From: Aleksander Alekseev <a.alekseev@postgrespro.ru>
To: Anastasia Lubennikova <a.lubennikova@postgrespro.ru>
Cc: pgsql-hackers <pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org>
Subject: Re: Patch: fix lock contention for HASHHDR.mutex
Date: Wed, 27 Jan 2016 18:12:47 +0300
Message-ID: <20160127181247.4b51ea90@fujitsu> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <56A8C3EF.7030604@postgrespro.ru>
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> This comment certainly requires some changes.
Fixed.
> BTW, could you explain why init_table_size was two times less than
> max_table_size?
I have no clue. My best guess is that it was a reasonable thing to do in
the past. Then somebody changed a code and now there is little reason
to use init_table_size for partitioned tables.
> Why did you delete these two lines? I wonder if you should rewrite
> them instead?
```
MemSet(hctl, 0, sizeof(HASHHDR));
- hctl->nentries = 0;
- hctl->freeList = NULL;
```
These fields were initialized with zero values twice. It makes little
sense to me.
> As far as I understood, this number was obtained experimentally?
> Maybe you should note that in the comment.
These numbers are very platform specific and will be outdated very
soon. I recall that my code was criticized for including exact numbers
not a long time ago. So I suggest to keep this part as is.
> For example, if you have nelem=25 and partitions_number=6.
> 25 / 6 = 4. And then you allocate 24 nelems, while 1 is lost.
Agree. Fixed.
> Except mentioned notes, I suppose the patch is good enough
I guess I will mark this patch as "Ready for Committer" then.
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http://www.postgresql.org/mailpref/pgsql-hackersAttachments:dynahash-optimization-v12.patch (text/x-patch, 18.5K) downloaddiff --git a/contrib/pg_stat_statements/pg_stat_statements.c b/contrib/pg_stat_statements/pg_stat_statements.cindex 9673fe0..0c8e4fb 100644--- a/contrib/pg_stat_statements/pg_stat_statements.c+++ b/contrib/pg_stat_statements/pg_stat_statements.c@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ pgss_shmem_startup(void)
info.hash = pgss_hash_fn;
info.match = pgss_match_fn;
pgss_hash = ShmemInitHash("pg_stat_statements hash",
- pgss_max, pgss_max,+ pgss_max,
&info,
HASH_ELEM | HASH_FUNCTION | HASH_COMPARE);
diff --git a/src/backend/storage/buffer/buf_table.c b/src/backend/storage/buffer/buf_table.cindex 39e8baf..dd5acb7 100644--- a/src/backend/storage/buffer/buf_table.c+++ b/src/backend/storage/buffer/buf_table.c@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ InitBufTable(int size)
info.num_partitions = NUM_BUFFER_PARTITIONS;
SharedBufHash = ShmemInitHash("Shared Buffer Lookup Table",
- size, size,+ size,
&info,
HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS | HASH_PARTITION);
}
diff --git a/src/backend/storage/ipc/shmem.c b/src/backend/storage/ipc/shmem.cindex 81506ea..4c18701 100644--- a/src/backend/storage/ipc/shmem.c+++ b/src/backend/storage/ipc/shmem.c@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ InitShmemIndex(void)
hash_flags = HASH_ELEM;
ShmemIndex = ShmemInitHash("ShmemIndex",
- SHMEM_INDEX_SIZE, SHMEM_INDEX_SIZE,+ SHMEM_INDEX_SIZE,
&info, hash_flags);
}
@@ -255,17 +255,12 @@ InitShmemIndex(void)
* exceeded substantially (since it's used to compute directory size and
* the hash table buckets will get overfull).
*
- * init_size is the number of hashtable entries to preallocate. For a table- * whose maximum size is certain, this should be equal to max_size; that- * ensures that no run-time out-of-shared-memory failures can occur.- *
* Note: before Postgres 9.0, this function returned NULL for some failure
* cases. Now, it always throws error instead, so callers need not check
* for NULL.
*/
HTAB *
ShmemInitHash(const char *name, /* table string name for shmem index */
- long init_size, /* initial table size */
long max_size, /* max size of the table */
HASHCTL *infoP, /* info about key and bucket size */
int hash_flags) /* info about infoP */
@@ -299,7 +294,7 @@ ShmemInitHash(const char *name, /* table string name for shmem index */
/* Pass location of hashtable header to hash_create */
infoP->hctl = (HASHHDR *) location;
- return hash_create(name, init_size, infoP, hash_flags);+ return hash_create(name, max_size, infoP, hash_flags);
}
/*
diff --git a/src/backend/storage/lmgr/lock.c b/src/backend/storage/lmgr/lock.cindex 9c2e49c..8585a76 100644--- a/src/backend/storage/lmgr/lock.c+++ b/src/backend/storage/lmgr/lock.c@@ -373,18 +373,10 @@ void
InitLocks(void)
{
HASHCTL info;
- long init_table_size,- max_table_size;+ long max_table_size;
bool found;
/*
- * Compute init/max size to request for lock hashtables. Note these- * calculations must agree with LockShmemSize!- */- max_table_size = NLOCKENTS();- init_table_size = max_table_size / 2;-- /*
* Allocate hash table for LOCK structs. This stores per-locked-object
* information.
*/
@@ -392,16 +384,15 @@ InitLocks(void)
info.keysize = sizeof(LOCKTAG);
info.entrysize = sizeof(LOCK);
info.num_partitions = NUM_LOCK_PARTITIONS;
+ max_table_size = NLOCKENTS();
LockMethodLockHash = ShmemInitHash("LOCK hash",
- init_table_size,
max_table_size,
&info,
HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS | HASH_PARTITION);
/* Assume an average of 2 holders per lock */
max_table_size *= 2;
- init_table_size *= 2;
/*
* Allocate hash table for PROCLOCK structs. This stores
@@ -413,7 +404,6 @@ InitLocks(void)
info.num_partitions = NUM_LOCK_PARTITIONS;
LockMethodProcLockHash = ShmemInitHash("PROCLOCK hash",
- init_table_size,
max_table_size,
&info,
HASH_ELEM | HASH_FUNCTION | HASH_PARTITION);
diff --git a/src/backend/storage/lmgr/predicate.c b/src/backend/storage/lmgr/predicate.cindex d9d4e22..fc72d2d 100644--- a/src/backend/storage/lmgr/predicate.c+++ b/src/backend/storage/lmgr/predicate.c@@ -1116,7 +1116,6 @@ InitPredicateLocks(void)
PredicateLockTargetHash = ShmemInitHash("PREDICATELOCKTARGET hash",
max_table_size,
- max_table_size,
&info,
HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS |
HASH_PARTITION | HASH_FIXED_SIZE);
@@ -1144,7 +1143,6 @@ InitPredicateLocks(void)
PredicateLockHash = ShmemInitHash("PREDICATELOCK hash",
max_table_size,
- max_table_size,
&info,
HASH_ELEM | HASH_FUNCTION |
HASH_PARTITION | HASH_FIXED_SIZE);
@@ -1225,7 +1223,6 @@ InitPredicateLocks(void)
SerializableXidHash = ShmemInitHash("SERIALIZABLEXID hash",
max_table_size,
- max_table_size,
&info,
HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS |
HASH_FIXED_SIZE);
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/hash/dynahash.c b/src/backend/utils/hash/dynahash.cindex 24a53da..6a2665b 100644--- a/src/backend/utils/hash/dynahash.c+++ b/src/backend/utils/hash/dynahash.c@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
* to hash_create. This prevents any attempt to split buckets on-the-fly.
* Therefore, each hash bucket chain operates independently, and no fields
* of the hash header change after init except nentries and freeList.
- * A partitioned table uses a spinlock to guard changes of those two fields.+ * A partitioned table uses spinlocks to guard changes of those fields.
* This lets any subset of the hash buckets be treated as a separately
* lockable partition. We expect callers to use the low-order bits of a
* lookup key's hash value as a partition number --- this will work because
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@
#include "access/xact.h"
#include "storage/shmem.h"
#include "storage/spin.h"
+#include "storage/lock.h"
#include "utils/dynahash.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
@@ -128,12 +129,26 @@ typedef HASHBUCKET *HASHSEGMENT;
*/
struct HASHHDR
{
- /* In a partitioned table, take this lock to touch nentries or freeList */- slock_t mutex; /* unused if not partitioned table */-- /* These fields change during entry addition/deletion */- long nentries; /* number of entries in hash table */- HASHELEMENT *freeList; /* linked list of free elements */+ /*+ * There are two fields declared below: nentries and freeList. nentries+ * stores current number of entries in a hash table. freeList is a linked+ * list of free elements.+ *+ * To keep these fields consistent in a partitioned table we need to+ * synchronize access to them using a spinlock. But it turned out that a+ * single spinlock can create a bottleneck. To prevent lock contention an+ * array of NUM_LOCK_PARTITIONS spinlocks is used. Each spinlock+ * corresponds to a single table partition (see PARTITION_IDX definition)+ * and protects one element of nentries and freeList arrays. Since+ * partitions are locked on a calling side depending on lower bits of a+ * hash value this particular number of spinlocks prevents deadlocks.+ *+ * If hash table is not partitioned only nentries[0] and freeList[0] are+ * used and spinlocks are not used at all.+ */+ slock_t mutex[NUM_LOCK_PARTITIONS]; /* array of spinlocks */+ long nentries[NUM_LOCK_PARTITIONS]; /* number of entries */+ HASHELEMENT *freeList[NUM_LOCK_PARTITIONS]; /* lists of free elements */
/* These fields can change, but not in a partitioned table */
/* Also, dsize can't change in a shared table, even if unpartitioned */
@@ -166,6 +181,8 @@ struct HASHHDR
#define IS_PARTITIONED(hctl) ((hctl)->num_partitions != 0)
+#define PARTITION_IDX(hctl, hashcode) (IS_PARTITIONED(hctl) ? LockHashPartition(hashcode) : 0)+
/*
* Top control structure for a hashtable --- in a shared table, each backend
* has its own copy (OK since no fields change at runtime)
@@ -219,10 +236,10 @@ static long hash_accesses,
*/
static void *DynaHashAlloc(Size size);
static HASHSEGMENT seg_alloc(HTAB *hashp);
-static bool element_alloc(HTAB *hashp, int nelem);+static bool element_alloc(HTAB *hashp, int nelem, int partition_idx);
static bool dir_realloc(HTAB *hashp);
static bool expand_table(HTAB *hashp);
-static HASHBUCKET get_hash_entry(HTAB *hashp);+static HASHBUCKET get_hash_entry(HTAB *hashp, int partition_idx);
static void hdefault(HTAB *hashp);
static int choose_nelem_alloc(Size entrysize);
static bool init_htab(HTAB *hashp, long nelem);
@@ -282,6 +299,10 @@ hash_create(const char *tabname, long nelem, HASHCTL *info, int flags)
{
HTAB *hashp;
HASHHDR *hctl;
+ int i,+ partitions_number,+ nelem_alloc,+ nelem_alloc_first;
/*
* For shared hash tables, we have a local hash header (HTAB struct) that
@@ -482,10 +503,34 @@ hash_create(const char *tabname, long nelem, HASHCTL *info, int flags)
if ((flags & HASH_SHARED_MEM) ||
nelem < hctl->nelem_alloc)
{
- if (!element_alloc(hashp, (int) nelem))- ereport(ERROR,- (errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),- errmsg("out of memory")));+ /*+ * If hash table is partitioned all freeLists have equal number of+ * elements. Otherwise only freeList[0] is used.+ */+ if (IS_PARTITIONED(hashp->hctl))+ partitions_number = NUM_LOCK_PARTITIONS;+ else+ partitions_number = 1;++ nelem_alloc = nelem / partitions_number;+ if (nelem_alloc == 0)+ nelem_alloc = 1;++ if (nelem_alloc * partitions_number < nelem)+ /* Make sure all memory will be used */+ nelem_alloc_first = nelem - nelem_alloc * (partitions_number - 1);+ else+ nelem_alloc_first = nelem_alloc;++ for (i = 0; i < partitions_number; i++)+ {+ int temp = (i == 0) ? nelem_alloc_first : nelem_alloc;++ if (!element_alloc(hashp, temp, i))+ ereport(ERROR,+ (errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),+ errmsg("out of memory")));+ }
}
if (flags & HASH_FIXED_SIZE)
@@ -503,9 +548,6 @@ hdefault(HTAB *hashp)
MemSet(hctl, 0, sizeof(HASHHDR));
- hctl->nentries = 0;- hctl->freeList = NULL;-
hctl->dsize = DEF_DIRSIZE;
hctl->nsegs = 0;
@@ -572,12 +614,14 @@ init_htab(HTAB *hashp, long nelem)
HASHSEGMENT *segp;
int nbuckets;
int nsegs;
+ int i;
/*
* initialize mutex if it's a partitioned table
*/
if (IS_PARTITIONED(hctl))
- SpinLockInit(&hctl->mutex);+ for (i = 0; i < NUM_LOCK_PARTITIONS; i++)+ SpinLockInit(&(hctl->mutex[i]));
/*
* Divide number of elements by the fill factor to determine a desired
@@ -648,7 +692,7 @@ init_htab(HTAB *hashp, long nelem)
"HIGH MASK ", hctl->high_mask,
"LOW MASK ", hctl->low_mask,
"NSEGS ", hctl->nsegs,
- "NENTRIES ", hctl->nentries);+ "NENTRIES ", hash_get_num_entries(hctl));
#endif
return true;
}
@@ -769,7 +813,7 @@ hash_stats(const char *where, HTAB *hashp)
where, hashp->hctl->accesses, hashp->hctl->collisions);
fprintf(stderr, "hash_stats: entries %ld keysize %ld maxp %u segmentcount %ld\n",
- hashp->hctl->nentries, (long) hashp->hctl->keysize,+ hash_get_num_entries(hashp), (long) hashp->hctl->keysize,
hashp->hctl->max_bucket, hashp->hctl->nsegs);
fprintf(stderr, "%s: total accesses %ld total collisions %ld\n",
where, hash_accesses, hash_collisions);
@@ -863,6 +907,7 @@ hash_search_with_hash_value(HTAB *hashp,
HASHBUCKET currBucket;
HASHBUCKET *prevBucketPtr;
HashCompareFunc match;
+ int partition_idx = PARTITION_IDX(hctl, hashvalue);
#if HASH_STATISTICS
hash_accesses++;
@@ -885,7 +930,7 @@ hash_search_with_hash_value(HTAB *hashp,
* order of these tests is to try to check cheaper conditions first.
*/
if (!IS_PARTITIONED(hctl) && !hashp->frozen &&
- hctl->nentries / (long) (hctl->max_bucket + 1) >= hctl->ffactor &&+ hctl->nentries[0] / (long) (hctl->max_bucket + 1) >= hctl->ffactor &&
!has_seq_scans(hashp))
(void) expand_table(hashp);
}
@@ -943,20 +988,20 @@ hash_search_with_hash_value(HTAB *hashp,
{
/* if partitioned, must lock to touch nentries and freeList */
if (IS_PARTITIONED(hctl))
- SpinLockAcquire(&hctl->mutex);+ SpinLockAcquire(&(hctl->mutex[partition_idx]));- Assert(hctl->nentries > 0);- hctl->nentries--;+ Assert(hctl->nentries[partition_idx] > 0);+ hctl->nentries[partition_idx]--;
/* remove record from hash bucket's chain. */
*prevBucketPtr = currBucket->link;
/* add the record to the freelist for this table. */
- currBucket->link = hctl->freeList;- hctl->freeList = currBucket;+ currBucket->link = hctl->freeList[partition_idx];+ hctl->freeList[partition_idx] = currBucket;
if (IS_PARTITIONED(hctl))
- SpinLockRelease(&hctl->mutex);+ SpinLockRelease(&hctl->mutex[partition_idx]);
/*
* better hope the caller is synchronizing access to this
@@ -982,7 +1027,7 @@ hash_search_with_hash_value(HTAB *hashp,
elog(ERROR, "cannot insert into frozen hashtable \"%s\"",
hashp->tabname);
- currBucket = get_hash_entry(hashp);+ currBucket = get_hash_entry(hashp, partition_idx);
if (currBucket == NULL)
{
/* out of memory */
@@ -1175,41 +1220,70 @@ hash_update_hash_key(HTAB *hashp,
* create a new entry if possible
*/
static HASHBUCKET
-get_hash_entry(HTAB *hashp)+get_hash_entry(HTAB *hashp, int partition_idx)
{
- HASHHDR *hctl = hashp->hctl;+ HASHHDR *hctl = hashp->hctl;
HASHBUCKET newElement;
+ int borrow_from_idx;
for (;;)
{
/* if partitioned, must lock to touch nentries and freeList */
if (IS_PARTITIONED(hctl))
- SpinLockAcquire(&hctl->mutex);+ SpinLockAcquire(&hctl->mutex[partition_idx]);
/* try to get an entry from the freelist */
- newElement = hctl->freeList;+ newElement = hctl->freeList[partition_idx];+
if (newElement != NULL)
- break;+ {+ /* remove entry from freelist, bump nentries */+ hctl->freeList[partition_idx] = newElement->link;+ hctl->nentries[partition_idx]++;+ if (IS_PARTITIONED(hctl))+ SpinLockRelease(&hctl->mutex[partition_idx]);++ return newElement;+ }- /* no free elements. allocate another chunk of buckets */
if (IS_PARTITIONED(hctl))
- SpinLockRelease(&hctl->mutex);+ SpinLockRelease(&hctl->mutex[partition_idx]);- if (!element_alloc(hashp, hctl->nelem_alloc))+ /* no free elements. allocate another chunk of buckets */+ if (!element_alloc(hashp, hctl->nelem_alloc, partition_idx))
{
- /* out of memory */- return NULL;- }- }+ if (!IS_PARTITIONED(hctl))+ return NULL; /* out of memory */++ /* try to borrow element from another partition */+ borrow_from_idx = partition_idx;+ for (;;)+ {+ borrow_from_idx = (borrow_from_idx + 1) % NUM_LOCK_PARTITIONS;+ if (borrow_from_idx == partition_idx)+ break;- /* remove entry from freelist, bump nentries */- hctl->freeList = newElement->link;- hctl->nentries++;+ SpinLockAcquire(&(hctl->mutex[borrow_from_idx]));+ newElement = hctl->freeList[borrow_from_idx];- if (IS_PARTITIONED(hctl))- SpinLockRelease(&hctl->mutex);+ if (newElement != NULL)+ {+ hctl->freeList[borrow_from_idx] = newElement->link;+ SpinLockRelease(&(hctl->mutex[borrow_from_idx]));++ SpinLockAcquire(&hctl->mutex[partition_idx]);+ hctl->nentries[partition_idx]++;+ SpinLockRelease(&hctl->mutex[partition_idx]);- return newElement;+ break;+ }++ SpinLockRelease(&(hctl->mutex[borrow_from_idx]));+ }++ return newElement;+ }+ }
}
/*
@@ -1218,11 +1292,21 @@ get_hash_entry(HTAB *hashp)
long
hash_get_num_entries(HTAB *hashp)
{
+ int i;+ long sum = hashp->hctl->nentries[0];+
/*
* We currently don't bother with the mutex; it's only sensible to call
* this function if you've got lock on all partitions of the table.
*/
- return hashp->hctl->nentries;++ if (!IS_PARTITIONED(hashp->hctl))+ return sum;++ for (i = 1; i < NUM_LOCK_PARTITIONS; i++)+ sum += hashp->hctl->nentries[i];++ return sum;
}
/*
@@ -1530,9 +1614,9 @@ seg_alloc(HTAB *hashp)
* allocate some new elements and link them into the free list
*/
static bool
-element_alloc(HTAB *hashp, int nelem)+element_alloc(HTAB *hashp, int nelem, int partition_idx)
{
- HASHHDR *hctl = hashp->hctl;+ HASHHDR *hctl = hashp->hctl;
Size elementSize;
HASHELEMENT *firstElement;
HASHELEMENT *tmpElement;
@@ -1563,14 +1647,14 @@ element_alloc(HTAB *hashp, int nelem)
/* if partitioned, must lock to touch freeList */
if (IS_PARTITIONED(hctl))
- SpinLockAcquire(&hctl->mutex);+ SpinLockAcquire(&hctl->mutex[partition_idx]);
/* freelist could be nonempty if two backends did this concurrently */
- firstElement->link = hctl->freeList;- hctl->freeList = prevElement;+ firstElement->link = hctl->freeList[partition_idx];+ hctl->freeList[partition_idx] = prevElement;
if (IS_PARTITIONED(hctl))
- SpinLockRelease(&hctl->mutex);+ SpinLockRelease(&hctl->mutex[partition_idx]);
return true;
}
diff --git a/src/include/storage/lwlock.h b/src/include/storage/lwlock.hindex 5e8825e..177371b 100644--- a/src/include/storage/lwlock.h+++ b/src/include/storage/lwlock.h@@ -128,13 +128,19 @@ extern char *MainLWLockNames[];
* having this file include lock.h or bufmgr.h would be backwards.
*/
-/* Number of partitions of the shared buffer mapping hashtable */-#define NUM_BUFFER_PARTITIONS 128--/* Number of partitions the shared lock tables are divided into */-#define LOG2_NUM_LOCK_PARTITIONS 4+/*+ * Number of partitions the shared lock tables are divided into.+ *+ * This particular number of partitions significantly reduces lock contention+ * in partitioned hash tables, almost if partitioned tables didn't use any+ * locking at all.+ */+#define LOG2_NUM_LOCK_PARTITIONS 7
#define NUM_LOCK_PARTITIONS (1 << LOG2_NUM_LOCK_PARTITIONS)
+/* Number of partitions of the shared buffer mapping hashtable */+#define NUM_BUFFER_PARTITIONS NUM_LOCK_PARTITIONS+
/* Number of partitions the shared predicate lock tables are divided into */
#define LOG2_NUM_PREDICATELOCK_PARTITIONS 4
#define NUM_PREDICATELOCK_PARTITIONS (1 << LOG2_NUM_PREDICATELOCK_PARTITIONS)
diff --git a/src/include/storage/shmem.h b/src/include/storage/shmem.hindex 6468e66..50cf928 100644--- a/src/include/storage/shmem.h+++ b/src/include/storage/shmem.h@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ extern void InitShmemAllocation(void);
extern void *ShmemAlloc(Size size);
extern bool ShmemAddrIsValid(const void *addr);
extern void InitShmemIndex(void);
-extern HTAB *ShmemInitHash(const char *name, long init_size, long max_size,+extern HTAB *ShmemInitHash(const char *name, long max_size,
HASHCTL *infoP, int hash_flags);
extern void *ShmemInitStruct(const char *name, Size size, bool *foundPtr);
extern Size add_size(Size s1, Size s2);
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To: pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org
Cc: a.alekseev@postgrespro.ru, a.lubennikova@postgrespro.ru
Subject: Re: Patch: fix lock contention for HASHHDR.mutex
In-Reply-To: <20160127181247.4b51ea90@fujitsu>
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