Subject: [PATCH v19 1/6] Split vacuumdb to create vacuuming.c/h

From: Álvaro Herrera <[email-masked]>
Date: Sat, 30 Aug 2025 14:39:49 +0200

---
 src/bin/scripts/Makefile    |    4 +-
 src/bin/scripts/meson.build |   28 +-
 src/bin/scripts/vacuumdb.c  | 1048 +----------------------------------
 src/bin/scripts/vacuuming.c |  978 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/bin/scripts/vacuuming.h |   95 ++++
 5 files changed, 1119 insertions(+), 1034 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/bin/scripts/vacuuming.c
 create mode 100644 src/bin/scripts/vacuuming.h

diff --git a/src/bin/scripts/Makefile b/src/bin/scripts/Makefile
index f6b4d40810b..019ca06455d 100644
--- a/src/bin/scripts/Makefile
+++ b/src/bin/scripts/Makefile
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ createuser: createuser.o common.o $(WIN32RES) | submake-libpq submake-libpgport
 dropdb: dropdb.o common.o $(WIN32RES) | submake-libpq submake-libpgport submake-libpgfeutils
 dropuser: dropuser.o common.o $(WIN32RES) | submake-libpq submake-libpgport submake-libpgfeutils
 clusterdb: clusterdb.o common.o $(WIN32RES) | submake-libpq submake-libpgport submake-libpgfeutils
-vacuumdb: vacuumdb.o common.o $(WIN32RES) | submake-libpq submake-libpgport submake-libpgfeutils
+vacuumdb: vacuumdb.o vacuuming.o common.o $(WIN32RES) | submake-libpq submake-libpgport submake-libpgfeutils
 reindexdb: reindexdb.o common.o $(WIN32RES) | submake-libpq submake-libpgport submake-libpgfeutils
 pg_isready: pg_isready.o common.o $(WIN32RES) | submake-libpq submake-libpgport submake-libpgfeutils
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ uninstall:
 
 clean distclean:
 	rm -f $(addsuffix $(X), $(PROGRAMS)) $(addsuffix .o, $(PROGRAMS))
-	rm -f common.o $(WIN32RES)
+	rm -f common.o vacuuming.o $(WIN32RES)
 	rm -rf tmp_check
 
 export with_icu
diff --git a/src/bin/scripts/meson.build b/src/bin/scripts/meson.build
index 80df7c33257..a4fed59d1c9 100644
--- a/src/bin/scripts/meson.build
+++ b/src/bin/scripts/meson.build
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ binaries = [
   'createuser',
   'dropuser',
   'clusterdb',
-  'vacuumdb',
   'reindexdb',
   'pg_isready',
 ]
@@ -35,6 +34,33 @@ foreach binary : binaries
   bin_targets += binary
 endforeach
 
+vacuuming_common = static_library('libvacuuming_common',
+  files('common.c', 'vacuuming.c'),
+  dependencies: [frontend_code, libpq],
+  kwargs: internal_lib_args,
+)
+
+binaries = [
+  'vacuumdb',
+]
+foreach binary : binaries
+  binary_sources = files('@0@.c'.format(binary))
+
+  if host_system == 'windows'
+    binary_sources += rc_bin_gen.process(win32ver_rc, extra_args: [
+      '--NAME', binary,
+      '--FILEDESC', '@0@ - PostgreSQL utility'.format(binary),])
+  endif
+
+  binary = executable(binary,
+    binary_sources,
+    link_with: [vacuuming_common],
+    dependencies: [frontend_code, libpq],
+    kwargs: default_bin_args,
+  )
+  bin_targets += binary
+endforeach
+
 tests += {
   'name': 'scripts',
   'sd': meson.current_source_dir(),
diff --git a/src/bin/scripts/vacuumdb.c b/src/bin/scripts/vacuumdb.c
index fd236087e90..b1be61ddf25 100644
--- a/src/bin/scripts/vacuumdb.c
+++ b/src/bin/scripts/vacuumdb.c
@@ -14,92 +14,13 @@
 
 #include <limits.h>
 
-#include "catalog/pg_attribute_d.h"
-#include "catalog/pg_class_d.h"
 #include "common.h"
-#include "common/connect.h"
 #include "common/logging.h"
-#include "fe_utils/cancel.h"
 #include "fe_utils/option_utils.h"
-#include "fe_utils/parallel_slot.h"
-#include "fe_utils/query_utils.h"
-#include "fe_utils/simple_list.h"
-#include "fe_utils/string_utils.h"
-
-
-/* vacuum options controlled by user flags */
-typedef struct vacuumingOptions
-{
-	bool		analyze_only;
-	bool		verbose;
-	bool		and_analyze;
-	bool		full;
-	bool		freeze;
-	bool		disable_page_skipping;
-	bool		skip_locked;
-	int			min_xid_age;
-	int			min_mxid_age;
-	int			parallel_workers;	/* >= 0 indicates user specified the
-									 * parallel degree, otherwise -1 */
-	bool		no_index_cleanup;
-	bool		force_index_cleanup;
-	bool		do_truncate;
-	bool		process_main;
-	bool		process_toast;
-	bool		skip_database_stats;
-	char	   *buffer_usage_limit;
-	bool		missing_stats_only;
-} vacuumingOptions;
-
-/* object filter options */
-typedef enum
-{
-	OBJFILTER_NONE = 0,			/* no filter used */
-	OBJFILTER_ALL_DBS = (1 << 0),	/* -a | --all */
-	OBJFILTER_DATABASE = (1 << 1),	/* -d | --dbname */
-	OBJFILTER_TABLE = (1 << 2), /* -t | --table */
-	OBJFILTER_SCHEMA = (1 << 3),	/* -n | --schema */
-	OBJFILTER_SCHEMA_EXCLUDE = (1 << 4),	/* -N | --exclude-schema */
-} VacObjFilter;
-
-static VacObjFilter objfilter = OBJFILTER_NONE;
-
-static SimpleStringList *retrieve_objects(PGconn *conn,
-										  vacuumingOptions *vacopts,
-										  SimpleStringList *objects,
-										  bool echo);
-
-static void vacuum_one_database(ConnParams *cparams,
-								vacuumingOptions *vacopts,
-								int stage,
-								SimpleStringList *objects,
-								SimpleStringList **found_objs,
-								int concurrentCons,
-								const char *progname, bool echo, bool quiet);
-
-static void vacuum_all_databases(ConnParams *cparams,
-								 vacuumingOptions *vacopts,
-								 bool analyze_in_stages,
-								 SimpleStringList *objects,
-								 int concurrentCons,
-								 const char *progname, bool echo, bool quiet);
-
-static void prepare_vacuum_command(PQExpBuffer sql, int serverVersion,
-								   vacuumingOptions *vacopts, const char *table);
-
-static void run_vacuum_command(PGconn *conn, const char *sql, bool echo,
-							   const char *table);
+#include "vacuuming.h"
 
 static void help(const char *progname);
-
-void		check_objfilter(void);
-
-static char *escape_quotes(const char *src);
-
-/* For analyze-in-stages mode */
-#define ANALYZE_NO_STAGE	-1
-#define ANALYZE_NUM_STAGES	3
-
+static void check_objfilter(void);
 
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
@@ -145,10 +66,6 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 	int			c;
 	const char *dbname = NULL;
 	const char *maintenance_db = NULL;
-	char	   *host = NULL;
-	char	   *port = NULL;
-	char	   *username = NULL;
-	enum trivalue prompt_password = TRI_DEFAULT;
 	ConnParams	cparams;
 	bool		echo = false;
 	bool		quiet = false;
@@ -168,13 +85,18 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 	vacopts.process_main = true;
 	vacopts.process_toast = true;
 
+	/* the same for connection parameters */
+	memset(&cparams, 0, sizeof(cparams));
+	cparams.prompt_password = TRI_DEFAULT;
+
 	pg_logging_init(argv[0]);
 	progname = get_progname(argv[0]);
 	set_pglocale_pgservice(argv[0], PG_TEXTDOMAIN("pgscripts"));
 
-	handle_help_version_opts(argc, argv, "vacuumdb", help);
+	handle_help_version_opts(argc, argv, progname, help);
 
-	while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "ad:efFh:j:n:N:p:P:qt:U:vwWzZ", long_options, &optindex)) != -1)
+	while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "ad:efFh:j:n:N:p:P:qt:U:vwWzZ",
+							long_options, &optindex)) != -1)
 	{
 		switch (c)
 		{
@@ -195,7 +117,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 				vacopts.freeze = true;
 				break;
 			case 'h':
-				host = pg_strdup(optarg);
+				cparams.pghost = pg_strdup(optarg);
 				break;
 			case 'j':
 				if (!option_parse_int(optarg, "-j/--jobs", 1, INT_MAX,
@@ -211,7 +133,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 				simple_string_list_append(&objects, optarg);
 				break;
 			case 'p':
-				port = pg_strdup(optarg);
+				cparams.pgport = pg_strdup(optarg);
 				break;
 			case 'P':
 				if (!option_parse_int(optarg, "-P/--parallel", 0, INT_MAX,
@@ -227,16 +149,16 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 				tbl_count++;
 				break;
 			case 'U':
-				username = pg_strdup(optarg);
+				cparams.pguser = pg_strdup(optarg);
 				break;
 			case 'v':
 				vacopts.verbose = true;
 				break;
 			case 'w':
-				prompt_password = TRI_NO;
+				cparams.prompt_password = TRI_NO;
 				break;
 			case 'W':
-				prompt_password = TRI_YES;
+				cparams.prompt_password = TRI_YES;
 				break;
 			case 'z':
 				vacopts.and_analyze = true;
@@ -380,66 +302,9 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option without \"%s\" or \"%s\"",
 				 "missing-stats-only", "analyze-only", "analyze-in-stages");
 
-	/* fill cparams except for dbname, which is set below */
-	cparams.pghost = host;
-	cparams.pgport = port;
-	cparams.pguser = username;
-	cparams.prompt_password = prompt_password;
-	cparams.override_dbname = NULL;
-
-	setup_cancel_handler(NULL);
-
-	/* Avoid opening extra connections. */
-	if (tbl_count && (concurrentCons > tbl_count))
-		concurrentCons = tbl_count;
-
-	if (objfilter & OBJFILTER_ALL_DBS)
-	{
-		cparams.dbname = maintenance_db;
-
-		vacuum_all_databases(&cparams, &vacopts,
-							 analyze_in_stages,
-							 &objects,
-							 concurrentCons,
-							 progname, echo, quiet);
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		if (dbname == NULL)
-		{
-			if (getenv("PGDATABASE"))
-				dbname = getenv("PGDATABASE");
-			else if (getenv("PGUSER"))
-				dbname = getenv("PGUSER");
-			else
-				dbname = get_user_name_or_exit(progname);
-		}
-
-		cparams.dbname = dbname;
-
-		if (analyze_in_stages)
-		{
-			int			stage;
-			SimpleStringList *found_objs = NULL;
-
-			for (stage = 0; stage < ANALYZE_NUM_STAGES; stage++)
-			{
-				vacuum_one_database(&cparams, &vacopts,
-									stage,
-									&objects,
-									vacopts.missing_stats_only ? &found_objs : NULL,
-									concurrentCons,
-									progname, echo, quiet);
-			}
-		}
-		else
-			vacuum_one_database(&cparams, &vacopts,
-								ANALYZE_NO_STAGE,
-								&objects, NULL,
-								concurrentCons,
-								progname, echo, quiet);
-	}
-
+	vacuuming_main(&cparams, dbname, maintenance_db, &vacopts, &objects,
+				   analyze_in_stages, tbl_count, concurrentCons,
+				   progname, echo, quiet);
 	exit(0);
 }
 
@@ -466,885 +331,6 @@ check_objfilter(void)
 		pg_fatal("cannot vacuum all tables in schema(s) and exclude schema(s) at the same time");
 }
 
-/*
- * Returns a newly malloc'd version of 'src' with escaped single quotes and
- * backslashes.
- */
-static char *
-escape_quotes(const char *src)
-{
-	char	   *result = escape_single_quotes_ascii(src);
-
-	if (!result)
-		pg_fatal("out of memory");
-	return result;
-}
-
-/*
- * vacuum_one_database
- *
- * Process tables in the given database.
- *
- * There are two ways to specify the list of objects to process:
- *
- * 1) The "found_objs" parameter is a double pointer to a fully qualified list
- *    of objects to process, as returned by a previous call to
- *    vacuum_one_database().
- *
- *     a) If both "found_objs" (the double pointer) and "*found_objs" (the
- *        once-dereferenced double pointer) are not NULL, this list takes
- *        priority, and anything specified in "objects" is ignored.
- *
- *     b) If "found_objs" (the double pointer) is not NULL but "*found_objs"
- *        (the once-dereferenced double pointer) _is_ NULL, the "objects"
- *        parameter takes priority, and the results of the catalog query
- *        described in (2) are stored in "found_objs".
- *
- *     c) If "found_objs" (the double pointer) is NULL, the "objects"
- *        parameter again takes priority, and the results of the catalog query
- *        are not saved.
- *
- * 2) The "objects" parameter is a user-specified list of objects to process.
- *    When (1b) or (1c) applies, this function performs a catalog query to
- *    retrieve a fully qualified list of objects to process, as described
- *    below.
- *
- *     a) If "objects" is not NULL, the catalog query gathers only the objects
- *        listed in "objects".
- *
- *     b) If "objects" is NULL, all tables in the database are gathered.
- *
- * Note that this function is only concerned with running exactly one stage
- * when in analyze-in-stages mode; caller must iterate on us if necessary.
- *
- * If concurrentCons is > 1, multiple connections are used to vacuum tables
- * in parallel.
- */
-static void
-vacuum_one_database(ConnParams *cparams,
-					vacuumingOptions *vacopts,
-					int stage,
-					SimpleStringList *objects,
-					SimpleStringList **found_objs,
-					int concurrentCons,
-					const char *progname, bool echo, bool quiet)
-{
-	PQExpBufferData sql;
-	PGconn	   *conn;
-	SimpleStringListCell *cell;
-	ParallelSlotArray *sa;
-	int			ntups = 0;
-	bool		failed = false;
-	const char *initcmd;
-	SimpleStringList *ret = NULL;
-	const char *stage_commands[] = {
-		"SET default_statistics_target=1; SET vacuum_cost_delay=0;",
-		"SET default_statistics_target=10; RESET vacuum_cost_delay;",
-		"RESET default_statistics_target;"
-	};
-	const char *stage_messages[] = {
-		gettext_noop("Generating minimal optimizer statistics (1 target)"),
-		gettext_noop("Generating medium optimizer statistics (10 targets)"),
-		gettext_noop("Generating default (full) optimizer statistics")
-	};
-
-	Assert(stage == ANALYZE_NO_STAGE ||
-		   (stage >= 0 && stage < ANALYZE_NUM_STAGES));
-
-	conn = connectDatabase(cparams, progname, echo, false, true);
-
-	if (vacopts->disable_page_skipping && PQserverVersion(conn) < 90600)
-	{
-		PQfinish(conn);
-		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
-				 "disable-page-skipping", "9.6");
-	}
-
-	if (vacopts->no_index_cleanup && PQserverVersion(conn) < 120000)
-	{
-		PQfinish(conn);
-		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
-				 "no-index-cleanup", "12");
-	}
-
-	if (vacopts->force_index_cleanup && PQserverVersion(conn) < 120000)
-	{
-		PQfinish(conn);
-		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
-				 "force-index-cleanup", "12");
-	}
-
-	if (!vacopts->do_truncate && PQserverVersion(conn) < 120000)
-	{
-		PQfinish(conn);
-		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
-				 "no-truncate", "12");
-	}
-
-	if (!vacopts->process_main && PQserverVersion(conn) < 160000)
-	{
-		PQfinish(conn);
-		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
-				 "no-process-main", "16");
-	}
-
-	if (!vacopts->process_toast && PQserverVersion(conn) < 140000)
-	{
-		PQfinish(conn);
-		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
-				 "no-process-toast", "14");
-	}
-
-	if (vacopts->skip_locked && PQserverVersion(conn) < 120000)
-	{
-		PQfinish(conn);
-		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
-				 "skip-locked", "12");
-	}
-
-	if (vacopts->min_xid_age != 0 && PQserverVersion(conn) < 90600)
-	{
-		PQfinish(conn);
-		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
-				 "--min-xid-age", "9.6");
-	}
-
-	if (vacopts->min_mxid_age != 0 && PQserverVersion(conn) < 90600)
-	{
-		PQfinish(conn);
-		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
-				 "--min-mxid-age", "9.6");
-	}
-
-	if (vacopts->parallel_workers >= 0 && PQserverVersion(conn) < 130000)
-	{
-		PQfinish(conn);
-		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
-				 "--parallel", "13");
-	}
-
-	if (vacopts->buffer_usage_limit && PQserverVersion(conn) < 160000)
-	{
-		PQfinish(conn);
-		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
-				 "--buffer-usage-limit", "16");
-	}
-
-	if (vacopts->missing_stats_only && PQserverVersion(conn) < 150000)
-	{
-		PQfinish(conn);
-		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
-				 "--missing-stats-only", "15");
-	}
-
-	/* skip_database_stats is used automatically if server supports it */
-	vacopts->skip_database_stats = (PQserverVersion(conn) >= 160000);
-
-	if (!quiet)
-	{
-		if (stage != ANALYZE_NO_STAGE)
-			printf(_("%s: processing database \"%s\": %s\n"),
-				   progname, PQdb(conn), _(stage_messages[stage]));
-		else
-			printf(_("%s: vacuuming database \"%s\"\n"),
-				   progname, PQdb(conn));
-		fflush(stdout);
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * If the caller provided the results of a previous catalog query, just
-	 * use that.  Otherwise, run the catalog query ourselves and set the
-	 * return variable if provided.
-	 */
-	if (found_objs && *found_objs)
-		ret = *found_objs;
-	else
-	{
-		ret = retrieve_objects(conn, vacopts, objects, echo);
-		if (found_objs)
-			*found_objs = ret;
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * Count the number of objects in the catalog query result.  If there are
-	 * none, we are done.
-	 */
-	for (cell = ret ? ret->head : NULL; cell; cell = cell->next)
-		ntups++;
-
-	if (ntups == 0)
-	{
-		PQfinish(conn);
-		return;
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * Ensure concurrentCons is sane.  If there are more connections than
-	 * vacuumable relations, we don't need to use them all.
-	 */
-	if (concurrentCons > ntups)
-		concurrentCons = ntups;
-	if (concurrentCons <= 0)
-		concurrentCons = 1;
-
-	/*
-	 * All slots need to be prepared to run the appropriate analyze stage, if
-	 * caller requested that mode.  We have to prepare the initial connection
-	 * ourselves before setting up the slots.
-	 */
-	if (stage == ANALYZE_NO_STAGE)
-		initcmd = NULL;
-	else
-	{
-		initcmd = stage_commands[stage];
-		executeCommand(conn, initcmd, echo);
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * Setup the database connections. We reuse the connection we already have
-	 * for the first slot.  If not in parallel mode, the first slot in the
-	 * array contains the connection.
-	 */
-	sa = ParallelSlotsSetup(concurrentCons, cparams, progname, echo, initcmd);
-	ParallelSlotsAdoptConn(sa, conn);
-
-	initPQExpBuffer(&sql);
-
-	cell = ret->head;
-	do
-	{
-		const char *tabname = cell->val;
-		ParallelSlot *free_slot;
-
-		if (CancelRequested)
-		{
-			failed = true;
-			goto finish;
-		}
-
-		free_slot = ParallelSlotsGetIdle(sa, NULL);
-		if (!free_slot)
-		{
-			failed = true;
-			goto finish;
-		}
-
-		prepare_vacuum_command(&sql, PQserverVersion(free_slot->connection),
-							   vacopts, tabname);
-
-		/*
-		 * Execute the vacuum.  All errors are handled in processQueryResult
-		 * through ParallelSlotsGetIdle.
-		 */
-		ParallelSlotSetHandler(free_slot, TableCommandResultHandler, NULL);
-		run_vacuum_command(free_slot->connection, sql.data,
-						   echo, tabname);
-
-		cell = cell->next;
-	} while (cell != NULL);
-
-	if (!ParallelSlotsWaitCompletion(sa))
-	{
-		failed = true;
-		goto finish;
-	}
-
-	/* If we used SKIP_DATABASE_STATS, mop up with ONLY_DATABASE_STATS */
-	if (vacopts->skip_database_stats && stage == ANALYZE_NO_STAGE)
-	{
-		const char *cmd = "VACUUM (ONLY_DATABASE_STATS);";
-		ParallelSlot *free_slot = ParallelSlotsGetIdle(sa, NULL);
-
-		if (!free_slot)
-		{
-			failed = true;
-			goto finish;
-		}
-
-		ParallelSlotSetHandler(free_slot, TableCommandResultHandler, NULL);
-		run_vacuum_command(free_slot->connection, cmd, echo, NULL);
-
-		if (!ParallelSlotsWaitCompletion(sa))
-			failed = true;
-	}
-
-finish:
-	ParallelSlotsTerminate(sa);
-	pg_free(sa);
-
-	termPQExpBuffer(&sql);
-
-	if (failed)
-		exit(1);
-}
-
-/*
- * Prepare the list of tables to process by querying the catalogs.
- *
- * Since we execute the constructed query with the default search_path (which
- * could be unsafe), everything in this query MUST be fully qualified.
- *
- * First, build a WITH clause for the catalog query if any tables were
- * specified, with a set of values made of relation names and their optional
- * set of columns.  This is used to match any provided column lists with the
- * generated qualified identifiers and to filter for the tables provided via
- * --table.  If a listed table does not exist, the catalog query will fail.
- */
-static SimpleStringList *
-retrieve_objects(PGconn *conn, vacuumingOptions *vacopts,
-				 SimpleStringList *objects, bool echo)
-{
-	PQExpBufferData buf;
-	PQExpBufferData catalog_query;
-	PGresult   *res;
-	SimpleStringListCell *cell;
-	SimpleStringList *found_objs = palloc0(sizeof(SimpleStringList));
-	bool		objects_listed = false;
-
-	initPQExpBuffer(&catalog_query);
-	for (cell = objects ? objects->head : NULL; cell; cell = cell->next)
-	{
-		char	   *just_table = NULL;
-		const char *just_columns = NULL;
-
-		if (!objects_listed)
-		{
-			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
-								 "WITH listed_objects (object_oid, column_list) "
-								 "AS (\n  VALUES (");
-			objects_listed = true;
-		}
-		else
-			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, ",\n  (");
-
-		if (objfilter & (OBJFILTER_SCHEMA | OBJFILTER_SCHEMA_EXCLUDE))
-		{
-			appendStringLiteralConn(&catalog_query, cell->val, conn);
-			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, "::pg_catalog.regnamespace, ");
-		}
-
-		if (objfilter & OBJFILTER_TABLE)
-		{
-			/*
-			 * Split relation and column names given by the user, this is used
-			 * to feed the CTE with values on which are performed pre-run
-			 * validity checks as well.  For now these happen only on the
-			 * relation name.
-			 */
-			splitTableColumnsSpec(cell->val, PQclientEncoding(conn),
-								  &just_table, &just_columns);
-
-			appendStringLiteralConn(&catalog_query, just_table, conn);
-			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, "::pg_catalog.regclass, ");
-		}
-
-		if (just_columns && just_columns[0] != '\0')
-			appendStringLiteralConn(&catalog_query, just_columns, conn);
-		else
-			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, "NULL");
-
-		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, "::pg_catalog.text)");
-
-		pg_free(just_table);
-	}
-
-	/* Finish formatting the CTE */
-	if (objects_listed)
-		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, "\n)\n");
-
-	appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, "SELECT c.relname, ns.nspname");
-
-	if (objects_listed)
-		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, ", listed_objects.column_list");
-
-	appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
-						 " FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n"
-						 " JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace ns"
-						 " ON c.relnamespace OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) ns.oid\n"
-						 " CROSS JOIN LATERAL (SELECT c.relkind IN ("
-						 CppAsString2(RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE) ", "
-						 CppAsString2(RELKIND_PARTITIONED_INDEX) ")) as p (inherited)\n"
-						 " LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class t"
-						 " ON c.reltoastrelid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) t.oid\n");
-
-	/*
-	 * Used to match the tables or schemas listed by the user, completing the
-	 * JOIN clause.
-	 */
-	if (objects_listed)
-	{
-		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, " LEFT JOIN listed_objects"
-							 " ON listed_objects.object_oid"
-							 " OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) ");
-
-		if (objfilter & OBJFILTER_TABLE)
-			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, "c.oid\n");
-		else
-			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, "ns.oid\n");
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * Exclude temporary tables, beginning the WHERE clause.
-	 */
-	appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
-						 " WHERE c.relpersistence OPERATOR(pg_catalog.!=) "
-						 CppAsString2(RELPERSISTENCE_TEMP) "\n");
-
-	/*
-	 * Used to match the tables or schemas listed by the user, for the WHERE
-	 * clause.
-	 */
-	if (objects_listed)
-	{
-		if (objfilter & OBJFILTER_SCHEMA_EXCLUDE)
-			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
-								 " AND listed_objects.object_oid IS NULL\n");
-		else
-			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
-								 " AND listed_objects.object_oid IS NOT NULL\n");
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * If no tables were listed, filter for the relevant relation types.  If
-	 * tables were given via --table, don't bother filtering by relation type.
-	 * Instead, let the server decide whether a given relation can be
-	 * processed in which case the user will know about it.
-	 */
-	if ((objfilter & OBJFILTER_TABLE) == 0)
-	{
-		/*
-		 * vacuumdb should generally follow the behavior of the underlying
-		 * VACUUM and ANALYZE commands. If analyze_only is true, process
-		 * regular tables, materialized views, and partitioned tables, just
-		 * like ANALYZE (with no specific target tables) does. Otherwise,
-		 * process only regular tables and materialized views, since VACUUM
-		 * skips partitioned tables when no target tables are specified.
-		 */
-		if (vacopts->analyze_only)
-			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
-								 " AND c.relkind OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) ANY (array["
-								 CppAsString2(RELKIND_RELATION) ", "
-								 CppAsString2(RELKIND_MATVIEW) ", "
-								 CppAsString2(RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE) "])\n");
-		else
-			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
-								 " AND c.relkind OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) ANY (array["
-								 CppAsString2(RELKIND_RELATION) ", "
-								 CppAsString2(RELKIND_MATVIEW) "])\n");
-
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * For --min-xid-age and --min-mxid-age, the age of the relation is the
-	 * greatest of the ages of the main relation and its associated TOAST
-	 * table.  The commands generated by vacuumdb will also process the TOAST
-	 * table for the relation if necessary, so it does not need to be
-	 * considered separately.
-	 */
-	if (vacopts->min_xid_age != 0)
-	{
-		appendPQExpBuffer(&catalog_query,
-						  " AND GREATEST(pg_catalog.age(c.relfrozenxid),"
-						  " pg_catalog.age(t.relfrozenxid)) "
-						  " OPERATOR(pg_catalog.>=) '%d'::pg_catalog.int4\n"
-						  " AND c.relfrozenxid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.!=)"
-						  " '0'::pg_catalog.xid\n",
-						  vacopts->min_xid_age);
-	}
-
-	if (vacopts->min_mxid_age != 0)
-	{
-		appendPQExpBuffer(&catalog_query,
-						  " AND GREATEST(pg_catalog.mxid_age(c.relminmxid),"
-						  " pg_catalog.mxid_age(t.relminmxid)) OPERATOR(pg_catalog.>=)"
-						  " '%d'::pg_catalog.int4\n"
-						  " AND c.relminmxid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.!=)"
-						  " '0'::pg_catalog.xid\n",
-						  vacopts->min_mxid_age);
-	}
-
-	if (vacopts->missing_stats_only)
-	{
-		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, " AND (\n");
-
-		/* regular stats */
-		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
-							 " EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_attribute a\n"
-							 " WHERE a.attrelid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) c.oid\n"
-							 " AND a.attnum OPERATOR(pg_catalog.>) 0::pg_catalog.int2\n"
-							 " AND NOT a.attisdropped\n"
-							 " AND a.attstattarget IS DISTINCT FROM 0::pg_catalog.int2\n"
-							 " AND a.attgenerated OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<>) "
-							 CppAsString2(ATTRIBUTE_GENERATED_VIRTUAL) "\n"
-							 " AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_statistic s\n"
-							 " WHERE s.starelid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) a.attrelid\n"
-							 " AND s.staattnum OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) a.attnum\n"
-							 " AND s.stainherit OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) p.inherited))\n");
-
-		/* extended stats */
-		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
-							 " OR EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_statistic_ext e\n"
-							 " WHERE e.stxrelid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) c.oid\n"
-							 " AND e.stxstattarget IS DISTINCT FROM 0::pg_catalog.int2\n"
-							 " AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_statistic_ext_data d\n"
-							 " WHERE d.stxoid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) e.oid\n"
-							 " AND d.stxdinherit OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) p.inherited))\n");
-
-		/* expression indexes */
-		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
-							 " OR EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_attribute a\n"
-							 " JOIN pg_catalog.pg_index i"
-							 " ON i.indexrelid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) a.attrelid\n"
-							 " WHERE i.indrelid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) c.oid\n"
-							 " AND i.indkey[a.attnum OPERATOR(pg_catalog.-) 1::pg_catalog.int2]"
-							 " OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) 0::pg_catalog.int2\n"
-							 " AND a.attnum OPERATOR(pg_catalog.>) 0::pg_catalog.int2\n"
-							 " AND NOT a.attisdropped\n"
-							 " AND a.attstattarget IS DISTINCT FROM 0::pg_catalog.int2\n"
-							 " AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_statistic s\n"
-							 " WHERE s.starelid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) a.attrelid\n"
-							 " AND s.staattnum OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) a.attnum\n"
-							 " AND s.stainherit OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) p.inherited))\n");
-
-		/* inheritance and regular stats */
-		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
-							 " OR EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_attribute a\n"
-							 " WHERE a.attrelid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) c.oid\n"
-							 " AND a.attnum OPERATOR(pg_catalog.>) 0::pg_catalog.int2\n"
-							 " AND NOT a.attisdropped\n"
-							 " AND a.attstattarget IS DISTINCT FROM 0::pg_catalog.int2\n"
-							 " AND a.attgenerated OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<>) "
-							 CppAsString2(ATTRIBUTE_GENERATED_VIRTUAL) "\n"
-							 " AND c.relhassubclass\n"
-							 " AND NOT p.inherited\n"
-							 " AND EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_inherits h\n"
-							 " WHERE h.inhparent OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) c.oid)\n"
-							 " AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_statistic s\n"
-							 " WHERE s.starelid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) a.attrelid\n"
-							 " AND s.staattnum OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) a.attnum\n"
-							 " AND s.stainherit))\n");
-
-		/* inheritance and extended stats */
-		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
-							 " OR EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_statistic_ext e\n"
-							 " WHERE e.stxrelid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) c.oid\n"
-							 " AND e.stxstattarget IS DISTINCT FROM 0::pg_catalog.int2\n"
-							 " AND c.relhassubclass\n"
-							 " AND NOT p.inherited\n"
-							 " AND EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_inherits h\n"
-							 " WHERE h.inhparent OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) c.oid)\n"
-							 " AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_statistic_ext_data d\n"
-							 " WHERE d.stxoid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) e.oid\n"
-							 " AND d.stxdinherit))\n");
-
-		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, " )\n");
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * Execute the catalog query.  We use the default search_path for this
-	 * query for consistency with table lookups done elsewhere by the user.
-	 */
-	appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, " ORDER BY c.relpages DESC;");
-	executeCommand(conn, "RESET search_path;", echo);
-	res = executeQuery(conn, catalog_query.data, echo);
-	termPQExpBuffer(&catalog_query);
-	PQclear(executeQuery(conn, ALWAYS_SECURE_SEARCH_PATH_SQL, echo));
-
-	/*
-	 * Build qualified identifiers for each table, including the column list
-	 * if given.
-	 */
-	initPQExpBuffer(&buf);
-	for (int i = 0; i < PQntuples(res); i++)
-	{
-		appendPQExpBufferStr(&buf,
-							 fmtQualifiedIdEnc(PQgetvalue(res, i, 1),
-											   PQgetvalue(res, i, 0),
-											   PQclientEncoding(conn)));
-
-		if (objects_listed && !PQgetisnull(res, i, 2))
-			appendPQExpBufferStr(&buf, PQgetvalue(res, i, 2));
-
-		simple_string_list_append(found_objs, buf.data);
-		resetPQExpBuffer(&buf);
-	}
-	termPQExpBuffer(&buf);
-	PQclear(res);
-
-	return found_objs;
-}
-
-/*
- * Vacuum/analyze all connectable databases.
- *
- * In analyze-in-stages mode, we process all databases in one stage before
- * moving on to the next stage.  That ensure minimal stats are available
- * quickly everywhere before generating more detailed ones.
- */
-static void
-vacuum_all_databases(ConnParams *cparams,
-					 vacuumingOptions *vacopts,
-					 bool analyze_in_stages,
-					 SimpleStringList *objects,
-					 int concurrentCons,
-					 const char *progname, bool echo, bool quiet)
-{
-	PGconn	   *conn;
-	PGresult   *result;
-	int			stage;
-	int			i;
-
-	conn = connectMaintenanceDatabase(cparams, progname, echo);
-	result = executeQuery(conn,
-						  "SELECT datname FROM pg_database WHERE datallowconn AND datconnlimit <> -2 ORDER BY 1;",
-						  echo);
-	PQfinish(conn);
-
-	if (analyze_in_stages)
-	{
-		SimpleStringList **found_objs = NULL;
-
-		if (vacopts->missing_stats_only)
-			found_objs = palloc0(PQntuples(result) * sizeof(SimpleStringList *));
-
-		/*
-		 * When analyzing all databases in stages, we analyze them all in the
-		 * fastest stage first, so that initial statistics become available
-		 * for all of them as soon as possible.
-		 *
-		 * This means we establish several times as many connections, but
-		 * that's a secondary consideration.
-		 */
-		for (stage = 0; stage < ANALYZE_NUM_STAGES; stage++)
-		{
-			for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(result); i++)
-			{
-				cparams->override_dbname = PQgetvalue(result, i, 0);
-
-				vacuum_one_database(cparams, vacopts,
-									stage,
-									objects,
-									vacopts->missing_stats_only ? &found_objs[i] : NULL,
-									concurrentCons,
-									progname, echo, quiet);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(result); i++)
-		{
-			cparams->override_dbname = PQgetvalue(result, i, 0);
-
-			vacuum_one_database(cparams, vacopts,
-								ANALYZE_NO_STAGE,
-								objects, NULL,
-								concurrentCons,
-								progname, echo, quiet);
-		}
-	}
-
-	PQclear(result);
-}
-
-/*
- * Construct a vacuum/analyze command to run based on the given options, in the
- * given string buffer, which may contain previous garbage.
- *
- * The table name used must be already properly quoted.  The command generated
- * depends on the server version involved and it is semicolon-terminated.
- */
-static void
-prepare_vacuum_command(PQExpBuffer sql, int serverVersion,
-					   vacuumingOptions *vacopts, const char *table)
-{
-	const char *paren = " (";
-	const char *comma = ", ";
-	const char *sep = paren;
-
-	resetPQExpBuffer(sql);
-
-	if (vacopts->analyze_only)
-	{
-		appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, "ANALYZE");
-
-		/* parenthesized grammar of ANALYZE is supported since v11 */
-		if (serverVersion >= 110000)
-		{
-			if (vacopts->skip_locked)
-			{
-				/* SKIP_LOCKED is supported since v12 */
-				Assert(serverVersion >= 120000);
-				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sSKIP_LOCKED", sep);
-				sep = comma;
-			}
-			if (vacopts->verbose)
-			{
-				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sVERBOSE", sep);
-				sep = comma;
-			}
-			if (vacopts->buffer_usage_limit)
-			{
-				Assert(serverVersion >= 160000);
-				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sBUFFER_USAGE_LIMIT '%s'", sep,
-								  vacopts->buffer_usage_limit);
-				sep = comma;
-			}
-			if (sep != paren)
-				appendPQExpBufferChar(sql, ')');
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			if (vacopts->verbose)
-				appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, " VERBOSE");
-		}
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, "VACUUM");
-
-		/* parenthesized grammar of VACUUM is supported since v9.0 */
-		if (serverVersion >= 90000)
-		{
-			if (vacopts->disable_page_skipping)
-			{
-				/* DISABLE_PAGE_SKIPPING is supported since v9.6 */
-				Assert(serverVersion >= 90600);
-				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sDISABLE_PAGE_SKIPPING", sep);
-				sep = comma;
-			}
-			if (vacopts->no_index_cleanup)
-			{
-				/* "INDEX_CLEANUP FALSE" has been supported since v12 */
-				Assert(serverVersion >= 120000);
-				Assert(!vacopts->force_index_cleanup);
-				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sINDEX_CLEANUP FALSE", sep);
-				sep = comma;
-			}
-			if (vacopts->force_index_cleanup)
-			{
-				/* "INDEX_CLEANUP TRUE" has been supported since v12 */
-				Assert(serverVersion >= 120000);
-				Assert(!vacopts->no_index_cleanup);
-				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sINDEX_CLEANUP TRUE", sep);
-				sep = comma;
-			}
-			if (!vacopts->do_truncate)
-			{
-				/* TRUNCATE is supported since v12 */
-				Assert(serverVersion >= 120000);
-				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sTRUNCATE FALSE", sep);
-				sep = comma;
-			}
-			if (!vacopts->process_main)
-			{
-				/* PROCESS_MAIN is supported since v16 */
-				Assert(serverVersion >= 160000);
-				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sPROCESS_MAIN FALSE", sep);
-				sep = comma;
-			}
-			if (!vacopts->process_toast)
-			{
-				/* PROCESS_TOAST is supported since v14 */
-				Assert(serverVersion >= 140000);
-				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sPROCESS_TOAST FALSE", sep);
-				sep = comma;
-			}
-			if (vacopts->skip_database_stats)
-			{
-				/* SKIP_DATABASE_STATS is supported since v16 */
-				Assert(serverVersion >= 160000);
-				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sSKIP_DATABASE_STATS", sep);
-				sep = comma;
-			}
-			if (vacopts->skip_locked)
-			{
-				/* SKIP_LOCKED is supported since v12 */
-				Assert(serverVersion >= 120000);
-				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sSKIP_LOCKED", sep);
-				sep = comma;
-			}
-			if (vacopts->full)
-			{
-				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sFULL", sep);
-				sep = comma;
-			}
-			if (vacopts->freeze)
-			{
-				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sFREEZE", sep);
-				sep = comma;
-			}
-			if (vacopts->verbose)
-			{
-				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sVERBOSE", sep);
-				sep = comma;
-			}
-			if (vacopts->and_analyze)
-			{
-				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sANALYZE", sep);
-				sep = comma;
-			}
-			if (vacopts->parallel_workers >= 0)
-			{
-				/* PARALLEL is supported since v13 */
-				Assert(serverVersion >= 130000);
-				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sPARALLEL %d", sep,
-								  vacopts->parallel_workers);
-				sep = comma;
-			}
-			if (vacopts->buffer_usage_limit)
-			{
-				Assert(serverVersion >= 160000);
-				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sBUFFER_USAGE_LIMIT '%s'", sep,
-								  vacopts->buffer_usage_limit);
-				sep = comma;
-			}
-			if (sep != paren)
-				appendPQExpBufferChar(sql, ')');
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			if (vacopts->full)
-				appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, " FULL");
-			if (vacopts->freeze)
-				appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, " FREEZE");
-			if (vacopts->verbose)
-				appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, " VERBOSE");
-			if (vacopts->and_analyze)
-				appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, " ANALYZE");
-		}
-	}
-
-	appendPQExpBuffer(sql, " %s;", table);
-}
-
-/*
- * Send a vacuum/analyze command to the server, returning after sending the
- * command.
- *
- * Any errors during command execution are reported to stderr.
- */
-static void
-run_vacuum_command(PGconn *conn, const char *sql, bool echo,
-				   const char *table)
-{
-	bool		status;
-
-	if (echo)
-		printf("%s\n", sql);
-
-	status = PQsendQuery(conn, sql) == 1;
-
-	if (!status)
-	{
-		if (table)
-			pg_log_error("vacuuming of table \"%s\" in database \"%s\" failed: %s",
-						 table, PQdb(conn), PQerrorMessage(conn));
-		else
-			pg_log_error("vacuuming of database \"%s\" failed: %s",
-						 PQdb(conn), PQerrorMessage(conn));
-	}
-}
 
 static void
 help(const char *progname)
diff --git a/src/bin/scripts/vacuuming.c b/src/bin/scripts/vacuuming.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9be37fcc45a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bin/scripts/vacuuming.c
@@ -0,0 +1,978 @@
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * vacuuming.c
+ *		Common routines for vacuumdb
+ *
+ * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+ * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
+ *
+ * src/bin/scripts/vacuuming.c
+ *
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+#include "postgres_fe.h"
+
+#include <limits.h>
+
+#include "catalog/pg_attribute_d.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_class_d.h"
+#include "common/connect.h"
+#include "common/logging.h"
+#include "fe_utils/cancel.h"
+#include "fe_utils/option_utils.h"
+#include "fe_utils/parallel_slot.h"
+#include "fe_utils/query_utils.h"
+#include "fe_utils/string_utils.h"
+#include "vacuuming.h"
+
+VacObjFilter objfilter = OBJFILTER_NONE;
+
+
+/*
+ * Executes vacuum/analyze as indicated, or dies in case of failure.
+ */
+void
+vacuuming_main(ConnParams *cparams, const char *dbname,
+			   const char *maintenance_db, vacuumingOptions *vacopts,
+			   SimpleStringList *objects, bool analyze_in_stages,
+			   int tbl_count, int concurrentCons,
+			   const char *progname, bool echo, bool quiet)
+{
+	setup_cancel_handler(NULL);
+
+	/* Avoid opening extra connections. */
+	if (tbl_count && (concurrentCons > tbl_count))
+		concurrentCons = tbl_count;
+
+	if (objfilter & OBJFILTER_ALL_DBS)
+	{
+		cparams->dbname = maintenance_db;
+
+		vacuum_all_databases(cparams, vacopts,
+							 analyze_in_stages,
+							 objects,
+							 concurrentCons,
+							 progname, echo, quiet);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		if (dbname == NULL)
+		{
+			if (getenv("PGDATABASE"))
+				dbname = getenv("PGDATABASE");
+			else if (getenv("PGUSER"))
+				dbname = getenv("PGUSER");
+			else
+				dbname = get_user_name_or_exit(progname);
+		}
+
+		cparams->dbname = dbname;
+
+		if (analyze_in_stages)
+		{
+			int			stage;
+			SimpleStringList *found_objs = NULL;
+
+			for (stage = 0; stage < ANALYZE_NUM_STAGES; stage++)
+			{
+				vacuum_one_database(cparams, vacopts,
+									stage,
+									objects,
+									vacopts->missing_stats_only ? &found_objs : NULL,
+									concurrentCons,
+									progname, echo, quiet);
+			}
+		}
+		else
+			vacuum_one_database(cparams, vacopts,
+								ANALYZE_NO_STAGE,
+								objects, NULL,
+								concurrentCons,
+								progname, echo, quiet);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * vacuum_one_database
+ *
+ * Process tables in the given database.
+ *
+ * There are two ways to specify the list of objects to process:
+ *
+ * 1) The "found_objs" parameter is a double pointer to a fully qualified list
+ *    of objects to process, as returned by a previous call to
+ *    vacuum_one_database().
+ *
+ *     a) If both "found_objs" (the double pointer) and "*found_objs" (the
+ *        once-dereferenced double pointer) are not NULL, this list takes
+ *        priority, and anything specified in "objects" is ignored.
+ *
+ *     b) If "found_objs" (the double pointer) is not NULL but "*found_objs"
+ *        (the once-dereferenced double pointer) _is_ NULL, the "objects"
+ *        parameter takes priority, and the results of the catalog query
+ *        described in (2) are stored in "found_objs".
+ *
+ *     c) If "found_objs" (the double pointer) is NULL, the "objects"
+ *        parameter again takes priority, and the results of the catalog query
+ *        are not saved.
+ *
+ * 2) The "objects" parameter is a user-specified list of objects to process.
+ *    When (1b) or (1c) applies, this function performs a catalog query to
+ *    retrieve a fully qualified list of objects to process, as described
+ *    below.
+ *
+ *     a) If "objects" is not NULL, the catalog query gathers only the objects
+ *        listed in "objects".
+ *
+ *     b) If "objects" is NULL, all tables in the database are gathered.
+ *
+ * Note that this function is only concerned with running exactly one stage
+ * when in analyze-in-stages mode; caller must iterate on us if necessary.
+ *
+ * If concurrentCons is > 1, multiple connections are used to vacuum tables
+ * in parallel.
+ */
+void
+vacuum_one_database(ConnParams *cparams,
+					vacuumingOptions *vacopts,
+					int stage,
+					SimpleStringList *objects,
+					SimpleStringList **found_objs,
+					int concurrentCons,
+					const char *progname, bool echo, bool quiet)
+{
+	PQExpBufferData sql;
+	PGconn	   *conn;
+	SimpleStringListCell *cell;
+	ParallelSlotArray *sa;
+	int			ntups = 0;
+	bool		failed = false;
+	const char *initcmd;
+	SimpleStringList *ret = NULL;
+	const char *stage_commands[] = {
+		"SET default_statistics_target=1; SET vacuum_cost_delay=0;",
+		"SET default_statistics_target=10; RESET vacuum_cost_delay;",
+		"RESET default_statistics_target;"
+	};
+	const char *stage_messages[] = {
+		gettext_noop("Generating minimal optimizer statistics (1 target)"),
+		gettext_noop("Generating medium optimizer statistics (10 targets)"),
+		gettext_noop("Generating default (full) optimizer statistics")
+	};
+
+	Assert(stage == ANALYZE_NO_STAGE ||
+		   (stage >= 0 && stage < ANALYZE_NUM_STAGES));
+
+	conn = connectDatabase(cparams, progname, echo, false, true);
+
+	if (vacopts->disable_page_skipping && PQserverVersion(conn) < 90600)
+	{
+		PQfinish(conn);
+		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
+				 "disable-page-skipping", "9.6");
+	}
+
+	if (vacopts->no_index_cleanup && PQserverVersion(conn) < 120000)
+	{
+		PQfinish(conn);
+		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
+				 "no-index-cleanup", "12");
+	}
+
+	if (vacopts->force_index_cleanup && PQserverVersion(conn) < 120000)
+	{
+		PQfinish(conn);
+		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
+				 "force-index-cleanup", "12");
+	}
+
+	if (!vacopts->do_truncate && PQserverVersion(conn) < 120000)
+	{
+		PQfinish(conn);
+		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
+				 "no-truncate", "12");
+	}
+
+	if (!vacopts->process_main && PQserverVersion(conn) < 160000)
+	{
+		PQfinish(conn);
+		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
+				 "no-process-main", "16");
+	}
+
+	if (!vacopts->process_toast && PQserverVersion(conn) < 140000)
+	{
+		PQfinish(conn);
+		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
+				 "no-process-toast", "14");
+	}
+
+	if (vacopts->skip_locked && PQserverVersion(conn) < 120000)
+	{
+		PQfinish(conn);
+		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
+				 "skip-locked", "12");
+	}
+
+	if (vacopts->min_xid_age != 0 && PQserverVersion(conn) < 90600)
+	{
+		PQfinish(conn);
+		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
+				 "--min-xid-age", "9.6");
+	}
+
+	if (vacopts->min_mxid_age != 0 && PQserverVersion(conn) < 90600)
+	{
+		PQfinish(conn);
+		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
+				 "--min-mxid-age", "9.6");
+	}
+
+	if (vacopts->parallel_workers >= 0 && PQserverVersion(conn) < 130000)
+	{
+		PQfinish(conn);
+		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
+				 "--parallel", "13");
+	}
+
+	if (vacopts->buffer_usage_limit && PQserverVersion(conn) < 160000)
+	{
+		PQfinish(conn);
+		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
+				 "--buffer-usage-limit", "16");
+	}
+
+	if (vacopts->missing_stats_only && PQserverVersion(conn) < 150000)
+	{
+		PQfinish(conn);
+		pg_fatal("cannot use the \"%s\" option on server versions older than PostgreSQL %s",
+				 "--missing-stats-only", "15");
+	}
+
+	/* skip_database_stats is used automatically if server supports it */
+	vacopts->skip_database_stats = (PQserverVersion(conn) >= 160000);
+
+	if (!quiet)
+	{
+		if (stage != ANALYZE_NO_STAGE)
+			printf(_("%s: processing database \"%s\": %s\n"),
+				   progname, PQdb(conn), _(stage_messages[stage]));
+		else
+			printf(_("%s: vacuuming database \"%s\"\n"),
+				   progname, PQdb(conn));
+		fflush(stdout);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * If the caller provided the results of a previous catalog query, just
+	 * use that.  Otherwise, run the catalog query ourselves and set the
+	 * return variable if provided.
+	 */
+	if (found_objs && *found_objs)
+		ret = *found_objs;
+	else
+	{
+		ret = retrieve_objects(conn, vacopts, objects, echo);
+		if (found_objs)
+			*found_objs = ret;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Count the number of objects in the catalog query result.  If there are
+	 * none, we are done.
+	 */
+	for (cell = ret ? ret->head : NULL; cell; cell = cell->next)
+		ntups++;
+
+	if (ntups == 0)
+	{
+		PQfinish(conn);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Ensure concurrentCons is sane.  If there are more connections than
+	 * vacuumable relations, we don't need to use them all.
+	 */
+	if (concurrentCons > ntups)
+		concurrentCons = ntups;
+	if (concurrentCons <= 0)
+		concurrentCons = 1;
+
+	/*
+	 * All slots need to be prepared to run the appropriate analyze stage, if
+	 * caller requested that mode.  We have to prepare the initial connection
+	 * ourselves before setting up the slots.
+	 */
+	if (stage == ANALYZE_NO_STAGE)
+		initcmd = NULL;
+	else
+	{
+		initcmd = stage_commands[stage];
+		executeCommand(conn, initcmd, echo);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Setup the database connections. We reuse the connection we already have
+	 * for the first slot.  If not in parallel mode, the first slot in the
+	 * array contains the connection.
+	 */
+	sa = ParallelSlotsSetup(concurrentCons, cparams, progname, echo, initcmd);
+	ParallelSlotsAdoptConn(sa, conn);
+
+	initPQExpBuffer(&sql);
+
+	cell = ret->head;
+	do
+	{
+		const char *tabname = cell->val;
+		ParallelSlot *free_slot;
+
+		if (CancelRequested)
+		{
+			failed = true;
+			goto finish;
+		}
+
+		free_slot = ParallelSlotsGetIdle(sa, NULL);
+		if (!free_slot)
+		{
+			failed = true;
+			goto finish;
+		}
+
+		prepare_vacuum_command(&sql, PQserverVersion(free_slot->connection),
+							   vacopts, tabname);
+
+		/*
+		 * Execute the vacuum.  All errors are handled in processQueryResult
+		 * through ParallelSlotsGetIdle.
+		 */
+		ParallelSlotSetHandler(free_slot, TableCommandResultHandler, NULL);
+		run_vacuum_command(free_slot->connection, sql.data,
+						   echo, tabname);
+
+		cell = cell->next;
+	} while (cell != NULL);
+
+	if (!ParallelSlotsWaitCompletion(sa))
+	{
+		failed = true;
+		goto finish;
+	}
+
+	/* If we used SKIP_DATABASE_STATS, mop up with ONLY_DATABASE_STATS */
+	if (vacopts->skip_database_stats &&
+		stage == ANALYZE_NO_STAGE)
+	{
+		const char *cmd = "VACUUM (ONLY_DATABASE_STATS);";
+		ParallelSlot *free_slot = ParallelSlotsGetIdle(sa, NULL);
+
+		if (!free_slot)
+		{
+			failed = true;
+			goto finish;
+		}
+
+		ParallelSlotSetHandler(free_slot, TableCommandResultHandler, NULL);
+		run_vacuum_command(free_slot->connection, cmd, echo, NULL);
+
+		if (!ParallelSlotsWaitCompletion(sa))
+			failed = true;
+	}
+
+finish:
+	ParallelSlotsTerminate(sa);
+	pg_free(sa);
+
+	termPQExpBuffer(&sql);
+
+	if (failed)
+		exit(1);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Prepare the list of tables to process by querying the catalogs.
+ *
+ * Since we execute the constructed query with the default search_path (which
+ * could be unsafe), everything in this query MUST be fully qualified.
+ *
+ * First, build a WITH clause for the catalog query if any tables were
+ * specified, with a set of values made of relation names and their optional
+ * set of columns.  This is used to match any provided column lists with the
+ * generated qualified identifiers and to filter for the tables provided via
+ * --table.  If a listed table does not exist, the catalog query will fail.
+ */
+SimpleStringList *
+retrieve_objects(PGconn *conn, vacuumingOptions *vacopts,
+				 SimpleStringList *objects, bool echo)
+{
+	PQExpBufferData buf;
+	PQExpBufferData catalog_query;
+	PGresult   *res;
+	SimpleStringListCell *cell;
+	SimpleStringList *found_objs = palloc0(sizeof(SimpleStringList));
+	bool		objects_listed = false;
+
+	initPQExpBuffer(&catalog_query);
+	for (cell = objects ? objects->head : NULL; cell; cell = cell->next)
+	{
+		char	   *just_table = NULL;
+		const char *just_columns = NULL;
+
+		if (!objects_listed)
+		{
+			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
+								 "WITH listed_objects (object_oid, column_list) AS (\n"
+								 "  VALUES (");
+			objects_listed = true;
+		}
+		else
+			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, ",\n  (");
+
+		if (objfilter & (OBJFILTER_SCHEMA | OBJFILTER_SCHEMA_EXCLUDE))
+		{
+			appendStringLiteralConn(&catalog_query, cell->val, conn);
+			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, "::pg_catalog.regnamespace, ");
+		}
+
+		if (objfilter & OBJFILTER_TABLE)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * Split relation and column names given by the user, this is used
+			 * to feed the CTE with values on which are performed pre-run
+			 * validity checks as well.  For now these happen only on the
+			 * relation name.
+			 */
+			splitTableColumnsSpec(cell->val, PQclientEncoding(conn),
+								  &just_table, &just_columns);
+
+			appendStringLiteralConn(&catalog_query, just_table, conn);
+			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, "::pg_catalog.regclass, ");
+		}
+
+		if (just_columns && just_columns[0] != '\0')
+			appendStringLiteralConn(&catalog_query, just_columns, conn);
+		else
+			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, "NULL");
+
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, "::pg_catalog.text)");
+
+		pg_free(just_table);
+	}
+
+	/* Finish formatting the CTE */
+	if (objects_listed)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, "\n)\n");
+
+	appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, "SELECT c.relname, ns.nspname");
+
+	if (objects_listed)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, ", listed_objects.column_list");
+
+	appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
+						 " FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n"
+						 " JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace ns"
+						 " ON c.relnamespace OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) ns.oid\n"
+						 " CROSS JOIN LATERAL (SELECT c.relkind IN ("
+						 CppAsString2(RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE) ", "
+						 CppAsString2(RELKIND_PARTITIONED_INDEX) ")) as p (inherited)\n"
+						 " LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class t"
+						 " ON c.reltoastrelid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) t.oid\n");
+
+	/*
+	 * Used to match the tables or schemas listed by the user, completing the
+	 * JOIN clause.
+	 */
+	if (objects_listed)
+	{
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, " LEFT JOIN listed_objects"
+							 " ON listed_objects.object_oid"
+							 " OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) ");
+
+		if (objfilter & OBJFILTER_TABLE)
+			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, "c.oid\n");
+		else
+			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, "ns.oid\n");
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Exclude temporary tables, beginning the WHERE clause.
+	 */
+	appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
+						 " WHERE c.relpersistence OPERATOR(pg_catalog.!=) "
+						 CppAsString2(RELPERSISTENCE_TEMP) "\n");
+
+	/*
+	 * Used to match the tables or schemas listed by the user, for the WHERE
+	 * clause.
+	 */
+	if (objects_listed)
+	{
+		if (objfilter & OBJFILTER_SCHEMA_EXCLUDE)
+			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
+								 " AND listed_objects.object_oid IS NULL\n");
+		else
+			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
+								 " AND listed_objects.object_oid IS NOT NULL\n");
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * If no tables were listed, filter for the relevant relation types.  If
+	 * tables were given via --table, don't bother filtering by relation type.
+	 * Instead, let the server decide whether a given relation can be
+	 * processed in which case the user will know about it.
+	 */
+	if ((objfilter & OBJFILTER_TABLE) == 0)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * vacuumdb should generally follow the behavior of the underlying
+		 * VACUUM and ANALYZE commands. If analyze_only is true, process
+		 * regular tables, materialized views, and partitioned tables, just
+		 * like ANALYZE (with no specific target tables) does. Otherwise,
+		 * process only regular tables and materialized views, since VACUUM
+		 * skips partitioned tables when no target tables are specified.
+		 */
+		if (vacopts->analyze_only)
+			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
+								 " AND c.relkind OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) ANY (array["
+								 CppAsString2(RELKIND_RELATION) ", "
+								 CppAsString2(RELKIND_MATVIEW) ", "
+								 CppAsString2(RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE) "])\n");
+		else
+			appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
+								 " AND c.relkind OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) ANY (array["
+								 CppAsString2(RELKIND_RELATION) ", "
+								 CppAsString2(RELKIND_MATVIEW) "])\n");
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * For --min-xid-age and --min-mxid-age, the age of the relation is the
+	 * greatest of the ages of the main relation and its associated TOAST
+	 * table.  The commands generated by vacuumdb will also process the TOAST
+	 * table for the relation if necessary, so it does not need to be
+	 * considered separately.
+	 */
+	if (vacopts->min_xid_age != 0)
+	{
+		appendPQExpBuffer(&catalog_query,
+						  " AND GREATEST(pg_catalog.age(c.relfrozenxid),"
+						  " pg_catalog.age(t.relfrozenxid)) "
+						  " OPERATOR(pg_catalog.>=) '%d'::pg_catalog.int4\n"
+						  " AND c.relfrozenxid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.!=)"
+						  " '0'::pg_catalog.xid\n",
+						  vacopts->min_xid_age);
+	}
+
+	if (vacopts->min_mxid_age != 0)
+	{
+		appendPQExpBuffer(&catalog_query,
+						  " AND GREATEST(pg_catalog.mxid_age(c.relminmxid),"
+						  " pg_catalog.mxid_age(t.relminmxid)) OPERATOR(pg_catalog.>=)"
+						  " '%d'::pg_catalog.int4\n"
+						  " AND c.relminmxid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.!=)"
+						  " '0'::pg_catalog.xid\n",
+						  vacopts->min_mxid_age);
+	}
+
+	if (vacopts->missing_stats_only)
+	{
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, " AND (\n");
+
+		/* regular stats */
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
+							 " EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_attribute a\n"
+							 " WHERE a.attrelid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) c.oid\n"
+							 " AND a.attnum OPERATOR(pg_catalog.>) 0::pg_catalog.int2\n"
+							 " AND NOT a.attisdropped\n"
+							 " AND a.attstattarget IS DISTINCT FROM 0::pg_catalog.int2\n"
+							 " AND a.attgenerated OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<>) "
+							 CppAsString2(ATTRIBUTE_GENERATED_VIRTUAL) "\n"
+							 " AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_statistic s\n"
+							 " WHERE s.starelid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) a.attrelid\n"
+							 " AND s.staattnum OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) a.attnum\n"
+							 " AND s.stainherit OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) p.inherited))\n");
+
+		/* extended stats */
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
+							 " OR EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_statistic_ext e\n"
+							 " WHERE e.stxrelid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) c.oid\n"
+							 " AND e.stxstattarget IS DISTINCT FROM 0::pg_catalog.int2\n"
+							 " AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_statistic_ext_data d\n"
+							 " WHERE d.stxoid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) e.oid\n"
+							 " AND d.stxdinherit OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) p.inherited))\n");
+
+		/* expression indexes */
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
+							 " OR EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_attribute a\n"
+							 " JOIN pg_catalog.pg_index i"
+							 " ON i.indexrelid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) a.attrelid\n"
+							 " WHERE i.indrelid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) c.oid\n"
+							 " AND i.indkey[a.attnum OPERATOR(pg_catalog.-) 1::pg_catalog.int2]"
+							 " OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) 0::pg_catalog.int2\n"
+							 " AND a.attnum OPERATOR(pg_catalog.>) 0::pg_catalog.int2\n"
+							 " AND NOT a.attisdropped\n"
+							 " AND a.attstattarget IS DISTINCT FROM 0::pg_catalog.int2\n"
+							 " AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_statistic s\n"
+							 " WHERE s.starelid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) a.attrelid\n"
+							 " AND s.staattnum OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) a.attnum\n"
+							 " AND s.stainherit OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) p.inherited))\n");
+
+		/* inheritance and regular stats */
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
+							 " OR EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_attribute a\n"
+							 " WHERE a.attrelid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) c.oid\n"
+							 " AND a.attnum OPERATOR(pg_catalog.>) 0::pg_catalog.int2\n"
+							 " AND NOT a.attisdropped\n"
+							 " AND a.attstattarget IS DISTINCT FROM 0::pg_catalog.int2\n"
+							 " AND a.attgenerated OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<>) "
+							 CppAsString2(ATTRIBUTE_GENERATED_VIRTUAL) "\n"
+							 " AND c.relhassubclass\n"
+							 " AND NOT p.inherited\n"
+							 " AND EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_inherits h\n"
+							 " WHERE h.inhparent OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) c.oid)\n"
+							 " AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_statistic s\n"
+							 " WHERE s.starelid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) a.attrelid\n"
+							 " AND s.staattnum OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) a.attnum\n"
+							 " AND s.stainherit))\n");
+
+		/* inheritance and extended stats */
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query,
+							 " OR EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_statistic_ext e\n"
+							 " WHERE e.stxrelid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) c.oid\n"
+							 " AND e.stxstattarget IS DISTINCT FROM 0::pg_catalog.int2\n"
+							 " AND c.relhassubclass\n"
+							 " AND NOT p.inherited\n"
+							 " AND EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_inherits h\n"
+							 " WHERE h.inhparent OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) c.oid)\n"
+							 " AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM pg_catalog.pg_statistic_ext_data d\n"
+							 " WHERE d.stxoid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) e.oid\n"
+							 " AND d.stxdinherit))\n");
+
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, " )\n");
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Execute the catalog query.  We use the default search_path for this
+	 * query for consistency with table lookups done elsewhere by the user.
+	 */
+	appendPQExpBufferStr(&catalog_query, " ORDER BY c.relpages DESC;");
+	executeCommand(conn, "RESET search_path;", echo);
+	res = executeQuery(conn, catalog_query.data, echo);
+	termPQExpBuffer(&catalog_query);
+	PQclear(executeQuery(conn, ALWAYS_SECURE_SEARCH_PATH_SQL, echo));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build qualified identifiers for each table, including the column list
+	 * if given.
+	 */
+	initPQExpBuffer(&buf);
+	for (int i = 0; i < PQntuples(res); i++)
+	{
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(&buf,
+							 fmtQualifiedIdEnc(PQgetvalue(res, i, 1),
+											   PQgetvalue(res, i, 0),
+											   PQclientEncoding(conn)));
+
+		if (objects_listed && !PQgetisnull(res, i, 2))
+			appendPQExpBufferStr(&buf, PQgetvalue(res, i, 2));
+
+		simple_string_list_append(found_objs, buf.data);
+		resetPQExpBuffer(&buf);
+	}
+	termPQExpBuffer(&buf);
+	PQclear(res);
+
+	return found_objs;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Vacuum/analyze all connectable databases.
+ *
+ * In analyze-in-stages mode, we process all databases in one stage before
+ * moving on to the next stage.  That ensure minimal stats are available
+ * quickly everywhere before generating more detailed ones.
+ */
+void
+vacuum_all_databases(ConnParams *cparams,
+					 vacuumingOptions *vacopts,
+					 bool analyze_in_stages,
+					 SimpleStringList *objects,
+					 int concurrentCons,
+					 const char *progname, bool echo, bool quiet)
+{
+	PGconn	   *conn;
+	PGresult   *result;
+	int			stage;
+	int			i;
+
+	conn = connectMaintenanceDatabase(cparams, progname, echo);
+	result = executeQuery(conn,
+						  "SELECT datname FROM pg_database WHERE datallowconn AND datconnlimit <> -2 ORDER BY 1;",
+						  echo);
+	PQfinish(conn);
+
+	if (analyze_in_stages)
+	{
+		SimpleStringList **found_objs = NULL;
+
+		if (vacopts->missing_stats_only)
+			found_objs = palloc0(PQntuples(result) * sizeof(SimpleStringList *));
+
+		/*
+		 * When analyzing all databases in stages, we analyze them all in the
+		 * fastest stage first, so that initial statistics become available
+		 * for all of them as soon as possible.
+		 *
+		 * This means we establish several times as many connections, but
+		 * that's a secondary consideration.
+		 */
+		for (stage = 0; stage < ANALYZE_NUM_STAGES; stage++)
+		{
+			for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(result); i++)
+			{
+				cparams->override_dbname = PQgetvalue(result, i, 0);
+
+				vacuum_one_database(cparams, vacopts,
+									stage,
+									objects,
+									vacopts->missing_stats_only ? &found_objs[i] : NULL,
+									concurrentCons,
+									progname, echo, quiet);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(result); i++)
+		{
+			cparams->override_dbname = PQgetvalue(result, i, 0);
+
+			vacuum_one_database(cparams, vacopts,
+								ANALYZE_NO_STAGE,
+								objects, NULL,
+								concurrentCons,
+								progname, echo, quiet);
+		}
+	}
+
+	PQclear(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Construct a vacuum/analyze command to run based on the given
+ * options, in the given string buffer, which may contain previous garbage.
+ *
+ * The table name used must be already properly quoted.  The command generated
+ * depends on the server version involved and it is semicolon-terminated.
+ */
+void
+prepare_vacuum_command(PQExpBuffer sql, int serverVersion,
+					   vacuumingOptions *vacopts, const char *table)
+{
+	const char *paren = " (";
+	const char *comma = ", ";
+	const char *sep = paren;
+
+	resetPQExpBuffer(sql);
+
+	if (vacopts->analyze_only)
+	{
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, "ANALYZE");
+
+		/* parenthesized grammar of ANALYZE is supported since v11 */
+		if (serverVersion >= 110000)
+		{
+			if (vacopts->skip_locked)
+			{
+				/* SKIP_LOCKED is supported since v12 */
+				Assert(serverVersion >= 120000);
+				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sSKIP_LOCKED", sep);
+				sep = comma;
+			}
+			if (vacopts->verbose)
+			{
+				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sVERBOSE", sep);
+				sep = comma;
+			}
+			if (vacopts->buffer_usage_limit)
+			{
+				Assert(serverVersion >= 160000);
+				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sBUFFER_USAGE_LIMIT '%s'", sep,
+								  vacopts->buffer_usage_limit);
+				sep = comma;
+			}
+			if (sep != paren)
+				appendPQExpBufferChar(sql, ')');
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if (vacopts->verbose)
+				appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, " VERBOSE");
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, "VACUUM");
+
+		/* parenthesized grammar of VACUUM is supported since v9.0 */
+		if (serverVersion >= 90000)
+		{
+			if (vacopts->disable_page_skipping)
+			{
+				/* DISABLE_PAGE_SKIPPING is supported since v9.6 */
+				Assert(serverVersion >= 90600);
+				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sDISABLE_PAGE_SKIPPING", sep);
+				sep = comma;
+			}
+			if (vacopts->no_index_cleanup)
+			{
+				/* "INDEX_CLEANUP FALSE" has been supported since v12 */
+				Assert(serverVersion >= 120000);
+				Assert(!vacopts->force_index_cleanup);
+				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sINDEX_CLEANUP FALSE", sep);
+				sep = comma;
+			}
+			if (vacopts->force_index_cleanup)
+			{
+				/* "INDEX_CLEANUP TRUE" has been supported since v12 */
+				Assert(serverVersion >= 120000);
+				Assert(!vacopts->no_index_cleanup);
+				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sINDEX_CLEANUP TRUE", sep);
+				sep = comma;
+			}
+			if (!vacopts->do_truncate)
+			{
+				/* TRUNCATE is supported since v12 */
+				Assert(serverVersion >= 120000);
+				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sTRUNCATE FALSE", sep);
+				sep = comma;
+			}
+			if (!vacopts->process_main)
+			{
+				/* PROCESS_MAIN is supported since v16 */
+				Assert(serverVersion >= 160000);
+				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sPROCESS_MAIN FALSE", sep);
+				sep = comma;
+			}
+			if (!vacopts->process_toast)
+			{
+				/* PROCESS_TOAST is supported since v14 */
+				Assert(serverVersion >= 140000);
+				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sPROCESS_TOAST FALSE", sep);
+				sep = comma;
+			}
+			if (vacopts->skip_database_stats)
+			{
+				/* SKIP_DATABASE_STATS is supported since v16 */
+				Assert(serverVersion >= 160000);
+				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sSKIP_DATABASE_STATS", sep);
+				sep = comma;
+			}
+			if (vacopts->skip_locked)
+			{
+				/* SKIP_LOCKED is supported since v12 */
+				Assert(serverVersion >= 120000);
+				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sSKIP_LOCKED", sep);
+				sep = comma;
+			}
+			if (vacopts->full)
+			{
+				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sFULL", sep);
+				sep = comma;
+			}
+			if (vacopts->freeze)
+			{
+				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sFREEZE", sep);
+				sep = comma;
+			}
+			if (vacopts->verbose)
+			{
+				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sVERBOSE", sep);
+				sep = comma;
+			}
+			if (vacopts->and_analyze)
+			{
+				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sANALYZE", sep);
+				sep = comma;
+			}
+			if (vacopts->parallel_workers >= 0)
+			{
+				/* PARALLEL is supported since v13 */
+				Assert(serverVersion >= 130000);
+				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sPARALLEL %d", sep,
+								  vacopts->parallel_workers);
+				sep = comma;
+			}
+			if (vacopts->buffer_usage_limit)
+			{
+				Assert(serverVersion >= 160000);
+				appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sBUFFER_USAGE_LIMIT '%s'", sep,
+								  vacopts->buffer_usage_limit);
+				sep = comma;
+			}
+			if (sep != paren)
+				appendPQExpBufferChar(sql, ')');
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if (vacopts->full)
+				appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, " FULL");
+			if (vacopts->freeze)
+				appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, " FREEZE");
+			if (vacopts->verbose)
+				appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, " VERBOSE");
+			if (vacopts->and_analyze)
+				appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, " ANALYZE");
+		}
+	}
+
+	appendPQExpBuffer(sql, " %s;", table);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Send a vacuum/analyze command to the server, returning after sending the
+ * command.
+ *
+ * Any errors during command execution are reported to stderr.
+ */
+void
+run_vacuum_command(PGconn *conn, const char *sql, bool echo,
+				   const char *table)
+{
+	bool		status;
+
+	if (echo)
+		printf("%s\n", sql);
+
+	status = PQsendQuery(conn, sql) == 1;
+
+	if (!status)
+	{
+		if (table)
+		{
+			pg_log_error("vacuuming of table \"%s\" in database \"%s\" failed: %s",
+						 table, PQdb(conn), PQerrorMessage(conn));
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			pg_log_error("vacuuming of database \"%s\" failed: %s",
+						 PQdb(conn), PQerrorMessage(conn));
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns a newly malloc'd version of 'src' with escaped single quotes and
+ * backslashes.
+ */
+char *
+escape_quotes(const char *src)
+{
+	char	   *result = escape_single_quotes_ascii(src);
+
+	if (!result)
+		pg_fatal("out of memory");
+	return result;
+}
diff --git a/src/bin/scripts/vacuuming.h b/src/bin/scripts/vacuuming.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d3f000840fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bin/scripts/vacuuming.h
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * vacuuming.h
+ *		Common declarations for vacuuming.c
+ *
+ * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+ * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
+ *
+ * src/bin/scripts/vacuuming.h
+ *
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+#ifndef VACUUMING_H
+#define VACUUMING_H
+
+#include "common.h"
+#include "fe_utils/connect_utils.h"
+#include "fe_utils/simple_list.h"
+
+/* For analyze-in-stages mode */
+#define ANALYZE_NO_STAGE	-1
+#define ANALYZE_NUM_STAGES	3
+
+/* vacuum options controlled by user flags */
+typedef struct vacuumingOptions
+{
+	bool		analyze_only;
+	bool		verbose;
+	bool		and_analyze;
+	bool		full;
+	bool		freeze;
+	bool		disable_page_skipping;
+	bool		skip_locked;
+	int			min_xid_age;
+	int			min_mxid_age;
+	int			parallel_workers;	/* >= 0 indicates user specified the
+									 * parallel degree, otherwise -1 */
+	bool		no_index_cleanup;
+	bool		force_index_cleanup;
+	bool		do_truncate;
+	bool		process_main;
+	bool		process_toast;
+	bool		skip_database_stats;
+	char	   *buffer_usage_limit;
+	bool		missing_stats_only;
+} vacuumingOptions;
+
+/* object filter options */
+typedef enum
+{
+	OBJFILTER_NONE = 0,			/* no filter used */
+	OBJFILTER_ALL_DBS = (1 << 0),	/* -a | --all */
+	OBJFILTER_DATABASE = (1 << 1),	/* -d | --dbname */
+	OBJFILTER_TABLE = (1 << 2), /* -t | --table */
+	OBJFILTER_SCHEMA = (1 << 3),	/* -n | --schema */
+	OBJFILTER_SCHEMA_EXCLUDE = (1 << 4),	/* -N | --exclude-schema */
+} VacObjFilter;
+
+extern VacObjFilter objfilter;
+
+extern void vacuuming_main(ConnParams *cparams, const char *dbname,
+						   const char *maintenance_db, vacuumingOptions *vacopts,
+						   SimpleStringList *objects, bool analyze_in_stages,
+						   int tbl_count, int concurrentCons,
+						   const char *progname, bool echo, bool quiet);
+
+extern SimpleStringList *retrieve_objects(PGconn *conn,
+										  vacuumingOptions *vacopts,
+										  SimpleStringList *objects,
+										  bool echo);
+
+extern void vacuum_one_database(ConnParams *cparams,
+								vacuumingOptions *vacopts,
+								int stage,
+								SimpleStringList *objects,
+								SimpleStringList **found_objs,
+								int concurrentCons,
+								const char *progname, bool echo, bool quiet);
+
+extern void vacuum_all_databases(ConnParams *cparams,
+								 vacuumingOptions *vacopts,
+								 bool analyze_in_stages,
+								 SimpleStringList *objects,
+								 int concurrentCons,
+								 const char *progname, bool echo, bool quiet);
+
+extern void prepare_vacuum_command(PQExpBuffer sql, int serverVersion,
+								   vacuumingOptions *vacopts, const char *table);
+
+extern void run_vacuum_command(PGconn *conn, const char *sql, bool echo,
+							   const char *table);
+
+extern char *escape_quotes(const char *src);
+
+#endif							/* VACUUMING_H */
-- 
2.39.5

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