more than XLOG_BLCKSZ), or
-	 * -1 on failure.  The callback shall sleep, if necessary, to wait for the
-	 * requested bytes to become available.  The callback will not be invoked
-	 * again for the same page unless more than the returned number of bytes
-	 * are needed.
-	 *
-	 * targetRecPtr is the position of the WAL record we're reading.  Usually
-	 * it is equal to targetPagePtr + reqLen, but sometimes xlogreader needs
-	 * to read and verify the page or segment header, before it reads the
-	 * actual WAL record it's interested in.  In that case, targetRecPtr can
-	 * be used to determine which timeline to read the page from.
-	 *
-	 * The callback shall set ->seg.ws_tli to the TLI of the file the page was
-	 * read from.
-	 */
-	XLogPageReadCB read_page;
-
 	/*
 	 * System identifier of the xlog files we're about to read.  Set to zero
 	 * (the default value) if unknown or unimportant.
 	 */
 	uint64		system_identifier;
 
-	/*
-	 * Opaque data for callbacks to use.  Not used by XLogReader.
-	 */
-	void	   *private_data;
-
 	/*
 	 * Start and end point of last record read.  EndRecPtr is also used as the
 	 * position to read next.  Calling XLogBeginRead() sets EndRecPtr to the
 	 * starting position and ReadRecPtr to invalid.
 	 */
-	XLogRecPtr	ReadRecPtr;		/* start of last record read */
+	XLogRecPtr	ReadRecPtr;		/* start of last record read or being read */
 	XLogRecPtr	EndRecPtr;		/* end+1 of last record read */
+	XLogRecPtr	PrevRecPtr;		/* start of previous record read */
 
 	/* ----------------------------------------
 	 * Communication with page reader
@@ -146,7 +136,9 @@ struct XLogReaderState
 								 * the request, or -1 on error */
 	TimeLineID	readPageTLI;	/* TLI for data currently in readBuf */
 	char	   *readBuf;		/* buffer to store data */
-	bool		page_verified;  /* is the page on the buffer verified? */
+	bool		page_verified;  /* is the page header on the buffer verified? */
+	bool		record_verified;/* is the current record header verified? */
+
 
 
 	/* ----------------------------------------
@@ -186,8 +178,6 @@ struct XLogReaderState
 	XLogRecPtr	latestPagePtr;
 	TimeLineID	latestPageTLI;
 
-	/* beginning of the WAL record being read. */
-	XLogRecPtr	currRecPtr;
 	/* timeline to read it from, 0 if a lookup is required */
 	TimeLineID	currTLI;
 
@@ -214,15 +204,22 @@ struct XLogReaderState
 	char	   *readRecordBuf;
 	uint32		readRecordBufSize;
 
+	/*
+	 * XLogReadRecord() state
+	 */
+	XLogReadRecordState	readRecordState;/* state machine state */
+	int			recordGotLen;		/* amount of current record that has
+									 * already been read */
+	int			recordRemainLen;	/* length of current record that remains */
+	XLogRecPtr	recordContRecPtr;	/* where the current record continues */
+
 	/* Buffer to hold error message */
 	char	   *errormsg_buf;
 };
 
 /* Get a new XLogReader */
 extern XLogReaderState *XLogReaderAllocate(int wal_segment_size,
-										   const char *waldir,
-										   XLogPageReadCB pagereadfunc,
-										   void *private_data);
+										   const char *waldir);
 
 /* Free an XLogReader */
 extern void XLogReaderFree(XLogReaderState *state);
@@ -252,12 +249,17 @@ extern void WALOpenSegmentInit(WALOpenSegment *seg, WALSegmentContext *segcxt,
 /* Position the XLogReader to given record */
 extern void XLogBeginRead(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecPtr RecPtr);
 #ifdef FRONTEND
-extern XLogRecPtr XLogFindNextRecord(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecPtr RecPtr);
+/* Function type definition for the read_page callback */
+typedef bool (*XLogFindNextRecordCB) (XLogReaderState *xlogreader,
+									  void *private);
+extern XLogRecPtr XLogFindNextRecord(XLogReaderState *state, XLogRecPtr RecPtr,
+									 XLogFindNextRecordCB read_page, void *private);
 #endif							/* FRONTEND */
 
 /* Read the next XLog record. Returns NULL on end-of-WAL or failure */
-extern struct XLogRecord *XLogReadRecord(XLogReaderState *state,
-										 char **errormsg);
+extern XLogReadRecordResult XLogReadRecord(XLogReaderState *state,
+										   XLogRecord **record,
+										   char **errormsg);
 
 /* Validate a page */
 extern bool XLogReaderValidatePageHeader(XLogReaderState *state,
diff --git a/src/include/access/xlogutils.h b/src/include/access/xlogutils.h
index dc7d894e5d..312acb4fa3 100644
--- a/src/include/access/xlogutils.h
+++ b/src/include/access/xlogutils.h
@@ -47,9 +47,7 @@ extern Buffer XLogReadBufferExtended(RelFileNode rnode, ForkNumber forknum,
 extern Relation CreateFakeRelcacheEntry(RelFileNode rnode);
 extern void FreeFakeRelcacheEntry(Relation fakerel);
 
-extern bool	read_local_xlog_page(XLogReaderState *state,
-								 XLogRecPtr targetPagePtr, int reqLen,
-								 XLogRecPtr targetRecPtr, char *cur_page);
+extern bool read_local_xlog_page(XLogReaderState *state);
 
 extern void XLogReadDetermineTimeline(XLogReaderState *state,
 									  XLogRecPtr wantPage, uint32 wantLength);
diff --git a/src/include/replication/logical.h b/src/include/replication/logical.h
index 3b7ca7f1da..cbe9ed751c 100644
--- a/src/include/replication/logical.h
+++ b/src/include/replication/logical.h
@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@ typedef void (*LogicalOutputPluginWriterUpdateProgress) (struct LogicalDecodingC
 														 TransactionId xid
 );
 
+typedef struct LogicalDecodingContext LogicalDecodingContext;
+
+typedef bool (*LogicalDecodingXLogReadPageCB)(XLogReaderState *ctx);
+
 typedef struct LogicalDecodingContext
 {
 	/* memory context this is all allocated in */
@@ -39,6 +43,7 @@ typedef struct LogicalDecodingContext
 
 	/* infrastructure pieces for decoding */
 	XLogReaderState *reader;
+	LogicalDecodingXLogReadPageCB read_page;
 	struct ReorderBuffer *reorder;
 	struct SnapBuild *snapshot_builder;
 
@@ -95,14 +100,14 @@ extern LogicalDecodingContext *CreateInitDecodingContext(char *plugin,
 														 List *output_plugin_options,
 														 bool need_full_snapshot,
 														 XLogRecPtr restart_lsn,
-														 XLogPageReadCB read_page,
+														 LogicalDecodingXLogReadPageCB read_page,
 														 LogicalOutputPluginWriterPrepareWrite prepare_write,
 														 LogicalOutputPluginWriterWrite do_write,
 														 LogicalOutputPluginWriterUpdateProgress update_progress);
 extern LogicalDecodingContext *CreateDecodingContext(XLogRecPtr start_lsn,
 													 List *output_plugin_options,
 													 bool fast_forward,
-													 XLogPageReadCB read_page,
+													 LogicalDecodingXLogReadPageCB read_page,
 													 LogicalOutputPluginWriterPrepareWrite prepare_write,
 													 LogicalOutputPluginWriterWrite do_write,
 													 LogicalOutputPluginWriterUpdateProgress update_progress);
-- 
2.18.2


----Next_Part(Tue_Mar_24_18_24_13_2020_275)--
Content-Type: Text/X-Patch; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Disposition: inline;
 filename="v7-0003-Remove-globals-readOff-readLen-and-readSegNo.patch"



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 12+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v6 1/5] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing
@ 2026-01-05 09:41 Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread

From: Bertrand Drouvot @ 2026-01-05 09:41 UTC (permalink / raw)

Long running transactions can accumulate significant statistics (WAL, IO, ...)
that remain unflushed until the transaction ends. This delays visibility of
resource usage in monitoring views like pg_stat_io and pg_stat_wal and produces
spikes when flushed.

This commit introduces pgstat_report_anytime_stat(), which flushes
non transactional statistics even inside active transactions. A new timeout
handler fires every second (if enabled while adding pending stats) to call this
function, ensuring timely stats visibility without waiting for transaction completion.

Implementation details:

- Add PgStat_FlushMode enum to classify stats kinds:
  * FLUSH_ANYTIME: Stats that can always be flushed (WAL, IO, ...)
  * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY: Stats requiring transaction boundaries

- Modify pgstat_flush_pending_entries() and pgstat_flush_fixed_stats()
  to accept a boolean anytime_only parameter:
  * When false: flushes all stats (existing behavior)
  * When true: flushes only FLUSH_ANYTIME stats and skips FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY stats

- The flush_pending_cb and flush_static_cb callbacks now receive an anytime_only
boolean parameter. Most of the time it's not used (except for assertions), but it's
preparatory work for moving the relations stats to anytime (without introducin
a new callback).

- Add pgstat_schedule_anytime_update() macro to schedule the next anytime flush,
relying on PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL

The force parameter in pgstat_report_anytime_stat() is currently unused (always
called with force=false) but reserved for future use cases requiring immediate
flushing.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c             |   6 +
 src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c             |   9 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c         |  10 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/startup.c              |   2 +
 src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c        |   9 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c            |   9 +-
 src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c         |   9 +-
 src/backend/replication/walsender.c           |   8 +-
 src/backend/tcop/postgres.c                   |  12 ++
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c           | 112 ++++++++++++++----
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c   |  13 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c  |   2 +-
 .../utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c      |   2 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c  |   2 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c  |   4 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c        |  10 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c  |  12 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c      |   6 +-
 .../utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c      |   4 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c       |  10 +-
 src/backend/utils/init/globals.c              |   1 +
 src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c             |   3 +
 src/include/miscadmin.h                       |   1 +
 src/include/pgstat.h                          |  16 +++
 src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h           |  52 ++++++--
 src/include/utils/timeout.h                   |   1 +
 .../test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c |   4 +-
 src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list              |   1 +
 28 files changed, 264 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)
  10.8% src/backend/postmaster/
   6.0% src/backend/replication/
  50.7% src/backend/utils/activity/
   6.0% src/backend/
  19.3% src/include/utils/
   5.6% src/include/

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
index 13ec6225b85..d01b11c7470 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
@@ -1085,6 +1085,9 @@ XLogInsertRecord(XLogRecData *rdata,
 		pgWalUsage.wal_fpi += num_fpi;
 		pgWalUsage.wal_fpi_bytes += fpi_bytes;
 
+		/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+		pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 		/* Required for the flush of pending stats WAL data */
 		pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 	}
@@ -2066,6 +2069,9 @@ AdvanceXLInsertBuffer(XLogRecPtr upto, TimeLineID tli, bool opportunistic)
 					pgWalUsage.wal_buffers_full++;
 					TRACE_POSTGRESQL_WAL_BUFFER_WRITE_DIRTY_DONE();
 
+					/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+					pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 					/*
 					 * Required for the flush of pending stats WAL data, per
 					 * update of pgWalUsage.
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c b/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
index 0956bd39a85..059c601c3b8 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
@@ -49,7 +49,9 @@
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "storage/standby.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/resowner.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 /*
@@ -103,7 +105,7 @@ BackgroundWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN);
@@ -113,6 +115,11 @@ BackgroundWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * We just started, assume there has been either a shutdown or
 	 * end-of-recovery snapshot.
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c b/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
index e03c19123bc..e11c4b099c8 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
@@ -66,8 +66,9 @@
 #include "utils/acl.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/resowner.h"
-
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*----------
  * Shared memory area for communication between checkpointer and backends
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ CheckpointerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, ReqShutdownXLOG);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SIG_IGN); /* ignore SIGTERM */
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
@@ -225,6 +226,11 @@ CheckpointerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * Initialize so that first time-driven event happens at the correct time.
 	 */
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c b/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c
index cdbe53dd262..4954fe425b7 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include "storage/standby.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 
@@ -245,6 +246,7 @@ StartupProcessMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	RegisterTimeout(STANDBY_DEADLOCK_TIMEOUT, StandbyDeadLockHandler);
 	RegisterTimeout(STANDBY_TIMEOUT, StandbyTimeoutHandler);
 	RegisterTimeout(STANDBY_LOCK_TIMEOUT, StandbyLockTimeoutHandler);
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
 
 	/*
 	 * Unblock signals (they were blocked when the postmaster forked us)
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c b/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c
index 2d8f57099fd..9f8ef8159d1 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c
@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@
 #include "storage/shmem.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/wait_event.h"
 
 /*
@@ -249,7 +251,7 @@ WalSummarizerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN); /* not used */
@@ -271,6 +273,11 @@ WalSummarizerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * If an exception is encountered, processing resumes here.
 	 */
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c b/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
index 23e79a32345..ded0f250288 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
@@ -61,7 +61,9 @@
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "utils/hsearch.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/resowner.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 
 /*
@@ -106,7 +108,7 @@ WalWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN); /* not used */
@@ -116,6 +118,11 @@ WalWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * Create a memory context that we will do all our work in.  We do this so
 	 * that we can reset the context during error recovery and thereby avoid
diff --git a/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c b/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c
index 10e64a7d1f4..11b7c114d3b 100644
--- a/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c
+++ b/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c
@@ -77,7 +77,9 @@
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/pg_lsn.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/ps_status.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 
@@ -252,7 +254,7 @@ WalReceiverMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, die);		/* request shutdown */
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN);
@@ -260,6 +262,11 @@ WalReceiverMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	/* Reset some signals that are accepted by postmaster but not here */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/* Load the libpq-specific functions */
 	load_file("libpqwalreceiver", false);
 	if (WalReceiverFunctions == NULL)
diff --git a/src/backend/replication/walsender.c b/src/backend/replication/walsender.c
index 2cde8ebc729..a7214d0dc6f 100644
--- a/src/backend/replication/walsender.c
+++ b/src/backend/replication/walsender.c
@@ -1987,8 +1987,8 @@ WalSndWaitForWal(XLogRecPtr loc)
 		if (TimestampDifferenceExceeds(last_flush, now,
 									   WALSENDER_STATS_FLUSH_INTERVAL))
 		{
-			pgstat_flush_io(false);
-			(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+			pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+			(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 			last_flush = now;
 		}
 
@@ -3016,8 +3016,8 @@ WalSndLoop(WalSndSendDataCallback send_data)
 			if (TimestampDifferenceExceeds(last_flush, now,
 										   WALSENDER_STATS_FLUSH_INTERVAL))
 			{
-				pgstat_flush_io(false);
-				(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+				pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+				(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 				last_flush = now;
 			}
 
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index 02e9aaa6bca..c7bc409b06f 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -3509,6 +3509,18 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 		pgstat_report_stat(true);
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * Flush stats outside of transaction boundary if the timeout fired.
+	 * Unlike transactional stats, these can be flushed even inside a running
+	 * transaction.
+	 */
+	if (AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+
+		pgstat_report_anytime_stat(false);
+	}
+
 	if (ProcSignalBarrierPending)
 		ProcessProcSignalBarrier();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
index 11bb71cad5a..411b65aae3e 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
@@ -112,6 +112,7 @@
 #include "utils/guc_hooks.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 
@@ -122,8 +123,6 @@
  * ----------
  */
 
-/* minimum interval non-forced stats flushes.*/
-#define PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL			1000
 /* how long until to block flushing pending stats updates */
 #define PGSTAT_MAX_INTERVAL			60000
 /* when to call pgstat_report_stat() again, even when idle */
@@ -187,7 +186,8 @@ static void pgstat_init_snapshot_fixed(void);
 
 static void pgstat_reset_after_failure(void);
 
-static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait);
+static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
+static bool pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 static void pgstat_prep_snapshot(void);
 static void pgstat_build_snapshot(void);
@@ -288,6 +288,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_database entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -305,6 +306,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Relation),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Relation, stats),
@@ -321,6 +323,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Function),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Function, stats),
@@ -336,6 +339,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -353,6 +357,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_subscription_stats entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -370,6 +375,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = false,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -436,6 +442,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, io),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, io),
@@ -453,6 +460,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, slru),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, slru),
@@ -470,6 +478,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, wal),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, wal),
@@ -775,23 +784,11 @@ pgstat_report_stat(bool force)
 	partial_flush = false;
 
 	/* flush of variable-numbered stats tracked in pending entries list */
-	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait);
+	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, false);
 
 	/* flush of other stats kinds */
 	if (pgstat_report_fixed)
-	{
-		for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
-		{
-			const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
-
-			if (!kind_info)
-				continue;
-			if (!kind_info->flush_static_cb)
-				continue;
-
-			partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait);
-		}
-	}
+		partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, false);
 
 	last_flush = now;
 
@@ -1293,7 +1290,8 @@ pgstat_prep_pending_entry(PgStat_Kind kind, Oid dboid, uint64 objid, bool *creat
 
 	if (entry_ref->pending == NULL)
 	{
-		size_t		entrysize = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind)->pending_size;
+		const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
+		size_t		entrysize = kind_info->pending_size;
 
 		Assert(entrysize != (size_t) -1);
 
@@ -1345,9 +1343,14 @@ pgstat_delete_pending_entry(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref)
 
 /*
  * Flush out pending variable-numbered stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME entries.
+ * This is safe to call inside transactions.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all entries.
  */
 static bool
-pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
+pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	bool		have_pending = false;
 	dlist_node *cur = NULL;
@@ -1377,8 +1380,22 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 		Assert(!kind_info->fixed_amount);
 		Assert(kind_info->flush_pending_cb != NULL);
 
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_mode == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+		{
+			have_pending = true;
+
+			if (dlist_has_next(&pgStatPending, cur))
+				next = dlist_next_node(&pgStatPending, cur);
+			else
+				next = NULL;
+
+			cur = next;
+			continue;
+		}
+
 		/* flush the stats, if possible */
-		did_flush = kind_info->flush_pending_cb(entry_ref, nowait);
+		did_flush = kind_info->flush_pending_cb(entry_ref, nowait, anytime_only);
 
 		Assert(did_flush || nowait);
 
@@ -1402,6 +1419,33 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 	return have_pending;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Flush fixed-amount stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME stats (safe inside transactions).
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all stats with flush_static_cb.
+ */
+static bool
+pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
+{
+	bool		partial_flush = false;
+
+	for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
+	{
+		const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
+
+		if (!kind_info || !kind_info->flush_static_cb)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_mode == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+			continue;
+
+		partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait, anytime_only);
+	}
+
+	return partial_flush;
+}
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------
  * Helper / infrastructure functions
@@ -2119,3 +2163,31 @@ assign_stats_fetch_consistency(int newval, void *extra)
 	if (pgstat_fetch_consistency != newval)
 		force_stats_snapshot_clear = true;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Flushes only FLUSH_ANYTIME stats using non-blocking locks. Transactional
+ * stats (FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY) remain pending until transaction boundary.
+ * Safe to call inside transactions.
+ */
+void
+pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force)
+{
+	bool		nowait = !force;
+
+	pgstat_assert_is_up();
+
+	/* Flush stats outside of transaction boundary */
+	pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, true);
+	pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, true);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Timeout handler for flushing non-transactional stats.
+ */
+void
+AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void)
+{
+	AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c
index 1350f5f62f1..b0bd220882d 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include "storage/procarray.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*
  * Backend statistics counts waiting to be flushed out. These counters may be
@@ -66,6 +67,9 @@ pgstat_count_backend_io_op_time(IOObject io_object, IOContext io_context,
 	INSTR_TIME_ADD(PendingBackendStats.pending_io.pending_times[io_object][io_context][io_op],
 				   io_time);
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	backend_has_iostats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 }
@@ -82,6 +86,9 @@ pgstat_count_backend_io_op(IOObject io_object, IOContext io_context,
 	PendingBackendStats.pending_io.counts[io_object][io_context][io_op] += cnt;
 	PendingBackendStats.pending_io.bytes[io_object][io_context][io_op] += bytes;
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	backend_has_iostats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 }
@@ -268,7 +275,7 @@ pgstat_flush_backend_entry_wal(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref)
  * if some statistics could not be flushed due to lock contention.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags)
+pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref;
 	bool		has_pending_data = false;
@@ -311,9 +318,9 @@ pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags)
  * If some stats could not be flushed due to lock contention, return true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
-	return pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_ALL);
+	return pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_ALL, anytime_only);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c
index ed2fd801189..1c5f0c3ec40 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ pgstat_report_bgwriter(void)
 	/*
 	 * Report IO statistics
 	 */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c
index 1f70194b7a7..2d89a082464 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ pgstat_report_checkpointer(void)
 	/*
 	 * Report IO statistics
 	 */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c
index d7f6d4c5ee6..61094f96a6c 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ pgstat_reset_database_timestamp(Oid dboid, TimestampTz ts)
  * false without flushing the entry.  Otherwise returns true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStatShared_Database *sharedent;
 	PgStat_StatDBEntry *pendingent;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c
index e6b84283c6c..5ba4958382f 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c
@@ -190,11 +190,13 @@ pgstat_end_function_usage(PgStat_FunctionCallUsage *fcu, bool finalize)
  * false without flushing the entry.  Otherwise returns true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_FunctionCounts *localent;
 	PgStatShared_Function *shfuncent;
 
+	Assert(!anytime_only);
+
 	localent = (PgStat_FunctionCounts *) entry_ref->pending;
 	shfuncent = (PgStatShared_Function *) entry_ref->shared_stats;
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c
index 28de24538dc..7cd32900236 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "executor/instrument.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 static PgStat_PendingIO PendingIOStats;
 static bool have_iostats = false;
@@ -79,6 +80,9 @@ pgstat_count_io_op(IOObject io_object, IOContext io_context, IOOp io_op,
 	/* Add the per-backend counts */
 	pgstat_count_backend_io_op(io_object, io_context, io_op, cnt, bytes);
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	have_iostats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 }
@@ -172,9 +176,9 @@ pgstat_fetch_stat_io(void)
  * Simpler wrapper of pgstat_io_flush_cb()
  */
 void
-pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait)
+pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
-	(void) pgstat_io_flush_cb(nowait);
+	(void) pgstat_io_flush_cb(nowait, anytime_only);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -186,7 +190,7 @@ pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait)
  * acquired. Otherwise, return false.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	LWLock	   *bktype_lock;
 	PgStat_BktypeIO *bktype_shstats;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c
index bc8c43b96aa..04d21483d93 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c
@@ -267,8 +267,8 @@ pgstat_report_vacuum(Relation rel, PgStat_Counter livetuples,
 	 * is done -- which will likely vacuum many relations -- or until the
 	 * VACUUM command has processed all tables and committed.
 	 */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
-	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -362,8 +362,8 @@ pgstat_report_analyze(Relation rel,
 	pgstat_unlock_entry(entry_ref);
 
 	/* see pgstat_report_vacuum() */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
-	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ pgstat_twophase_postabort(FullTransactionId fxid, uint16 info,
  * entry when successfully flushing.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	Oid			dboid;
 	PgStat_TableStatus *lstats; /* pending stats entry  */
@@ -820,6 +820,8 @@ pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
 	PgStat_StatTabEntry *tabentry;	/* table entry of shared stats */
 	PgStat_StatDBEntry *dbentry;	/* pending database entry */
 
+	Assert(!anytime_only);
+
 	dboid = entry_ref->shared_entry->key.dboid;
 	lstats = (PgStat_TableStatus *) entry_ref->pending;
 	shtabstats = (PgStatShared_Relation *) entry_ref->shared_stats;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c
index 2190f388eae..bf8a4d58673 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 
 static inline PgStat_SLRUStats *get_slru_entry(int slru_idx);
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ pgstat_get_slru_index(const char *name)
  * acquired. Otherwise return false.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStatShared_SLRU *stats_shmem = &pgStatLocal.shmem->slru;
 	int			i;
@@ -223,6 +224,9 @@ get_slru_entry(int slru_idx)
 
 	Assert((slru_idx >= 0) && (slru_idx < SLRU_NUM_ELEMENTS));
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	have_slrustats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c
index 500b1899188..c4614817966 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c
@@ -116,11 +116,13 @@ pgstat_fetch_stat_subscription(Oid subid)
  * false without flushing the entry.  Otherwise returns true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_BackendSubEntry *localent;
 	PgStatShared_Subscription *shsubent;
 
+	Assert(!anytime_only);
+
 	localent = (PgStat_BackendSubEntry *) entry_ref->pending;
 	shsubent = (PgStatShared_Subscription *) entry_ref->shared_stats;
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c
index 183e0a7a97b..eb5f8f46925 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c
@@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ pgstat_report_wal(bool force)
 	nowait = !force;
 
 	/* flush wal stats */
-	(void) pgstat_wal_flush_cb(nowait);
-	pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL);
+	(void) pgstat_wal_flush_cb(nowait, true);
+	pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL, true);
 
 	/* flush IO stats */
-	pgstat_flush_io(nowait);
-	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+	pgstat_flush_io(nowait, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ pgstat_wal_have_pending(void)
  * acquired. Otherwise return false.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStatShared_Wal *stats_shmem = &pgStatLocal.shmem->wal;
 	WalUsage	wal_usage_diff = {0};
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index 36ad708b360..ad44826c39e 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index 3f401faf3de..f45365f47f7 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
 #include "utils/injection_point.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/pg_locale.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/portal.h"
 #include "utils/ps_status.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
@@ -765,6 +766,8 @@ InitPostgres(const char *in_dbname, Oid dboid,
 		RegisterTimeout(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT, ClientCheckTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 						IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+		RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
+						AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index db559b39c4d..8aeb9628871 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
 
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
diff --git a/src/include/pgstat.h b/src/include/pgstat.h
index fff7ecc2533..b340a680614 100644
--- a/src/include/pgstat.h
+++ b/src/include/pgstat.h
@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@
 /* Default directory to store temporary statistics data in */
 #define PG_STAT_TMP_DIR		"pg_stat_tmp"
 
+/* Minimum interval non-forced stats flushes */
+#define PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL	1000
+
 /* Values for track_functions GUC variable --- order is significant! */
 typedef enum TrackFunctionsLevel
 {
@@ -533,8 +536,21 @@ extern void pgstat_initialize(void);
 
 /* Functions called from backends */
 extern long pgstat_report_stat(bool force);
+extern void pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force);
 extern void pgstat_force_next_flush(void);
 
+/*
+ * Schedule the next anytime stats update timeout.
+ *
+ * This should be called whenever accumulating statistics that support
+ * FLUSH_ANYTIME flushing mode.
+ */
+#define pgstat_schedule_anytime_update()												\
+	do {																				\
+		if (IsUnderPostmaster && !get_timeout_active(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT))		\
+			enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL);	\
+	} while (0)
+
 extern void pgstat_reset_counters(void);
 extern void pgstat_reset(PgStat_Kind kind, Oid dboid, uint64 objid);
 extern void pgstat_reset_of_kind(PgStat_Kind kind);
diff --git a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
index 9b8fbae00ed..607f4255268 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
@@ -224,6 +224,19 @@ typedef struct PgStat_SubXactStatus
 	PgStat_TableXactStatus *first;	/* head of list for this subxact */
 } PgStat_SubXactStatus;
 
+/*
+ * Flush mode for statistics kinds.
+ *
+ * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY has to be the first because we want it to be the
+ * default value.
+ */
+typedef enum PgStat_FlushMode
+{
+	FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,		/* All fields can only be flushed at
+								 * transaction boundary */
+	FLUSH_ANYTIME,				/* All fields can be flushed anytime,
+								 * including within transactions */
+} PgStat_FlushMode;
 
 /*
  * Metadata for a specific kind of statistics.
@@ -251,6 +264,16 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 */
 	bool		track_entry_count:1;
 
+	/*
+	 * The mode of when to flush stats. See PgStat_FlushMode for more details.
+	 *
+	 * This member only has meaning for statistics kinds that accumulate
+	 * pending stats and use flush callbacks. For kinds that write directly to
+	 * shared memory (e.g., archiver, bgwriter, checkpointer), this member has
+	 * no effect.
+	 */
+	PgStat_FlushMode flush_mode;
+
 	/*
 	 * The size of an entry in the shared stats hash table (pointed to by
 	 * PgStatShared_HashEntry->body).  For fixed-numbered statistics, this is
@@ -297,8 +320,10 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 * For variable-numbered stats: flush pending stats. Required if pending
 	 * data is used. See flush_static_cb when dealing with stats data that
 	 * that cannot use PgStat_EntryRef->pending.
+	 *
+	 * The anytime_only parameter indicates whether this is an anytime flush.
 	 */
-	bool		(*flush_pending_cb) (PgStat_EntryRef *sr, bool nowait);
+	bool		(*flush_pending_cb) (PgStat_EntryRef *sr, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 	/*
 	 * For variable-numbered stats: delete pending stats. Optional.
@@ -366,8 +391,10 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 *
 	 * "pgstat_report_fixed" needs to be set to trigger the flush of pending
 	 * stats.
+	 *
+	 * The anytime_only parameter indicates whether this is an anytime flush.
 	 */
-	bool		(*flush_static_cb) (bool nowait);
+	bool		(*flush_static_cb) (bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 	/*
 	 * For fixed-numbered statistics: Reset All.
@@ -677,6 +704,7 @@ extern PgStat_EntryRef *pgstat_fetch_pending_entry(PgStat_Kind kind,
 
 extern void *pgstat_fetch_entry(PgStat_Kind kind, Oid dboid, uint64 objid);
 extern void pgstat_snapshot_fixed(PgStat_Kind kind);
+extern void AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void);
 
 
 /*
@@ -696,8 +724,8 @@ extern void pgstat_archiver_snapshot_cb(void);
 #define PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL   (1 << 1) /* Flush WAL statistics */
 #define PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_ALL   (PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO | PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL)
 
-extern bool pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags);
-extern bool pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags, bool anytime_only);
+extern bool pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_backend_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header,
 											  TimestampTz ts);
 
@@ -729,7 +757,7 @@ extern void AtEOXact_PgStat_Database(bool isCommit, bool parallel);
 
 extern PgStat_StatDBEntry *pgstat_prep_database_pending(Oid dboid);
 extern void pgstat_reset_database_timestamp(Oid dboid, TimestampTz ts);
-extern bool pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_database_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
 
@@ -737,7 +765,7 @@ extern void pgstat_database_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, Time
  * Functions in pgstat_function.c
  */
 
-extern bool pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_function_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
 
@@ -745,9 +773,9 @@ extern void pgstat_function_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, Time
  * Functions in pgstat_io.c
  */
 
-extern void pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait);
+extern void pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
-extern bool pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_io_init_shmem_cb(void *stats);
 extern void pgstat_io_reset_all_cb(TimestampTz ts);
 extern void pgstat_io_snapshot_cb(void);
@@ -762,7 +790,7 @@ extern void AtEOSubXact_PgStat_Relations(PgStat_SubXactStatus *xact_state, bool
 extern void AtPrepare_PgStat_Relations(PgStat_SubXactStatus *xact_state);
 extern void PostPrepare_PgStat_Relations(PgStat_SubXactStatus *xact_state);
 
-extern bool pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_relation_delete_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref);
 extern void pgstat_relation_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
@@ -809,7 +837,7 @@ extern PgStatShared_Common *pgstat_init_entry(PgStat_Kind kind,
  * Functions in pgstat_slru.c
  */
 
-extern bool pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_slru_init_shmem_cb(void *stats);
 extern void pgstat_slru_reset_all_cb(TimestampTz ts);
 extern void pgstat_slru_snapshot_cb(void);
@@ -820,7 +848,7 @@ extern void pgstat_slru_snapshot_cb(void);
  */
 
 extern void pgstat_wal_init_backend_cb(void);
-extern bool pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_wal_init_shmem_cb(void *stats);
 extern void pgstat_wal_reset_all_cb(TimestampTz ts);
 extern void pgstat_wal_snapshot_cb(void);
@@ -830,7 +858,7 @@ extern void pgstat_wal_snapshot_cb(void);
  * Functions in pgstat_subscription.c
  */
 
-extern bool pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_subscription_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
 
diff --git a/src/include/utils/timeout.h b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
index 0965b590b34..10723bb664c 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/timeout.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ typedef enum TimeoutId
 	IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
 	IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
+	ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	STARTUP_PROGRESS_TIMEOUT,
 	/* First user-definable timeout reason */
 	USER_TIMEOUT,
diff --git a/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c b/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c
index 64a8fe63cce..bc0b5d6e0eb 100644
--- a/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c
+++ b/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ static dsa_area *custom_stats_description_dsa = NULL;
 
 /* Flush callback: merge pending stats into shared memory */
 static bool test_custom_stats_var_flush_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref,
-												   bool nowait);
+												   bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 /* Serialization callback: write auxiliary entry data */
 static void test_custom_stats_var_to_serialized_data(const PgStat_HashKey *key,
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ _PG_init(void)
  * Returns false only if nowait=true and lock acquisition fails.
  */
 static bool
-test_custom_stats_var_flush_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+test_custom_stats_var_flush_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_StatCustomVarEntry *pending_entry;
 	PgStatShared_CustomVarEntry *shared_entry;
diff --git a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
index 9f5ee8fd482..860f835c088 100644
--- a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
+++ b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
@@ -2268,6 +2268,7 @@ PgStat_Counter
 PgStat_EntryRef
 PgStat_EntryRefHashEntry
 PgStat_FetchConsistency
+PgStat_FlushMode
 PgStat_FunctionCallUsage
 PgStat_FunctionCounts
 PgStat_HashKey
-- 
2.34.1


--DxqFthphbM+ha9Dy
Content-Type: text/x-diff; charset=us-ascii
Content-Disposition: attachment;
	filename="v6-0002-Add-anytime-flush-tests-for-custom-stats.patch"



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 12+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v8 1/5] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing
@ 2026-01-05 09:41 Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread

From: Bertrand Drouvot @ 2026-01-05 09:41 UTC (permalink / raw)

Long running transactions can accumulate significant statistics (WAL, IO, ...)
that remain unflushed until the transaction ends. This delays visibility of
resource usage in monitoring views like pg_stat_io and pg_stat_wal and produces
spikes when flushed.

This commit introduces pgstat_report_anytime_stat(), which flushes
non transactional statistics even inside active transactions. A new timeout
handler fires every second (if enabled while adding pending stats) to call this
function, ensuring timely stats visibility without waiting for transaction completion.

Implementation details:

- Add PgStat_FlushMode enum to classify stats kinds:
  * FLUSH_ANYTIME: Stats that can always be flushed (WAL, IO, ...)
  * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY: Stats requiring transaction boundaries

- Modify pgstat_flush_pending_entries() and pgstat_flush_fixed_stats()
  to accept a boolean anytime_only parameter:
  * When false: flushes all stats (existing behavior)
  * When true: flushes only FLUSH_ANYTIME stats and skips FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY stats

- The flush_pending_cb and flush_static_cb callbacks now receive an anytime_only
boolean parameter. Most of the time it's not used (except for assertions), but it's
preparatory work for moving the relations stats to anytime (without introducin
a new callback).

- Add pgstat_schedule_anytime_update() macro to schedule the next anytime flush,
relying on PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL

The force parameter in pgstat_report_anytime_stat() is currently unused (always
called with force=false) but reserved for future use cases requiring immediate
flushing.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c             |   6 +
 src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c             |   9 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c         |  10 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/startup.c              |   2 +
 src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c        |   9 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c            |   9 +-
 src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c         |   9 +-
 src/backend/replication/walsender.c           |   8 +-
 src/backend/tcop/postgres.c                   |  12 ++
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c           | 112 ++++++++++++++----
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c   |  13 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c  |   2 +-
 .../utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c      |   2 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c  |   2 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c  |   4 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c        |  10 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c  |  12 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c      |   6 +-
 .../utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c      |   4 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c       |  10 +-
 src/backend/utils/init/globals.c              |   1 +
 src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c             |   3 +
 src/include/miscadmin.h                       |   1 +
 src/include/pgstat.h                          |  16 +++
 src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h           |  52 ++++++--
 src/include/utils/timeout.h                   |   1 +
 .../test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c |   4 +-
 src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list              |   1 +
 28 files changed, 264 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)
  10.8% src/backend/postmaster/
   6.0% src/backend/replication/
  50.7% src/backend/utils/activity/
   6.0% src/backend/
  19.3% src/include/utils/
   5.6% src/include/

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
index 13ec6225b85..d01b11c7470 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
@@ -1085,6 +1085,9 @@ XLogInsertRecord(XLogRecData *rdata,
 		pgWalUsage.wal_fpi += num_fpi;
 		pgWalUsage.wal_fpi_bytes += fpi_bytes;
 
+		/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+		pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 		/* Required for the flush of pending stats WAL data */
 		pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 	}
@@ -2066,6 +2069,9 @@ AdvanceXLInsertBuffer(XLogRecPtr upto, TimeLineID tli, bool opportunistic)
 					pgWalUsage.wal_buffers_full++;
 					TRACE_POSTGRESQL_WAL_BUFFER_WRITE_DIRTY_DONE();
 
+					/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+					pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 					/*
 					 * Required for the flush of pending stats WAL data, per
 					 * update of pgWalUsage.
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c b/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
index 0956bd39a85..059c601c3b8 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
@@ -49,7 +49,9 @@
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "storage/standby.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/resowner.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 /*
@@ -103,7 +105,7 @@ BackgroundWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN);
@@ -113,6 +115,11 @@ BackgroundWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * We just started, assume there has been either a shutdown or
 	 * end-of-recovery snapshot.
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c b/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
index e03c19123bc..e11c4b099c8 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
@@ -66,8 +66,9 @@
 #include "utils/acl.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/resowner.h"
-
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*----------
  * Shared memory area for communication between checkpointer and backends
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ CheckpointerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, ReqShutdownXLOG);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SIG_IGN); /* ignore SIGTERM */
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
@@ -225,6 +226,11 @@ CheckpointerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * Initialize so that first time-driven event happens at the correct time.
 	 */
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c b/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c
index cdbe53dd262..4954fe425b7 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include "storage/standby.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 
@@ -245,6 +246,7 @@ StartupProcessMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	RegisterTimeout(STANDBY_DEADLOCK_TIMEOUT, StandbyDeadLockHandler);
 	RegisterTimeout(STANDBY_TIMEOUT, StandbyTimeoutHandler);
 	RegisterTimeout(STANDBY_LOCK_TIMEOUT, StandbyLockTimeoutHandler);
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
 
 	/*
 	 * Unblock signals (they were blocked when the postmaster forked us)
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c b/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c
index 742137edad6..f1bae9d23d6 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c
@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@
 #include "storage/shmem.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/wait_event.h"
 
 /*
@@ -246,7 +248,7 @@ WalSummarizerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);	/* no query to cancel */
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN); /* not used */
@@ -268,6 +270,11 @@ WalSummarizerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * If an exception is encountered, processing resumes here.
 	 */
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c b/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
index 7c0e2809c17..bcf59227a00 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
@@ -61,7 +61,9 @@
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "utils/hsearch.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/resowner.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 
 /*
@@ -103,7 +105,7 @@ WalWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);	/* no query to cancel */
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN); /* not used */
@@ -113,6 +115,11 @@ WalWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * Create a memory context that we will do all our work in.  We do this so
 	 * that we can reset the context during error recovery and thereby avoid
diff --git a/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c b/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c
index 10e64a7d1f4..11b7c114d3b 100644
--- a/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c
+++ b/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c
@@ -77,7 +77,9 @@
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/pg_lsn.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/ps_status.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 
@@ -252,7 +254,7 @@ WalReceiverMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, die);		/* request shutdown */
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN);
@@ -260,6 +262,11 @@ WalReceiverMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	/* Reset some signals that are accepted by postmaster but not here */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/* Load the libpq-specific functions */
 	load_file("libpqwalreceiver", false);
 	if (WalReceiverFunctions == NULL)
diff --git a/src/backend/replication/walsender.c b/src/backend/replication/walsender.c
index 2cde8ebc729..a7214d0dc6f 100644
--- a/src/backend/replication/walsender.c
+++ b/src/backend/replication/walsender.c
@@ -1987,8 +1987,8 @@ WalSndWaitForWal(XLogRecPtr loc)
 		if (TimestampDifferenceExceeds(last_flush, now,
 									   WALSENDER_STATS_FLUSH_INTERVAL))
 		{
-			pgstat_flush_io(false);
-			(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+			pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+			(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 			last_flush = now;
 		}
 
@@ -3016,8 +3016,8 @@ WalSndLoop(WalSndSendDataCallback send_data)
 			if (TimestampDifferenceExceeds(last_flush, now,
 										   WALSENDER_STATS_FLUSH_INTERVAL))
 			{
-				pgstat_flush_io(false);
-				(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+				pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+				(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 				last_flush = now;
 			}
 
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index 21de158adbb..2089de782d5 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -3564,6 +3564,18 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 		pgstat_report_stat(true);
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * Flush stats outside of transaction boundary if the timeout fired.
+	 * Unlike transactional stats, these can be flushed even inside a running
+	 * transaction.
+	 */
+	if (AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+
+		pgstat_report_anytime_stat(false);
+	}
+
 	if (ProcSignalBarrierPending)
 		ProcessProcSignalBarrier();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
index 11bb71cad5a..a4ff64dc5ce 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
@@ -112,6 +112,7 @@
 #include "utils/guc_hooks.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 
@@ -122,8 +123,6 @@
  * ----------
  */
 
-/* minimum interval non-forced stats flushes.*/
-#define PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL			1000
 /* how long until to block flushing pending stats updates */
 #define PGSTAT_MAX_INTERVAL			60000
 /* when to call pgstat_report_stat() again, even when idle */
@@ -187,7 +186,8 @@ static void pgstat_init_snapshot_fixed(void);
 
 static void pgstat_reset_after_failure(void);
 
-static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait);
+static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
+static bool pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 static void pgstat_prep_snapshot(void);
 static void pgstat_build_snapshot(void);
@@ -288,6 +288,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_database entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -305,6 +306,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Relation),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Relation, stats),
@@ -321,6 +323,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Function),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Function, stats),
@@ -336,6 +339,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -353,6 +357,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_subscription_stats entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -370,6 +375,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = false,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -436,6 +442,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, io),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, io),
@@ -453,6 +460,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, slru),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, slru),
@@ -470,6 +478,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, wal),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, wal),
@@ -775,23 +784,11 @@ pgstat_report_stat(bool force)
 	partial_flush = false;
 
 	/* flush of variable-numbered stats tracked in pending entries list */
-	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait);
+	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, false);
 
 	/* flush of other stats kinds */
 	if (pgstat_report_fixed)
-	{
-		for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
-		{
-			const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
-
-			if (!kind_info)
-				continue;
-			if (!kind_info->flush_static_cb)
-				continue;
-
-			partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait);
-		}
-	}
+		partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, false);
 
 	last_flush = now;
 
@@ -1293,7 +1290,8 @@ pgstat_prep_pending_entry(PgStat_Kind kind, Oid dboid, uint64 objid, bool *creat
 
 	if (entry_ref->pending == NULL)
 	{
-		size_t		entrysize = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind)->pending_size;
+		const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
+		size_t		entrysize = kind_info->pending_size;
 
 		Assert(entrysize != (size_t) -1);
 
@@ -1345,9 +1343,14 @@ pgstat_delete_pending_entry(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref)
 
 /*
  * Flush out pending variable-numbered stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME entries.
+ * This is safe to call inside transactions.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all entries.
  */
 static bool
-pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
+pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	bool		have_pending = false;
 	dlist_node *cur = NULL;
@@ -1377,8 +1380,22 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 		Assert(!kind_info->fixed_amount);
 		Assert(kind_info->flush_pending_cb != NULL);
 
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_mode == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+		{
+			have_pending = true;
+
+			if (dlist_has_next(&pgStatPending, cur))
+				next = dlist_next_node(&pgStatPending, cur);
+			else
+				next = NULL;
+
+			cur = next;
+			continue;
+		}
+
 		/* flush the stats, if possible */
-		did_flush = kind_info->flush_pending_cb(entry_ref, nowait);
+		did_flush = kind_info->flush_pending_cb(entry_ref, nowait, anytime_only);
 
 		Assert(did_flush || nowait);
 
@@ -1402,6 +1419,33 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 	return have_pending;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Flush fixed-amount stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME stats (safe inside transactions).
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all stats with flush_static_cb.
+ */
+static bool
+pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
+{
+	bool		partial_flush = false;
+
+	for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
+	{
+		const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
+
+		if (!kind_info || !kind_info->flush_static_cb)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_mode == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+			continue;
+
+		partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait, anytime_only);
+	}
+
+	return partial_flush;
+}
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------
  * Helper / infrastructure functions
@@ -2119,3 +2163,31 @@ assign_stats_fetch_consistency(int newval, void *extra)
 	if (pgstat_fetch_consistency != newval)
 		force_stats_snapshot_clear = true;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Flushes only FLUSH_ANYTIME stats using non-blocking locks. Transactional
+ * stats (FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY) remain pending until transaction boundary.
+ * Safe to call inside transactions.
+ */
+void
+pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force)
+{
+	bool		nowait = !force;
+
+	pgstat_assert_is_up();
+
+	/* Flush stats outside of transaction boundary */
+	pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, true);
+	pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, true);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Timeout handler for flushing anytime stats.
+ */
+void
+AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void)
+{
+	AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c
index f2f8d3ff75f..b09316d3ab3 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include "storage/procarray.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*
  * Backend statistics counts waiting to be flushed out. These counters may be
@@ -66,6 +67,9 @@ pgstat_count_backend_io_op_time(IOObject io_object, IOContext io_context,
 	INSTR_TIME_ADD(PendingBackendStats.pending_io.pending_times[io_object][io_context][io_op],
 				   io_time);
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	backend_has_iostats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 }
@@ -82,6 +86,9 @@ pgstat_count_backend_io_op(IOObject io_object, IOContext io_context,
 	PendingBackendStats.pending_io.counts[io_object][io_context][io_op] += cnt;
 	PendingBackendStats.pending_io.bytes[io_object][io_context][io_op] += bytes;
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	backend_has_iostats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 }
@@ -268,7 +275,7 @@ pgstat_flush_backend_entry_wal(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref)
  * if some statistics could not be flushed due to lock contention.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags)
+pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref;
 	bool		has_pending_data = false;
@@ -311,9 +318,9 @@ pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags)
  * If some stats could not be flushed due to lock contention, return true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
-	return pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_ALL);
+	return pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_ALL, anytime_only);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c
index ed2fd801189..1c5f0c3ec40 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ pgstat_report_bgwriter(void)
 	/*
 	 * Report IO statistics
 	 */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c
index 1f70194b7a7..2d89a082464 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ pgstat_report_checkpointer(void)
 	/*
 	 * Report IO statistics
 	 */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c
index 933dcb5cae5..8e86df60461 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ pgstat_reset_database_timestamp(Oid dboid, TimestampTz ts)
  * false without flushing the entry.  Otherwise returns true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStatShared_Database *sharedent;
 	PgStat_StatDBEntry *pendingent;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c
index e6b84283c6c..5ba4958382f 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c
@@ -190,11 +190,13 @@ pgstat_end_function_usage(PgStat_FunctionCallUsage *fcu, bool finalize)
  * false without flushing the entry.  Otherwise returns true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_FunctionCounts *localent;
 	PgStatShared_Function *shfuncent;
 
+	Assert(!anytime_only);
+
 	localent = (PgStat_FunctionCounts *) entry_ref->pending;
 	shfuncent = (PgStatShared_Function *) entry_ref->shared_stats;
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c
index 28de24538dc..7cd32900236 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "executor/instrument.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 static PgStat_PendingIO PendingIOStats;
 static bool have_iostats = false;
@@ -79,6 +80,9 @@ pgstat_count_io_op(IOObject io_object, IOContext io_context, IOOp io_op,
 	/* Add the per-backend counts */
 	pgstat_count_backend_io_op(io_object, io_context, io_op, cnt, bytes);
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	have_iostats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 }
@@ -172,9 +176,9 @@ pgstat_fetch_stat_io(void)
  * Simpler wrapper of pgstat_io_flush_cb()
  */
 void
-pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait)
+pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
-	(void) pgstat_io_flush_cb(nowait);
+	(void) pgstat_io_flush_cb(nowait, anytime_only);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -186,7 +190,7 @@ pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait)
  * acquired. Otherwise, return false.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	LWLock	   *bktype_lock;
 	PgStat_BktypeIO *bktype_shstats;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c
index bc8c43b96aa..04d21483d93 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c
@@ -267,8 +267,8 @@ pgstat_report_vacuum(Relation rel, PgStat_Counter livetuples,
 	 * is done -- which will likely vacuum many relations -- or until the
 	 * VACUUM command has processed all tables and committed.
 	 */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
-	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -362,8 +362,8 @@ pgstat_report_analyze(Relation rel,
 	pgstat_unlock_entry(entry_ref);
 
 	/* see pgstat_report_vacuum() */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
-	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ pgstat_twophase_postabort(FullTransactionId fxid, uint16 info,
  * entry when successfully flushing.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	Oid			dboid;
 	PgStat_TableStatus *lstats; /* pending stats entry  */
@@ -820,6 +820,8 @@ pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
 	PgStat_StatTabEntry *tabentry;	/* table entry of shared stats */
 	PgStat_StatDBEntry *dbentry;	/* pending database entry */
 
+	Assert(!anytime_only);
+
 	dboid = entry_ref->shared_entry->key.dboid;
 	lstats = (PgStat_TableStatus *) entry_ref->pending;
 	shtabstats = (PgStatShared_Relation *) entry_ref->shared_stats;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c
index 2190f388eae..bf8a4d58673 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 
 static inline PgStat_SLRUStats *get_slru_entry(int slru_idx);
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ pgstat_get_slru_index(const char *name)
  * acquired. Otherwise return false.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStatShared_SLRU *stats_shmem = &pgStatLocal.shmem->slru;
 	int			i;
@@ -223,6 +224,9 @@ get_slru_entry(int slru_idx)
 
 	Assert((slru_idx >= 0) && (slru_idx < SLRU_NUM_ELEMENTS));
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	have_slrustats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c
index 500b1899188..c4614817966 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c
@@ -116,11 +116,13 @@ pgstat_fetch_stat_subscription(Oid subid)
  * false without flushing the entry.  Otherwise returns true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_BackendSubEntry *localent;
 	PgStatShared_Subscription *shsubent;
 
+	Assert(!anytime_only);
+
 	localent = (PgStat_BackendSubEntry *) entry_ref->pending;
 	shsubent = (PgStatShared_Subscription *) entry_ref->shared_stats;
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c
index 183e0a7a97b..2c2f3f10e10 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c
@@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ pgstat_report_wal(bool force)
 	nowait = !force;
 
 	/* flush wal stats */
-	(void) pgstat_wal_flush_cb(nowait);
-	pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL);
+	(void) pgstat_wal_flush_cb(nowait, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL, true);
 
 	/* flush IO stats */
-	pgstat_flush_io(nowait);
-	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+	pgstat_flush_io(nowait, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ pgstat_wal_have_pending(void)
  * acquired. Otherwise return false.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStatShared_Wal *stats_shmem = &pgStatLocal.shmem->wal;
 	WalUsage	wal_usage_diff = {0};
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index 36ad708b360..ad44826c39e 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index b59e08605cc..eeeac1bf39a 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
 #include "utils/injection_point.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/pg_locale.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/portal.h"
 #include "utils/ps_status.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
@@ -773,6 +774,8 @@ InitPostgres(const char *in_dbname, Oid dboid,
 		RegisterTimeout(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT, ClientCheckTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 						IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+		RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
+						AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index f16f35659b9..84e698da214 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
 
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
diff --git a/src/include/pgstat.h b/src/include/pgstat.h
index fff7ecc2533..b340a680614 100644
--- a/src/include/pgstat.h
+++ b/src/include/pgstat.h
@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@
 /* Default directory to store temporary statistics data in */
 #define PG_STAT_TMP_DIR		"pg_stat_tmp"
 
+/* Minimum interval non-forced stats flushes */
+#define PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL	1000
+
 /* Values for track_functions GUC variable --- order is significant! */
 typedef enum TrackFunctionsLevel
 {
@@ -533,8 +536,21 @@ extern void pgstat_initialize(void);
 
 /* Functions called from backends */
 extern long pgstat_report_stat(bool force);
+extern void pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force);
 extern void pgstat_force_next_flush(void);
 
+/*
+ * Schedule the next anytime stats update timeout.
+ *
+ * This should be called whenever accumulating statistics that support
+ * FLUSH_ANYTIME flushing mode.
+ */
+#define pgstat_schedule_anytime_update()												\
+	do {																				\
+		if (IsUnderPostmaster && !get_timeout_active(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT))		\
+			enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL);	\
+	} while (0)
+
 extern void pgstat_reset_counters(void);
 extern void pgstat_reset(PgStat_Kind kind, Oid dboid, uint64 objid);
 extern void pgstat_reset_of_kind(PgStat_Kind kind);
diff --git a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
index 9b8fbae00ed..607f4255268 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
@@ -224,6 +224,19 @@ typedef struct PgStat_SubXactStatus
 	PgStat_TableXactStatus *first;	/* head of list for this subxact */
 } PgStat_SubXactStatus;
 
+/*
+ * Flush mode for statistics kinds.
+ *
+ * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY has to be the first because we want it to be the
+ * default value.
+ */
+typedef enum PgStat_FlushMode
+{
+	FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,		/* All fields can only be flushed at
+								 * transaction boundary */
+	FLUSH_ANYTIME,				/* All fields can be flushed anytime,
+								 * including within transactions */
+} PgStat_FlushMode;
 
 /*
  * Metadata for a specific kind of statistics.
@@ -251,6 +264,16 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 */
 	bool		track_entry_count:1;
 
+	/*
+	 * The mode of when to flush stats. See PgStat_FlushMode for more details.
+	 *
+	 * This member only has meaning for statistics kinds that accumulate
+	 * pending stats and use flush callbacks. For kinds that write directly to
+	 * shared memory (e.g., archiver, bgwriter, checkpointer), this member has
+	 * no effect.
+	 */
+	PgStat_FlushMode flush_mode;
+
 	/*
 	 * The size of an entry in the shared stats hash table (pointed to by
 	 * PgStatShared_HashEntry->body).  For fixed-numbered statistics, this is
@@ -297,8 +320,10 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 * For variable-numbered stats: flush pending stats. Required if pending
 	 * data is used. See flush_static_cb when dealing with stats data that
 	 * that cannot use PgStat_EntryRef->pending.
+	 *
+	 * The anytime_only parameter indicates whether this is an anytime flush.
 	 */
-	bool		(*flush_pending_cb) (PgStat_EntryRef *sr, bool nowait);
+	bool		(*flush_pending_cb) (PgStat_EntryRef *sr, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 	/*
 	 * For variable-numbered stats: delete pending stats. Optional.
@@ -366,8 +391,10 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 *
 	 * "pgstat_report_fixed" needs to be set to trigger the flush of pending
 	 * stats.
+	 *
+	 * The anytime_only parameter indicates whether this is an anytime flush.
 	 */
-	bool		(*flush_static_cb) (bool nowait);
+	bool		(*flush_static_cb) (bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 	/*
 	 * For fixed-numbered statistics: Reset All.
@@ -677,6 +704,7 @@ extern PgStat_EntryRef *pgstat_fetch_pending_entry(PgStat_Kind kind,
 
 extern void *pgstat_fetch_entry(PgStat_Kind kind, Oid dboid, uint64 objid);
 extern void pgstat_snapshot_fixed(PgStat_Kind kind);
+extern void AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void);
 
 
 /*
@@ -696,8 +724,8 @@ extern void pgstat_archiver_snapshot_cb(void);
 #define PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL   (1 << 1) /* Flush WAL statistics */
 #define PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_ALL   (PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO | PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL)
 
-extern bool pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags);
-extern bool pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags, bool anytime_only);
+extern bool pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_backend_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header,
 											  TimestampTz ts);
 
@@ -729,7 +757,7 @@ extern void AtEOXact_PgStat_Database(bool isCommit, bool parallel);
 
 extern PgStat_StatDBEntry *pgstat_prep_database_pending(Oid dboid);
 extern void pgstat_reset_database_timestamp(Oid dboid, TimestampTz ts);
-extern bool pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_database_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
 
@@ -737,7 +765,7 @@ extern void pgstat_database_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, Time
  * Functions in pgstat_function.c
  */
 
-extern bool pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_function_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
 
@@ -745,9 +773,9 @@ extern void pgstat_function_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, Time
  * Functions in pgstat_io.c
  */
 
-extern void pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait);
+extern void pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
-extern bool pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_io_init_shmem_cb(void *stats);
 extern void pgstat_io_reset_all_cb(TimestampTz ts);
 extern void pgstat_io_snapshot_cb(void);
@@ -762,7 +790,7 @@ extern void AtEOSubXact_PgStat_Relations(PgStat_SubXactStatus *xact_state, bool
 extern void AtPrepare_PgStat_Relations(PgStat_SubXactStatus *xact_state);
 extern void PostPrepare_PgStat_Relations(PgStat_SubXactStatus *xact_state);
 
-extern bool pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_relation_delete_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref);
 extern void pgstat_relation_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
@@ -809,7 +837,7 @@ extern PgStatShared_Common *pgstat_init_entry(PgStat_Kind kind,
  * Functions in pgstat_slru.c
  */
 
-extern bool pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_slru_init_shmem_cb(void *stats);
 extern void pgstat_slru_reset_all_cb(TimestampTz ts);
 extern void pgstat_slru_snapshot_cb(void);
@@ -820,7 +848,7 @@ extern void pgstat_slru_snapshot_cb(void);
  */
 
 extern void pgstat_wal_init_backend_cb(void);
-extern bool pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_wal_init_shmem_cb(void *stats);
 extern void pgstat_wal_reset_all_cb(TimestampTz ts);
 extern void pgstat_wal_snapshot_cb(void);
@@ -830,7 +858,7 @@ extern void pgstat_wal_snapshot_cb(void);
  * Functions in pgstat_subscription.c
  */
 
-extern bool pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_subscription_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
 
diff --git a/src/include/utils/timeout.h b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
index 0965b590b34..10723bb664c 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/timeout.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ typedef enum TimeoutId
 	IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
 	IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
+	ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	STARTUP_PROGRESS_TIMEOUT,
 	/* First user-definable timeout reason */
 	USER_TIMEOUT,
diff --git a/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c b/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c
index 64a8fe63cce..bc0b5d6e0eb 100644
--- a/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c
+++ b/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ static dsa_area *custom_stats_description_dsa = NULL;
 
 /* Flush callback: merge pending stats into shared memory */
 static bool test_custom_stats_var_flush_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref,
-												   bool nowait);
+												   bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 /* Serialization callback: write auxiliary entry data */
 static void test_custom_stats_var_to_serialized_data(const PgStat_HashKey *key,
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ _PG_init(void)
  * Returns false only if nowait=true and lock acquisition fails.
  */
 static bool
-test_custom_stats_var_flush_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+test_custom_stats_var_flush_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_StatCustomVarEntry *pending_entry;
 	PgStatShared_CustomVarEntry *shared_entry;
diff --git a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
index 241945734ec..1dbc4b96f51 100644
--- a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
+++ b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
@@ -2271,6 +2271,7 @@ PgStat_Counter
 PgStat_EntryRef
 PgStat_EntryRefHashEntry
 PgStat_FetchConsistency
+PgStat_FlushMode
 PgStat_FunctionCallUsage
 PgStat_FunctionCounts
 PgStat_HashKey
-- 
2.34.1


--OI5irqZsxWxBW9nT
Content-Type: text/x-diff; charset=us-ascii
Content-Disposition: attachment;
	filename="v8-0002-Add-anytime-flush-tests-for-custom-stats.patch"



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 12+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v9 1/5] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing
@ 2026-01-05 09:41 Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread

From: Bertrand Drouvot @ 2026-01-05 09:41 UTC (permalink / raw)

Long running transactions can accumulate significant statistics (WAL, IO, ...)
that remain unflushed until the transaction ends. This delays visibility of
resource usage in monitoring views like pg_stat_io and pg_stat_wal and produces
spikes when flushed.

This commit introduces pgstat_report_anytime_stat(), which flushes
non transactional statistics even inside active transactions. A new timeout
handler fires every second (if enabled while adding pending stats) to call this
function, ensuring timely stats visibility without waiting for transaction completion.

Implementation details:

- Add PgStat_FlushMode enum to classify stats kinds:
  * FLUSH_ANYTIME: Stats that can always be flushed (WAL, IO, ...)
  * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY: Stats requiring transaction boundaries

- Modify pgstat_flush_pending_entries() and pgstat_flush_fixed_stats()
  to accept a boolean anytime_only parameter:
  * When false: flushes all stats (existing behavior)
  * When true: flushes only FLUSH_ANYTIME stats and skips FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY stats

- The flush_pending_cb and flush_static_cb callbacks now receive an anytime_only
boolean parameter. Most of the time it's not used (except for assertions), but it's
preparatory work for moving the relations stats to anytime (without introducin
a new callback).

- Add pgstat_schedule_anytime_update() macro to schedule the next anytime flush,
relying on PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL

The force parameter in pgstat_report_anytime_stat() is currently unused (always
called with force=false) but reserved for future use cases requiring immediate
flushing.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c             |   6 +
 src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c             |   9 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c         |  10 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/startup.c              |   2 +
 src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c        |   9 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c            |   9 +-
 src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c         |   9 +-
 src/backend/replication/walsender.c           |   8 +-
 src/backend/tcop/postgres.c                   |  12 ++
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c           | 120 +++++++++++++++---
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c   |  13 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c  |   2 +-
 .../utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c      |   2 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c  |   2 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c  |   4 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c        |  10 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c  |  12 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c      |   6 +-
 .../utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c      |   4 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c       |  10 +-
 src/backend/utils/init/globals.c              |   1 +
 src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c             |   3 +
 src/include/miscadmin.h                       |   1 +
 src/include/pgstat.h                          |  22 ++++
 src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h           |  52 ++++++--
 src/include/utils/timeout.h                   |   1 +
 .../test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c |   4 +-
 src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list              |   1 +
 28 files changed, 278 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)
  10.5% src/backend/postmaster/
   5.8% src/backend/replication/
  50.9% src/backend/utils/activity/
   5.9% src/backend/
  18.8% src/include/utils/
   6.6% src/include/

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
index 13ec6225b85..d01b11c7470 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
@@ -1085,6 +1085,9 @@ XLogInsertRecord(XLogRecData *rdata,
 		pgWalUsage.wal_fpi += num_fpi;
 		pgWalUsage.wal_fpi_bytes += fpi_bytes;
 
+		/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+		pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 		/* Required for the flush of pending stats WAL data */
 		pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 	}
@@ -2066,6 +2069,9 @@ AdvanceXLInsertBuffer(XLogRecPtr upto, TimeLineID tli, bool opportunistic)
 					pgWalUsage.wal_buffers_full++;
 					TRACE_POSTGRESQL_WAL_BUFFER_WRITE_DIRTY_DONE();
 
+					/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+					pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 					/*
 					 * Required for the flush of pending stats WAL data, per
 					 * update of pgWalUsage.
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c b/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
index 0956bd39a85..059c601c3b8 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
@@ -49,7 +49,9 @@
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "storage/standby.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/resowner.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 /*
@@ -103,7 +105,7 @@ BackgroundWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN);
@@ -113,6 +115,11 @@ BackgroundWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * We just started, assume there has been either a shutdown or
 	 * end-of-recovery snapshot.
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c b/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
index e03c19123bc..e11c4b099c8 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
@@ -66,8 +66,9 @@
 #include "utils/acl.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/resowner.h"
-
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*----------
  * Shared memory area for communication between checkpointer and backends
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ CheckpointerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, ReqShutdownXLOG);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SIG_IGN); /* ignore SIGTERM */
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
@@ -225,6 +226,11 @@ CheckpointerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * Initialize so that first time-driven event happens at the correct time.
 	 */
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c b/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c
index cdbe53dd262..4954fe425b7 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include "storage/standby.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 
@@ -245,6 +246,7 @@ StartupProcessMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	RegisterTimeout(STANDBY_DEADLOCK_TIMEOUT, StandbyDeadLockHandler);
 	RegisterTimeout(STANDBY_TIMEOUT, StandbyTimeoutHandler);
 	RegisterTimeout(STANDBY_LOCK_TIMEOUT, StandbyLockTimeoutHandler);
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
 
 	/*
 	 * Unblock signals (they were blocked when the postmaster forked us)
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c b/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c
index 742137edad6..f1bae9d23d6 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c
@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@
 #include "storage/shmem.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/wait_event.h"
 
 /*
@@ -246,7 +248,7 @@ WalSummarizerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);	/* no query to cancel */
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN); /* not used */
@@ -268,6 +270,11 @@ WalSummarizerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * If an exception is encountered, processing resumes here.
 	 */
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c b/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
index 7c0e2809c17..bcf59227a00 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
@@ -61,7 +61,9 @@
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "utils/hsearch.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/resowner.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 
 /*
@@ -103,7 +105,7 @@ WalWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);	/* no query to cancel */
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN); /* not used */
@@ -113,6 +115,11 @@ WalWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * Create a memory context that we will do all our work in.  We do this so
 	 * that we can reset the context during error recovery and thereby avoid
diff --git a/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c b/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c
index 10e64a7d1f4..11b7c114d3b 100644
--- a/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c
+++ b/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c
@@ -77,7 +77,9 @@
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/pg_lsn.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/ps_status.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 
@@ -252,7 +254,7 @@ WalReceiverMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, die);		/* request shutdown */
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN);
@@ -260,6 +262,11 @@ WalReceiverMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	/* Reset some signals that are accepted by postmaster but not here */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/* Load the libpq-specific functions */
 	load_file("libpqwalreceiver", false);
 	if (WalReceiverFunctions == NULL)
diff --git a/src/backend/replication/walsender.c b/src/backend/replication/walsender.c
index 2cde8ebc729..a7214d0dc6f 100644
--- a/src/backend/replication/walsender.c
+++ b/src/backend/replication/walsender.c
@@ -1987,8 +1987,8 @@ WalSndWaitForWal(XLogRecPtr loc)
 		if (TimestampDifferenceExceeds(last_flush, now,
 									   WALSENDER_STATS_FLUSH_INTERVAL))
 		{
-			pgstat_flush_io(false);
-			(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+			pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+			(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 			last_flush = now;
 		}
 
@@ -3016,8 +3016,8 @@ WalSndLoop(WalSndSendDataCallback send_data)
 			if (TimestampDifferenceExceeds(last_flush, now,
 										   WALSENDER_STATS_FLUSH_INTERVAL))
 			{
-				pgstat_flush_io(false);
-				(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+				pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+				(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 				last_flush = now;
 			}
 
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index 21de158adbb..2089de782d5 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -3564,6 +3564,18 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 		pgstat_report_stat(true);
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * Flush stats outside of transaction boundary if the timeout fired.
+	 * Unlike transactional stats, these can be flushed even inside a running
+	 * transaction.
+	 */
+	if (AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+
+		pgstat_report_anytime_stat(false);
+	}
+
 	if (ProcSignalBarrierPending)
 		ProcessProcSignalBarrier();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
index 11bb71cad5a..419dc512d9b 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
@@ -112,6 +112,7 @@
 #include "utils/guc_hooks.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 
@@ -122,8 +123,6 @@
  * ----------
  */
 
-/* minimum interval non-forced stats flushes.*/
-#define PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL			1000
 /* how long until to block flushing pending stats updates */
 #define PGSTAT_MAX_INTERVAL			60000
 /* when to call pgstat_report_stat() again, even when idle */
@@ -187,7 +186,8 @@ static void pgstat_init_snapshot_fixed(void);
 
 static void pgstat_reset_after_failure(void);
 
-static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait);
+static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
+static bool pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 static void pgstat_prep_snapshot(void);
 static void pgstat_build_snapshot(void);
@@ -218,6 +218,12 @@ PgStat_LocalState pgStatLocal;
  */
 bool		pgstat_report_fixed = false;
 
+/*
+ * Track when there is pending anytime flush to avoid relying on
+ * get_timeout_active() in hot pathes.
+ */
+bool		pgstat_pending_anytime = false;
+
 /* ----------
  * Local data
  *
@@ -288,6 +294,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_database entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -305,6 +312,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Relation),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Relation, stats),
@@ -321,6 +329,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Function),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Function, stats),
@@ -336,6 +345,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -353,6 +363,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_subscription_stats entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -370,6 +381,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = false,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -436,6 +448,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, io),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, io),
@@ -453,6 +466,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, slru),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, slru),
@@ -470,6 +484,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, wal),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, wal),
@@ -775,23 +790,11 @@ pgstat_report_stat(bool force)
 	partial_flush = false;
 
 	/* flush of variable-numbered stats tracked in pending entries list */
-	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait);
+	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, false);
 
 	/* flush of other stats kinds */
 	if (pgstat_report_fixed)
-	{
-		for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
-		{
-			const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
-
-			if (!kind_info)
-				continue;
-			if (!kind_info->flush_static_cb)
-				continue;
-
-			partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait);
-		}
-	}
+		partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, false);
 
 	last_flush = now;
 
@@ -1293,7 +1296,8 @@ pgstat_prep_pending_entry(PgStat_Kind kind, Oid dboid, uint64 objid, bool *creat
 
 	if (entry_ref->pending == NULL)
 	{
-		size_t		entrysize = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind)->pending_size;
+		const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
+		size_t		entrysize = kind_info->pending_size;
 
 		Assert(entrysize != (size_t) -1);
 
@@ -1345,9 +1349,14 @@ pgstat_delete_pending_entry(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref)
 
 /*
  * Flush out pending variable-numbered stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME entries.
+ * This is safe to call inside transactions.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all entries.
  */
 static bool
-pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
+pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	bool		have_pending = false;
 	dlist_node *cur = NULL;
@@ -1377,8 +1386,22 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 		Assert(!kind_info->fixed_amount);
 		Assert(kind_info->flush_pending_cb != NULL);
 
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_mode == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+		{
+			have_pending = true;
+
+			if (dlist_has_next(&pgStatPending, cur))
+				next = dlist_next_node(&pgStatPending, cur);
+			else
+				next = NULL;
+
+			cur = next;
+			continue;
+		}
+
 		/* flush the stats, if possible */
-		did_flush = kind_info->flush_pending_cb(entry_ref, nowait);
+		did_flush = kind_info->flush_pending_cb(entry_ref, nowait, anytime_only);
 
 		Assert(did_flush || nowait);
 
@@ -1402,6 +1425,33 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 	return have_pending;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Flush fixed-amount stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME stats (safe inside transactions).
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all stats with flush_static_cb.
+ */
+static bool
+pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
+{
+	bool		partial_flush = false;
+
+	for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
+	{
+		const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
+
+		if (!kind_info || !kind_info->flush_static_cb)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_mode == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+			continue;
+
+		partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait, anytime_only);
+	}
+
+	return partial_flush;
+}
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------
  * Helper / infrastructure functions
@@ -2119,3 +2169,33 @@ assign_stats_fetch_consistency(int newval, void *extra)
 	if (pgstat_fetch_consistency != newval)
 		force_stats_snapshot_clear = true;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Flushes only FLUSH_ANYTIME stats using non-blocking locks. Transactional
+ * stats (FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY) remain pending until transaction boundary.
+ * Safe to call inside transactions.
+ */
+void
+pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force)
+{
+	bool		nowait = !force;
+
+	pgstat_assert_is_up();
+
+	/* Flush stats outside of transaction boundary */
+	pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, true);
+	pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, true);
+
+	pgstat_pending_anytime = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Timeout handler for flushing anytime stats.
+ */
+void
+AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void)
+{
+	AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c
index f2f8d3ff75f..b09316d3ab3 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include "storage/procarray.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*
  * Backend statistics counts waiting to be flushed out. These counters may be
@@ -66,6 +67,9 @@ pgstat_count_backend_io_op_time(IOObject io_object, IOContext io_context,
 	INSTR_TIME_ADD(PendingBackendStats.pending_io.pending_times[io_object][io_context][io_op],
 				   io_time);
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	backend_has_iostats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 }
@@ -82,6 +86,9 @@ pgstat_count_backend_io_op(IOObject io_object, IOContext io_context,
 	PendingBackendStats.pending_io.counts[io_object][io_context][io_op] += cnt;
 	PendingBackendStats.pending_io.bytes[io_object][io_context][io_op] += bytes;
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	backend_has_iostats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 }
@@ -268,7 +275,7 @@ pgstat_flush_backend_entry_wal(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref)
  * if some statistics could not be flushed due to lock contention.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags)
+pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref;
 	bool		has_pending_data = false;
@@ -311,9 +318,9 @@ pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags)
  * If some stats could not be flushed due to lock contention, return true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
-	return pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_ALL);
+	return pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_ALL, anytime_only);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c
index ed2fd801189..1c5f0c3ec40 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ pgstat_report_bgwriter(void)
 	/*
 	 * Report IO statistics
 	 */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c
index 1f70194b7a7..2d89a082464 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ pgstat_report_checkpointer(void)
 	/*
 	 * Report IO statistics
 	 */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c
index 933dcb5cae5..8e86df60461 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ pgstat_reset_database_timestamp(Oid dboid, TimestampTz ts)
  * false without flushing the entry.  Otherwise returns true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStatShared_Database *sharedent;
 	PgStat_StatDBEntry *pendingent;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c
index e6b84283c6c..5ba4958382f 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c
@@ -190,11 +190,13 @@ pgstat_end_function_usage(PgStat_FunctionCallUsage *fcu, bool finalize)
  * false without flushing the entry.  Otherwise returns true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_FunctionCounts *localent;
 	PgStatShared_Function *shfuncent;
 
+	Assert(!anytime_only);
+
 	localent = (PgStat_FunctionCounts *) entry_ref->pending;
 	shfuncent = (PgStatShared_Function *) entry_ref->shared_stats;
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c
index 28de24538dc..7cd32900236 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "executor/instrument.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 static PgStat_PendingIO PendingIOStats;
 static bool have_iostats = false;
@@ -79,6 +80,9 @@ pgstat_count_io_op(IOObject io_object, IOContext io_context, IOOp io_op,
 	/* Add the per-backend counts */
 	pgstat_count_backend_io_op(io_object, io_context, io_op, cnt, bytes);
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	have_iostats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 }
@@ -172,9 +176,9 @@ pgstat_fetch_stat_io(void)
  * Simpler wrapper of pgstat_io_flush_cb()
  */
 void
-pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait)
+pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
-	(void) pgstat_io_flush_cb(nowait);
+	(void) pgstat_io_flush_cb(nowait, anytime_only);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -186,7 +190,7 @@ pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait)
  * acquired. Otherwise, return false.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	LWLock	   *bktype_lock;
 	PgStat_BktypeIO *bktype_shstats;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c
index bc8c43b96aa..04d21483d93 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c
@@ -267,8 +267,8 @@ pgstat_report_vacuum(Relation rel, PgStat_Counter livetuples,
 	 * is done -- which will likely vacuum many relations -- or until the
 	 * VACUUM command has processed all tables and committed.
 	 */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
-	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -362,8 +362,8 @@ pgstat_report_analyze(Relation rel,
 	pgstat_unlock_entry(entry_ref);
 
 	/* see pgstat_report_vacuum() */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
-	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ pgstat_twophase_postabort(FullTransactionId fxid, uint16 info,
  * entry when successfully flushing.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	Oid			dboid;
 	PgStat_TableStatus *lstats; /* pending stats entry  */
@@ -820,6 +820,8 @@ pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
 	PgStat_StatTabEntry *tabentry;	/* table entry of shared stats */
 	PgStat_StatDBEntry *dbentry;	/* pending database entry */
 
+	Assert(!anytime_only);
+
 	dboid = entry_ref->shared_entry->key.dboid;
 	lstats = (PgStat_TableStatus *) entry_ref->pending;
 	shtabstats = (PgStatShared_Relation *) entry_ref->shared_stats;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c
index 2190f388eae..bf8a4d58673 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 
 static inline PgStat_SLRUStats *get_slru_entry(int slru_idx);
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ pgstat_get_slru_index(const char *name)
  * acquired. Otherwise return false.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStatShared_SLRU *stats_shmem = &pgStatLocal.shmem->slru;
 	int			i;
@@ -223,6 +224,9 @@ get_slru_entry(int slru_idx)
 
 	Assert((slru_idx >= 0) && (slru_idx < SLRU_NUM_ELEMENTS));
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	have_slrustats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c
index 500b1899188..c4614817966 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c
@@ -116,11 +116,13 @@ pgstat_fetch_stat_subscription(Oid subid)
  * false without flushing the entry.  Otherwise returns true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_BackendSubEntry *localent;
 	PgStatShared_Subscription *shsubent;
 
+	Assert(!anytime_only);
+
 	localent = (PgStat_BackendSubEntry *) entry_ref->pending;
 	shsubent = (PgStatShared_Subscription *) entry_ref->shared_stats;
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c
index 183e0a7a97b..2c2f3f10e10 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c
@@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ pgstat_report_wal(bool force)
 	nowait = !force;
 
 	/* flush wal stats */
-	(void) pgstat_wal_flush_cb(nowait);
-	pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL);
+	(void) pgstat_wal_flush_cb(nowait, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL, true);
 
 	/* flush IO stats */
-	pgstat_flush_io(nowait);
-	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+	pgstat_flush_io(nowait, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ pgstat_wal_have_pending(void)
  * acquired. Otherwise return false.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStatShared_Wal *stats_shmem = &pgStatLocal.shmem->wal;
 	WalUsage	wal_usage_diff = {0};
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index 36ad708b360..ad44826c39e 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index b59e08605cc..eeeac1bf39a 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
 #include "utils/injection_point.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/pg_locale.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/portal.h"
 #include "utils/ps_status.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
@@ -773,6 +774,8 @@ InitPostgres(const char *in_dbname, Oid dboid,
 		RegisterTimeout(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT, ClientCheckTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 						IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+		RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
+						AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index f16f35659b9..84e698da214 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
 
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
diff --git a/src/include/pgstat.h b/src/include/pgstat.h
index fff7ecc2533..f0f546d419a 100644
--- a/src/include/pgstat.h
+++ b/src/include/pgstat.h
@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@
 /* Default directory to store temporary statistics data in */
 #define PG_STAT_TMP_DIR		"pg_stat_tmp"
 
+/* Minimum interval non-forced stats flushes */
+#define PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL	1000
+
 /* Values for track_functions GUC variable --- order is significant! */
 typedef enum TrackFunctionsLevel
 {
@@ -533,8 +536,24 @@ extern void pgstat_initialize(void);
 
 /* Functions called from backends */
 extern long pgstat_report_stat(bool force);
+extern void pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force);
 extern void pgstat_force_next_flush(void);
 
+/*
+ * Schedule the next anytime stats update timeout.
+ *
+ * This should be called whenever accumulating statistics that support
+ * FLUSH_ANYTIME flushing mode.
+ */
+#define pgstat_schedule_anytime_update()												\
+	do {																				\
+		if (IsUnderPostmaster && !pgstat_pending_anytime)								\
+		{																				\
+			enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL);	\
+			pgstat_pending_anytime = true;												\
+		}																				\
+	} while (0)
+
 extern void pgstat_reset_counters(void);
 extern void pgstat_reset(PgStat_Kind kind, Oid dboid, uint64 objid);
 extern void pgstat_reset_of_kind(PgStat_Kind kind);
@@ -808,6 +827,8 @@ extern PgStat_WalStats *pgstat_fetch_stat_wal(void);
  * Variables in pgstat.c
  */
 
+extern PGDLLIMPORT bool pgstat_pending_anytime;
+
 /* GUC parameters */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT bool pgstat_track_counts;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT int pgstat_track_functions;
@@ -851,4 +872,5 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT PgStat_Counter pgStatTransactionIdleTime;
 /* updated by the traffic cop and in errfinish() */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT SessionEndType pgStatSessionEndCause;
 
+
 #endif							/* PGSTAT_H */
diff --git a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
index 9b8fbae00ed..607f4255268 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
@@ -224,6 +224,19 @@ typedef struct PgStat_SubXactStatus
 	PgStat_TableXactStatus *first;	/* head of list for this subxact */
 } PgStat_SubXactStatus;
 
+/*
+ * Flush mode for statistics kinds.
+ *
+ * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY has to be the first because we want it to be the
+ * default value.
+ */
+typedef enum PgStat_FlushMode
+{
+	FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,		/* All fields can only be flushed at
+								 * transaction boundary */
+	FLUSH_ANYTIME,				/* All fields can be flushed anytime,
+								 * including within transactions */
+} PgStat_FlushMode;
 
 /*
  * Metadata for a specific kind of statistics.
@@ -251,6 +264,16 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 */
 	bool		track_entry_count:1;
 
+	/*
+	 * The mode of when to flush stats. See PgStat_FlushMode for more details.
+	 *
+	 * This member only has meaning for statistics kinds that accumulate
+	 * pending stats and use flush callbacks. For kinds that write directly to
+	 * shared memory (e.g., archiver, bgwriter, checkpointer), this member has
+	 * no effect.
+	 */
+	PgStat_FlushMode flush_mode;
+
 	/*
 	 * The size of an entry in the shared stats hash table (pointed to by
 	 * PgStatShared_HashEntry->body).  For fixed-numbered statistics, this is
@@ -297,8 +320,10 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 * For variable-numbered stats: flush pending stats. Required if pending
 	 * data is used. See flush_static_cb when dealing with stats data that
 	 * that cannot use PgStat_EntryRef->pending.
+	 *
+	 * The anytime_only parameter indicates whether this is an anytime flush.
 	 */
-	bool		(*flush_pending_cb) (PgStat_EntryRef *sr, bool nowait);
+	bool		(*flush_pending_cb) (PgStat_EntryRef *sr, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 	/*
 	 * For variable-numbered stats: delete pending stats. Optional.
@@ -366,8 +391,10 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 *
 	 * "pgstat_report_fixed" needs to be set to trigger the flush of pending
 	 * stats.
+	 *
+	 * The anytime_only parameter indicates whether this is an anytime flush.
 	 */
-	bool		(*flush_static_cb) (bool nowait);
+	bool		(*flush_static_cb) (bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 	/*
 	 * For fixed-numbered statistics: Reset All.
@@ -677,6 +704,7 @@ extern PgStat_EntryRef *pgstat_fetch_pending_entry(PgStat_Kind kind,
 
 extern void *pgstat_fetch_entry(PgStat_Kind kind, Oid dboid, uint64 objid);
 extern void pgstat_snapshot_fixed(PgStat_Kind kind);
+extern void AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void);
 
 
 /*
@@ -696,8 +724,8 @@ extern void pgstat_archiver_snapshot_cb(void);
 #define PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL   (1 << 1) /* Flush WAL statistics */
 #define PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_ALL   (PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO | PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL)
 
-extern bool pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags);
-extern bool pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags, bool anytime_only);
+extern bool pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_backend_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header,
 											  TimestampTz ts);
 
@@ -729,7 +757,7 @@ extern void AtEOXact_PgStat_Database(bool isCommit, bool parallel);
 
 extern PgStat_StatDBEntry *pgstat_prep_database_pending(Oid dboid);
 extern void pgstat_reset_database_timestamp(Oid dboid, TimestampTz ts);
-extern bool pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_database_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
 
@@ -737,7 +765,7 @@ extern void pgstat_database_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, Time
  * Functions in pgstat_function.c
  */
 
-extern bool pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_function_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
 
@@ -745,9 +773,9 @@ extern void pgstat_function_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, Time
  * Functions in pgstat_io.c
  */
 
-extern void pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait);
+extern void pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
-extern bool pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_io_init_shmem_cb(void *stats);
 extern void pgstat_io_reset_all_cb(TimestampTz ts);
 extern void pgstat_io_snapshot_cb(void);
@@ -762,7 +790,7 @@ extern void AtEOSubXact_PgStat_Relations(PgStat_SubXactStatus *xact_state, bool
 extern void AtPrepare_PgStat_Relations(PgStat_SubXactStatus *xact_state);
 extern void PostPrepare_PgStat_Relations(PgStat_SubXactStatus *xact_state);
 
-extern bool pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_relation_delete_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref);
 extern void pgstat_relation_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
@@ -809,7 +837,7 @@ extern PgStatShared_Common *pgstat_init_entry(PgStat_Kind kind,
  * Functions in pgstat_slru.c
  */
 
-extern bool pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_slru_init_shmem_cb(void *stats);
 extern void pgstat_slru_reset_all_cb(TimestampTz ts);
 extern void pgstat_slru_snapshot_cb(void);
@@ -820,7 +848,7 @@ extern void pgstat_slru_snapshot_cb(void);
  */
 
 extern void pgstat_wal_init_backend_cb(void);
-extern bool pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_wal_init_shmem_cb(void *stats);
 extern void pgstat_wal_reset_all_cb(TimestampTz ts);
 extern void pgstat_wal_snapshot_cb(void);
@@ -830,7 +858,7 @@ extern void pgstat_wal_snapshot_cb(void);
  * Functions in pgstat_subscription.c
  */
 
-extern bool pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_subscription_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
 
diff --git a/src/include/utils/timeout.h b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
index 0965b590b34..10723bb664c 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/timeout.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ typedef enum TimeoutId
 	IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
 	IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
+	ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	STARTUP_PROGRESS_TIMEOUT,
 	/* First user-definable timeout reason */
 	USER_TIMEOUT,
diff --git a/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c b/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c
index 64a8fe63cce..bc0b5d6e0eb 100644
--- a/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c
+++ b/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ static dsa_area *custom_stats_description_dsa = NULL;
 
 /* Flush callback: merge pending stats into shared memory */
 static bool test_custom_stats_var_flush_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref,
-												   bool nowait);
+												   bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 /* Serialization callback: write auxiliary entry data */
 static void test_custom_stats_var_to_serialized_data(const PgStat_HashKey *key,
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ _PG_init(void)
  * Returns false only if nowait=true and lock acquisition fails.
  */
 static bool
-test_custom_stats_var_flush_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+test_custom_stats_var_flush_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_StatCustomVarEntry *pending_entry;
 	PgStatShared_CustomVarEntry *shared_entry;
diff --git a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
index 241945734ec..1dbc4b96f51 100644
--- a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
+++ b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
@@ -2271,6 +2271,7 @@ PgStat_Counter
 PgStat_EntryRef
 PgStat_EntryRefHashEntry
 PgStat_FetchConsistency
+PgStat_FlushMode
 PgStat_FunctionCallUsage
 PgStat_FunctionCounts
 PgStat_HashKey
-- 
2.34.1


--aq/6bi8L6WORnI+9
Content-Type: text/x-diff; charset=us-ascii
Content-Disposition: attachment;
	filename="v9-0002-Add-anytime-flush-tests-for-custom-stats.patch"



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 12+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v11 1/5] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing
@ 2026-01-05 09:41 Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread

From: Bertrand Drouvot @ 2026-01-05 09:41 UTC (permalink / raw)

Long running transactions can accumulate significant statistics (WAL, IO, ...)
that remain unflushed until the transaction ends. This delays visibility of
resource usage in monitoring views like pg_stat_io and pg_stat_wal and produces
spikes when flushed.

This commit introduces pgstat_report_anytime_stat(), which flushes
non transactional statistics even inside active transactions. A new timeout
handler fires every second (if enabled while adding pending stats) to call this
function, ensuring timely stats visibility without waiting for transaction completion.

Implementation details:

- Add PgStat_FlushMode enum to classify stats kinds:
  * FLUSH_ANYTIME: Stats that can always be flushed (WAL, IO, ...)
  * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY: Stats requiring transaction boundaries

- Modify pgstat_flush_pending_entries() and pgstat_flush_fixed_stats()
  to accept a boolean anytime_only parameter:
  * When false: flushes all stats (existing behavior)
  * When true: flushes only FLUSH_ANYTIME stats and skips FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY stats

- The flush_pending_cb and flush_static_cb callbacks now receive an anytime_only
boolean parameter. Most of the time it's not used (except for assertions), but it's
preparatory work for moving the relations stats to anytime (without introducin
a new callback).

- Add pgstat_schedule_anytime_update() macro to schedule the next anytime flush,
relying on PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL

The force parameter in pgstat_report_anytime_stat() is currently unused (always
called with force=false) but reserved for future use cases requiring immediate
flushing.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c             |   6 +
 src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c             |   9 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c         |  10 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/startup.c              |   2 +
 src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c        |   9 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c            |   9 +-
 src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c         |   9 +-
 src/backend/replication/walsender.c           |   8 +-
 src/backend/tcop/postgres.c                   |  12 ++
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c           | 121 +++++++++++++++---
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c   |  13 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c  |   2 +-
 .../utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c      |   2 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c  |   2 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c  |   4 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c        |  10 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c  |  12 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c      |   6 +-
 .../utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c      |   4 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c       |  10 +-
 src/backend/utils/init/globals.c              |   1 +
 src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c             |   3 +
 src/include/miscadmin.h                       |   1 +
 src/include/pgstat.h                          |  22 ++++
 src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h           |  52 ++++++--
 src/include/utils/timeout.h                   |   1 +
 .../test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c |   4 +-
 src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list              |   1 +
 28 files changed, 279 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)
  10.5% src/backend/postmaster/
   5.8% src/backend/replication/
  51.0% src/backend/utils/activity/
   5.8% src/backend/
  18.7% src/include/utils/
   6.6% src/include/

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
index 13cce9b49f1..cf29fc91f70 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
@@ -1085,6 +1085,9 @@ XLogInsertRecord(XLogRecData *rdata,
 		pgWalUsage.wal_fpi += num_fpi;
 		pgWalUsage.wal_fpi_bytes += fpi_bytes;
 
+		/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+		pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 		/* Required for the flush of pending stats WAL data */
 		pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 	}
@@ -2066,6 +2069,9 @@ AdvanceXLInsertBuffer(XLogRecPtr upto, TimeLineID tli, bool opportunistic)
 					pgWalUsage.wal_buffers_full++;
 					TRACE_POSTGRESQL_WAL_BUFFER_WRITE_DIRTY_DONE();
 
+					/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+					pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 					/*
 					 * Required for the flush of pending stats WAL data, per
 					 * update of pgWalUsage.
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c b/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
index 0956bd39a85..059c601c3b8 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
@@ -49,7 +49,9 @@
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "storage/standby.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/resowner.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 /*
@@ -103,7 +105,7 @@ BackgroundWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN);
@@ -113,6 +115,11 @@ BackgroundWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * We just started, assume there has been either a shutdown or
 	 * end-of-recovery snapshot.
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c b/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
index e03c19123bc..e11c4b099c8 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
@@ -66,8 +66,9 @@
 #include "utils/acl.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/resowner.h"
-
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*----------
  * Shared memory area for communication between checkpointer and backends
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ CheckpointerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, ReqShutdownXLOG);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SIG_IGN); /* ignore SIGTERM */
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
@@ -225,6 +226,11 @@ CheckpointerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * Initialize so that first time-driven event happens at the correct time.
 	 */
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c b/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c
index cdbe53dd262..4954fe425b7 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include "storage/standby.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 
@@ -245,6 +246,7 @@ StartupProcessMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	RegisterTimeout(STANDBY_DEADLOCK_TIMEOUT, StandbyDeadLockHandler);
 	RegisterTimeout(STANDBY_TIMEOUT, StandbyTimeoutHandler);
 	RegisterTimeout(STANDBY_LOCK_TIMEOUT, StandbyLockTimeoutHandler);
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
 
 	/*
 	 * Unblock signals (they were blocked when the postmaster forked us)
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c b/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c
index 742137edad6..f1bae9d23d6 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c
@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@
 #include "storage/shmem.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/wait_event.h"
 
 /*
@@ -246,7 +248,7 @@ WalSummarizerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);	/* no query to cancel */
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN); /* not used */
@@ -268,6 +270,11 @@ WalSummarizerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * If an exception is encountered, processing resumes here.
 	 */
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c b/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
index 7c0e2809c17..bcf59227a00 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
@@ -61,7 +61,9 @@
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "utils/hsearch.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/resowner.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 
 /*
@@ -103,7 +105,7 @@ WalWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);	/* no query to cancel */
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN); /* not used */
@@ -113,6 +115,11 @@ WalWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * Create a memory context that we will do all our work in.  We do this so
 	 * that we can reset the context during error recovery and thereby avoid
diff --git a/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c b/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c
index 7c1b8757d7d..aecc7a127e6 100644
--- a/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c
+++ b/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c
@@ -77,7 +77,9 @@
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/pg_lsn.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/ps_status.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 
@@ -252,7 +254,7 @@ WalReceiverMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, die);		/* request shutdown */
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN);
@@ -260,6 +262,11 @@ WalReceiverMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	/* Reset some signals that are accepted by postmaster but not here */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/* Load the libpq-specific functions */
 	load_file("libpqwalreceiver", false);
 	if (WalReceiverFunctions == NULL)
diff --git a/src/backend/replication/walsender.c b/src/backend/replication/walsender.c
index 2cde8ebc729..a7214d0dc6f 100644
--- a/src/backend/replication/walsender.c
+++ b/src/backend/replication/walsender.c
@@ -1987,8 +1987,8 @@ WalSndWaitForWal(XLogRecPtr loc)
 		if (TimestampDifferenceExceeds(last_flush, now,
 									   WALSENDER_STATS_FLUSH_INTERVAL))
 		{
-			pgstat_flush_io(false);
-			(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+			pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+			(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 			last_flush = now;
 		}
 
@@ -3016,8 +3016,8 @@ WalSndLoop(WalSndSendDataCallback send_data)
 			if (TimestampDifferenceExceeds(last_flush, now,
 										   WALSENDER_STATS_FLUSH_INTERVAL))
 			{
-				pgstat_flush_io(false);
-				(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+				pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+				(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 				last_flush = now;
 			}
 
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index d01a09dd0c4..8c30efa2443 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -3564,6 +3564,18 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 		pgstat_report_stat(true);
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * Flush stats outside of transaction boundary if the timeout fired.
+	 * Unlike transactional stats, these can be flushed even inside a running
+	 * transaction.
+	 */
+	if (AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+
+		pgstat_report_anytime_stat(false);
+	}
+
 	if (ProcSignalBarrierPending)
 		ProcessProcSignalBarrier();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
index 11bb71cad5a..ddd331e2c81 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
@@ -108,10 +108,12 @@
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "storage/fd.h"
 #include "storage/ipc.h"
+#include "storage/latch.h"
 #include "storage/lwlock.h"
 #include "utils/guc_hooks.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 
@@ -122,8 +124,6 @@
  * ----------
  */
 
-/* minimum interval non-forced stats flushes.*/
-#define PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL			1000
 /* how long until to block flushing pending stats updates */
 #define PGSTAT_MAX_INTERVAL			60000
 /* when to call pgstat_report_stat() again, even when idle */
@@ -187,7 +187,8 @@ static void pgstat_init_snapshot_fixed(void);
 
 static void pgstat_reset_after_failure(void);
 
-static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait);
+static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
+static bool pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 static void pgstat_prep_snapshot(void);
 static void pgstat_build_snapshot(void);
@@ -218,6 +219,12 @@ PgStat_LocalState pgStatLocal;
  */
 bool		pgstat_report_fixed = false;
 
+/*
+ * Track when there is pending anytime flush to avoid relying on
+ * get_timeout_active() in hot pathes.
+ */
+bool		pgstat_pending_anytime = false;
+
 /* ----------
  * Local data
  *
@@ -288,6 +295,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_database entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -305,6 +313,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Relation),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Relation, stats),
@@ -321,6 +330,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Function),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Function, stats),
@@ -336,6 +346,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -353,6 +364,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_subscription_stats entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -370,6 +382,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = false,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -436,6 +449,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, io),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, io),
@@ -453,6 +467,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, slru),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, slru),
@@ -470,6 +485,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, wal),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, wal),
@@ -775,23 +791,11 @@ pgstat_report_stat(bool force)
 	partial_flush = false;
 
 	/* flush of variable-numbered stats tracked in pending entries list */
-	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait);
+	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, false);
 
 	/* flush of other stats kinds */
 	if (pgstat_report_fixed)
-	{
-		for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
-		{
-			const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
-
-			if (!kind_info)
-				continue;
-			if (!kind_info->flush_static_cb)
-				continue;
-
-			partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait);
-		}
-	}
+		partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, false);
 
 	last_flush = now;
 
@@ -1293,7 +1297,8 @@ pgstat_prep_pending_entry(PgStat_Kind kind, Oid dboid, uint64 objid, bool *creat
 
 	if (entry_ref->pending == NULL)
 	{
-		size_t		entrysize = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind)->pending_size;
+		const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
+		size_t		entrysize = kind_info->pending_size;
 
 		Assert(entrysize != (size_t) -1);
 
@@ -1345,9 +1350,14 @@ pgstat_delete_pending_entry(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref)
 
 /*
  * Flush out pending variable-numbered stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME entries.
+ * This is safe to call inside transactions.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all entries.
  */
 static bool
-pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
+pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	bool		have_pending = false;
 	dlist_node *cur = NULL;
@@ -1377,8 +1387,22 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 		Assert(!kind_info->fixed_amount);
 		Assert(kind_info->flush_pending_cb != NULL);
 
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_mode == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+		{
+			have_pending = true;
+
+			if (dlist_has_next(&pgStatPending, cur))
+				next = dlist_next_node(&pgStatPending, cur);
+			else
+				next = NULL;
+
+			cur = next;
+			continue;
+		}
+
 		/* flush the stats, if possible */
-		did_flush = kind_info->flush_pending_cb(entry_ref, nowait);
+		did_flush = kind_info->flush_pending_cb(entry_ref, nowait, anytime_only);
 
 		Assert(did_flush || nowait);
 
@@ -1402,6 +1426,33 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 	return have_pending;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Flush fixed-amount stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME stats (safe inside transactions).
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all stats with flush_static_cb.
+ */
+static bool
+pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
+{
+	bool		partial_flush = false;
+
+	for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
+	{
+		const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
+
+		if (!kind_info || !kind_info->flush_static_cb)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_mode == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+			continue;
+
+		partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait, anytime_only);
+	}
+
+	return partial_flush;
+}
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------
  * Helper / infrastructure functions
@@ -2119,3 +2170,33 @@ assign_stats_fetch_consistency(int newval, void *extra)
 	if (pgstat_fetch_consistency != newval)
 		force_stats_snapshot_clear = true;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Flushes only FLUSH_ANYTIME stats using non-blocking locks. Transactional
+ * stats (FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY) remain pending until transaction boundary.
+ * Safe to call inside transactions.
+ */
+void
+pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force)
+{
+	bool		nowait = !force;
+
+	pgstat_assert_is_up();
+
+	/* Flush stats outside of transaction boundary */
+	pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, true);
+	pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, true);
+
+	pgstat_pending_anytime = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Timeout handler for flushing anytime stats.
+ */
+void
+AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void)
+{
+	AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c
index f2f8d3ff75f..b09316d3ab3 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include "storage/procarray.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*
  * Backend statistics counts waiting to be flushed out. These counters may be
@@ -66,6 +67,9 @@ pgstat_count_backend_io_op_time(IOObject io_object, IOContext io_context,
 	INSTR_TIME_ADD(PendingBackendStats.pending_io.pending_times[io_object][io_context][io_op],
 				   io_time);
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	backend_has_iostats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 }
@@ -82,6 +86,9 @@ pgstat_count_backend_io_op(IOObject io_object, IOContext io_context,
 	PendingBackendStats.pending_io.counts[io_object][io_context][io_op] += cnt;
 	PendingBackendStats.pending_io.bytes[io_object][io_context][io_op] += bytes;
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	backend_has_iostats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 }
@@ -268,7 +275,7 @@ pgstat_flush_backend_entry_wal(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref)
  * if some statistics could not be flushed due to lock contention.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags)
+pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref;
 	bool		has_pending_data = false;
@@ -311,9 +318,9 @@ pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags)
  * If some stats could not be flushed due to lock contention, return true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
-	return pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_ALL);
+	return pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_ALL, anytime_only);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c
index ed2fd801189..1c5f0c3ec40 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ pgstat_report_bgwriter(void)
 	/*
 	 * Report IO statistics
 	 */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c
index 1f70194b7a7..2d89a082464 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ pgstat_report_checkpointer(void)
 	/*
 	 * Report IO statistics
 	 */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c
index 933dcb5cae5..8e86df60461 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ pgstat_reset_database_timestamp(Oid dboid, TimestampTz ts)
  * false without flushing the entry.  Otherwise returns true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStatShared_Database *sharedent;
 	PgStat_StatDBEntry *pendingent;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c
index e6b84283c6c..5ba4958382f 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c
@@ -190,11 +190,13 @@ pgstat_end_function_usage(PgStat_FunctionCallUsage *fcu, bool finalize)
  * false without flushing the entry.  Otherwise returns true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_FunctionCounts *localent;
 	PgStatShared_Function *shfuncent;
 
+	Assert(!anytime_only);
+
 	localent = (PgStat_FunctionCounts *) entry_ref->pending;
 	shfuncent = (PgStatShared_Function *) entry_ref->shared_stats;
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c
index 28de24538dc..7cd32900236 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "executor/instrument.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 static PgStat_PendingIO PendingIOStats;
 static bool have_iostats = false;
@@ -79,6 +80,9 @@ pgstat_count_io_op(IOObject io_object, IOContext io_context, IOOp io_op,
 	/* Add the per-backend counts */
 	pgstat_count_backend_io_op(io_object, io_context, io_op, cnt, bytes);
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	have_iostats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 }
@@ -172,9 +176,9 @@ pgstat_fetch_stat_io(void)
  * Simpler wrapper of pgstat_io_flush_cb()
  */
 void
-pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait)
+pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
-	(void) pgstat_io_flush_cb(nowait);
+	(void) pgstat_io_flush_cb(nowait, anytime_only);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -186,7 +190,7 @@ pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait)
  * acquired. Otherwise, return false.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	LWLock	   *bktype_lock;
 	PgStat_BktypeIO *bktype_shstats;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c
index bc8c43b96aa..04d21483d93 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c
@@ -267,8 +267,8 @@ pgstat_report_vacuum(Relation rel, PgStat_Counter livetuples,
 	 * is done -- which will likely vacuum many relations -- or until the
 	 * VACUUM command has processed all tables and committed.
 	 */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
-	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -362,8 +362,8 @@ pgstat_report_analyze(Relation rel,
 	pgstat_unlock_entry(entry_ref);
 
 	/* see pgstat_report_vacuum() */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
-	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ pgstat_twophase_postabort(FullTransactionId fxid, uint16 info,
  * entry when successfully flushing.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	Oid			dboid;
 	PgStat_TableStatus *lstats; /* pending stats entry  */
@@ -820,6 +820,8 @@ pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
 	PgStat_StatTabEntry *tabentry;	/* table entry of shared stats */
 	PgStat_StatDBEntry *dbentry;	/* pending database entry */
 
+	Assert(!anytime_only);
+
 	dboid = entry_ref->shared_entry->key.dboid;
 	lstats = (PgStat_TableStatus *) entry_ref->pending;
 	shtabstats = (PgStatShared_Relation *) entry_ref->shared_stats;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c
index 2190f388eae..bf8a4d58673 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 
 static inline PgStat_SLRUStats *get_slru_entry(int slru_idx);
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ pgstat_get_slru_index(const char *name)
  * acquired. Otherwise return false.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStatShared_SLRU *stats_shmem = &pgStatLocal.shmem->slru;
 	int			i;
@@ -223,6 +224,9 @@ get_slru_entry(int slru_idx)
 
 	Assert((slru_idx >= 0) && (slru_idx < SLRU_NUM_ELEMENTS));
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	have_slrustats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c
index 3277cf88a4e..6b6eec7578d 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c
@@ -117,11 +117,13 @@ pgstat_fetch_stat_subscription(Oid subid)
  * false without flushing the entry.  Otherwise returns true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_BackendSubEntry *localent;
 	PgStatShared_Subscription *shsubent;
 
+	Assert(!anytime_only);
+
 	localent = (PgStat_BackendSubEntry *) entry_ref->pending;
 	shsubent = (PgStatShared_Subscription *) entry_ref->shared_stats;
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c
index 183e0a7a97b..2c2f3f10e10 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c
@@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ pgstat_report_wal(bool force)
 	nowait = !force;
 
 	/* flush wal stats */
-	(void) pgstat_wal_flush_cb(nowait);
-	pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL);
+	(void) pgstat_wal_flush_cb(nowait, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL, true);
 
 	/* flush IO stats */
-	pgstat_flush_io(nowait);
-	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+	pgstat_flush_io(nowait, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ pgstat_wal_have_pending(void)
  * acquired. Otherwise return false.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStatShared_Wal *stats_shmem = &pgStatLocal.shmem->wal;
 	WalUsage	wal_usage_diff = {0};
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index 36ad708b360..ad44826c39e 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index b59e08605cc..eeeac1bf39a 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
 #include "utils/injection_point.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/pg_locale.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/portal.h"
 #include "utils/ps_status.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
@@ -773,6 +774,8 @@ InitPostgres(const char *in_dbname, Oid dboid,
 		RegisterTimeout(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT, ClientCheckTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 						IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+		RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
+						AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index f16f35659b9..84e698da214 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
 
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
diff --git a/src/include/pgstat.h b/src/include/pgstat.h
index 9bb777c3d5a..b011a315679 100644
--- a/src/include/pgstat.h
+++ b/src/include/pgstat.h
@@ -34,6 +34,9 @@
 /* Default directory to store temporary statistics data in */
 #define PG_STAT_TMP_DIR		"pg_stat_tmp"
 
+/* Minimum interval non-forced stats flushes */
+#define PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL	1000
+
 /* Values for track_functions GUC variable --- order is significant! */
 typedef enum TrackFunctionsLevel
 {
@@ -532,8 +535,24 @@ extern void pgstat_initialize(void);
 
 /* Functions called from backends */
 extern long pgstat_report_stat(bool force);
+extern void pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force);
 extern void pgstat_force_next_flush(void);
 
+/*
+ * Schedule the next anytime stats update timeout.
+ *
+ * This should be called whenever accumulating statistics that support
+ * FLUSH_ANYTIME flushing mode.
+ */
+#define pgstat_schedule_anytime_update()												\
+	do {																				\
+		if (IsUnderPostmaster && !pgstat_pending_anytime)								\
+		{																				\
+			enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL);	\
+			pgstat_pending_anytime = true;												\
+		}																				\
+	} while (0)
+
 extern void pgstat_reset_counters(void);
 extern void pgstat_reset(PgStat_Kind kind, Oid dboid, uint64 objid);
 extern void pgstat_reset_of_kind(PgStat_Kind kind);
@@ -806,6 +825,8 @@ extern PgStat_WalStats *pgstat_fetch_stat_wal(void);
  * Variables in pgstat.c
  */
 
+extern PGDLLIMPORT bool pgstat_pending_anytime;
+
 /* GUC parameters */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT bool pgstat_track_counts;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT int pgstat_track_functions;
@@ -849,4 +870,5 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT PgStat_Counter pgStatTransactionIdleTime;
 /* updated by the traffic cop and in errfinish() */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT SessionEndType pgStatSessionEndCause;
 
+
 #endif							/* PGSTAT_H */
diff --git a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
index 9b8fbae00ed..607f4255268 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
@@ -224,6 +224,19 @@ typedef struct PgStat_SubXactStatus
 	PgStat_TableXactStatus *first;	/* head of list for this subxact */
 } PgStat_SubXactStatus;
 
+/*
+ * Flush mode for statistics kinds.
+ *
+ * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY has to be the first because we want it to be the
+ * default value.
+ */
+typedef enum PgStat_FlushMode
+{
+	FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,		/* All fields can only be flushed at
+								 * transaction boundary */
+	FLUSH_ANYTIME,				/* All fields can be flushed anytime,
+								 * including within transactions */
+} PgStat_FlushMode;
 
 /*
  * Metadata for a specific kind of statistics.
@@ -251,6 +264,16 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 */
 	bool		track_entry_count:1;
 
+	/*
+	 * The mode of when to flush stats. See PgStat_FlushMode for more details.
+	 *
+	 * This member only has meaning for statistics kinds that accumulate
+	 * pending stats and use flush callbacks. For kinds that write directly to
+	 * shared memory (e.g., archiver, bgwriter, checkpointer), this member has
+	 * no effect.
+	 */
+	PgStat_FlushMode flush_mode;
+
 	/*
 	 * The size of an entry in the shared stats hash table (pointed to by
 	 * PgStatShared_HashEntry->body).  For fixed-numbered statistics, this is
@@ -297,8 +320,10 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 * For variable-numbered stats: flush pending stats. Required if pending
 	 * data is used. See flush_static_cb when dealing with stats data that
 	 * that cannot use PgStat_EntryRef->pending.
+	 *
+	 * The anytime_only parameter indicates whether this is an anytime flush.
 	 */
-	bool		(*flush_pending_cb) (PgStat_EntryRef *sr, bool nowait);
+	bool		(*flush_pending_cb) (PgStat_EntryRef *sr, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 	/*
 	 * For variable-numbered stats: delete pending stats. Optional.
@@ -366,8 +391,10 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 *
 	 * "pgstat_report_fixed" needs to be set to trigger the flush of pending
 	 * stats.
+	 *
+	 * The anytime_only parameter indicates whether this is an anytime flush.
 	 */
-	bool		(*flush_static_cb) (bool nowait);
+	bool		(*flush_static_cb) (bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 	/*
 	 * For fixed-numbered statistics: Reset All.
@@ -677,6 +704,7 @@ extern PgStat_EntryRef *pgstat_fetch_pending_entry(PgStat_Kind kind,
 
 extern void *pgstat_fetch_entry(PgStat_Kind kind, Oid dboid, uint64 objid);
 extern void pgstat_snapshot_fixed(PgStat_Kind kind);
+extern void AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void);
 
 
 /*
@@ -696,8 +724,8 @@ extern void pgstat_archiver_snapshot_cb(void);
 #define PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL   (1 << 1) /* Flush WAL statistics */
 #define PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_ALL   (PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO | PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL)
 
-extern bool pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags);
-extern bool pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags, bool anytime_only);
+extern bool pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_backend_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header,
 											  TimestampTz ts);
 
@@ -729,7 +757,7 @@ extern void AtEOXact_PgStat_Database(bool isCommit, bool parallel);
 
 extern PgStat_StatDBEntry *pgstat_prep_database_pending(Oid dboid);
 extern void pgstat_reset_database_timestamp(Oid dboid, TimestampTz ts);
-extern bool pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_database_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
 
@@ -737,7 +765,7 @@ extern void pgstat_database_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, Time
  * Functions in pgstat_function.c
  */
 
-extern bool pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_function_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
 
@@ -745,9 +773,9 @@ extern void pgstat_function_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, Time
  * Functions in pgstat_io.c
  */
 
-extern void pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait);
+extern void pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
-extern bool pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_io_init_shmem_cb(void *stats);
 extern void pgstat_io_reset_all_cb(TimestampTz ts);
 extern void pgstat_io_snapshot_cb(void);
@@ -762,7 +790,7 @@ extern void AtEOSubXact_PgStat_Relations(PgStat_SubXactStatus *xact_state, bool
 extern void AtPrepare_PgStat_Relations(PgStat_SubXactStatus *xact_state);
 extern void PostPrepare_PgStat_Relations(PgStat_SubXactStatus *xact_state);
 
-extern bool pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_relation_delete_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref);
 extern void pgstat_relation_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
@@ -809,7 +837,7 @@ extern PgStatShared_Common *pgstat_init_entry(PgStat_Kind kind,
  * Functions in pgstat_slru.c
  */
 
-extern bool pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_slru_init_shmem_cb(void *stats);
 extern void pgstat_slru_reset_all_cb(TimestampTz ts);
 extern void pgstat_slru_snapshot_cb(void);
@@ -820,7 +848,7 @@ extern void pgstat_slru_snapshot_cb(void);
  */
 
 extern void pgstat_wal_init_backend_cb(void);
-extern bool pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_wal_init_shmem_cb(void *stats);
 extern void pgstat_wal_reset_all_cb(TimestampTz ts);
 extern void pgstat_wal_snapshot_cb(void);
@@ -830,7 +858,7 @@ extern void pgstat_wal_snapshot_cb(void);
  * Functions in pgstat_subscription.c
  */
 
-extern bool pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_subscription_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
 
diff --git a/src/include/utils/timeout.h b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
index 0965b590b34..10723bb664c 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/timeout.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ typedef enum TimeoutId
 	IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
 	IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
+	ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	STARTUP_PROGRESS_TIMEOUT,
 	/* First user-definable timeout reason */
 	USER_TIMEOUT,
diff --git a/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c b/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c
index da28afbd929..4c207611236 100644
--- a/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c
+++ b/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ static dsa_area *custom_stats_description_dsa = NULL;
 
 /* Flush callback: merge pending stats into shared memory */
 static bool test_custom_stats_var_flush_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref,
-												   bool nowait);
+												   bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 /* Serialization callback: write auxiliary entry data */
 static void test_custom_stats_var_to_serialized_data(const PgStat_HashKey *key,
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ _PG_init(void)
  * Returns false only if nowait=true and lock acquisition fails.
  */
 static bool
-test_custom_stats_var_flush_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+test_custom_stats_var_flush_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_StatCustomVarEntry *pending_entry;
 	PgStatShared_CustomVarEntry *shared_entry;
diff --git a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
index 241945734ec..1dbc4b96f51 100644
--- a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
+++ b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
@@ -2271,6 +2271,7 @@ PgStat_Counter
 PgStat_EntryRef
 PgStat_EntryRefHashEntry
 PgStat_FetchConsistency
+PgStat_FlushMode
 PgStat_FunctionCallUsage
 PgStat_FunctionCounts
 PgStat_HashKey
-- 
2.34.1


--2MEBAGW8+kohXisi
Content-Type: text/x-diff; charset=us-ascii
Content-Disposition: attachment;
	filename="v11-0002-Add-anytime-flush-tests-for-custom-stats.patch"



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 12+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v4 1/4] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing
@ 2026-01-05 09:41 Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread

From: Bertrand Drouvot @ 2026-01-05 09:41 UTC (permalink / raw)

Long running transactions can accumulate significant statistics (WAL, IO, ...)
that remain unflushed until the transaction ends. This delays visibility of
resource usage in monitoring views like pg_stat_io and pg_stat_wal.

This commit introduces pgstat_report_anytime_stat(), which flushes
non transactional statistics even inside active transactions. A new timeout
handler fires every second to call this function, ensuring timely stats visibility
without waiting for transaction completion.

Implementation details:

- Add PgStat_FlushMode enum to classify stats kinds:
  * FLUSH_ANYTIME: Stats that can always be flushed (WAL, IO, ...)
  * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY: Stats requiring transaction boundaries

- Modify pgstat_flush_pending_entries() and pgstat_flush_fixed_stats()
  to accept a boolean anytime_only parameter:
  * When false: flushes all stats (existing behavior)
  * When true: flushes only FLUSH_ANYTIME stats and skips FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY stats

- This relies on the existing PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL to fire every 1 second, calling
pgstat_report_anytime_stat(false)

The force parameter in pgstat_report_anytime_stat() is currently unused (always
called with force=false) but reserved for future use cases requiring immediate
flushing.
---
 src/backend/storage/lmgr/proc.c     |  10 +++
 src/backend/tcop/postgres.c         |  16 ++++
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c | 111 +++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 src/backend/utils/init/globals.c    |   1 +
 src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c   |  15 ++++
 src/include/miscadmin.h             |   1 +
 src/include/pgstat.h                |   4 +
 src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h |  20 +++++
 src/include/utils/timeout.h         |   1 +
 src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list    |   1 +
 10 files changed, 162 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)
   7.0% src/backend/storage/lmgr/
   7.3% src/backend/tcop/
  61.1% src/backend/utils/activity/
   8.6% src/backend/utils/init/
  11.8% src/include/utils/
   3.6% src/include/

diff --git a/src/backend/storage/lmgr/proc.c b/src/backend/storage/lmgr/proc.c
index 063826ae576..012705a2ee6 100644
--- a/src/backend/storage/lmgr/proc.c
+++ b/src/backend/storage/lmgr/proc.c
@@ -1322,6 +1322,7 @@ ProcSleep(LOCALLOCK *locallock)
 	bool		allow_autovacuum_cancel = true;
 	bool		logged_recovery_conflict = false;
 	ProcWaitStatus myWaitStatus;
+	bool		anytime_timeout_was_active = false;
 
 	/* The caller must've armed the on-error cleanup mechanism */
 	Assert(GetAwaitedLock() == locallock);
@@ -1398,6 +1399,12 @@ ProcSleep(LOCALLOCK *locallock)
 		standbyWaitStart = GetCurrentTimestamp();
 	}
 
+	anytime_timeout_was_active = get_timeout_active(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT);
+
+	/* No need to try to flush the statistics while the process is sleeping */
+	if (anytime_timeout_was_active)
+		disable_timeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, false);
+
 	/*
 	 * If somebody wakes us between LWLockRelease and WaitLatch, the latch
 	 * will not wait. But a set latch does not necessarily mean that the lock
@@ -1661,6 +1668,9 @@ ProcSleep(LOCALLOCK *locallock)
 		}
 	} while (myWaitStatus == PROC_WAIT_STATUS_WAITING);
 
+	if (anytime_timeout_was_active)
+		enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL);
+
 	/*
 	 * Disable the timers, if they are still running.  As in LockErrorCleanup,
 	 * we must preserve the LOCK_TIMEOUT indicator flag: if a lock timeout has
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index e54bf1e760f..132fae61423 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -3530,6 +3530,22 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 		pgstat_report_stat(true);
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * Flush stats outside of transaction boundary if the timeout fired.
+	 * Unlike transactional stats, these can be flushed even inside a running
+	 * transaction.
+	 */
+	if (AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+
+		pgstat_report_anytime_stat(false);
+
+		/* Schedule next timeout */
+		enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
+							 PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL);
+	}
+
 	if (ProcSignalBarrierPending)
 		ProcessProcSignalBarrier();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
index 11bb71cad5a..ab4d9088a9a 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
@@ -122,8 +122,6 @@
  * ----------
  */
 
-/* minimum interval non-forced stats flushes.*/
-#define PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL			1000
 /* how long until to block flushing pending stats updates */
 #define PGSTAT_MAX_INTERVAL			60000
 /* when to call pgstat_report_stat() again, even when idle */
@@ -187,7 +185,8 @@ static void pgstat_init_snapshot_fixed(void);
 
 static void pgstat_reset_after_failure(void);
 
-static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait);
+static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
+static bool pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 static void pgstat_prep_snapshot(void);
 static void pgstat_build_snapshot(void);
@@ -288,6 +287,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_database entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -305,6 +305,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Relation),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Relation, stats),
@@ -321,6 +322,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Function),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Function, stats),
@@ -336,6 +338,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -353,6 +356,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_subscription_stats entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -370,6 +374,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = false,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -388,6 +393,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, archiver),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, archiver),
@@ -404,6 +410,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, bgwriter),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, bgwriter),
@@ -420,6 +427,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, checkpointer),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, checkpointer),
@@ -436,6 +444,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, io),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, io),
@@ -453,6 +462,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, slru),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, slru),
@@ -470,6 +480,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, wal),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, wal),
@@ -775,23 +786,11 @@ pgstat_report_stat(bool force)
 	partial_flush = false;
 
 	/* flush of variable-numbered stats tracked in pending entries list */
-	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait);
+	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, false);
 
 	/* flush of other stats kinds */
 	if (pgstat_report_fixed)
-	{
-		for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
-		{
-			const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
-
-			if (!kind_info)
-				continue;
-			if (!kind_info->flush_static_cb)
-				continue;
-
-			partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait);
-		}
-	}
+		partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, false);
 
 	last_flush = now;
 
@@ -1345,9 +1344,14 @@ pgstat_delete_pending_entry(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref)
 
 /*
  * Flush out pending variable-numbered stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME entries.
+ * This is safe to call inside transactions.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all entries.
  */
 static bool
-pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
+pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	bool		have_pending = false;
 	dlist_node *cur = NULL;
@@ -1377,6 +1381,20 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 		Assert(!kind_info->fixed_amount);
 		Assert(kind_info->flush_pending_cb != NULL);
 
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_mode == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+		{
+			have_pending = true;
+
+			if (dlist_has_next(&pgStatPending, cur))
+				next = dlist_next_node(&pgStatPending, cur);
+			else
+				next = NULL;
+
+			cur = next;
+			continue;
+		}
+
 		/* flush the stats, if possible */
 		did_flush = kind_info->flush_pending_cb(entry_ref, nowait);
 
@@ -1402,6 +1420,33 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 	return have_pending;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Flush fixed-amount stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME stats (safe inside transactions).
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all stats with flush_static_cb.
+ */
+static bool
+pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
+{
+	bool		partial_flush = false;
+
+	for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
+	{
+		const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
+
+		if (!kind_info || !kind_info->flush_static_cb)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_mode == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+			continue;
+
+		partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait);
+	}
+
+	return partial_flush;
+}
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------
  * Helper / infrastructure functions
@@ -2119,3 +2164,33 @@ assign_stats_fetch_consistency(int newval, void *extra)
 	if (pgstat_fetch_consistency != newval)
 		force_stats_snapshot_clear = true;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Flushes only FLUSH_ANYTIME stats using non-blocking locks. Transactional
+ * stats (FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY) remain pending until transaction boundary.
+ * Safe to call inside transactions.
+ */
+void
+pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force)
+{
+	bool		nowait = !force;
+
+	pgstat_assert_is_up();
+
+	/*
+	 * Exit if no pending stats at all. This avoids unnecessary work when
+	 * backends are idle or in sessions without stats accumulation.
+	 *
+	 * Note: This check isn't precise as there might be only transactional
+	 * stats pending, which we'll skip during the flush. However, maintaining
+	 * precise tracking would add complexity that does not seem worth it from
+	 * a performance point of view (no noticeable performance regression has
+	 * been observed with the current implementation).
+	 */
+	if (dlist_is_empty(&pgStatPending) && !pgstat_report_fixed)
+		return;
+
+	/* Flush stats outside of transaction boundary */
+	pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, true);
+	pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, true);
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index 36ad708b360..ad44826c39e 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index 3f401faf3de..6076f531c4a 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ static void TransactionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void);
+static void AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void);
 static bool ThereIsAtLeastOneRole(void);
 static void process_startup_options(Port *port, bool am_superuser);
 static void process_settings(Oid databaseid, Oid roleid);
@@ -765,6 +766,9 @@ InitPostgres(const char *in_dbname, Oid dboid,
 		RegisterTimeout(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT, ClientCheckTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 						IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+		RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
+						AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+		enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -1446,3 +1450,14 @@ ThereIsAtLeastOneRole(void)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Timeout handler for flushing non-transactional stats.
+ */
+static void
+AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void)
+{
+	AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index db559b39c4d..8aeb9628871 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
 
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
diff --git a/src/include/pgstat.h b/src/include/pgstat.h
index fff7ecc2533..1651f16f966 100644
--- a/src/include/pgstat.h
+++ b/src/include/pgstat.h
@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@
 /* Default directory to store temporary statistics data in */
 #define PG_STAT_TMP_DIR		"pg_stat_tmp"
 
+/* Minimum interval non-forced stats flushes */
+#define PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL	1000
+
 /* Values for track_functions GUC variable --- order is significant! */
 typedef enum TrackFunctionsLevel
 {
@@ -533,6 +536,7 @@ extern void pgstat_initialize(void);
 
 /* Functions called from backends */
 extern long pgstat_report_stat(bool force);
+extern void pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force);
 extern void pgstat_force_next_flush(void);
 
 extern void pgstat_reset_counters(void);
diff --git a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
index 9b8fbae00ed..9ca39ea9a9a 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
@@ -224,6 +224,19 @@ typedef struct PgStat_SubXactStatus
 	PgStat_TableXactStatus *first;	/* head of list for this subxact */
 } PgStat_SubXactStatus;
 
+/*
+ * Flush mode for statistics kinds.
+ *
+ * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY has to be the first because we want it to be the
+ * default value.
+ */
+typedef enum PgStat_FlushMode
+{
+	FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,		/* All fields can only be flushed at
+								 * transaction boundary */
+	FLUSH_ANYTIME,				/* All fields can be flushed anytime,
+								 * including within transactions */
+} PgStat_FlushMode;
 
 /*
  * Metadata for a specific kind of statistics.
@@ -251,6 +264,13 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 */
 	bool		track_entry_count:1;
 
+	/*
+	 * Some stats have to be updated only at transaction boundaries (such as
+	 * tuples_inserted updated, deleted), so it's very important to set the
+	 * right flush mode (FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY being the default).
+	 */
+	PgStat_FlushMode flush_mode;
+
 	/*
 	 * The size of an entry in the shared stats hash table (pointed to by
 	 * PgStatShared_HashEntry->body).  For fixed-numbered statistics, this is
diff --git a/src/include/utils/timeout.h b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
index 0965b590b34..10723bb664c 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/timeout.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ typedef enum TimeoutId
 	IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
 	IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
+	ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	STARTUP_PROGRESS_TIMEOUT,
 	/* First user-definable timeout reason */
 	USER_TIMEOUT,
diff --git a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
index ddbe4c64971..af21c87234a 100644
--- a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
+++ b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
@@ -2268,6 +2268,7 @@ PgStat_Counter
 PgStat_EntryRef
 PgStat_EntryRefHashEntry
 PgStat_FetchConsistency
+PgStat_FlushMode
 PgStat_FunctionCallUsage
 PgStat_FunctionCounts
 PgStat_HashKey
-- 
2.34.1


--wR/mWGXukst4NraF
Content-Type: text/x-diff; charset=us-ascii
Content-Disposition: attachment;
	filename="v4-0002-Add-GUC-to-specify-non-transactional-statistics-f.patch"



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 12+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v5 1/4] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing
@ 2026-01-05 09:41 Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread

From: Bertrand Drouvot @ 2026-01-05 09:41 UTC (permalink / raw)

Long running transactions can accumulate significant statistics (WAL, IO, ...)
that remain unflushed until the transaction ends. This delays visibility of
resource usage in monitoring views like pg_stat_io and pg_stat_wal.

This commit introduces pgstat_report_anytime_stat(), which flushes
non transactional statistics even inside active transactions. A new timeout
handler fires every second (if enabled while adding pending stats) to call this
function, ensuring timely stats visibility without waiting for transaction completion.

Implementation details:

- Add PgStat_FlushMode enum to classify stats kinds:
  * FLUSH_ANYTIME: Stats that can always be flushed (WAL, IO, ...)
  * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY: Stats requiring transaction boundaries

- Modify pgstat_flush_pending_entries() and pgstat_flush_fixed_stats()
  to accept a boolean anytime_only parameter:
  * When false: flushes all stats (existing behavior)
  * When true: flushes only FLUSH_ANYTIME stats and skips FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY stats

- This relies on the existing PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL to fire every 1 second, calling
pgstat_report_anytime_stat(false)

The force parameter in pgstat_report_anytime_stat() is currently unused (always
called with force=false) but reserved for future use cases requiring immediate
flushing.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c           |   9 ++
 src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c           |   9 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c       |  10 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/startup.c            |   2 +
 src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c      |   9 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c          |   9 +-
 src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c       |   9 +-
 src/backend/tcop/postgres.c                 |  12 ++
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c         | 118 ++++++++++++++++----
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c |   9 ++
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c      |   5 +
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c    |   5 +
 src/backend/utils/init/globals.c            |   1 +
 src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c           |   3 +
 src/include/miscadmin.h                     |   1 +
 src/include/pgstat.h                        |   4 +
 src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h         |  21 ++++
 src/include/utils/timeout.h                 |   1 +
 src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list            |   1 +
 19 files changed, 213 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)
   5.5% src/backend/access/transam/
  15.3% src/backend/postmaster/
   3.4% src/backend/replication/
   3.8% src/backend/tcop/
  57.0% src/backend/utils/activity/
   9.2% src/include/utils/
   5.3% src/

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
index 13ec6225b85..9503aea5b4d 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
@@ -1085,6 +1085,10 @@ XLogInsertRecord(XLogRecData *rdata,
 		pgWalUsage.wal_fpi += num_fpi;
 		pgWalUsage.wal_fpi_bytes += fpi_bytes;
 
+		/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+		if (IsUnderPostmaster && !get_timeout_active(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT))
+			enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL);
+
 		/* Required for the flush of pending stats WAL data */
 		pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 	}
@@ -2066,6 +2070,11 @@ AdvanceXLInsertBuffer(XLogRecPtr upto, TimeLineID tli, bool opportunistic)
 					pgWalUsage.wal_buffers_full++;
 					TRACE_POSTGRESQL_WAL_BUFFER_WRITE_DIRTY_DONE();
 
+					/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+					if (IsUnderPostmaster && !get_timeout_active(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT))
+						enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
+											 PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL);
+
 					/*
 					 * Required for the flush of pending stats WAL data, per
 					 * update of pgWalUsage.
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c b/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
index 80e3088fc7e..ab5d0645026 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
@@ -49,7 +49,9 @@
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "storage/standby.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/resowner.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 /*
@@ -104,7 +106,7 @@ BackgroundWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN);
@@ -114,6 +116,11 @@ BackgroundWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * We just started, assume there has been either a shutdown or
 	 * end-of-recovery snapshot.
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c b/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
index 6482c21b8f9..6e187315613 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
@@ -66,8 +66,9 @@
 #include "utils/acl.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/resowner.h"
-
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*----------
  * Shared memory area for communication between checkpointer and backends
@@ -216,7 +217,7 @@ CheckpointerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, ReqShutdownXLOG);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SIG_IGN); /* ignore SIGTERM */
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
@@ -226,6 +227,11 @@ CheckpointerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * Initialize so that first time-driven event happens at the correct time.
 	 */
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c b/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c
index a1a4f65f9a9..498d147f0da 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include "storage/standby.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 
@@ -246,6 +247,7 @@ StartupProcessMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	RegisterTimeout(STANDBY_DEADLOCK_TIMEOUT, StandbyDeadLockHandler);
 	RegisterTimeout(STANDBY_TIMEOUT, StandbyTimeoutHandler);
 	RegisterTimeout(STANDBY_LOCK_TIMEOUT, StandbyLockTimeoutHandler);
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
 
 	/*
 	 * Unblock signals (they were blocked when the postmaster forked us)
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c b/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c
index c3d56c866d3..cec5dfdb430 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c
@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@
 #include "storage/shmem.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/wait_event.h"
 
 /*
@@ -250,7 +252,7 @@ WalSummarizerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN); /* not used */
@@ -272,6 +274,11 @@ WalSummarizerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * If an exception is encountered, processing resumes here.
 	 */
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c b/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
index 38ec8a4c8c7..7416ca703c9 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
@@ -61,7 +61,9 @@
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "utils/hsearch.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/resowner.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 
 /*
@@ -107,7 +109,7 @@ WalWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN); /* not used */
@@ -117,6 +119,11 @@ WalWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * Create a memory context that we will do all our work in.  We do this so
 	 * that we can reset the context during error recovery and thereby avoid
diff --git a/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c b/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c
index 8b99160ed0e..24d7ef795cb 100644
--- a/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c
+++ b/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c
@@ -77,7 +77,9 @@
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/pg_lsn.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/ps_status.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 
@@ -253,7 +255,7 @@ WalReceiverMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, die);		/* request shutdown */
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN);
@@ -261,6 +263,11 @@ WalReceiverMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	/* Reset some signals that are accepted by postmaster but not here */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/* Load the libpq-specific functions */
 	load_file("libpqwalreceiver", false);
 	if (WalReceiverFunctions == NULL)
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index b4a8d2f3a1c..d19aa45400d 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -3530,6 +3530,18 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 		pgstat_report_stat(true);
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * Flush stats outside of transaction boundary if the timeout fired.
+	 * Unlike transactional stats, these can be flushed even inside a running
+	 * transaction.
+	 */
+	if (AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+
+		pgstat_report_anytime_stat(false);
+	}
+
 	if (ProcSignalBarrierPending)
 		ProcessProcSignalBarrier();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
index 11bb71cad5a..2c9454677e9 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
@@ -112,6 +112,7 @@
 #include "utils/guc_hooks.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 
@@ -122,8 +123,6 @@
  * ----------
  */
 
-/* minimum interval non-forced stats flushes.*/
-#define PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL			1000
 /* how long until to block flushing pending stats updates */
 #define PGSTAT_MAX_INTERVAL			60000
 /* when to call pgstat_report_stat() again, even when idle */
@@ -187,7 +186,8 @@ static void pgstat_init_snapshot_fixed(void);
 
 static void pgstat_reset_after_failure(void);
 
-static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait);
+static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
+static bool pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 static void pgstat_prep_snapshot(void);
 static void pgstat_build_snapshot(void);
@@ -288,6 +288,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_database entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -305,6 +306,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Relation),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Relation, stats),
@@ -321,6 +323,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Function),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Function, stats),
@@ -336,6 +339,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -353,6 +357,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_subscription_stats entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -370,6 +375,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = false,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -388,6 +394,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, archiver),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, archiver),
@@ -404,6 +411,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, bgwriter),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, bgwriter),
@@ -420,6 +428,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, checkpointer),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, checkpointer),
@@ -436,6 +445,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, io),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, io),
@@ -453,6 +463,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, slru),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, slru),
@@ -470,6 +481,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, wal),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, wal),
@@ -775,23 +787,11 @@ pgstat_report_stat(bool force)
 	partial_flush = false;
 
 	/* flush of variable-numbered stats tracked in pending entries list */
-	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait);
+	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, false);
 
 	/* flush of other stats kinds */
 	if (pgstat_report_fixed)
-	{
-		for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
-		{
-			const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
-
-			if (!kind_info)
-				continue;
-			if (!kind_info->flush_static_cb)
-				continue;
-
-			partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait);
-		}
-	}
+		partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, false);
 
 	last_flush = now;
 
@@ -1293,12 +1293,18 @@ pgstat_prep_pending_entry(PgStat_Kind kind, Oid dboid, uint64 objid, bool *creat
 
 	if (entry_ref->pending == NULL)
 	{
-		size_t		entrysize = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind)->pending_size;
+		const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
+		size_t		entrysize = kind_info->pending_size;
 
 		Assert(entrysize != (size_t) -1);
 
 		entry_ref->pending = MemoryContextAllocZero(pgStatPendingContext, entrysize);
 		dlist_push_tail(&pgStatPending, &entry_ref->pending_node);
+
+		/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+		if (kind_info->flush_mode == FLUSH_ANYTIME && IsUnderPostmaster &&
+			!get_timeout_active(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT))
+			enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL);
 	}
 
 	return entry_ref;
@@ -1345,9 +1351,14 @@ pgstat_delete_pending_entry(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref)
 
 /*
  * Flush out pending variable-numbered stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME entries.
+ * This is safe to call inside transactions.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all entries.
  */
 static bool
-pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
+pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	bool		have_pending = false;
 	dlist_node *cur = NULL;
@@ -1377,6 +1388,20 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 		Assert(!kind_info->fixed_amount);
 		Assert(kind_info->flush_pending_cb != NULL);
 
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_mode == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+		{
+			have_pending = true;
+
+			if (dlist_has_next(&pgStatPending, cur))
+				next = dlist_next_node(&pgStatPending, cur);
+			else
+				next = NULL;
+
+			cur = next;
+			continue;
+		}
+
 		/* flush the stats, if possible */
 		did_flush = kind_info->flush_pending_cb(entry_ref, nowait);
 
@@ -1402,6 +1427,33 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 	return have_pending;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Flush fixed-amount stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME stats (safe inside transactions).
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all stats with flush_static_cb.
+ */
+static bool
+pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
+{
+	bool		partial_flush = false;
+
+	for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
+	{
+		const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
+
+		if (!kind_info || !kind_info->flush_static_cb)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_mode == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+			continue;
+
+		partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait);
+	}
+
+	return partial_flush;
+}
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------
  * Helper / infrastructure functions
@@ -2119,3 +2171,31 @@ assign_stats_fetch_consistency(int newval, void *extra)
 	if (pgstat_fetch_consistency != newval)
 		force_stats_snapshot_clear = true;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Flushes only FLUSH_ANYTIME stats using non-blocking locks. Transactional
+ * stats (FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY) remain pending until transaction boundary.
+ * Safe to call inside transactions.
+ */
+void
+pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force)
+{
+	bool		nowait = !force;
+
+	pgstat_assert_is_up();
+
+	/* Flush stats outside of transaction boundary */
+	pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, true);
+	pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, true);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Timeout handler for flushing non-transactional stats.
+ */
+void
+AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void)
+{
+	AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c
index 1350f5f62f1..9dcb24db975 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include "storage/procarray.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*
  * Backend statistics counts waiting to be flushed out. These counters may be
@@ -66,6 +67,10 @@ pgstat_count_backend_io_op_time(IOObject io_object, IOContext io_context,
 	INSTR_TIME_ADD(PendingBackendStats.pending_io.pending_times[io_object][io_context][io_op],
 				   io_time);
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	if (IsUnderPostmaster && !get_timeout_active(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT))
+		enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL);
+
 	backend_has_iostats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 }
@@ -82,6 +87,10 @@ pgstat_count_backend_io_op(IOObject io_object, IOContext io_context,
 	PendingBackendStats.pending_io.counts[io_object][io_context][io_op] += cnt;
 	PendingBackendStats.pending_io.bytes[io_object][io_context][io_op] += bytes;
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	if (IsUnderPostmaster && !get_timeout_active(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT))
+		enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL);
+
 	backend_has_iostats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 }
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c
index 28de24538dc..53dbf2a514b 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "executor/instrument.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 static PgStat_PendingIO PendingIOStats;
 static bool have_iostats = false;
@@ -79,6 +80,10 @@ pgstat_count_io_op(IOObject io_object, IOContext io_context, IOOp io_op,
 	/* Add the per-backend counts */
 	pgstat_count_backend_io_op(io_object, io_context, io_op, cnt, bytes);
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	if (IsUnderPostmaster && !get_timeout_active(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT))
+		enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL);
+
 	have_iostats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 }
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c
index 2190f388eae..1d16cde1889 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 
 static inline PgStat_SLRUStats *get_slru_entry(int slru_idx);
@@ -223,6 +224,10 @@ get_slru_entry(int slru_idx)
 
 	Assert((slru_idx >= 0) && (slru_idx < SLRU_NUM_ELEMENTS));
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	if (IsUnderPostmaster && !get_timeout_active(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT))
+		enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL);
+
 	have_slrustats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index 36ad708b360..ad44826c39e 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index 3f401faf3de..f45365f47f7 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
 #include "utils/injection_point.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/pg_locale.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/portal.h"
 #include "utils/ps_status.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
@@ -765,6 +766,8 @@ InitPostgres(const char *in_dbname, Oid dboid,
 		RegisterTimeout(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT, ClientCheckTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 						IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+		RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
+						AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index db559b39c4d..8aeb9628871 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
 
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
diff --git a/src/include/pgstat.h b/src/include/pgstat.h
index fff7ecc2533..1651f16f966 100644
--- a/src/include/pgstat.h
+++ b/src/include/pgstat.h
@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@
 /* Default directory to store temporary statistics data in */
 #define PG_STAT_TMP_DIR		"pg_stat_tmp"
 
+/* Minimum interval non-forced stats flushes */
+#define PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL	1000
+
 /* Values for track_functions GUC variable --- order is significant! */
 typedef enum TrackFunctionsLevel
 {
@@ -533,6 +536,7 @@ extern void pgstat_initialize(void);
 
 /* Functions called from backends */
 extern long pgstat_report_stat(bool force);
+extern void pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force);
 extern void pgstat_force_next_flush(void);
 
 extern void pgstat_reset_counters(void);
diff --git a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
index 9b8fbae00ed..a9190078d0e 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
@@ -224,6 +224,19 @@ typedef struct PgStat_SubXactStatus
 	PgStat_TableXactStatus *first;	/* head of list for this subxact */
 } PgStat_SubXactStatus;
 
+/*
+ * Flush mode for statistics kinds.
+ *
+ * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY has to be the first because we want it to be the
+ * default value.
+ */
+typedef enum PgStat_FlushMode
+{
+	FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,		/* All fields can only be flushed at
+								 * transaction boundary */
+	FLUSH_ANYTIME,				/* All fields can be flushed anytime,
+								 * including within transactions */
+} PgStat_FlushMode;
 
 /*
  * Metadata for a specific kind of statistics.
@@ -251,6 +264,13 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 */
 	bool		track_entry_count:1;
 
+	/*
+	 * Some stats have to be updated only at transaction boundaries (such as
+	 * tuples_inserted updated, deleted), so it's very important to set the
+	 * right flush mode (FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY being the default).
+	 */
+	PgStat_FlushMode flush_mode;
+
 	/*
 	 * The size of an entry in the shared stats hash table (pointed to by
 	 * PgStatShared_HashEntry->body).  For fixed-numbered statistics, this is
@@ -677,6 +697,7 @@ extern PgStat_EntryRef *pgstat_fetch_pending_entry(PgStat_Kind kind,
 
 extern void *pgstat_fetch_entry(PgStat_Kind kind, Oid dboid, uint64 objid);
 extern void pgstat_snapshot_fixed(PgStat_Kind kind);
+extern void AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void);
 
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/include/utils/timeout.h b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
index 0965b590b34..10723bb664c 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/timeout.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ typedef enum TimeoutId
 	IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
 	IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
+	ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	STARTUP_PROGRESS_TIMEOUT,
 	/* First user-definable timeout reason */
 	USER_TIMEOUT,
diff --git a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
index 9f5ee8fd482..860f835c088 100644
--- a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
+++ b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
@@ -2268,6 +2268,7 @@ PgStat_Counter
 PgStat_EntryRef
 PgStat_EntryRefHashEntry
 PgStat_FetchConsistency
+PgStat_FlushMode
 PgStat_FunctionCallUsage
 PgStat_FunctionCounts
 PgStat_HashKey
-- 
2.34.1


--WLtTrIUEfQDmERxy
Content-Type: text/x-diff; charset=us-ascii
Content-Disposition: attachment;
	filename="v5-0002-Add-GUC-to-specify-non-transactional-statistics-f.patch"



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 12+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v7 1/5] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing
@ 2026-01-05 09:41 Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread

From: Bertrand Drouvot @ 2026-01-05 09:41 UTC (permalink / raw)

Long running transactions can accumulate significant statistics (WAL, IO, ...)
that remain unflushed until the transaction ends. This delays visibility of
resource usage in monitoring views like pg_stat_io and pg_stat_wal and produces
spikes when flushed.

This commit introduces pgstat_report_anytime_stat(), which flushes
non transactional statistics even inside active transactions. A new timeout
handler fires every second (if enabled while adding pending stats) to call this
function, ensuring timely stats visibility without waiting for transaction completion.

Implementation details:

- Add PgStat_FlushMode enum to classify stats kinds:
  * FLUSH_ANYTIME: Stats that can always be flushed (WAL, IO, ...)
  * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY: Stats requiring transaction boundaries

- Modify pgstat_flush_pending_entries() and pgstat_flush_fixed_stats()
  to accept a boolean anytime_only parameter:
  * When false: flushes all stats (existing behavior)
  * When true: flushes only FLUSH_ANYTIME stats and skips FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY stats

- The flush_pending_cb and flush_static_cb callbacks now receive an anytime_only
boolean parameter. Most of the time it's not used (except for assertions), but it's
preparatory work for moving the relations stats to anytime (without introducin
a new callback).

- Add pgstat_schedule_anytime_update() macro to schedule the next anytime flush,
relying on PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL

The force parameter in pgstat_report_anytime_stat() is currently unused (always
called with force=false) but reserved for future use cases requiring immediate
flushing.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c             |   6 +
 src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c             |   9 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c         |  10 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/startup.c              |   2 +
 src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c        |   9 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c            |   9 +-
 src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c         |   9 +-
 src/backend/replication/walsender.c           |   8 +-
 src/backend/tcop/postgres.c                   |  12 ++
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c           | 112 ++++++++++++++----
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c   |  13 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c  |   2 +-
 .../utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c      |   2 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c  |   2 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c  |   4 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c        |  10 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c  |  12 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c      |   6 +-
 .../utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c      |   4 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c       |  10 +-
 src/backend/utils/init/globals.c              |   1 +
 src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c             |   3 +
 src/include/miscadmin.h                       |   1 +
 src/include/pgstat.h                          |  16 +++
 src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h           |  52 ++++++--
 src/include/utils/timeout.h                   |   1 +
 .../test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c |   4 +-
 src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list              |   1 +
 28 files changed, 264 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)
  10.8% src/backend/postmaster/
   6.0% src/backend/replication/
  50.7% src/backend/utils/activity/
   6.0% src/backend/
  19.3% src/include/utils/
   5.6% src/include/

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
index 13ec6225b85..d01b11c7470 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
@@ -1085,6 +1085,9 @@ XLogInsertRecord(XLogRecData *rdata,
 		pgWalUsage.wal_fpi += num_fpi;
 		pgWalUsage.wal_fpi_bytes += fpi_bytes;
 
+		/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+		pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 		/* Required for the flush of pending stats WAL data */
 		pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 	}
@@ -2066,6 +2069,9 @@ AdvanceXLInsertBuffer(XLogRecPtr upto, TimeLineID tli, bool opportunistic)
 					pgWalUsage.wal_buffers_full++;
 					TRACE_POSTGRESQL_WAL_BUFFER_WRITE_DIRTY_DONE();
 
+					/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+					pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 					/*
 					 * Required for the flush of pending stats WAL data, per
 					 * update of pgWalUsage.
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c b/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
index 0956bd39a85..059c601c3b8 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
@@ -49,7 +49,9 @@
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "storage/standby.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/resowner.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 /*
@@ -103,7 +105,7 @@ BackgroundWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN);
@@ -113,6 +115,11 @@ BackgroundWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * We just started, assume there has been either a shutdown or
 	 * end-of-recovery snapshot.
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c b/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
index e03c19123bc..e11c4b099c8 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
@@ -66,8 +66,9 @@
 #include "utils/acl.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/resowner.h"
-
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*----------
  * Shared memory area for communication between checkpointer and backends
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ CheckpointerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, ReqShutdownXLOG);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SIG_IGN); /* ignore SIGTERM */
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
@@ -225,6 +226,11 @@ CheckpointerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * Initialize so that first time-driven event happens at the correct time.
 	 */
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c b/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c
index cdbe53dd262..4954fe425b7 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include "storage/standby.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 
@@ -245,6 +246,7 @@ StartupProcessMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	RegisterTimeout(STANDBY_DEADLOCK_TIMEOUT, StandbyDeadLockHandler);
 	RegisterTimeout(STANDBY_TIMEOUT, StandbyTimeoutHandler);
 	RegisterTimeout(STANDBY_LOCK_TIMEOUT, StandbyLockTimeoutHandler);
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
 
 	/*
 	 * Unblock signals (they were blocked when the postmaster forked us)
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c b/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c
index 2d8f57099fd..9f8ef8159d1 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c
@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@
 #include "storage/shmem.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/wait_event.h"
 
 /*
@@ -249,7 +251,7 @@ WalSummarizerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN); /* not used */
@@ -271,6 +273,11 @@ WalSummarizerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * If an exception is encountered, processing resumes here.
 	 */
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c b/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
index 23e79a32345..ded0f250288 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
@@ -61,7 +61,9 @@
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "utils/hsearch.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/resowner.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 
 /*
@@ -106,7 +108,7 @@ WalWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN); /* not used */
@@ -116,6 +118,11 @@ WalWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * Create a memory context that we will do all our work in.  We do this so
 	 * that we can reset the context during error recovery and thereby avoid
diff --git a/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c b/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c
index 10e64a7d1f4..11b7c114d3b 100644
--- a/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c
+++ b/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c
@@ -77,7 +77,9 @@
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/pg_lsn.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/ps_status.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 
@@ -252,7 +254,7 @@ WalReceiverMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, die);		/* request shutdown */
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN);
@@ -260,6 +262,11 @@ WalReceiverMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	/* Reset some signals that are accepted by postmaster but not here */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/* Load the libpq-specific functions */
 	load_file("libpqwalreceiver", false);
 	if (WalReceiverFunctions == NULL)
diff --git a/src/backend/replication/walsender.c b/src/backend/replication/walsender.c
index 2cde8ebc729..a7214d0dc6f 100644
--- a/src/backend/replication/walsender.c
+++ b/src/backend/replication/walsender.c
@@ -1987,8 +1987,8 @@ WalSndWaitForWal(XLogRecPtr loc)
 		if (TimestampDifferenceExceeds(last_flush, now,
 									   WALSENDER_STATS_FLUSH_INTERVAL))
 		{
-			pgstat_flush_io(false);
-			(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+			pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+			(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 			last_flush = now;
 		}
 
@@ -3016,8 +3016,8 @@ WalSndLoop(WalSndSendDataCallback send_data)
 			if (TimestampDifferenceExceeds(last_flush, now,
 										   WALSENDER_STATS_FLUSH_INTERVAL))
 			{
-				pgstat_flush_io(false);
-				(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+				pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+				(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 				last_flush = now;
 			}
 
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index 21de158adbb..2089de782d5 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -3564,6 +3564,18 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 		pgstat_report_stat(true);
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * Flush stats outside of transaction boundary if the timeout fired.
+	 * Unlike transactional stats, these can be flushed even inside a running
+	 * transaction.
+	 */
+	if (AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+
+		pgstat_report_anytime_stat(false);
+	}
+
 	if (ProcSignalBarrierPending)
 		ProcessProcSignalBarrier();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
index 11bb71cad5a..a4ff64dc5ce 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
@@ -112,6 +112,7 @@
 #include "utils/guc_hooks.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 
@@ -122,8 +123,6 @@
  * ----------
  */
 
-/* minimum interval non-forced stats flushes.*/
-#define PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL			1000
 /* how long until to block flushing pending stats updates */
 #define PGSTAT_MAX_INTERVAL			60000
 /* when to call pgstat_report_stat() again, even when idle */
@@ -187,7 +186,8 @@ static void pgstat_init_snapshot_fixed(void);
 
 static void pgstat_reset_after_failure(void);
 
-static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait);
+static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
+static bool pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 static void pgstat_prep_snapshot(void);
 static void pgstat_build_snapshot(void);
@@ -288,6 +288,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_database entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -305,6 +306,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Relation),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Relation, stats),
@@ -321,6 +323,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Function),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Function, stats),
@@ -336,6 +339,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -353,6 +357,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_subscription_stats entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -370,6 +375,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = false,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -436,6 +442,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, io),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, io),
@@ -453,6 +460,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, slru),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, slru),
@@ -470,6 +478,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, wal),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, wal),
@@ -775,23 +784,11 @@ pgstat_report_stat(bool force)
 	partial_flush = false;
 
 	/* flush of variable-numbered stats tracked in pending entries list */
-	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait);
+	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, false);
 
 	/* flush of other stats kinds */
 	if (pgstat_report_fixed)
-	{
-		for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
-		{
-			const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
-
-			if (!kind_info)
-				continue;
-			if (!kind_info->flush_static_cb)
-				continue;
-
-			partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait);
-		}
-	}
+		partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, false);
 
 	last_flush = now;
 
@@ -1293,7 +1290,8 @@ pgstat_prep_pending_entry(PgStat_Kind kind, Oid dboid, uint64 objid, bool *creat
 
 	if (entry_ref->pending == NULL)
 	{
-		size_t		entrysize = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind)->pending_size;
+		const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
+		size_t		entrysize = kind_info->pending_size;
 
 		Assert(entrysize != (size_t) -1);
 
@@ -1345,9 +1343,14 @@ pgstat_delete_pending_entry(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref)
 
 /*
  * Flush out pending variable-numbered stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME entries.
+ * This is safe to call inside transactions.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all entries.
  */
 static bool
-pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
+pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	bool		have_pending = false;
 	dlist_node *cur = NULL;
@@ -1377,8 +1380,22 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 		Assert(!kind_info->fixed_amount);
 		Assert(kind_info->flush_pending_cb != NULL);
 
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_mode == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+		{
+			have_pending = true;
+
+			if (dlist_has_next(&pgStatPending, cur))
+				next = dlist_next_node(&pgStatPending, cur);
+			else
+				next = NULL;
+
+			cur = next;
+			continue;
+		}
+
 		/* flush the stats, if possible */
-		did_flush = kind_info->flush_pending_cb(entry_ref, nowait);
+		did_flush = kind_info->flush_pending_cb(entry_ref, nowait, anytime_only);
 
 		Assert(did_flush || nowait);
 
@@ -1402,6 +1419,33 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 	return have_pending;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Flush fixed-amount stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME stats (safe inside transactions).
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all stats with flush_static_cb.
+ */
+static bool
+pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
+{
+	bool		partial_flush = false;
+
+	for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
+	{
+		const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
+
+		if (!kind_info || !kind_info->flush_static_cb)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_mode == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+			continue;
+
+		partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait, anytime_only);
+	}
+
+	return partial_flush;
+}
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------
  * Helper / infrastructure functions
@@ -2119,3 +2163,31 @@ assign_stats_fetch_consistency(int newval, void *extra)
 	if (pgstat_fetch_consistency != newval)
 		force_stats_snapshot_clear = true;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Flushes only FLUSH_ANYTIME stats using non-blocking locks. Transactional
+ * stats (FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY) remain pending until transaction boundary.
+ * Safe to call inside transactions.
+ */
+void
+pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force)
+{
+	bool		nowait = !force;
+
+	pgstat_assert_is_up();
+
+	/* Flush stats outside of transaction boundary */
+	pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, true);
+	pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, true);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Timeout handler for flushing anytime stats.
+ */
+void
+AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void)
+{
+	AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c
index f2f8d3ff75f..b09316d3ab3 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include "storage/procarray.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*
  * Backend statistics counts waiting to be flushed out. These counters may be
@@ -66,6 +67,9 @@ pgstat_count_backend_io_op_time(IOObject io_object, IOContext io_context,
 	INSTR_TIME_ADD(PendingBackendStats.pending_io.pending_times[io_object][io_context][io_op],
 				   io_time);
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	backend_has_iostats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 }
@@ -82,6 +86,9 @@ pgstat_count_backend_io_op(IOObject io_object, IOContext io_context,
 	PendingBackendStats.pending_io.counts[io_object][io_context][io_op] += cnt;
 	PendingBackendStats.pending_io.bytes[io_object][io_context][io_op] += bytes;
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	backend_has_iostats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 }
@@ -268,7 +275,7 @@ pgstat_flush_backend_entry_wal(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref)
  * if some statistics could not be flushed due to lock contention.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags)
+pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref;
 	bool		has_pending_data = false;
@@ -311,9 +318,9 @@ pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags)
  * If some stats could not be flushed due to lock contention, return true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
-	return pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_ALL);
+	return pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_ALL, anytime_only);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c
index ed2fd801189..1c5f0c3ec40 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ pgstat_report_bgwriter(void)
 	/*
 	 * Report IO statistics
 	 */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c
index 1f70194b7a7..2d89a082464 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ pgstat_report_checkpointer(void)
 	/*
 	 * Report IO statistics
 	 */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c
index 933dcb5cae5..8e86df60461 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ pgstat_reset_database_timestamp(Oid dboid, TimestampTz ts)
  * false without flushing the entry.  Otherwise returns true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStatShared_Database *sharedent;
 	PgStat_StatDBEntry *pendingent;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c
index e6b84283c6c..5ba4958382f 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c
@@ -190,11 +190,13 @@ pgstat_end_function_usage(PgStat_FunctionCallUsage *fcu, bool finalize)
  * false without flushing the entry.  Otherwise returns true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_FunctionCounts *localent;
 	PgStatShared_Function *shfuncent;
 
+	Assert(!anytime_only);
+
 	localent = (PgStat_FunctionCounts *) entry_ref->pending;
 	shfuncent = (PgStatShared_Function *) entry_ref->shared_stats;
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c
index 28de24538dc..7cd32900236 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "executor/instrument.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 static PgStat_PendingIO PendingIOStats;
 static bool have_iostats = false;
@@ -79,6 +80,9 @@ pgstat_count_io_op(IOObject io_object, IOContext io_context, IOOp io_op,
 	/* Add the per-backend counts */
 	pgstat_count_backend_io_op(io_object, io_context, io_op, cnt, bytes);
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	have_iostats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 }
@@ -172,9 +176,9 @@ pgstat_fetch_stat_io(void)
  * Simpler wrapper of pgstat_io_flush_cb()
  */
 void
-pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait)
+pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
-	(void) pgstat_io_flush_cb(nowait);
+	(void) pgstat_io_flush_cb(nowait, anytime_only);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -186,7 +190,7 @@ pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait)
  * acquired. Otherwise, return false.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	LWLock	   *bktype_lock;
 	PgStat_BktypeIO *bktype_shstats;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c
index bc8c43b96aa..04d21483d93 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c
@@ -267,8 +267,8 @@ pgstat_report_vacuum(Relation rel, PgStat_Counter livetuples,
 	 * is done -- which will likely vacuum many relations -- or until the
 	 * VACUUM command has processed all tables and committed.
 	 */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
-	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -362,8 +362,8 @@ pgstat_report_analyze(Relation rel,
 	pgstat_unlock_entry(entry_ref);
 
 	/* see pgstat_report_vacuum() */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
-	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ pgstat_twophase_postabort(FullTransactionId fxid, uint16 info,
  * entry when successfully flushing.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	Oid			dboid;
 	PgStat_TableStatus *lstats; /* pending stats entry  */
@@ -820,6 +820,8 @@ pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
 	PgStat_StatTabEntry *tabentry;	/* table entry of shared stats */
 	PgStat_StatDBEntry *dbentry;	/* pending database entry */
 
+	Assert(!anytime_only);
+
 	dboid = entry_ref->shared_entry->key.dboid;
 	lstats = (PgStat_TableStatus *) entry_ref->pending;
 	shtabstats = (PgStatShared_Relation *) entry_ref->shared_stats;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c
index 2190f388eae..bf8a4d58673 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 
 static inline PgStat_SLRUStats *get_slru_entry(int slru_idx);
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ pgstat_get_slru_index(const char *name)
  * acquired. Otherwise return false.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStatShared_SLRU *stats_shmem = &pgStatLocal.shmem->slru;
 	int			i;
@@ -223,6 +224,9 @@ get_slru_entry(int slru_idx)
 
 	Assert((slru_idx >= 0) && (slru_idx < SLRU_NUM_ELEMENTS));
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	have_slrustats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c
index 500b1899188..c4614817966 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c
@@ -116,11 +116,13 @@ pgstat_fetch_stat_subscription(Oid subid)
  * false without flushing the entry.  Otherwise returns true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_BackendSubEntry *localent;
 	PgStatShared_Subscription *shsubent;
 
+	Assert(!anytime_only);
+
 	localent = (PgStat_BackendSubEntry *) entry_ref->pending;
 	shsubent = (PgStatShared_Subscription *) entry_ref->shared_stats;
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c
index 183e0a7a97b..2c2f3f10e10 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c
@@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ pgstat_report_wal(bool force)
 	nowait = !force;
 
 	/* flush wal stats */
-	(void) pgstat_wal_flush_cb(nowait);
-	pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL);
+	(void) pgstat_wal_flush_cb(nowait, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL, true);
 
 	/* flush IO stats */
-	pgstat_flush_io(nowait);
-	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+	pgstat_flush_io(nowait, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ pgstat_wal_have_pending(void)
  * acquired. Otherwise return false.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStatShared_Wal *stats_shmem = &pgStatLocal.shmem->wal;
 	WalUsage	wal_usage_diff = {0};
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index 36ad708b360..ad44826c39e 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index b59e08605cc..eeeac1bf39a 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
 #include "utils/injection_point.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/pg_locale.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/portal.h"
 #include "utils/ps_status.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
@@ -773,6 +774,8 @@ InitPostgres(const char *in_dbname, Oid dboid,
 		RegisterTimeout(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT, ClientCheckTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 						IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+		RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
+						AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index f16f35659b9..84e698da214 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
 
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
diff --git a/src/include/pgstat.h b/src/include/pgstat.h
index fff7ecc2533..b340a680614 100644
--- a/src/include/pgstat.h
+++ b/src/include/pgstat.h
@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@
 /* Default directory to store temporary statistics data in */
 #define PG_STAT_TMP_DIR		"pg_stat_tmp"
 
+/* Minimum interval non-forced stats flushes */
+#define PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL	1000
+
 /* Values for track_functions GUC variable --- order is significant! */
 typedef enum TrackFunctionsLevel
 {
@@ -533,8 +536,21 @@ extern void pgstat_initialize(void);
 
 /* Functions called from backends */
 extern long pgstat_report_stat(bool force);
+extern void pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force);
 extern void pgstat_force_next_flush(void);
 
+/*
+ * Schedule the next anytime stats update timeout.
+ *
+ * This should be called whenever accumulating statistics that support
+ * FLUSH_ANYTIME flushing mode.
+ */
+#define pgstat_schedule_anytime_update()												\
+	do {																				\
+		if (IsUnderPostmaster && !get_timeout_active(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT))		\
+			enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL);	\
+	} while (0)
+
 extern void pgstat_reset_counters(void);
 extern void pgstat_reset(PgStat_Kind kind, Oid dboid, uint64 objid);
 extern void pgstat_reset_of_kind(PgStat_Kind kind);
diff --git a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
index 9b8fbae00ed..607f4255268 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
@@ -224,6 +224,19 @@ typedef struct PgStat_SubXactStatus
 	PgStat_TableXactStatus *first;	/* head of list for this subxact */
 } PgStat_SubXactStatus;
 
+/*
+ * Flush mode for statistics kinds.
+ *
+ * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY has to be the first because we want it to be the
+ * default value.
+ */
+typedef enum PgStat_FlushMode
+{
+	FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,		/* All fields can only be flushed at
+								 * transaction boundary */
+	FLUSH_ANYTIME,				/* All fields can be flushed anytime,
+								 * including within transactions */
+} PgStat_FlushMode;
 
 /*
  * Metadata for a specific kind of statistics.
@@ -251,6 +264,16 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 */
 	bool		track_entry_count:1;
 
+	/*
+	 * The mode of when to flush stats. See PgStat_FlushMode for more details.
+	 *
+	 * This member only has meaning for statistics kinds that accumulate
+	 * pending stats and use flush callbacks. For kinds that write directly to
+	 * shared memory (e.g., archiver, bgwriter, checkpointer), this member has
+	 * no effect.
+	 */
+	PgStat_FlushMode flush_mode;
+
 	/*
 	 * The size of an entry in the shared stats hash table (pointed to by
 	 * PgStatShared_HashEntry->body).  For fixed-numbered statistics, this is
@@ -297,8 +320,10 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 * For variable-numbered stats: flush pending stats. Required if pending
 	 * data is used. See flush_static_cb when dealing with stats data that
 	 * that cannot use PgStat_EntryRef->pending.
+	 *
+	 * The anytime_only parameter indicates whether this is an anytime flush.
 	 */
-	bool		(*flush_pending_cb) (PgStat_EntryRef *sr, bool nowait);
+	bool		(*flush_pending_cb) (PgStat_EntryRef *sr, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 	/*
 	 * For variable-numbered stats: delete pending stats. Optional.
@@ -366,8 +391,10 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 *
 	 * "pgstat_report_fixed" needs to be set to trigger the flush of pending
 	 * stats.
+	 *
+	 * The anytime_only parameter indicates whether this is an anytime flush.
 	 */
-	bool		(*flush_static_cb) (bool nowait);
+	bool		(*flush_static_cb) (bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 	/*
 	 * For fixed-numbered statistics: Reset All.
@@ -677,6 +704,7 @@ extern PgStat_EntryRef *pgstat_fetch_pending_entry(PgStat_Kind kind,
 
 extern void *pgstat_fetch_entry(PgStat_Kind kind, Oid dboid, uint64 objid);
 extern void pgstat_snapshot_fixed(PgStat_Kind kind);
+extern void AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void);
 
 
 /*
@@ -696,8 +724,8 @@ extern void pgstat_archiver_snapshot_cb(void);
 #define PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL   (1 << 1) /* Flush WAL statistics */
 #define PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_ALL   (PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO | PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL)
 
-extern bool pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags);
-extern bool pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags, bool anytime_only);
+extern bool pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_backend_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header,
 											  TimestampTz ts);
 
@@ -729,7 +757,7 @@ extern void AtEOXact_PgStat_Database(bool isCommit, bool parallel);
 
 extern PgStat_StatDBEntry *pgstat_prep_database_pending(Oid dboid);
 extern void pgstat_reset_database_timestamp(Oid dboid, TimestampTz ts);
-extern bool pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_database_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
 
@@ -737,7 +765,7 @@ extern void pgstat_database_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, Time
  * Functions in pgstat_function.c
  */
 
-extern bool pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_function_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
 
@@ -745,9 +773,9 @@ extern void pgstat_function_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, Time
  * Functions in pgstat_io.c
  */
 
-extern void pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait);
+extern void pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
-extern bool pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_io_init_shmem_cb(void *stats);
 extern void pgstat_io_reset_all_cb(TimestampTz ts);
 extern void pgstat_io_snapshot_cb(void);
@@ -762,7 +790,7 @@ extern void AtEOSubXact_PgStat_Relations(PgStat_SubXactStatus *xact_state, bool
 extern void AtPrepare_PgStat_Relations(PgStat_SubXactStatus *xact_state);
 extern void PostPrepare_PgStat_Relations(PgStat_SubXactStatus *xact_state);
 
-extern bool pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_relation_delete_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref);
 extern void pgstat_relation_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
@@ -809,7 +837,7 @@ extern PgStatShared_Common *pgstat_init_entry(PgStat_Kind kind,
  * Functions in pgstat_slru.c
  */
 
-extern bool pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_slru_init_shmem_cb(void *stats);
 extern void pgstat_slru_reset_all_cb(TimestampTz ts);
 extern void pgstat_slru_snapshot_cb(void);
@@ -820,7 +848,7 @@ extern void pgstat_slru_snapshot_cb(void);
  */
 
 extern void pgstat_wal_init_backend_cb(void);
-extern bool pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_wal_init_shmem_cb(void *stats);
 extern void pgstat_wal_reset_all_cb(TimestampTz ts);
 extern void pgstat_wal_snapshot_cb(void);
@@ -830,7 +858,7 @@ extern void pgstat_wal_snapshot_cb(void);
  * Functions in pgstat_subscription.c
  */
 
-extern bool pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_subscription_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
 
diff --git a/src/include/utils/timeout.h b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
index 0965b590b34..10723bb664c 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/timeout.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ typedef enum TimeoutId
 	IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
 	IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
+	ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	STARTUP_PROGRESS_TIMEOUT,
 	/* First user-definable timeout reason */
 	USER_TIMEOUT,
diff --git a/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c b/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c
index 64a8fe63cce..bc0b5d6e0eb 100644
--- a/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c
+++ b/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ static dsa_area *custom_stats_description_dsa = NULL;
 
 /* Flush callback: merge pending stats into shared memory */
 static bool test_custom_stats_var_flush_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref,
-												   bool nowait);
+												   bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 /* Serialization callback: write auxiliary entry data */
 static void test_custom_stats_var_to_serialized_data(const PgStat_HashKey *key,
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ _PG_init(void)
  * Returns false only if nowait=true and lock acquisition fails.
  */
 static bool
-test_custom_stats_var_flush_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+test_custom_stats_var_flush_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_StatCustomVarEntry *pending_entry;
 	PgStatShared_CustomVarEntry *shared_entry;
diff --git a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
index 241945734ec..1dbc4b96f51 100644
--- a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
+++ b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
@@ -2271,6 +2271,7 @@ PgStat_Counter
 PgStat_EntryRef
 PgStat_EntryRefHashEntry
 PgStat_FetchConsistency
+PgStat_FlushMode
 PgStat_FunctionCallUsage
 PgStat_FunctionCounts
 PgStat_HashKey
-- 
2.34.1


--C2xzVbxFmVrP7k6O
Content-Type: text/x-diff; charset=us-ascii
Content-Disposition: attachment;
	filename="v7-0002-Add-anytime-flush-tests-for-custom-stats.patch"



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 12+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v10 1/5] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing
@ 2026-01-05 09:41 Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread

From: Bertrand Drouvot @ 2026-01-05 09:41 UTC (permalink / raw)

Long running transactions can accumulate significant statistics (WAL, IO, ...)
that remain unflushed until the transaction ends. This delays visibility of
resource usage in monitoring views like pg_stat_io and pg_stat_wal and produces
spikes when flushed.

This commit introduces pgstat_report_anytime_stat(), which flushes
non transactional statistics even inside active transactions. A new timeout
handler fires every second (if enabled while adding pending stats) to call this
function, ensuring timely stats visibility without waiting for transaction completion.

Implementation details:

- Add PgStat_FlushMode enum to classify stats kinds:
  * FLUSH_ANYTIME: Stats that can always be flushed (WAL, IO, ...)
  * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY: Stats requiring transaction boundaries

- Modify pgstat_flush_pending_entries() and pgstat_flush_fixed_stats()
  to accept a boolean anytime_only parameter:
  * When false: flushes all stats (existing behavior)
  * When true: flushes only FLUSH_ANYTIME stats and skips FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY stats

- The flush_pending_cb and flush_static_cb callbacks now receive an anytime_only
boolean parameter. Most of the time it's not used (except for assertions), but it's
preparatory work for moving the relations stats to anytime (without introducin
a new callback).

- Add pgstat_schedule_anytime_update() macro to schedule the next anytime flush,
relying on PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL

The force parameter in pgstat_report_anytime_stat() is currently unused (always
called with force=false) but reserved for future use cases requiring immediate
flushing.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c             |   6 +
 src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c             |   9 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c         |  10 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/startup.c              |   2 +
 src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c        |   9 +-
 src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c            |   9 +-
 src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c         |   9 +-
 src/backend/replication/walsender.c           |   8 +-
 src/backend/tcop/postgres.c                   |  12 ++
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c           | 121 +++++++++++++++---
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c   |  13 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c  |   2 +-
 .../utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c      |   2 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c  |   2 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c  |   4 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c        |  10 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c  |  12 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c      |   6 +-
 .../utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c      |   4 +-
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c       |  10 +-
 src/backend/utils/init/globals.c              |   1 +
 src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c             |   3 +
 src/include/miscadmin.h                       |   1 +
 src/include/pgstat.h                          |  22 ++++
 src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h           |  52 ++++++--
 src/include/utils/timeout.h                   |   1 +
 .../test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c |   4 +-
 src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list              |   1 +
 28 files changed, 279 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)
  10.5% src/backend/postmaster/
   5.8% src/backend/replication/
  51.0% src/backend/utils/activity/
   5.8% src/backend/
  18.7% src/include/utils/
   6.6% src/include/

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
index 13cce9b49f1..cf29fc91f70 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
@@ -1085,6 +1085,9 @@ XLogInsertRecord(XLogRecData *rdata,
 		pgWalUsage.wal_fpi += num_fpi;
 		pgWalUsage.wal_fpi_bytes += fpi_bytes;
 
+		/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+		pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 		/* Required for the flush of pending stats WAL data */
 		pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 	}
@@ -2066,6 +2069,9 @@ AdvanceXLInsertBuffer(XLogRecPtr upto, TimeLineID tli, bool opportunistic)
 					pgWalUsage.wal_buffers_full++;
 					TRACE_POSTGRESQL_WAL_BUFFER_WRITE_DIRTY_DONE();
 
+					/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+					pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 					/*
 					 * Required for the flush of pending stats WAL data, per
 					 * update of pgWalUsage.
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c b/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
index 0956bd39a85..059c601c3b8 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/bgwriter.c
@@ -49,7 +49,9 @@
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "storage/standby.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/resowner.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 /*
@@ -103,7 +105,7 @@ BackgroundWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN);
@@ -113,6 +115,11 @@ BackgroundWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * We just started, assume there has been either a shutdown or
 	 * end-of-recovery snapshot.
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c b/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
index e03c19123bc..e11c4b099c8 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/checkpointer.c
@@ -66,8 +66,9 @@
 #include "utils/acl.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/resowner.h"
-
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*----------
  * Shared memory area for communication between checkpointer and backends
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ CheckpointerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, ReqShutdownXLOG);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SIG_IGN); /* ignore SIGTERM */
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
@@ -225,6 +226,11 @@ CheckpointerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * Initialize so that first time-driven event happens at the correct time.
 	 */
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c b/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c
index cdbe53dd262..4954fe425b7 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/startup.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include "storage/standby.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 
@@ -245,6 +246,7 @@ StartupProcessMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	RegisterTimeout(STANDBY_DEADLOCK_TIMEOUT, StandbyDeadLockHandler);
 	RegisterTimeout(STANDBY_TIMEOUT, StandbyTimeoutHandler);
 	RegisterTimeout(STANDBY_LOCK_TIMEOUT, StandbyLockTimeoutHandler);
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
 
 	/*
 	 * Unblock signals (they were blocked when the postmaster forked us)
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c b/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c
index 742137edad6..f1bae9d23d6 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c
@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@
 #include "storage/shmem.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/wait_event.h"
 
 /*
@@ -246,7 +248,7 @@ WalSummarizerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);	/* no query to cancel */
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN); /* not used */
@@ -268,6 +270,11 @@ WalSummarizerMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * If an exception is encountered, processing resumes here.
 	 */
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c b/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
index 7c0e2809c17..bcf59227a00 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/walwriter.c
@@ -61,7 +61,9 @@
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "utils/hsearch.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/resowner.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 
 /*
@@ -103,7 +105,7 @@ WalWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);	/* no query to cancel */
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest);
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN); /* not used */
@@ -113,6 +115,11 @@ WalWriterMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	 */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/*
 	 * Create a memory context that we will do all our work in.  We do this so
 	 * that we can reset the context during error recovery and thereby avoid
diff --git a/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c b/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c
index 7c1b8757d7d..aecc7a127e6 100644
--- a/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c
+++ b/src/backend/replication/walreceiver.c
@@ -77,7 +77,9 @@
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/guc.h"
 #include "utils/pg_lsn.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/ps_status.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 
@@ -252,7 +254,7 @@ WalReceiverMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGTERM, die);		/* request shutdown */
 	/* SIGQUIT handler was already set up by InitPostmasterChild */
-	pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
+	InitializeTimeouts();		/* establishes SIGALRM handler */
 	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR1, procsignal_sigusr1_handler);
 	pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN);
@@ -260,6 +262,11 @@ WalReceiverMain(const void *startup_data, size_t startup_data_len)
 	/* Reset some signals that are accepted by postmaster but not here */
 	pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
 
+	/*
+	 * Register timeouts needed
+	 */
+	RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+
 	/* Load the libpq-specific functions */
 	load_file("libpqwalreceiver", false);
 	if (WalReceiverFunctions == NULL)
diff --git a/src/backend/replication/walsender.c b/src/backend/replication/walsender.c
index 2cde8ebc729..a7214d0dc6f 100644
--- a/src/backend/replication/walsender.c
+++ b/src/backend/replication/walsender.c
@@ -1987,8 +1987,8 @@ WalSndWaitForWal(XLogRecPtr loc)
 		if (TimestampDifferenceExceeds(last_flush, now,
 									   WALSENDER_STATS_FLUSH_INTERVAL))
 		{
-			pgstat_flush_io(false);
-			(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+			pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+			(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 			last_flush = now;
 		}
 
@@ -3016,8 +3016,8 @@ WalSndLoop(WalSndSendDataCallback send_data)
 			if (TimestampDifferenceExceeds(last_flush, now,
 										   WALSENDER_STATS_FLUSH_INTERVAL))
 			{
-				pgstat_flush_io(false);
-				(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+				pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+				(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 				last_flush = now;
 			}
 
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index d01a09dd0c4..8c30efa2443 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -3564,6 +3564,18 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 		pgstat_report_stat(true);
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * Flush stats outside of transaction boundary if the timeout fired.
+	 * Unlike transactional stats, these can be flushed even inside a running
+	 * transaction.
+	 */
+	if (AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+
+		pgstat_report_anytime_stat(false);
+	}
+
 	if (ProcSignalBarrierPending)
 		ProcessProcSignalBarrier();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
index 11bb71cad5a..ddd331e2c81 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
@@ -108,10 +108,12 @@
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "storage/fd.h"
 #include "storage/ipc.h"
+#include "storage/latch.h"
 #include "storage/lwlock.h"
 #include "utils/guc_hooks.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
 
 
@@ -122,8 +124,6 @@
  * ----------
  */
 
-/* minimum interval non-forced stats flushes.*/
-#define PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL			1000
 /* how long until to block flushing pending stats updates */
 #define PGSTAT_MAX_INTERVAL			60000
 /* when to call pgstat_report_stat() again, even when idle */
@@ -187,7 +187,8 @@ static void pgstat_init_snapshot_fixed(void);
 
 static void pgstat_reset_after_failure(void);
 
-static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait);
+static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
+static bool pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 static void pgstat_prep_snapshot(void);
 static void pgstat_build_snapshot(void);
@@ -218,6 +219,12 @@ PgStat_LocalState pgStatLocal;
  */
 bool		pgstat_report_fixed = false;
 
+/*
+ * Track when there is pending anytime flush to avoid relying on
+ * get_timeout_active() in hot pathes.
+ */
+bool		pgstat_pending_anytime = false;
+
 /* ----------
  * Local data
  *
@@ -288,6 +295,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_database entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -305,6 +313,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Relation),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Relation, stats),
@@ -321,6 +330,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Function),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Function, stats),
@@ -336,6 +346,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -353,6 +364,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_subscription_stats entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -370,6 +382,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = false,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -436,6 +449,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, io),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, io),
@@ -453,6 +467,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, slru),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, slru),
@@ -470,6 +485,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, wal),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, wal),
@@ -775,23 +791,11 @@ pgstat_report_stat(bool force)
 	partial_flush = false;
 
 	/* flush of variable-numbered stats tracked in pending entries list */
-	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait);
+	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, false);
 
 	/* flush of other stats kinds */
 	if (pgstat_report_fixed)
-	{
-		for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
-		{
-			const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
-
-			if (!kind_info)
-				continue;
-			if (!kind_info->flush_static_cb)
-				continue;
-
-			partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait);
-		}
-	}
+		partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, false);
 
 	last_flush = now;
 
@@ -1293,7 +1297,8 @@ pgstat_prep_pending_entry(PgStat_Kind kind, Oid dboid, uint64 objid, bool *creat
 
 	if (entry_ref->pending == NULL)
 	{
-		size_t		entrysize = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind)->pending_size;
+		const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
+		size_t		entrysize = kind_info->pending_size;
 
 		Assert(entrysize != (size_t) -1);
 
@@ -1345,9 +1350,14 @@ pgstat_delete_pending_entry(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref)
 
 /*
  * Flush out pending variable-numbered stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME entries.
+ * This is safe to call inside transactions.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all entries.
  */
 static bool
-pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
+pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	bool		have_pending = false;
 	dlist_node *cur = NULL;
@@ -1377,8 +1387,22 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 		Assert(!kind_info->fixed_amount);
 		Assert(kind_info->flush_pending_cb != NULL);
 
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_mode == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+		{
+			have_pending = true;
+
+			if (dlist_has_next(&pgStatPending, cur))
+				next = dlist_next_node(&pgStatPending, cur);
+			else
+				next = NULL;
+
+			cur = next;
+			continue;
+		}
+
 		/* flush the stats, if possible */
-		did_flush = kind_info->flush_pending_cb(entry_ref, nowait);
+		did_flush = kind_info->flush_pending_cb(entry_ref, nowait, anytime_only);
 
 		Assert(did_flush || nowait);
 
@@ -1402,6 +1426,33 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 	return have_pending;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Flush fixed-amount stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME stats (safe inside transactions).
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all stats with flush_static_cb.
+ */
+static bool
+pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
+{
+	bool		partial_flush = false;
+
+	for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
+	{
+		const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
+
+		if (!kind_info || !kind_info->flush_static_cb)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_mode == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+			continue;
+
+		partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait, anytime_only);
+	}
+
+	return partial_flush;
+}
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------
  * Helper / infrastructure functions
@@ -2119,3 +2170,33 @@ assign_stats_fetch_consistency(int newval, void *extra)
 	if (pgstat_fetch_consistency != newval)
 		force_stats_snapshot_clear = true;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Flushes only FLUSH_ANYTIME stats using non-blocking locks. Transactional
+ * stats (FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY) remain pending until transaction boundary.
+ * Safe to call inside transactions.
+ */
+void
+pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force)
+{
+	bool		nowait = !force;
+
+	pgstat_assert_is_up();
+
+	/* Flush stats outside of transaction boundary */
+	pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, true);
+	pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, true);
+
+	pgstat_pending_anytime = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Timeout handler for flushing anytime stats.
+ */
+void
+AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void)
+{
+	AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c
index f2f8d3ff75f..b09316d3ab3 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_backend.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include "storage/procarray.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 /*
  * Backend statistics counts waiting to be flushed out. These counters may be
@@ -66,6 +67,9 @@ pgstat_count_backend_io_op_time(IOObject io_object, IOContext io_context,
 	INSTR_TIME_ADD(PendingBackendStats.pending_io.pending_times[io_object][io_context][io_op],
 				   io_time);
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	backend_has_iostats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 }
@@ -82,6 +86,9 @@ pgstat_count_backend_io_op(IOObject io_object, IOContext io_context,
 	PendingBackendStats.pending_io.counts[io_object][io_context][io_op] += cnt;
 	PendingBackendStats.pending_io.bytes[io_object][io_context][io_op] += bytes;
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	backend_has_iostats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 }
@@ -268,7 +275,7 @@ pgstat_flush_backend_entry_wal(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref)
  * if some statistics could not be flushed due to lock contention.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags)
+pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref;
 	bool		has_pending_data = false;
@@ -311,9 +318,9 @@ pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags)
  * If some stats could not be flushed due to lock contention, return true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
-	return pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_ALL);
+	return pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_ALL, anytime_only);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c
index ed2fd801189..1c5f0c3ec40 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_bgwriter.c
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ pgstat_report_bgwriter(void)
 	/*
 	 * Report IO statistics
 	 */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c
index 1f70194b7a7..2d89a082464 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_checkpointer.c
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ pgstat_report_checkpointer(void)
 	/*
 	 * Report IO statistics
 	 */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c
index 933dcb5cae5..8e86df60461 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_database.c
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ pgstat_reset_database_timestamp(Oid dboid, TimestampTz ts)
  * false without flushing the entry.  Otherwise returns true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStatShared_Database *sharedent;
 	PgStat_StatDBEntry *pendingent;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c
index e6b84283c6c..5ba4958382f 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_function.c
@@ -190,11 +190,13 @@ pgstat_end_function_usage(PgStat_FunctionCallUsage *fcu, bool finalize)
  * false without flushing the entry.  Otherwise returns true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_FunctionCounts *localent;
 	PgStatShared_Function *shfuncent;
 
+	Assert(!anytime_only);
+
 	localent = (PgStat_FunctionCounts *) entry_ref->pending;
 	shfuncent = (PgStatShared_Function *) entry_ref->shared_stats;
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c
index 28de24538dc..7cd32900236 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_io.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "executor/instrument.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 static PgStat_PendingIO PendingIOStats;
 static bool have_iostats = false;
@@ -79,6 +80,9 @@ pgstat_count_io_op(IOObject io_object, IOContext io_context, IOOp io_op,
 	/* Add the per-backend counts */
 	pgstat_count_backend_io_op(io_object, io_context, io_op, cnt, bytes);
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	have_iostats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 }
@@ -172,9 +176,9 @@ pgstat_fetch_stat_io(void)
  * Simpler wrapper of pgstat_io_flush_cb()
  */
 void
-pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait)
+pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
-	(void) pgstat_io_flush_cb(nowait);
+	(void) pgstat_io_flush_cb(nowait, anytime_only);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -186,7 +190,7 @@ pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait)
  * acquired. Otherwise, return false.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	LWLock	   *bktype_lock;
 	PgStat_BktypeIO *bktype_shstats;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c
index bc8c43b96aa..04d21483d93 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_relation.c
@@ -267,8 +267,8 @@ pgstat_report_vacuum(Relation rel, PgStat_Counter livetuples,
 	 * is done -- which will likely vacuum many relations -- or until the
 	 * VACUUM command has processed all tables and committed.
 	 */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
-	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -362,8 +362,8 @@ pgstat_report_analyze(Relation rel,
 	pgstat_unlock_entry(entry_ref);
 
 	/* see pgstat_report_vacuum() */
-	pgstat_flush_io(false);
-	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+	pgstat_flush_io(false, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(false, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ pgstat_twophase_postabort(FullTransactionId fxid, uint16 info,
  * entry when successfully flushing.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	Oid			dboid;
 	PgStat_TableStatus *lstats; /* pending stats entry  */
@@ -820,6 +820,8 @@ pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
 	PgStat_StatTabEntry *tabentry;	/* table entry of shared stats */
 	PgStat_StatDBEntry *dbentry;	/* pending database entry */
 
+	Assert(!anytime_only);
+
 	dboid = entry_ref->shared_entry->key.dboid;
 	lstats = (PgStat_TableStatus *) entry_ref->pending;
 	shtabstats = (PgStatShared_Relation *) entry_ref->shared_stats;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c
index 2190f388eae..bf8a4d58673 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_slru.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
+#include "utils/timeout.h"
 
 
 static inline PgStat_SLRUStats *get_slru_entry(int slru_idx);
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ pgstat_get_slru_index(const char *name)
  * acquired. Otherwise return false.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStatShared_SLRU *stats_shmem = &pgStatLocal.shmem->slru;
 	int			i;
@@ -223,6 +224,9 @@ get_slru_entry(int slru_idx)
 
 	Assert((slru_idx >= 0) && (slru_idx < SLRU_NUM_ELEMENTS));
 
+	/* Schedule next anytime stats update timeout */
+	pgstat_schedule_anytime_update();
+
 	have_slrustats = true;
 	pgstat_report_fixed = true;
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c
index 3277cf88a4e..6b6eec7578d 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_subscription.c
@@ -117,11 +117,13 @@ pgstat_fetch_stat_subscription(Oid subid)
  * false without flushing the entry.  Otherwise returns true.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_BackendSubEntry *localent;
 	PgStatShared_Subscription *shsubent;
 
+	Assert(!anytime_only);
+
 	localent = (PgStat_BackendSubEntry *) entry_ref->pending;
 	shsubent = (PgStatShared_Subscription *) entry_ref->shared_stats;
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c
index 183e0a7a97b..2c2f3f10e10 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat_wal.c
@@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ pgstat_report_wal(bool force)
 	nowait = !force;
 
 	/* flush wal stats */
-	(void) pgstat_wal_flush_cb(nowait);
-	pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL);
+	(void) pgstat_wal_flush_cb(nowait, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL, true);
 
 	/* flush IO stats */
-	pgstat_flush_io(nowait);
-	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO);
+	pgstat_flush_io(nowait, true);
+	(void) pgstat_flush_backend(nowait, PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO, true);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ pgstat_wal_have_pending(void)
  * acquired. Otherwise return false.
  */
 bool
-pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait)
+pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStatShared_Wal *stats_shmem = &pgStatLocal.shmem->wal;
 	WalUsage	wal_usage_diff = {0};
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index 36ad708b360..ad44826c39e 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index b59e08605cc..eeeac1bf39a 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
 #include "utils/injection_point.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/pg_locale.h"
+#include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 #include "utils/portal.h"
 #include "utils/ps_status.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
@@ -773,6 +774,8 @@ InitPostgres(const char *in_dbname, Oid dboid,
 		RegisterTimeout(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT, ClientCheckTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 						IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+		RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
+						AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index f16f35659b9..84e698da214 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
 
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
diff --git a/src/include/pgstat.h b/src/include/pgstat.h
index 9bb777c3d5a..b011a315679 100644
--- a/src/include/pgstat.h
+++ b/src/include/pgstat.h
@@ -34,6 +34,9 @@
 /* Default directory to store temporary statistics data in */
 #define PG_STAT_TMP_DIR		"pg_stat_tmp"
 
+/* Minimum interval non-forced stats flushes */
+#define PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL	1000
+
 /* Values for track_functions GUC variable --- order is significant! */
 typedef enum TrackFunctionsLevel
 {
@@ -532,8 +535,24 @@ extern void pgstat_initialize(void);
 
 /* Functions called from backends */
 extern long pgstat_report_stat(bool force);
+extern void pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force);
 extern void pgstat_force_next_flush(void);
 
+/*
+ * Schedule the next anytime stats update timeout.
+ *
+ * This should be called whenever accumulating statistics that support
+ * FLUSH_ANYTIME flushing mode.
+ */
+#define pgstat_schedule_anytime_update()												\
+	do {																				\
+		if (IsUnderPostmaster && !pgstat_pending_anytime)								\
+		{																				\
+			enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL);	\
+			pgstat_pending_anytime = true;												\
+		}																				\
+	} while (0)
+
 extern void pgstat_reset_counters(void);
 extern void pgstat_reset(PgStat_Kind kind, Oid dboid, uint64 objid);
 extern void pgstat_reset_of_kind(PgStat_Kind kind);
@@ -806,6 +825,8 @@ extern PgStat_WalStats *pgstat_fetch_stat_wal(void);
  * Variables in pgstat.c
  */
 
+extern PGDLLIMPORT bool pgstat_pending_anytime;
+
 /* GUC parameters */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT bool pgstat_track_counts;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT int pgstat_track_functions;
@@ -849,4 +870,5 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT PgStat_Counter pgStatTransactionIdleTime;
 /* updated by the traffic cop and in errfinish() */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT SessionEndType pgStatSessionEndCause;
 
+
 #endif							/* PGSTAT_H */
diff --git a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
index 9b8fbae00ed..607f4255268 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
@@ -224,6 +224,19 @@ typedef struct PgStat_SubXactStatus
 	PgStat_TableXactStatus *first;	/* head of list for this subxact */
 } PgStat_SubXactStatus;
 
+/*
+ * Flush mode for statistics kinds.
+ *
+ * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY has to be the first because we want it to be the
+ * default value.
+ */
+typedef enum PgStat_FlushMode
+{
+	FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,		/* All fields can only be flushed at
+								 * transaction boundary */
+	FLUSH_ANYTIME,				/* All fields can be flushed anytime,
+								 * including within transactions */
+} PgStat_FlushMode;
 
 /*
  * Metadata for a specific kind of statistics.
@@ -251,6 +264,16 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 */
 	bool		track_entry_count:1;
 
+	/*
+	 * The mode of when to flush stats. See PgStat_FlushMode for more details.
+	 *
+	 * This member only has meaning for statistics kinds that accumulate
+	 * pending stats and use flush callbacks. For kinds that write directly to
+	 * shared memory (e.g., archiver, bgwriter, checkpointer), this member has
+	 * no effect.
+	 */
+	PgStat_FlushMode flush_mode;
+
 	/*
 	 * The size of an entry in the shared stats hash table (pointed to by
 	 * PgStatShared_HashEntry->body).  For fixed-numbered statistics, this is
@@ -297,8 +320,10 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 * For variable-numbered stats: flush pending stats. Required if pending
 	 * data is used. See flush_static_cb when dealing with stats data that
 	 * that cannot use PgStat_EntryRef->pending.
+	 *
+	 * The anytime_only parameter indicates whether this is an anytime flush.
 	 */
-	bool		(*flush_pending_cb) (PgStat_EntryRef *sr, bool nowait);
+	bool		(*flush_pending_cb) (PgStat_EntryRef *sr, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 	/*
 	 * For variable-numbered stats: delete pending stats. Optional.
@@ -366,8 +391,10 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 *
 	 * "pgstat_report_fixed" needs to be set to trigger the flush of pending
 	 * stats.
+	 *
+	 * The anytime_only parameter indicates whether this is an anytime flush.
 	 */
-	bool		(*flush_static_cb) (bool nowait);
+	bool		(*flush_static_cb) (bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 	/*
 	 * For fixed-numbered statistics: Reset All.
@@ -677,6 +704,7 @@ extern PgStat_EntryRef *pgstat_fetch_pending_entry(PgStat_Kind kind,
 
 extern void *pgstat_fetch_entry(PgStat_Kind kind, Oid dboid, uint64 objid);
 extern void pgstat_snapshot_fixed(PgStat_Kind kind);
+extern void AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void);
 
 
 /*
@@ -696,8 +724,8 @@ extern void pgstat_archiver_snapshot_cb(void);
 #define PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL   (1 << 1) /* Flush WAL statistics */
 #define PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_ALL   (PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_IO | PGSTAT_BACKEND_FLUSH_WAL)
 
-extern bool pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags);
-extern bool pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_flush_backend(bool nowait, bits32 flags, bool anytime_only);
+extern bool pgstat_backend_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_backend_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header,
 											  TimestampTz ts);
 
@@ -729,7 +757,7 @@ extern void AtEOXact_PgStat_Database(bool isCommit, bool parallel);
 
 extern PgStat_StatDBEntry *pgstat_prep_database_pending(Oid dboid);
 extern void pgstat_reset_database_timestamp(Oid dboid, TimestampTz ts);
-extern bool pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_database_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_database_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
 
@@ -737,7 +765,7 @@ extern void pgstat_database_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, Time
  * Functions in pgstat_function.c
  */
 
-extern bool pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_function_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_function_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
 
@@ -745,9 +773,9 @@ extern void pgstat_function_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, Time
  * Functions in pgstat_io.c
  */
 
-extern void pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait);
+extern void pgstat_flush_io(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
-extern bool pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_io_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_io_init_shmem_cb(void *stats);
 extern void pgstat_io_reset_all_cb(TimestampTz ts);
 extern void pgstat_io_snapshot_cb(void);
@@ -762,7 +790,7 @@ extern void AtEOSubXact_PgStat_Relations(PgStat_SubXactStatus *xact_state, bool
 extern void AtPrepare_PgStat_Relations(PgStat_SubXactStatus *xact_state);
 extern void PostPrepare_PgStat_Relations(PgStat_SubXactStatus *xact_state);
 
-extern bool pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_relation_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_relation_delete_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref);
 extern void pgstat_relation_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
@@ -809,7 +837,7 @@ extern PgStatShared_Common *pgstat_init_entry(PgStat_Kind kind,
  * Functions in pgstat_slru.c
  */
 
-extern bool pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_slru_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_slru_init_shmem_cb(void *stats);
 extern void pgstat_slru_reset_all_cb(TimestampTz ts);
 extern void pgstat_slru_snapshot_cb(void);
@@ -820,7 +848,7 @@ extern void pgstat_slru_snapshot_cb(void);
  */
 
 extern void pgstat_wal_init_backend_cb(void);
-extern bool pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_wal_flush_cb(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_wal_init_shmem_cb(void *stats);
 extern void pgstat_wal_reset_all_cb(TimestampTz ts);
 extern void pgstat_wal_snapshot_cb(void);
@@ -830,7 +858,7 @@ extern void pgstat_wal_snapshot_cb(void);
  * Functions in pgstat_subscription.c
  */
 
-extern bool pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait);
+extern bool pgstat_subscription_flush_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 extern void pgstat_subscription_reset_timestamp_cb(PgStatShared_Common *header, TimestampTz ts);
 
 
diff --git a/src/include/utils/timeout.h b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
index 0965b590b34..10723bb664c 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/timeout.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ typedef enum TimeoutId
 	IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
 	IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
+	ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	STARTUP_PROGRESS_TIMEOUT,
 	/* First user-definable timeout reason */
 	USER_TIMEOUT,
diff --git a/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c b/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c
index da28afbd929..4c207611236 100644
--- a/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c
+++ b/src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ static dsa_area *custom_stats_description_dsa = NULL;
 
 /* Flush callback: merge pending stats into shared memory */
 static bool test_custom_stats_var_flush_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref,
-												   bool nowait);
+												   bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 /* Serialization callback: write auxiliary entry data */
 static void test_custom_stats_var_to_serialized_data(const PgStat_HashKey *key,
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ _PG_init(void)
  * Returns false only if nowait=true and lock acquisition fails.
  */
 static bool
-test_custom_stats_var_flush_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
+test_custom_stats_var_flush_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	PgStat_StatCustomVarEntry *pending_entry;
 	PgStatShared_CustomVarEntry *shared_entry;
diff --git a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
index 241945734ec..1dbc4b96f51 100644
--- a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
+++ b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
@@ -2271,6 +2271,7 @@ PgStat_Counter
 PgStat_EntryRef
 PgStat_EntryRefHashEntry
 PgStat_FetchConsistency
+PgStat_FlushMode
 PgStat_FunctionCallUsage
 PgStat_FunctionCounts
 PgStat_HashKey
-- 
2.34.1


--NVvBxFuyV/R+1/8/
Content-Type: text/x-diff; charset=us-ascii
Content-Disposition: attachment;
	filename="v10-0002-Add-anytime-flush-tests-for-custom-stats.patch"



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 12+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v1 1/3] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing
@ 2026-01-05 09:41 Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread

From: Bertrand Drouvot @ 2026-01-05 09:41 UTC (permalink / raw)

Long running transactions can accumulate significant statistics (WAL, IO, ...)
that remain unflushed until the transaction ends. This delays visibility of
resource usage in monitoring views like pg_stat_io and pg_stat_wal.

This commit introduces pgstat_report_anytime_stat(), which flushes
non transactional statistics even inside active transactions. A new timeout
handler fires every second to call this function, ensuring timely stats visibility
without waiting for transaction completion.

Implementation details:

- Add PgStat_FlushBehavior enum to classify stats kinds:
  * FLUSH_ANYTIME: Stats that can always be flushed (WAL, IO, ...)
  * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY: Stats requiring transaction boundaries

- Modify pgstat_flush_pending_entries() and pgstat_flush_fixed_stats()
  to accept a boolean anytime_only parameter:
  * When false: flushes all stats (existing behavior)
  * When true: flushes only FLUSH_ANYTIME stats and skips FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY stats

- Register ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT that fires every 1 second, calling
pgstat_report_anytime_stat(false)

The force parameter in pgstat_report_anytime_stat() is currently unused (always
called with force=false) but reserved for future use cases requiring immediate
flushing.
---
 src/backend/tcop/postgres.c         |  18 +++++
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c | 119 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 src/backend/utils/init/globals.c    |   1 +
 src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c   |  15 ++++
 src/include/miscadmin.h             |   1 +
 src/include/pgstat.h                |   4 +
 src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h |  11 +++
 src/include/utils/timeout.h         |   1 +
 src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list    |   1 +
 9 files changed, 154 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
   9.7% src/backend/tcop/
  70.2% src/backend/utils/activity/
   9.3% src/backend/utils/init/
   6.0% src/include/utils/
   4.3% src/include/

diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index e54bf1e760f..6a91543f80a 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -3530,6 +3530,24 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 		pgstat_report_stat(true);
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * Flush stats outside of transaction boundary if the timeout fired.
+	 * Unlike transactional stats, these can be flushed even inside a running
+	 * transaction.
+	 */
+	if (AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+
+		/* Skip if completely idle */
+		if (!DoingCommandRead || IsTransactionOrTransactionBlock())
+			pgstat_report_anytime_stat(false);
+
+		/* Schedule next timeout */
+		enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
+							 PGSTAT_ANYTIME_FLUSH_INTERVAL);
+	}
+
 	if (ProcSignalBarrierPending)
 		ProcessProcSignalBarrier();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
index 11bb71cad5a..f7942e47475 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
@@ -187,7 +187,8 @@ static void pgstat_init_snapshot_fixed(void);
 
 static void pgstat_reset_after_failure(void);
 
-static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait);
+static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
+static bool pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 static void pgstat_prep_snapshot(void);
 static void pgstat_build_snapshot(void);
@@ -288,6 +289,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_database entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -305,6 +307,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Relation),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Relation, stats),
@@ -321,6 +324,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Function),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Function, stats),
@@ -336,6 +340,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -353,6 +358,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_subscription_stats entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -370,6 +376,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = false,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -388,6 +395,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, archiver),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, archiver),
@@ -404,6 +412,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, bgwriter),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, bgwriter),
@@ -420,6 +429,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, checkpointer),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, checkpointer),
@@ -436,6 +446,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, io),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, io),
@@ -453,6 +464,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, slru),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, slru),
@@ -470,6 +482,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, wal),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, wal),
@@ -775,23 +788,11 @@ pgstat_report_stat(bool force)
 	partial_flush = false;
 
 	/* flush of variable-numbered stats tracked in pending entries list */
-	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait);
+	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, false);
 
 	/* flush of other stats kinds */
 	if (pgstat_report_fixed)
-	{
-		for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
-		{
-			const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
-
-			if (!kind_info)
-				continue;
-			if (!kind_info->flush_static_cb)
-				continue;
-
-			partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait);
-		}
-	}
+		partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, false);
 
 	last_flush = now;
 
@@ -1345,9 +1346,14 @@ pgstat_delete_pending_entry(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref)
 
 /*
  * Flush out pending variable-numbered stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME entries.
+ * This is safe to call inside transactions.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all entries.
  */
 static bool
-pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
+pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	bool		have_pending = false;
 	dlist_node *cur = NULL;
@@ -1377,6 +1383,20 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 		Assert(!kind_info->fixed_amount);
 		Assert(kind_info->flush_pending_cb != NULL);
 
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_behavior == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+		{
+			have_pending = true;
+
+			if (dlist_has_next(&pgStatPending, cur))
+				next = dlist_next_node(&pgStatPending, cur);
+			else
+				next = NULL;
+
+			cur = next;
+			continue;
+		}
+
 		/* flush the stats, if possible */
 		did_flush = kind_info->flush_pending_cb(entry_ref, nowait);
 
@@ -1397,11 +1417,42 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 		cur = next;
 	}
 
-	Assert(dlist_is_empty(&pgStatPending) == !have_pending);
+	/*
+	 * When in anytime_only mode, the list may not be empty because
+	 * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY entries were skipped.
+	 */
+	Assert(!anytime_only || dlist_is_empty(&pgStatPending) == !have_pending);
 
 	return have_pending;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Flush fixed-amount stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME stats (safe inside transactions).
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all stats with flush_static_cb.
+ */
+static bool
+pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
+{
+	bool		partial_flush = false;
+
+	for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
+	{
+		const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
+
+		if (!kind_info || !kind_info->flush_static_cb)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_behavior == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+			continue;
+
+		partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait);
+	}
+
+	return partial_flush;
+}
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------
  * Helper / infrastructure functions
@@ -2119,3 +2170,37 @@ assign_stats_fetch_consistency(int newval, void *extra)
 	if (pgstat_fetch_consistency != newval)
 		force_stats_snapshot_clear = true;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Flush non-transactional stats
+ *
+ * This is safe to call even inside a transaction. It only flushes stats
+ * kinds marked as FLUSH_ANYTIME.
+ *
+ * This allows long running transactions to report activity without waiting
+ * for transaction to finish.
+ */
+void
+pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force)
+{
+	bool		nowait = !force;
+
+	pgstat_assert_is_up();
+
+	/*
+	 * Exit if no pending stats at all. This avoids unnecessary work when
+	 * backends are idle or in sessions without stats accumulation.
+	 *
+	 * Note: This check isn't precise as there might be only transactional
+	 * stats pending, which we'll skip during the flush. However, maintaining
+	 * precise tracking would add complexity that does not seem worth it from
+	 * a performance point of view (no noticeable performance regression has
+	 * been observed with the current implementation).
+	 */
+	if (dlist_is_empty(&pgStatPending) && !pgstat_report_fixed)
+		return;
+
+	/* Flush stats outside of transaction boundary */
+	pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, true);
+	pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, true);
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index 36ad708b360..ad44826c39e 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index 3f401faf3de..cb0f6aecad1 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ static void TransactionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void);
+static void AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void);
 static bool ThereIsAtLeastOneRole(void);
 static void process_startup_options(Port *port, bool am_superuser);
 static void process_settings(Oid databaseid, Oid roleid);
@@ -765,6 +766,9 @@ InitPostgres(const char *in_dbname, Oid dboid,
 		RegisterTimeout(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT, ClientCheckTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 						IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+		RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
+						AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+		enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, PGSTAT_ANYTIME_FLUSH_INTERVAL);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -1446,3 +1450,14 @@ ThereIsAtLeastOneRole(void)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Timeout handler for flushing non-transactional stats.
+ */
+static void
+AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void)
+{
+	AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index db559b39c4d..8aeb9628871 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
 
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
diff --git a/src/include/pgstat.h b/src/include/pgstat.h
index fff7ecc2533..86e65397614 100644
--- a/src/include/pgstat.h
+++ b/src/include/pgstat.h
@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@
 /* Default directory to store temporary statistics data in */
 #define PG_STAT_TMP_DIR		"pg_stat_tmp"
 
+/* When to call pgstat_report_anytime_stat() again */
+#define PGSTAT_ANYTIME_FLUSH_INTERVAL       1000
+
 /* Values for track_functions GUC variable --- order is significant! */
 typedef enum TrackFunctionsLevel
 {
@@ -533,6 +536,7 @@ extern void pgstat_initialize(void);
 
 /* Functions called from backends */
 extern long pgstat_report_stat(bool force);
+extern void pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force);
 extern void pgstat_force_next_flush(void);
 
 extern void pgstat_reset_counters(void);
diff --git a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
index 9b8fbae00ed..02f4f13fc0f 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
@@ -224,6 +224,14 @@ typedef struct PgStat_SubXactStatus
 	PgStat_TableXactStatus *first;	/* head of list for this subxact */
 } PgStat_SubXactStatus;
 
+/*
+ * Flush behavior for statistics kinds.
+ */
+typedef enum PgStat_FlushBehavior
+{
+	FLUSH_ANYTIME,				/* All fields can flush anytime */
+	FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,		/* All fields need transaction boundary */
+} PgStat_FlushBehavior;
 
 /*
  * Metadata for a specific kind of statistics.
@@ -251,6 +259,9 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 */
 	bool		track_entry_count:1;
 
+	/* Flush behavior */
+	PgStat_FlushBehavior flush_behavior;
+
 	/*
 	 * The size of an entry in the shared stats hash table (pointed to by
 	 * PgStatShared_HashEntry->body).  For fixed-numbered statistics, this is
diff --git a/src/include/utils/timeout.h b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
index 0965b590b34..10723bb664c 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/timeout.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ typedef enum TimeoutId
 	IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
 	IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
+	ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	STARTUP_PROGRESS_TIMEOUT,
 	/* First user-definable timeout reason */
 	USER_TIMEOUT,
diff --git a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
index 09e7f1d420e..9aabb325f16 100644
--- a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
+++ b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
@@ -2261,6 +2261,7 @@ PgStat_Counter
 PgStat_EntryRef
 PgStat_EntryRefHashEntry
 PgStat_FetchConsistency
+PgStat_FlushBehavior
 PgStat_FunctionCallUsage
 PgStat_FunctionCounts
 PgStat_HashKey
-- 
2.34.1


--tjEWjIIwfNIHQLgt
Content-Type: text/x-diff; charset=us-ascii
Content-Disposition: attachment;
	filename="v1-0002-Remove-useless-calls-to-flush-some-stats.patch"



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 12+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v2 1/3] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing
@ 2026-01-05 09:41 Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread

From: Bertrand Drouvot @ 2026-01-05 09:41 UTC (permalink / raw)

Long running transactions can accumulate significant statistics (WAL, IO, ...)
that remain unflushed until the transaction ends. This delays visibility of
resource usage in monitoring views like pg_stat_io and pg_stat_wal.

This commit introduces pgstat_report_anytime_stat(), which flushes
non transactional statistics even inside active transactions. A new timeout
handler fires every second to call this function, ensuring timely stats visibility
without waiting for transaction completion.

Implementation details:

- Add PgStat_FlushBehavior enum to classify stats kinds:
  * FLUSH_ANYTIME: Stats that can always be flushed (WAL, IO, ...)
  * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY: Stats requiring transaction boundaries

- Modify pgstat_flush_pending_entries() and pgstat_flush_fixed_stats()
  to accept a boolean anytime_only parameter:
  * When false: flushes all stats (existing behavior)
  * When true: flushes only FLUSH_ANYTIME stats and skips FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY stats

- Register ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT that fires every 1 second, calling
pgstat_report_anytime_stat(false)

The force parameter in pgstat_report_anytime_stat() is currently unused (always
called with force=false) but reserved for future use cases requiring immediate
flushing.
---
 src/backend/tcop/postgres.c         |  16 ++++
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c | 113 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 src/backend/utils/init/globals.c    |   1 +
 src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c   |  15 ++++
 src/include/miscadmin.h             |   1 +
 src/include/pgstat.h                |   4 +
 src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h |  13 ++++
 src/include/utils/timeout.h         |   1 +
 src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list    |   1 +
 9 files changed, 149 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)
   8.2% src/backend/tcop/
  69.3% src/backend/utils/activity/
   9.7% src/backend/utils/init/
   7.7% src/include/utils/
   4.5% src/include/

diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index e54bf1e760f..9c4a9078ee0 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -3530,6 +3530,22 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 		pgstat_report_stat(true);
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * Flush stats outside of transaction boundary if the timeout fired.
+	 * Unlike transactional stats, these can be flushed even inside a running
+	 * transaction.
+	 */
+	if (AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+
+		pgstat_report_anytime_stat(false);
+
+		/* Schedule next timeout */
+		enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
+							 PGSTAT_ANYTIME_FLUSH_INTERVAL);
+	}
+
 	if (ProcSignalBarrierPending)
 		ProcessProcSignalBarrier();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
index 11bb71cad5a..0f45a7d165e 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
@@ -187,7 +187,8 @@ static void pgstat_init_snapshot_fixed(void);
 
 static void pgstat_reset_after_failure(void);
 
-static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait);
+static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
+static bool pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 static void pgstat_prep_snapshot(void);
 static void pgstat_build_snapshot(void);
@@ -288,6 +289,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_database entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -305,6 +307,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Relation),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Relation, stats),
@@ -321,6 +324,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Function),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Function, stats),
@@ -336,6 +340,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -353,6 +358,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_subscription_stats entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -370,6 +376,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = false,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -388,6 +395,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, archiver),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, archiver),
@@ -404,6 +412,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, bgwriter),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, bgwriter),
@@ -420,6 +429,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, checkpointer),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, checkpointer),
@@ -436,6 +446,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, io),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, io),
@@ -453,6 +464,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, slru),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, slru),
@@ -470,6 +482,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_behavior = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, wal),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, wal),
@@ -775,23 +788,11 @@ pgstat_report_stat(bool force)
 	partial_flush = false;
 
 	/* flush of variable-numbered stats tracked in pending entries list */
-	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait);
+	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, false);
 
 	/* flush of other stats kinds */
 	if (pgstat_report_fixed)
-	{
-		for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
-		{
-			const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
-
-			if (!kind_info)
-				continue;
-			if (!kind_info->flush_static_cb)
-				continue;
-
-			partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait);
-		}
-	}
+		partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, false);
 
 	last_flush = now;
 
@@ -1345,9 +1346,14 @@ pgstat_delete_pending_entry(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref)
 
 /*
  * Flush out pending variable-numbered stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME entries.
+ * This is safe to call inside transactions.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all entries.
  */
 static bool
-pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
+pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	bool		have_pending = false;
 	dlist_node *cur = NULL;
@@ -1377,6 +1383,20 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 		Assert(!kind_info->fixed_amount);
 		Assert(kind_info->flush_pending_cb != NULL);
 
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_behavior == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+		{
+			have_pending = true;
+
+			if (dlist_has_next(&pgStatPending, cur))
+				next = dlist_next_node(&pgStatPending, cur);
+			else
+				next = NULL;
+
+			cur = next;
+			continue;
+		}
+
 		/* flush the stats, if possible */
 		did_flush = kind_info->flush_pending_cb(entry_ref, nowait);
 
@@ -1397,11 +1417,42 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 		cur = next;
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * When in anytime_only mode, the list may not be empty because
+	 * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY entries were skipped.
+	 */
 	Assert(dlist_is_empty(&pgStatPending) == !have_pending);
 
 	return have_pending;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Flush fixed-amount stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME stats (safe inside transactions).
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all stats with flush_static_cb.
+ */
+static bool
+pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
+{
+	bool		partial_flush = false;
+
+	for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
+	{
+		const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
+
+		if (!kind_info || !kind_info->flush_static_cb)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_behavior == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+			continue;
+
+		partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait);
+	}
+
+	return partial_flush;
+}
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------
  * Helper / infrastructure functions
@@ -2119,3 +2170,33 @@ assign_stats_fetch_consistency(int newval, void *extra)
 	if (pgstat_fetch_consistency != newval)
 		force_stats_snapshot_clear = true;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Flushes only FLUSH_ANYTIME stats using non-blocking locks. Transactional
+ * stats (FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY) remain pending until transaction boundary.
+ * Safe to call inside transactions.
+ */
+void
+pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force)
+{
+	bool		nowait = !force;
+
+	pgstat_assert_is_up();
+
+	/*
+	 * Exit if no pending stats at all. This avoids unnecessary work when
+	 * backends are idle or in sessions without stats accumulation.
+	 *
+	 * Note: This check isn't precise as there might be only transactional
+	 * stats pending, which we'll skip during the flush. However, maintaining
+	 * precise tracking would add complexity that does not seem worth it from
+	 * a performance point of view (no noticeable performance regression has
+	 * been observed with the current implementation).
+	 */
+	if (dlist_is_empty(&pgStatPending) && !pgstat_report_fixed)
+		return;
+
+	/* Flush stats outside of transaction boundary */
+	pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, true);
+	pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, true);
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index 36ad708b360..ad44826c39e 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index 3f401faf3de..cb0f6aecad1 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ static void TransactionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void);
+static void AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void);
 static bool ThereIsAtLeastOneRole(void);
 static void process_startup_options(Port *port, bool am_superuser);
 static void process_settings(Oid databaseid, Oid roleid);
@@ -765,6 +766,9 @@ InitPostgres(const char *in_dbname, Oid dboid,
 		RegisterTimeout(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT, ClientCheckTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 						IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+		RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
+						AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+		enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, PGSTAT_ANYTIME_FLUSH_INTERVAL);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -1446,3 +1450,14 @@ ThereIsAtLeastOneRole(void)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Timeout handler for flushing non-transactional stats.
+ */
+static void
+AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void)
+{
+	AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index db559b39c4d..8aeb9628871 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
 
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
diff --git a/src/include/pgstat.h b/src/include/pgstat.h
index fff7ecc2533..86e65397614 100644
--- a/src/include/pgstat.h
+++ b/src/include/pgstat.h
@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@
 /* Default directory to store temporary statistics data in */
 #define PG_STAT_TMP_DIR		"pg_stat_tmp"
 
+/* When to call pgstat_report_anytime_stat() again */
+#define PGSTAT_ANYTIME_FLUSH_INTERVAL       1000
+
 /* Values for track_functions GUC variable --- order is significant! */
 typedef enum TrackFunctionsLevel
 {
@@ -533,6 +536,7 @@ extern void pgstat_initialize(void);
 
 /* Functions called from backends */
 extern long pgstat_report_stat(bool force);
+extern void pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force);
 extern void pgstat_force_next_flush(void);
 
 extern void pgstat_reset_counters(void);
diff --git a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
index 9b8fbae00ed..63feae640d1 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
@@ -224,6 +224,16 @@ typedef struct PgStat_SubXactStatus
 	PgStat_TableXactStatus *first;	/* head of list for this subxact */
 } PgStat_SubXactStatus;
 
+/*
+ * Flush behavior for statistics kinds.
+ */
+typedef enum PgStat_FlushBehavior
+{
+	FLUSH_ANYTIME,				/* All fields can be flushed anytime,
+								 * including within transactions */
+	FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,		/* All fields can only be flushed at
+								 * transaction boundary */
+} PgStat_FlushBehavior;
 
 /*
  * Metadata for a specific kind of statistics.
@@ -251,6 +261,9 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 */
 	bool		track_entry_count:1;
 
+	/* Flush behavior */
+	PgStat_FlushBehavior flush_behavior;
+
 	/*
 	 * The size of an entry in the shared stats hash table (pointed to by
 	 * PgStatShared_HashEntry->body).  For fixed-numbered statistics, this is
diff --git a/src/include/utils/timeout.h b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
index 0965b590b34..10723bb664c 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/timeout.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ typedef enum TimeoutId
 	IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
 	IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
+	ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	STARTUP_PROGRESS_TIMEOUT,
 	/* First user-definable timeout reason */
 	USER_TIMEOUT,
diff --git a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
index 3f3a888fd0e..610b35a9b31 100644
--- a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
+++ b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
@@ -2268,6 +2268,7 @@ PgStat_Counter
 PgStat_EntryRef
 PgStat_EntryRefHashEntry
 PgStat_FetchConsistency
+PgStat_FlushBehavior
 PgStat_FunctionCallUsage
 PgStat_FunctionCounts
 PgStat_HashKey
-- 
2.34.1


--OFsrIl+bjhifp5hk
Content-Type: text/x-diff; charset=us-ascii
Content-Disposition: attachment;
	filename="v2-0002-Remove-useless-calls-to-flush-some-stats.patch"



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 12+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v3 1/3] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing
@ 2026-01-05 09:41 Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread

From: Bertrand Drouvot @ 2026-01-05 09:41 UTC (permalink / raw)

Long running transactions can accumulate significant statistics (WAL, IO, ...)
that remain unflushed until the transaction ends. This delays visibility of
resource usage in monitoring views like pg_stat_io and pg_stat_wal.

This commit introduces pgstat_report_anytime_stat(), which flushes
non transactional statistics even inside active transactions. A new timeout
handler fires every second to call this function, ensuring timely stats visibility
without waiting for transaction completion.

Implementation details:

- Add PgStat_FlushMode enum to classify stats kinds:
  * FLUSH_ANYTIME: Stats that can always be flushed (WAL, IO, ...)
  * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY: Stats requiring transaction boundaries

- Modify pgstat_flush_pending_entries() and pgstat_flush_fixed_stats()
  to accept a boolean anytime_only parameter:
  * When false: flushes all stats (existing behavior)
  * When true: flushes only FLUSH_ANYTIME stats and skips FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY stats

- This relies on the existing PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL to fire every 1 second, calling
pgstat_report_anytime_stat(false)

The force parameter in pgstat_report_anytime_stat() is currently unused (always
called with force=false) but reserved for future use cases requiring immediate
flushing.
---
 src/backend/tcop/postgres.c         |  16 ++++
 src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c | 111 +++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 src/backend/utils/init/globals.c    |   1 +
 src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c   |  15 ++++
 src/include/miscadmin.h             |   1 +
 src/include/pgstat.h                |   4 +
 src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h |  16 ++++
 src/include/utils/timeout.h         |   1 +
 src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list    |   1 +
 9 files changed, 148 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)
   8.1% src/backend/tcop/
  68.4% src/backend/utils/activity/
   9.6% src/backend/utils/init/
   9.2% src/include/utils/
   4.1% src/include/

diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index e54bf1e760f..132fae61423 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -3530,6 +3530,22 @@ ProcessInterrupts(void)
 		pgstat_report_stat(true);
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * Flush stats outside of transaction boundary if the timeout fired.
+	 * Unlike transactional stats, these can be flushed even inside a running
+	 * transaction.
+	 */
+	if (AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending)
+	{
+		AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+
+		pgstat_report_anytime_stat(false);
+
+		/* Schedule next timeout */
+		enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
+							 PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL);
+	}
+
 	if (ProcSignalBarrierPending)
 		ProcessProcSignalBarrier();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
index 11bb71cad5a..ab4d9088a9a 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/pgstat.c
@@ -122,8 +122,6 @@
  * ----------
  */
 
-/* minimum interval non-forced stats flushes.*/
-#define PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL			1000
 /* how long until to block flushing pending stats updates */
 #define PGSTAT_MAX_INTERVAL			60000
 /* when to call pgstat_report_stat() again, even when idle */
@@ -187,7 +185,8 @@ static void pgstat_init_snapshot_fixed(void);
 
 static void pgstat_reset_after_failure(void);
 
-static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait);
+static bool pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
+static bool pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only);
 
 static void pgstat_prep_snapshot(void);
 static void pgstat_build_snapshot(void);
@@ -288,6 +287,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_database entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -305,6 +305,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Relation),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Relation, stats),
@@ -321,6 +322,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.shared_size = sizeof(PgStatShared_Function),
 		.shared_data_off = offsetof(PgStatShared_Function, stats),
@@ -336,6 +338,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -353,6 +356,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,
 		/* so pg_stat_subscription_stats entries can be seen in all databases */
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -370,6 +374,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = false,
 		.write_to_file = false,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.accessed_across_databases = true,
 
@@ -388,6 +393,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, archiver),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, archiver),
@@ -404,6 +410,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, bgwriter),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, bgwriter),
@@ -420,6 +427,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, checkpointer),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, checkpointer),
@@ -436,6 +444,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, io),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, io),
@@ -453,6 +462,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, slru),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, slru),
@@ -470,6 +480,7 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo pgstat_kind_builtin_infos[PGSTAT_KIND_BUILTIN_SIZE]
 
 		.fixed_amount = true,
 		.write_to_file = true,
+		.flush_mode = FLUSH_ANYTIME,
 
 		.snapshot_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_Snapshot, wal),
 		.shared_ctl_off = offsetof(PgStat_ShmemControl, wal),
@@ -775,23 +786,11 @@ pgstat_report_stat(bool force)
 	partial_flush = false;
 
 	/* flush of variable-numbered stats tracked in pending entries list */
-	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait);
+	partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, false);
 
 	/* flush of other stats kinds */
 	if (pgstat_report_fixed)
-	{
-		for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
-		{
-			const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
-
-			if (!kind_info)
-				continue;
-			if (!kind_info->flush_static_cb)
-				continue;
-
-			partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait);
-		}
-	}
+		partial_flush |= pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, false);
 
 	last_flush = now;
 
@@ -1345,9 +1344,14 @@ pgstat_delete_pending_entry(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref)
 
 /*
  * Flush out pending variable-numbered stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME entries.
+ * This is safe to call inside transactions.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all entries.
  */
 static bool
-pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
+pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
 {
 	bool		have_pending = false;
 	dlist_node *cur = NULL;
@@ -1377,6 +1381,20 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 		Assert(!kind_info->fixed_amount);
 		Assert(kind_info->flush_pending_cb != NULL);
 
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_mode == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+		{
+			have_pending = true;
+
+			if (dlist_has_next(&pgStatPending, cur))
+				next = dlist_next_node(&pgStatPending, cur);
+			else
+				next = NULL;
+
+			cur = next;
+			continue;
+		}
+
 		/* flush the stats, if possible */
 		did_flush = kind_info->flush_pending_cb(entry_ref, nowait);
 
@@ -1402,6 +1420,33 @@ pgstat_flush_pending_entries(bool nowait)
 	return have_pending;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Flush fixed-amount stats.
+ *
+ * If anytime_only is true, only flushes FLUSH_ANYTIME stats (safe inside transactions).
+ * If anytime_only is false, flushes all stats with flush_static_cb.
+ */
+static bool
+pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(bool nowait, bool anytime_only)
+{
+	bool		partial_flush = false;
+
+	for (PgStat_Kind kind = PGSTAT_KIND_MIN; kind <= PGSTAT_KIND_MAX; kind++)
+	{
+		const PgStat_KindInfo *kind_info = pgstat_get_kind_info(kind);
+
+		if (!kind_info || !kind_info->flush_static_cb)
+			continue;
+
+		/* Skip transactional stats if we're in anytime_only mode */
+		if (anytime_only && kind_info->flush_mode == FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY)
+			continue;
+
+		partial_flush |= kind_info->flush_static_cb(nowait);
+	}
+
+	return partial_flush;
+}
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------
  * Helper / infrastructure functions
@@ -2119,3 +2164,33 @@ assign_stats_fetch_consistency(int newval, void *extra)
 	if (pgstat_fetch_consistency != newval)
 		force_stats_snapshot_clear = true;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Flushes only FLUSH_ANYTIME stats using non-blocking locks. Transactional
+ * stats (FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY) remain pending until transaction boundary.
+ * Safe to call inside transactions.
+ */
+void
+pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force)
+{
+	bool		nowait = !force;
+
+	pgstat_assert_is_up();
+
+	/*
+	 * Exit if no pending stats at all. This avoids unnecessary work when
+	 * backends are idle or in sessions without stats accumulation.
+	 *
+	 * Note: This check isn't precise as there might be only transactional
+	 * stats pending, which we'll skip during the flush. However, maintaining
+	 * precise tracking would add complexity that does not seem worth it from
+	 * a performance point of view (no noticeable performance regression has
+	 * been observed with the current implementation).
+	 */
+	if (dlist_is_empty(&pgStatPending) && !pgstat_report_fixed)
+		return;
+
+	/* Flush stats outside of transaction boundary */
+	pgstat_flush_pending_entries(nowait, true);
+	pgstat_flush_fixed_stats(nowait, true);
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
index 36ad708b360..ad44826c39e 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending = false;
 volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
+volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = false;
 volatile uint32 InterruptHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 QueryCancelHoldoffCount = 0;
 volatile uint32 CritSectionCount = 0;
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index 3f401faf3de..6076f531c4a 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ static void TransactionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleSessionTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void);
 static void ClientCheckTimeoutHandler(void);
+static void AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void);
 static bool ThereIsAtLeastOneRole(void);
 static void process_startup_options(Port *port, bool am_superuser);
 static void process_settings(Oid databaseid, Oid roleid);
@@ -765,6 +766,9 @@ InitPostgres(const char *in_dbname, Oid dboid,
 		RegisterTimeout(CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT, ClientCheckTimeoutHandler);
 		RegisterTimeout(IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 						IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+		RegisterTimeout(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
+						AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler);
+		enable_timeout_after(ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT, PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -1446,3 +1450,14 @@ ThereIsAtLeastOneRole(void)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Timeout handler for flushing non-transactional stats.
+ */
+static void
+AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutHandler(void)
+{
+	AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending = true;
+	InterruptPending = true;
+	SetLatch(MyLatch);
+}
diff --git a/src/include/miscadmin.h b/src/include/miscadmin.h
index db559b39c4d..8aeb9628871 100644
--- a/src/include/miscadmin.h
+++ b/src/include/miscadmin.h
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleSessionTimeoutPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ProcSignalBarrierPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t LogMemoryContextPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t IdleStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t AnytimeStatsUpdateTimeoutPending;
 
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t CheckClientConnectionPending;
 extern PGDLLIMPORT volatile sig_atomic_t ClientConnectionLost;
diff --git a/src/include/pgstat.h b/src/include/pgstat.h
index fff7ecc2533..1651f16f966 100644
--- a/src/include/pgstat.h
+++ b/src/include/pgstat.h
@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@
 /* Default directory to store temporary statistics data in */
 #define PG_STAT_TMP_DIR		"pg_stat_tmp"
 
+/* Minimum interval non-forced stats flushes */
+#define PGSTAT_MIN_INTERVAL	1000
+
 /* Values for track_functions GUC variable --- order is significant! */
 typedef enum TrackFunctionsLevel
 {
@@ -533,6 +536,7 @@ extern void pgstat_initialize(void);
 
 /* Functions called from backends */
 extern long pgstat_report_stat(bool force);
+extern void pgstat_report_anytime_stat(bool force);
 extern void pgstat_force_next_flush(void);
 
 extern void pgstat_reset_counters(void);
diff --git a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
index 9b8fbae00ed..46ce90c9624 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/pgstat_internal.h
@@ -224,6 +224,19 @@ typedef struct PgStat_SubXactStatus
 	PgStat_TableXactStatus *first;	/* head of list for this subxact */
 } PgStat_SubXactStatus;
 
+/*
+ * Flush mode for statistics kinds.
+ *
+ * FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY has to be the first because we want it to be the
+ * default value.
+ */
+typedef enum PgStat_FlushMode
+{
+	FLUSH_AT_TXN_BOUNDARY,		/* All fields can only be flushed at
+								 * transaction boundary */
+	FLUSH_ANYTIME,				/* All fields can be flushed anytime,
+								 * including within transactions */
+} PgStat_FlushMode;
 
 /*
  * Metadata for a specific kind of statistics.
@@ -251,6 +264,9 @@ typedef struct PgStat_KindInfo
 	 */
 	bool		track_entry_count:1;
 
+	/* Flush mode */
+	PgStat_FlushMode flush_mode;
+
 	/*
 	 * The size of an entry in the shared stats hash table (pointed to by
 	 * PgStatShared_HashEntry->body).  For fixed-numbered statistics, this is
diff --git a/src/include/utils/timeout.h b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
index 0965b590b34..10723bb664c 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/timeout.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/timeout.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ typedef enum TimeoutId
 	IDLE_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
 	IDLE_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	CLIENT_CONNECTION_CHECK_TIMEOUT,
+	ANYTIME_STATS_UPDATE_TIMEOUT,
 	STARTUP_PROGRESS_TIMEOUT,
 	/* First user-definable timeout reason */
 	USER_TIMEOUT,
diff --git a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
index 3f3a888fd0e..d3912b43fdc 100644
--- a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
+++ b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
@@ -2268,6 +2268,7 @@ PgStat_Counter
 PgStat_EntryRef
 PgStat_EntryRefHashEntry
 PgStat_FetchConsistency
+PgStat_FlushMode
 PgStat_FunctionCallUsage
 PgStat_FunctionCounts
 PgStat_HashKey
-- 
2.34.1


--lCc1MWfC7i2uqs8g
Content-Type: text/x-diff; charset=us-ascii
Content-Disposition: attachment;
	filename="v3-0002-Remove-useless-calls-to-flush-some-stats.patch"



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2019-09-10 03:58 [PATCH v7 2/4] Move page-reader out of XLogReadRecord Kyotaro Horiguchi <[email protected]>
2026-01-05 09:41 [PATCH v6 1/5] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
2026-01-05 09:41 [PATCH v8 1/5] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
2026-01-05 09:41 [PATCH v9 1/5] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
2026-01-05 09:41 [PATCH v11 1/5] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
2026-01-05 09:41 [PATCH v4 1/4] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
2026-01-05 09:41 [PATCH v5 1/4] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
2026-01-05 09:41 [PATCH v7 1/5] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
2026-01-05 09:41 [PATCH v10 1/5] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
2026-01-05 09:41 [PATCH v1 1/3] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
2026-01-05 09:41 [PATCH v2 1/3] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>
2026-01-05 09:41 [PATCH v3 1/3] Add pgstat_report_anytime_stat() for periodic stats flushing Bertrand Drouvot <[email protected]>

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