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> a) What is the distinction between our data type TEXT and the SQL:2011 data type CLOB which we do not support (T041)?

I'd say there is no difference. 
 
> b) Is there a distinction between the two Postgres data types TEXT and "CHARACTER VARYING without specifying a length" 
> or are they only synonym terms without different functionalities and capabilities?

No there is no difference.

Quote from the manual [1]

> Tip: There is no performance difference among these three types, 
> apart from increased storage space when using the blank-padded type

Thomas


[1] https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-character.html



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