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From: Noah Misch <noah@leadboat.com>
To: Dmitry Dolgov <9erthalion6@gmail.com>
Cc: Stephen Frost <sfrost@snowman.net>
Cc: PostgreSQL-development <pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org>
Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Weaker shmem interlock w/o postmaster.pid
Date: Sun, 2 Dec 2018 16:41:06 -0800
Message-ID: <20181203004106.GA2860387@rfd.leadboat.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20181130065140.GB2774301@rfd.leadboat.com>
References: <20130911033341.GD225735@tornado.leadboat.com>
	<20130911153200.GD2706@tamriel.snowman.net>
	<20130912022800.GB260242@tornado.leadboat.com>
	<20180812064815.GB2301738@rfd.leadboat.com>
	<CA+q6zcV4r+oS27G-nYqonG+q7442BOA350s3jeRtA-Oqx4vDWg@mail.gmail.com>
	<20181130065140.GB2774301@rfd.leadboat.com>

On Thu, Nov 29, 2018 at 10:51:40PM -0800, Noah Misch wrote:
> On Thu, Nov 29, 2018 at 01:10:57PM +0100, Dmitry Dolgov wrote:
> > As a side note, with this patch recovery tests are failing now on 016_shm.pl
> > 
> > #   Failed test 'detected live backend via shared memory'
> > #   at t/016_shm.pl line 87.
> > #                   '2018-11-28 13:08:08.504 UTC [21924] LOG:
> > listening on Unix socket "/tmp/yV2oDNcG8e/gnat/.s.PGSQL.512"
> > # 2018-11-28 13:08:08.512 UTC [21925] LOG:  database system was
> > interrupted; last known up at 2018-11-28 13:08:08 UTC
> > # 2018-11-28 13:08:08.512 UTC [21925] LOG:  database system was not
> > properly shut down; automatic recovery in progress
> > # 2018-11-28 13:08:08.512 UTC [21925] LOG:  invalid record length at
> > 0/165FEF8: wanted 24, got 0
> > # 2018-11-28 13:08:08.512 UTC [21925] LOG:  redo is not required
> > # 2018-11-28 13:08:08.516 UTC [21924] LOG:  database system is ready
> > to accept connections
> > # '
> > #     doesn't match '(?^:pre-existing shared memory block)'
> 
> Thanks for the report.  Since commit cfdf4dc made pg_sleep() react to
> postmaster death, the test will need a different way to stall a backend.  This
> doesn't affect non-test code, and the test still passes against cfdf4dc^ and
> against REL_11_STABLE.  I've queued a task to update the test code, but review
> can proceed in parallel.

Here's a version fixing that test for post-cfdf4dc backends.
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c
@@ -1070,14 +1070,10 @@ CreateLockFile(const char *filename, bool amPostmaster,
 				if (PGSharedMemoryIsInUse(id1, id2))
 					ereport(FATAL,
 							(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_FILE_EXISTS),
-							 errmsg("pre-existing shared memory block "
-									"(key %lu, ID %lu) is still in use",
+							 errmsg("pre-existing shared memory block (key %lu, ID %lu) is still in use",
 									id1, id2),
-							 errhint("If you're sure there are no old "
-									 "server processes still running, remove "
-									 "the shared memory block "
-									 "or just delete the file \"%s\".",
-									 filename)));
+							 errhint("Terminate any old server processes associated with data directory \"%s\".",
+									 refName)));
 			}
 		}
 
diff --git a/src/Makefile.global.in b/src/Makefile.global.in
index 956fd27..a67455b 100644
--- a/src/Makefile.global.in
+++ b/src/Makefile.global.in
@@ -421,13 +421,13 @@ ifeq ($(enable_tap_tests),yes)
 define prove_installcheck
 rm -rf '$(CURDIR)'/tmp_check
 $(MKDIR_P) '$(CURDIR)'/tmp_check
-cd $(srcdir) && TESTDIR='$(CURDIR)' PATH="$(bindir):$$PATH" PGPORT='6$(DEF_PGPORT)' top_builddir='$(CURDIR)/$(top_builddir)' PG_REGRESS='$(CURDIR)/$(top_builddir)/src/test/regress/pg_regress' $(PROVE) $(PG_PROVE_FLAGS) $(PROVE_FLAGS) $(if $(PROVE_TESTS),$(PROVE_TESTS),t/*.pl)
+cd $(srcdir) && TESTDIR='$(CURDIR)' PATH="$(bindir):$$PATH" PGPORT='6$(DEF_PGPORT)' top_builddir='$(CURDIR)/$(top_builddir)' PG_REGRESS='$(CURDIR)/$(top_builddir)/src/test/regress/pg_regress' REGRESS_SHLIB='$(abs_top_builddir)/src/test/regress/regress$(DLSUFFIX)' $(PROVE) $(PG_PROVE_FLAGS) $(PROVE_FLAGS) $(if $(PROVE_TESTS),$(PROVE_TESTS),t/*.pl)
 endef
 
 define prove_check
 rm -rf '$(CURDIR)'/tmp_check
 $(MKDIR_P) '$(CURDIR)'/tmp_check
-cd $(srcdir) && TESTDIR='$(CURDIR)' $(with_temp_install) PGPORT='6$(DEF_PGPORT)' PG_REGRESS='$(CURDIR)/$(top_builddir)/src/test/regress/pg_regress' $(PROVE) $(PG_PROVE_FLAGS) $(PROVE_FLAGS) $(if $(PROVE_TESTS),$(PROVE_TESTS),t/*.pl)
+cd $(srcdir) && TESTDIR='$(CURDIR)' $(with_temp_install) PGPORT='6$(DEF_PGPORT)' PG_REGRESS='$(CURDIR)/$(top_builddir)/src/test/regress/pg_regress' REGRESS_SHLIB='$(abs_top_builddir)/src/test/regress/regress$(DLSUFFIX)' $(PROVE) $(PG_PROVE_FLAGS) $(PROVE_FLAGS) $(if $(PROVE_TESTS),$(PROVE_TESTS),t/*.pl)
 endef
 
 else
diff --git a/src/backend/port/sysv_shmem.c b/src/backend/port/sysv_shmem.c
index 741c455..7a9a68e 100644
--- a/src/backend/port/sysv_shmem.c
+++ b/src/backend/port/sysv_shmem.c
@@ -71,6 +71,26 @@
 typedef key_t IpcMemoryKey;		/* shared memory key passed to shmget(2) */
 typedef int IpcMemoryId;		/* shared memory ID returned by shmget(2) */
 
+/*
+ * How does a given IpcMemoryId relate to this PostgreSQL process?
+ *
+ * One could recycle unattached segments of different data directories if we
+ * distinguished that case from other SHMSTATE_FOREIGN cases.  Doing so would
+ * cause us to visit less of the key space, making us less likely to detect a
+ * SHMSTATE_ATTACHED key.  It would also complicate the concurrency analysis,
+ * in that postmasters of different data directories could simultaneously
+ * attempt to recycle a given key.  We'll waste keys longer in some cases, but
+ * avoiding the problems of the alternative justifies that loss.
+ */
+enum IpcMemoryState
+{
+	SHMSTATE_ANALYSIS_FAILURE,	/* unexpected failure to analyze the ID */
+	SHMSTATE_ATTACHED,			/* pertinent to DataDir, has attached PIDs */
+	SHMSTATE_EEXISTS,			/* no segment of that ID */
+	SHMSTATE_FOREIGN,			/* exists, but not pertinent to DataDir */
+	SHMSTATE_UNATTACHED			/* pertinent to DataDir, no attached PIDs */
+};
+
 
 unsigned long UsedShmemSegID = 0;
 void	   *UsedShmemSegAddr = NULL;
@@ -83,6 +103,7 @@ static void *AnonymousShmem = NULL;
 static void *InternalIpcMemoryCreate(IpcMemoryKey memKey, Size size);
 static void IpcMemoryDetach(int status, Datum shmaddr);
 static void IpcMemoryDelete(int status, Datum shmId);
+static enum IpcMemoryState IpcMemoryAnalyze(IpcMemoryId shmId);
 static PGShmemHeader *PGSharedMemoryAttach(IpcMemoryKey key,
 					 IpcMemoryId *shmid);
 
@@ -288,7 +309,23 @@ IpcMemoryDelete(int status, Datum shmId)
 bool
 PGSharedMemoryIsInUse(unsigned long id1, unsigned long id2)
 {
-	IpcMemoryId shmId = (IpcMemoryId) id2;
+	switch (IpcMemoryAnalyze((IpcMemoryId) id2))
+	{
+		case SHMSTATE_EEXISTS:
+		case SHMSTATE_FOREIGN:
+		case SHMSTATE_UNATTACHED:
+			return false;
+		case SHMSTATE_ANALYSIS_FAILURE:
+		case SHMSTATE_ATTACHED:
+			return true;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+/* See comment at enum IpcMemoryState. */
+static enum IpcMemoryState
+IpcMemoryAnalyze(IpcMemoryId shmId)
+{
 	struct shmid_ds shmStat;
 	struct stat statbuf;
 	PGShmemHeader *hdr;
@@ -305,7 +342,7 @@ PGSharedMemoryIsInUse(unsigned long id1, unsigned long id2)
 		 * exists.
 		 */
 		if (errno == EINVAL)
-			return false;
+			return SHMSTATE_EEXISTS;
 
 		/*
 		 * EACCES implies that the segment belongs to some other userid, which
@@ -313,7 +350,7 @@ PGSharedMemoryIsInUse(unsigned long id1, unsigned long id2)
 		 * is relevant to our data directory).
 		 */
 		if (errno == EACCES)
-			return false;
+			return SHMSTATE_FOREIGN;
 
 		/*
 		 * Some Linux kernel versions (in fact, all of them as of July 2007)
@@ -324,7 +361,7 @@ PGSharedMemoryIsInUse(unsigned long id1, unsigned long id2)
 		 */
 #ifdef HAVE_LINUX_EIDRM_BUG
 		if (errno == EIDRM)
-			return false;
+			return SHMSTATE_EEXISTS;
 #endif
 
 		/*
@@ -332,25 +369,26 @@ PGSharedMemoryIsInUse(unsigned long id1, unsigned long id2)
 		 * only likely case is EIDRM, which implies that the segment has been
 		 * IPC_RMID'd but there are still processes attached to it.
 		 */
-		return true;
+		return SHMSTATE_ANALYSIS_FAILURE;
 	}
 
-	/* If it has no attached processes, it's not in use */
-	if (shmStat.shm_nattch == 0)
-		return false;
-
 	/*
 	 * Try to attach to the segment and see if it matches our data directory.
 	 * This avoids shmid-conflict problems on machines that are running
 	 * several postmasters under the same userid.
 	 */
 	if (stat(DataDir, &statbuf) < 0)
-		return true;			/* if can't stat, be conservative */
+		return SHMSTATE_ANALYSIS_FAILURE;	/* can't stat; be conservative */
 
+	/*
+	 * If we can't attach, be conservative.  This may fail if postmaster.pid
+	 * furnished the shmId and another user created a world-readable segment
+	 * of the same shmId.  It shouldn't fail if PGSharedMemoryAttach()
+	 * furnished the shmId, because that function tests shmat().
+	 */
 	hdr = (PGShmemHeader *) shmat(shmId, NULL, PG_SHMAT_FLAGS);
-
 	if (hdr == (PGShmemHeader *) -1)
-		return true;			/* if can't attach, be conservative */
+		return SHMSTATE_ANALYSIS_FAILURE;
 
 	if (hdr->magic != PGShmemMagic ||
 		hdr->device != statbuf.st_dev ||
@@ -358,16 +396,15 @@ PGSharedMemoryIsInUse(unsigned long id1, unsigned long id2)
 	{
 		/*
 		 * It's either not a Postgres segment, or not one for my data
-		 * directory.  In either case it poses no threat.
+		 * directory.
 		 */
 		shmdt((void *) hdr);
-		return false;
+		return SHMSTATE_FOREIGN;
 	}
 
-	/* Trouble --- looks a lot like there's still live backends */
 	shmdt((void *) hdr);
 
-	return true;
+	return shmStat.shm_nattch == 0 ? SHMSTATE_UNATTACHED : SHMSTATE_ATTACHED;
 }
 
 #ifdef USE_ANONYMOUS_SHMEM
@@ -543,19 +580,16 @@ AnonymousShmemDetach(int status, Datum arg)
  * standard header.  Also, register an on_shmem_exit callback to release
  * the storage.
  *
- * Dead Postgres segments are recycled if found, but we do not fail upon
- * collision with non-Postgres shmem segments.  The idea here is to detect and
- * re-use keys that may have been assigned by a crashed postmaster or backend.
- *
- * makePrivate means to always create a new segment, rather than attach to
- * or recycle any existing segment.
+ * Dead Postgres segments pertinent to this DataDir are recycled if found, but
+ * we do not fail upon collision with foreign shmem segments.  The idea here
+ * is to detect and re-use keys that may have been assigned by a crashed
+ * postmaster or backend.
  *
  * The port number is passed for possible use as a key (for SysV, we use
- * it to generate the starting shmem key).  In a standalone backend,
- * zero will be passed.
+ * it to generate the starting shmem key).
  */
 PGShmemHeader *
-PGSharedMemoryCreate(Size size, bool makePrivate, int port,
+PGSharedMemoryCreate(Size size, int port,
 					 PGShmemHeader **shim)
 {
 	IpcMemoryKey NextShmemSegID;
@@ -592,11 +626,18 @@ PGSharedMemoryCreate(Size size, bool makePrivate, int port,
 	/* Make sure PGSharedMemoryAttach doesn't fail without need */
 	UsedShmemSegAddr = NULL;
 
-	/* Loop till we find a free IPC key */
-	NextShmemSegID = port * 1000;
+	/*
+	 * Loop till we find a free IPC key.  Trust CreateDataDirLockFile() to
+	 * ensure no more than one postmaster per data directory can enter this
+	 * loop simultaneously.  (CreateDataDirLockFile() does not ensure that,
+	 * but prefer fixing it over coping here.)
+	 */
+	NextShmemSegID = 1 + port * 1000;
 
-	for (NextShmemSegID++;; NextShmemSegID++)
+	for (;;)
 	{
+		dsm_handle	hdr_dsm;
+
 		/* Try to create new segment */
 		memAddress = InternalIpcMemoryCreate(NextShmemSegID, sysvsize);
 		if (memAddress)
@@ -604,58 +645,62 @@ PGSharedMemoryCreate(Size size, bool makePrivate, int port,
 
 		/* Check shared memory and possibly remove and recreate */
 
-		if (makePrivate)		/* a standalone backend shouldn't do this */
-			continue;
-
 		if ((memAddress = PGSharedMemoryAttach(NextShmemSegID, &shmid)) == NULL)
-			continue;			/* can't attach, not one of mine */
-
-		/*
-		 * If I am not the creator and it belongs to an extant process,
-		 * continue.
-		 */
-		hdr = (PGShmemHeader *) memAddress;
-		if (hdr->creatorPID != getpid())
 		{
-			if (kill(hdr->creatorPID, 0) == 0 || errno != ESRCH)
-			{
-				shmdt(memAddress);
-				continue;		/* segment belongs to a live process */
-			}
+			NextShmemSegID++;
+			continue;
 		}
-
-		/*
-		 * The segment appears to be from a dead Postgres process, or from a
-		 * previous cycle of life in this same process.  Zap it, if possible,
-		 * and any associated dynamic shared memory segments, as well. This
-		 * probably shouldn't fail, but if it does, assume the segment belongs
-		 * to someone else after all, and continue quietly.
-		 */
-		if (hdr->dsm_control != 0)
-			dsm_cleanup_using_control_segment(hdr->dsm_control);
+		hdr_dsm = ((PGShmemHeader *) memAddress)->dsm_control;
 		shmdt(memAddress);
-		if (shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL) < 0)
-			continue;
+		memAddress = NULL;
 
-		/*
-		 * Now try again to create the segment.
-		 */
-		memAddress = InternalIpcMemoryCreate(NextShmemSegID, sysvsize);
-		if (memAddress)
-			break;				/* successful create and attach */
+		switch (IpcMemoryAnalyze(shmid))
+		{
+			case SHMSTATE_ANALYSIS_FAILURE:
+			case SHMSTATE_ATTACHED:
+				ereport(FATAL,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_FILE_EXISTS),
+						 errmsg("pre-existing shared memory block (key %lu, ID %lu) is still in use",
+								(unsigned long) NextShmemSegID,
+								(unsigned long) shmid),
+						 errhint("Terminate any old server processes associated with data directory \"%s\".",
+								 DataDir)));
+			case SHMSTATE_EEXISTS:
 
-		/*
-		 * Can only get here if some other process managed to create the same
-		 * shmem key before we did.  Let him have that one, loop around to try
-		 * next key.
-		 */
+				/*
+				 * To our surprise, some other process deleted the segment
+				 * between InternalIpcMemoryCreate() and IpcMemoryAnalyze().
+				 * Moments earlier, we would have seen SHMSTATE_FOREIGN.  Try
+				 * that same ID again.
+				 */
+				elog(LOG,
+					 "shared memory block (key %lu, ID %lu) deleted during startup",
+					 (unsigned long) NextShmemSegID,
+					 (unsigned long) shmid);
+				break;
+			case SHMSTATE_FOREIGN:
+				NextShmemSegID++;
+				break;
+			case SHMSTATE_UNATTACHED:
+
+				/*
+				 * The segment pertains to DataDir, and every process that had
+				 * used it has died or detached.  Zap it, if possible, and any
+				 * associated dynamic shared memory segments, as well.  This
+				 * shouldn't fail, but if it does, assume the segment belongs
+				 * to someone else after all, and try the next candidate.
+				 * Otherwise, try again to create the segment.  That may fail
+				 * if some other process creates the same shmem key before we
+				 * do, in which case we'll try the next key.
+				 */
+				if (hdr_dsm != 0)
+					dsm_cleanup_using_control_segment(hdr_dsm);
+				if (shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL) < 0)
+					NextShmemSegID++;
+		}
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * OK, we created a new segment.  Mark it as created by this process. The
-	 * order of assignments here is critical so that another Postgres process
-	 * can't see the header as valid but belonging to an invalid PID!
-	 */
+	/* Initialize new segment. */
 	hdr = (PGShmemHeader *) memAddress;
 	hdr->creatorPID = getpid();
 	hdr->magic = PGShmemMagic;
@@ -816,7 +861,10 @@ PGSharedMemoryDetach(void)
 /*
  * Attach to shared memory and make sure it has a Postgres header
  *
- * Returns attach address if OK, else NULL
+ * Returns attach address if OK, else NULL.  Treat a NULL return value like
+ * SHMSTATE_FOREIGN.  (EACCES is common.  ENOENT, a narrow possibility,
+ * implies SHMSTATE_EEXISTS, but one can safely treat SHMSTATE_EEXISTS like
+ * SHMSTATE_FOREIGN.)
  */
 static PGShmemHeader *
 PGSharedMemoryAttach(IpcMemoryKey key, IpcMemoryId *shmid)
diff --git a/src/backend/port/win32_shmem.c b/src/backend/port/win32_shmem.c
index f8ca52e..3888c26 100644
--- a/src/backend/port/win32_shmem.c
+++ b/src/backend/port/win32_shmem.c
@@ -170,14 +170,9 @@ EnableLockPagesPrivilege(int elevel)
  *
  * Create a shared memory segment of the given size and initialize its
  * standard header.
- *
- * makePrivate means to always create a new segment, rather than attach to
- * or recycle any existing segment. On win32, we always create a new segment,
- * since there is no need for recycling (segments go away automatically
- * when the last backend exits)
  */
 PGShmemHeader *
-PGSharedMemoryCreate(Size size, bool makePrivate, int port,
+PGSharedMemoryCreate(Size size, int port,
 					 PGShmemHeader **shim)
 {
 	void	   *memAddress;
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c b/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
index a33a131..3db9f34 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
@@ -2565,7 +2565,7 @@ reset_shared(int port)
 	 * determine IPC keys.  This helps ensure that we will clean up dead IPC
 	 * objects if the postmaster crashes and is restarted.
 	 */
-	CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(false, port);
+	CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(port);
 }
 
 
@@ -4914,7 +4914,7 @@ SubPostmasterMain(int argc, char *argv[])
 		InitProcess();
 
 		/* Attach process to shared data structures */
-		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(false, 0);
+		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(0);
 
 		/* And run the backend */
 		BackendRun(&port);		/* does not return */
@@ -4928,7 +4928,7 @@ SubPostmasterMain(int argc, char *argv[])
 		InitAuxiliaryProcess();
 
 		/* Attach process to shared data structures */
-		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(false, 0);
+		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(0);
 
 		AuxiliaryProcessMain(argc - 2, argv + 2);	/* does not return */
 	}
@@ -4941,7 +4941,7 @@ SubPostmasterMain(int argc, char *argv[])
 		InitProcess();
 
 		/* Attach process to shared data structures */
-		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(false, 0);
+		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(0);
 
 		AutoVacLauncherMain(argc - 2, argv + 2);	/* does not return */
 	}
@@ -4954,7 +4954,7 @@ SubPostmasterMain(int argc, char *argv[])
 		InitProcess();
 
 		/* Attach process to shared data structures */
-		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(false, 0);
+		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(0);
 
 		AutoVacWorkerMain(argc - 2, argv + 2);	/* does not return */
 	}
@@ -4972,7 +4972,7 @@ SubPostmasterMain(int argc, char *argv[])
 		InitProcess();
 
 		/* Attach process to shared data structures */
-		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(false, 0);
+		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(0);
 
 		/* Fetch MyBgworkerEntry from shared memory */
 		shmem_slot = atoi(argv[1] + 15);
diff --git a/src/backend/storage/ipc/ipci.c b/src/backend/storage/ipc/ipci.c
index 0c86a58..091244d 100644
--- a/src/backend/storage/ipc/ipci.c
+++ b/src/backend/storage/ipc/ipci.c
@@ -88,12 +88,9 @@ RequestAddinShmemSpace(Size size)
  * through the same code as before.  (Note that the called routines mostly
  * check IsUnderPostmaster, rather than EXEC_BACKEND, to detect this case.
  * This is a bit code-wasteful and could be cleaned up.)
- *
- * If "makePrivate" is true then we only need private memory, not shared
- * memory.  This is true for a standalone backend, false for a postmaster.
  */
 void
-CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(bool makePrivate, int port)
+CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(int port)
 {
 	PGShmemHeader *shim = NULL;
 
@@ -166,7 +163,7 @@ CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(bool makePrivate, int port)
 		/*
 		 * Create the shmem segment
 		 */
-		seghdr = PGSharedMemoryCreate(size, makePrivate, port, &shim);
+		seghdr = PGSharedMemoryCreate(size, port, &shim);
 
 		InitShmemAccess(seghdr);
 
@@ -187,12 +184,9 @@ CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(bool makePrivate, int port)
 	{
 		/*
 		 * We are reattaching to an existing shared memory segment. This
-		 * should only be reached in the EXEC_BACKEND case, and even then only
-		 * with makePrivate == false.
+		 * should only be reached in the EXEC_BACKEND case.
 		 */
-#ifdef EXEC_BACKEND
-		Assert(!makePrivate);
-#else
+#ifndef EXEC_BACKEND
 		elog(PANIC, "should be attached to shared memory already");
 #endif
 	}
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c
index 3d10aa5..9b2ba8c 100644
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index b636b1e..ab31ee3e 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -444,9 +444,11 @@ InitCommunication(void)
 	{
 		/*
 		 * We're running a postgres bootstrap process or a standalone backend.
-		 * Create private "shmem" and semaphores.
+		 * Though we won't listen on PostPortNumber, use it to select a shmem
+		 * key.  This increases the chance of detecting a leftover live
+		 * backend of this DataDir.
 		 */
-		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(true, 0);
+		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(PostPortNumber);
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/src/include/storage/ipc.h b/src/include/storage/ipc.h
index 6a05a89..02f4b1b 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/ipc.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/ipc.h
@@ -76,6 +76,6 @@ extern void on_exit_reset(void);
 /* ipci.c */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT shmem_startup_hook_type shmem_startup_hook;
 
-extern void CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(bool makePrivate, int port);
+extern void CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(int port);
 
 #endif							/* IPC_H */
diff --git a/src/include/storage/pg_shmem.h b/src/include/storage/pg_shmem.h
index 6b1e040..0a65196 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/pg_shmem.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/pg_shmem.h
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ typedef struct PGShmemHeader	/* standard header for all Postgres shmem */
 {
 	int32		magic;			/* magic # to identify Postgres segments */
 #define PGShmemMagic  679834894
-	pid_t		creatorPID;		/* PID of creating process */
+	pid_t		creatorPID;		/* PID of creating process (set but unread) */
 	Size		totalsize;		/* total size of segment */
 	Size		freeoffset;		/* offset to first free space */
 	dsm_handle	dsm_control;	/* ID of dynamic shared memory control seg */
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ extern void PGSharedMemoryReAttach(void);
 extern void PGSharedMemoryNoReAttach(void);
 #endif
 
-extern PGShmemHeader *PGSharedMemoryCreate(Size size, bool makePrivate,
-					 int port, PGShmemHeader **shim);
+extern PGShmemHeader *PGSharedMemoryCreate(Size size, int port,
+					 PGShmemHeader **shim);
 extern bool PGSharedMemoryIsInUse(unsigned long id1, unsigned long id2);
 extern void PGSharedMemoryDetach(void);
 
diff --git a/src/test/perl/PostgresNode.pm b/src/test/perl/PostgresNode.pm
index 8a2c6fc..5c5f90f 100644
--- a/src/test/perl/PostgresNode.pm
+++ b/src/test/perl/PostgresNode.pm
@@ -104,7 +104,8 @@ our @EXPORT = qw(
   get_new_node
 );
 
-our ($test_localhost, $test_pghost, $last_port_assigned, @all_nodes, $died);
+our ($use_tcp, $test_localhost, $test_pghost, $last_host_assigned,
+	$last_port_assigned, @all_nodes, $died);
 
 # Windows path to virtual file system root
 
@@ -118,13 +119,14 @@ if ($Config{osname} eq 'msys')
 INIT
 {
 
-	# PGHOST is set once and for all through a single series of tests when
-	# this module is loaded.
-	$test_localhost = "127.0.0.1";
-	$test_pghost =
-	  $TestLib::windows_os ? $test_localhost : TestLib::tempdir_short;
-	$ENV{PGHOST}     = $test_pghost;
-	$ENV{PGDATABASE} = 'postgres';
+	# Set PGHOST for backward compatibility.  This doesn't work for own_host
+	# nodes, so prefer to not rely on this when writing new tests.
+	$use_tcp            = $TestLib::windows_os;
+	$test_localhost     = "127.0.0.1";
+	$last_host_assigned = 1;
+	$test_pghost        = $use_tcp ? $test_localhost : TestLib::tempdir_short;
+	$ENV{PGHOST}        = $test_pghost;
+	$ENV{PGDATABASE}    = 'postgres';
 
 	# Tracking of last port value assigned to accelerate free port lookup.
 	$last_port_assigned = int(rand() * 16384) + 49152;
@@ -155,7 +157,9 @@ sub new
 		_host    => $pghost,
 		_basedir => "$TestLib::tmp_check/t_${testname}_${name}_data",
 		_name    => $name,
-		_logfile => "$TestLib::log_path/${testname}_${name}.log"
+		_logfile_generation => 0,
+		_logfile_base       => "$TestLib::log_path/${testname}_${name}",
+		_logfile            => "$TestLib::log_path/${testname}_${name}.log"
 	};
 
 	bless $self, $class;
@@ -473,8 +477,9 @@ sub init
 		print $conf "max_wal_senders = 0\n";
 	}
 
-	if ($TestLib::windows_os)
+	if ($use_tcp)
 	{
+		print $conf "unix_socket_directories = ''\n";
 		print $conf "listen_addresses = '$host'\n";
 	}
 	else
@@ -536,12 +541,11 @@ sub backup
 {
 	my ($self, $backup_name) = @_;
 	my $backup_path = $self->backup_dir . '/' . $backup_name;
-	my $port        = $self->port;
 	my $name        = $self->name;
 
 	print "# Taking pg_basebackup $backup_name from node \"$name\"\n";
-	TestLib::system_or_bail('pg_basebackup', '-D', $backup_path, '-p', $port,
-		'--no-sync');
+	TestLib::system_or_bail('pg_basebackup', '-D', $backup_path, '-h',
+		$self->host, '-p', $self->port, '--no-sync');
 	print "# Backup finished\n";
 	return;
 }
@@ -651,6 +655,7 @@ sub init_from_backup
 {
 	my ($self, $root_node, $backup_name, %params) = @_;
 	my $backup_path = $root_node->backup_dir . '/' . $backup_name;
+	my $host        = $self->host;
 	my $port        = $self->port;
 	my $node_name   = $self->name;
 	my $root_name   = $root_node->name;
@@ -677,6 +682,15 @@ sub init_from_backup
 		qq(
 port = $port
 ));
+	if ($use_tcp)
+	{
+		$self->append_conf('postgresql.conf', "listen_addresses = '$host'");
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		$self->append_conf('postgresql.conf',
+			"unix_socket_directories = '$host'");
+	}
 	$self->enable_streaming($root_node) if $params{has_streaming};
 	$self->enable_restoring($root_node) if $params{has_restoring};
 	return;
@@ -684,17 +698,45 @@ port = $port
 
 =pod
 
-=item $node->start()
+=item $node->rotate_logfile()
+
+Switch to a new PostgreSQL log file.  This does not alter any running
+PostgreSQL process.  Subsequent method calls, including pg_ctl invocations,
+will use the new name.  Return the new name.
+
+=cut
+
+sub rotate_logfile
+{
+	my ($self) = @_;
+	$self->{_logfile} = sprintf('%s_%d.log',
+		$self->{_logfile_base},
+		++$self->{_logfile_generation});
+	return $self->{_logfile};
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item $node->start(%params) => success_or_failure
 
 Wrapper for pg_ctl start
 
 Start the node and wait until it is ready to accept connections.
 
+=over
+
+=item fail_ok => 1
+
+By default, failure terminates the entire F<prove> invocation.  If given,
+instead return a true or false value to indicate success or failure.
+
+=back
+
 =cut
 
 sub start
 {
-	my ($self) = @_;
+	my ($self, %params) = @_;
 	my $port   = $self->port;
 	my $pgdata = $self->data_dir;
 	my $name   = $self->name;
@@ -707,10 +749,34 @@ sub start
 	{
 		print "# pg_ctl start failed; logfile:\n";
 		print TestLib::slurp_file($self->logfile);
-		BAIL_OUT("pg_ctl start failed");
+		BAIL_OUT("pg_ctl start failed") unless $params{fail_ok};
+		return 0;
 	}
 
 	$self->_update_pid(1);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item $node->kill9()
+
+Send SIGKILL (signal 9) to the postmaster.
+
+Note: if the node is already known stopped, this does nothing.
+However, if we think it's running and it's not, it's important for
+this to fail.  Otherwise, tests might fail to detect server crashes.
+
+=cut
+
+sub kill9
+{
+	my ($self) = @_;
+	my $name = $self->name;
+	return unless defined $self->{_pid};
+	print "### Killing node \"$name\" using signal 9\n";
+	kill(9, $self->{_pid}) or BAIL_OUT("kill(9, $self->{_pid}) failed");
+	$self->{_pid} = undef;
 	return;
 }
 
@@ -943,7 +1009,7 @@ sub _update_pid
 
 =pod
 
-=item PostgresNode->get_new_node(node_name)
+=item PostgresNode->get_new_node(node_name, %params)
 
 Build a new object of class C<PostgresNode> (or of a subclass, if you have
 one), assigning a free port number.  Remembers the node, to prevent its port
@@ -952,6 +1018,22 @@ shut down when the test script exits.
 
 You should generally use this instead of C<PostgresNode::new(...)>.
 
+=over
+
+=item port => [1,65535]
+
+By default, this function assigns a port number to each node.  Specify this to
+force a particular port number.  The caller is responsible for evaluating
+potential conflicts and privilege requirements.
+
+=item own_host => 1
+
+By default, all nodes use the same PGHOST value.  If specified, generate a
+PGHOST specific to this node.  This allows multiple nodes to use the same
+port.
+
+=back
+
 For backwards compatibility, it is also exported as a standalone function,
 which can only create objects of class C<PostgresNode>.
 
@@ -960,10 +1042,11 @@ which can only create objects of class C<PostgresNode>.
 sub get_new_node
 {
 	my $class = 'PostgresNode';
-	$class = shift if 1 < scalar @_;
-	my $name  = shift;
-	my $found = 0;
-	my $port  = $last_port_assigned;
+	$class = shift if scalar(@_) % 2 != 1;
+	my ($name, %params) = @_;
+	my $port_is_forced = defined $params{port};
+	my $found          = $port_is_forced;
+	my $port = $port_is_forced ? $params{port} : $last_port_assigned;
 
 	while ($found == 0)
 	{
@@ -980,13 +1063,15 @@ sub get_new_node
 			$found = 0 if ($node->port == $port);
 		}
 
-		# Check to see if anything else is listening on this TCP port.
-		# This is *necessary* on Windows, and seems like a good idea
-		# on Unixen as well, even though we don't ask the postmaster
-		# to open a TCP port on Unix.
+		# Check to see if anything else is listening on this TCP port.  Accept
+		# only ports available for all possible listen_addresses values, so
+		# the caller can harness this port for the widest range of purposes.
+		# This is *necessary* on Windows, and seems like a good idea on Unixen
+		# as well, even though we don't ask the postmaster to open a TCP port
+		# on Unix.
 		if ($found == 1)
 		{
-			my $iaddr = inet_aton($test_localhost);
+			my $iaddr = inet_aton('0.0.0.0');
 			my $paddr = sockaddr_in($port, $iaddr);
 			my $proto = getprotobyname("tcp");
 
@@ -1002,16 +1087,35 @@ sub get_new_node
 		}
 	}
 
-	print "# Found free port $port\n";
+	print "# Found port $port\n";
+
+	# Select a host.
+	my $host = $test_pghost;
+	if ($params{own_host})
+	{
+		if ($use_tcp)
+		{
+			# This assumes $use_tcp platforms treat every address in
+			# 127.0.0.1/24, not just 127.0.0.1, as a usable loopback.
+			$last_host_assigned++;
+			$last_host_assigned > 254 and BAIL_OUT("too many own_host nodes");
+			$host = '127.0.0.' . $last_host_assigned;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$host = "$test_pghost/$name"; # Assume $name =~ /^[-_a-zA-Z0-9]+$/
+			mkdir $host;
+		}
+	}
 
 	# Lock port number found by creating a new node
-	my $node = $class->new($name, $test_pghost, $port);
+	my $node = $class->new($name, $host, $port);
 
 	# Add node to list of nodes
 	push(@all_nodes, $node);
 
 	# And update port for next time
-	$last_port_assigned = $port;
+	$port_is_forced or $last_port_assigned = $port;
 
 	return $node;
 }
@@ -1402,9 +1506,8 @@ $stderr);
 
 =item $node->command_ok(...)
 
-Runs a shell command like TestLib::command_ok, but with PGPORT
-set so that the command will default to connecting to this
-PostgresNode.
+Runs a shell command like TestLib::command_ok, but with PGHOST and PGPORT set
+so that the command will default to connecting to this PostgresNode.
 
 =cut
 
@@ -1414,6 +1517,7 @@ sub command_ok
 
 	my $self = shift;
 
+	local $ENV{PGHOST} = $self->host;
 	local $ENV{PGPORT} = $self->port;
 
 	TestLib::command_ok(@_);
@@ -1424,7 +1528,7 @@ sub command_ok
 
 =item $node->command_fails(...)
 
-TestLib::command_fails with our PGPORT. See command_ok(...)
+TestLib::command_fails with our connection parameters. See command_ok(...)
 
 =cut
 
@@ -1434,6 +1538,7 @@ sub command_fails
 
 	my $self = shift;
 
+	local $ENV{PGHOST} = $self->host;
 	local $ENV{PGPORT} = $self->port;
 
 	TestLib::command_fails(@_);
@@ -1444,7 +1549,7 @@ sub command_fails
 
 =item $node->command_like(...)
 
-TestLib::command_like with our PGPORT. See command_ok(...)
+TestLib::command_like with our connection parameters. See command_ok(...)
 
 =cut
 
@@ -1454,6 +1559,7 @@ sub command_like
 
 	my $self = shift;
 
+	local $ENV{PGHOST} = $self->host;
 	local $ENV{PGPORT} = $self->port;
 
 	TestLib::command_like(@_);
@@ -1464,7 +1570,8 @@ sub command_like
 
 =item $node->command_checks_all(...)
 
-TestLib::command_checks_all with our PGPORT. See command_ok(...)
+TestLib::command_checks_all with our connection parameters. See
+command_ok(...)
 
 =cut
 
@@ -1474,6 +1581,7 @@ sub command_checks_all
 
 	my $self = shift;
 
+	local $ENV{PGHOST} = $self->host;
 	local $ENV{PGPORT} = $self->port;
 
 	TestLib::command_checks_all(@_);
@@ -1498,6 +1606,7 @@ sub issues_sql_like
 
 	my ($self, $cmd, $expected_sql, $test_name) = @_;
 
+	local $ENV{PGHOST} = $self->host;
 	local $ENV{PGPORT} = $self->port;
 
 	truncate $self->logfile, 0;
@@ -1512,8 +1621,8 @@ sub issues_sql_like
 
 =item $node->run_log(...)
 
-Runs a shell command like TestLib::run_log, but with PGPORT set so
-that the command will default to connecting to this PostgresNode.
+Runs a shell command like TestLib::run_log, but with connection parameters set
+so that the command will default to connecting to this PostgresNode.
 
 =cut
 
@@ -1521,6 +1630,7 @@ sub run_log
 {
 	my $self = shift;
 
+	local $ENV{PGHOST} = $self->host;
 	local $ENV{PGPORT} = $self->port;
 
 	TestLib::run_log(@_);
diff --git a/src/test/recovery/t/016_shm.pl b/src/test/recovery/t/016_shm.pl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9021562
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/recovery/t/016_shm.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+#
+# Tests of pg_shmem.h functions
+#
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+use IPC::Run 'run';
+use PostgresNode;
+use Test::More;
+use TestLib;
+
+plan tests => 6;
+
+my $tempdir = TestLib::tempdir;
+my $port;
+
+# When using Unix sockets, we can dictate the port number.  In the absence of
+# collisions from other shmget() activity, gnat starts with key 0x7d001
+# (512001), and flea starts with key 0x7d002 (512002).
+$port = 512 unless $PostgresNode::use_tcp;
+
+# Log "ipcs" diffs on a best-effort basis, swallowing any error.
+my $ipcs_before = "$tempdir/ipcs_before";
+eval { run_log [ 'ipcs', '-am' ], '>', $ipcs_before; };
+
+sub log_ipcs
+{
+	eval { run_log [ 'ipcs', '-am' ], '|', [ 'diff', $ipcs_before, '-' ] };
+	return;
+}
+
+# Node setup.
+sub init_start
+{
+	my $name = shift;
+	my $ret = PostgresNode->get_new_node($name, port => $port, own_host => 1);
+	defined($port) or $port = $ret->port;    # same port for all nodes
+	$ret->init;
+	$ret->start;
+	log_ipcs();
+	return $ret;
+}
+my $gnat = init_start 'gnat';
+my $flea = init_start 'flea';
+
+# Upon postmaster death, postmaster children exit automatically.
+$gnat->kill9;
+log_ipcs();
+$flea->restart;       # flea ignores the shm key gnat abandoned.
+log_ipcs();
+poll_start($gnat);    # gnat recycles its former shm key.
+log_ipcs();
+
+# After clean shutdown, the nodes swap shm keys.
+$gnat->stop;
+$flea->restart;
+log_ipcs();
+$gnat->start;
+log_ipcs();
+
+# Scenarios involving no postmaster.pid, dead postmaster, and a live backend.
+# Use a regress.c function to emulate the responsiveness of a backend working
+# through a CPU-intensive task.
+$gnat->safe_psql('postgres', <<EOSQL);
+CREATE FUNCTION wait_pid(int)
+   RETURNS void
+   AS '$ENV{REGRESS_SHLIB}'
+   LANGUAGE C STRICT;
+EOSQL
+my $slow_query = 'SELECT wait_pid(pg_backend_pid())';
+my ($stdout, $stderr);
+my $slow_client = IPC::Run::start(
+	[
+		'psql', '-X', '-qAt', '-d', $gnat->connstr('postgres'),
+		'-c', $slow_query
+	],
+	'<',
+	\undef,
+	'>',
+	\$stdout,
+	'2>',
+	\$stderr,
+	IPC::Run::timeout(900));    # five times the poll_query_until timeout
+ok( $gnat->poll_query_until(
+		'postgres',
+		"SELECT 1 FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE query = '$slow_query'", '1'),
+	'slow query started');
+my $slow_pid = $gnat->safe_psql('postgres',
+	"SELECT pid FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE query = '$slow_query'");
+$gnat->kill9;
+unlink($gnat->data_dir . '/postmaster.pid');
+$gnat->rotate_logfile;    # on Windows, can't open old log for writing
+log_ipcs();
+# Reject ordinary startup.
+ok(!$gnat->start(fail_ok => 1), 'live query blocks restart');
+like(
+	slurp_file($gnat->logfile),
+	qr/pre-existing shared memory block/,
+	'detected live backend via shared memory');
+# Reject single-user startup.
+my $single_stderr;
+ok( !run_log(
+		[ 'postgres', '--single', '-D', $gnat->data_dir, 'template1' ],
+		'<', \('SELECT 1 + 1'), '2>', \$single_stderr),
+	'live query blocks --single');
+print STDERR $single_stderr;
+like(
+	$single_stderr,
+	qr/pre-existing shared memory block/,
+	'single-user mode detected live backend via shared memory');
+log_ipcs();
+# Fail to reject startup if shm key N has become available and we crash while
+# using key N+1.  This is unwanted, but expected.  Windows is immune, because
+# its GetSharedMemName() use DataDir strings, not numeric keys.
+$flea->stop;    # release first key
+is( $gnat->start(fail_ok => 1),
+	$TestLib::windows_os ? 0 : 1,
+	'key turnover fools only sysv_shmem.c');
+$gnat->stop;     # release first key (no-op on $TestLib::windows_os)
+$flea->start;    # grab first key
+# cleanup
+TestLib::system_log('pg_ctl', 'kill', 'QUIT', $slow_pid);
+$slow_client->finish;    # client has detected backend termination
+log_ipcs();
+poll_start($gnat);       # recycle second key
+
+$gnat->stop;
+$flea->stop;
+log_ipcs();
+
+
+# When postmaster children are slow to exit after postmaster death, we may
+# need retries to start a new postmaster.
+sub poll_start
+{
+	my ($node) = @_;
+
+	my $max_attempts = 180 * 10;
+	my $attempts     = 0;
+
+	while ($attempts < $max_attempts)
+	{
+		$node->start(fail_ok => 1) && return 1;
+
+		# Wait 0.1 second before retrying.
+		usleep(100_000);
+
+		$attempts++;
+	}
+
+	# No success within 180 seconds.  Try one last time without fail_ok, which
+	# will BAIL_OUT unless it succeeds.
+	$node->start && return 1;
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/tools/msvc/vcregress.pl b/src/tools/msvc/vcregress.pl
index 4018313..4a1e6e3 100644
--- a/src/tools/msvc/vcregress.pl
+++ b/src/tools/msvc/vcregress.pl
@@ -205,6 +205,7 @@ sub tap_check
 	local %ENV = %ENV;
 	$ENV{PERL5LIB}   = "$topdir/src/test/perl;$ENV{PERL5LIB}";
 	$ENV{PG_REGRESS} = "$topdir/$Config/pg_regress/pg_regress";
+	$ENV{REGRESS_SHLIB} = "$topdir/src/test/regress/regress.dll";
 
 	$ENV{TESTDIR} = "$dir";
 

Attachments:

  [text/plain] ipcrm-hint-v1.patch (815B, ../20181203004106.GA2860387@rfd.leadboat.com/2-ipcrm-hint-v1.patch)
  download | inline diff:
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c
@@ -1070,14 +1070,10 @@ CreateLockFile(const char *filename, bool amPostmaster,
 				if (PGSharedMemoryIsInUse(id1, id2))
 					ereport(FATAL,
 							(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_FILE_EXISTS),
-							 errmsg("pre-existing shared memory block "
-									"(key %lu, ID %lu) is still in use",
+							 errmsg("pre-existing shared memory block (key %lu, ID %lu) is still in use",
 									id1, id2),
-							 errhint("If you're sure there are no old "
-									 "server processes still running, remove "
-									 "the shared memory block "
-									 "or just delete the file \"%s\".",
-									 filename)));
+							 errhint("Terminate any old server processes associated with data directory \"%s\".",
+									 refName)));
 			}
 		}
 

  [text/plain] PGSharedMemoryCreate-safety-v2.patch (34.3K, ../20181203004106.GA2860387@rfd.leadboat.com/3-PGSharedMemoryCreate-safety-v2.patch)
  download | inline diff:
diff --git a/src/Makefile.global.in b/src/Makefile.global.in
index 956fd27..a67455b 100644
--- a/src/Makefile.global.in
+++ b/src/Makefile.global.in
@@ -421,13 +421,13 @@ ifeq ($(enable_tap_tests),yes)
 define prove_installcheck
 rm -rf '$(CURDIR)'/tmp_check
 $(MKDIR_P) '$(CURDIR)'/tmp_check
-cd $(srcdir) && TESTDIR='$(CURDIR)' PATH="$(bindir):$$PATH" PGPORT='6$(DEF_PGPORT)' top_builddir='$(CURDIR)/$(top_builddir)' PG_REGRESS='$(CURDIR)/$(top_builddir)/src/test/regress/pg_regress' $(PROVE) $(PG_PROVE_FLAGS) $(PROVE_FLAGS) $(if $(PROVE_TESTS),$(PROVE_TESTS),t/*.pl)
+cd $(srcdir) && TESTDIR='$(CURDIR)' PATH="$(bindir):$$PATH" PGPORT='6$(DEF_PGPORT)' top_builddir='$(CURDIR)/$(top_builddir)' PG_REGRESS='$(CURDIR)/$(top_builddir)/src/test/regress/pg_regress' REGRESS_SHLIB='$(abs_top_builddir)/src/test/regress/regress$(DLSUFFIX)' $(PROVE) $(PG_PROVE_FLAGS) $(PROVE_FLAGS) $(if $(PROVE_TESTS),$(PROVE_TESTS),t/*.pl)
 endef
 
 define prove_check
 rm -rf '$(CURDIR)'/tmp_check
 $(MKDIR_P) '$(CURDIR)'/tmp_check
-cd $(srcdir) && TESTDIR='$(CURDIR)' $(with_temp_install) PGPORT='6$(DEF_PGPORT)' PG_REGRESS='$(CURDIR)/$(top_builddir)/src/test/regress/pg_regress' $(PROVE) $(PG_PROVE_FLAGS) $(PROVE_FLAGS) $(if $(PROVE_TESTS),$(PROVE_TESTS),t/*.pl)
+cd $(srcdir) && TESTDIR='$(CURDIR)' $(with_temp_install) PGPORT='6$(DEF_PGPORT)' PG_REGRESS='$(CURDIR)/$(top_builddir)/src/test/regress/pg_regress' REGRESS_SHLIB='$(abs_top_builddir)/src/test/regress/regress$(DLSUFFIX)' $(PROVE) $(PG_PROVE_FLAGS) $(PROVE_FLAGS) $(if $(PROVE_TESTS),$(PROVE_TESTS),t/*.pl)
 endef
 
 else
diff --git a/src/backend/port/sysv_shmem.c b/src/backend/port/sysv_shmem.c
index 741c455..7a9a68e 100644
--- a/src/backend/port/sysv_shmem.c
+++ b/src/backend/port/sysv_shmem.c
@@ -71,6 +71,26 @@
 typedef key_t IpcMemoryKey;		/* shared memory key passed to shmget(2) */
 typedef int IpcMemoryId;		/* shared memory ID returned by shmget(2) */
 
+/*
+ * How does a given IpcMemoryId relate to this PostgreSQL process?
+ *
+ * One could recycle unattached segments of different data directories if we
+ * distinguished that case from other SHMSTATE_FOREIGN cases.  Doing so would
+ * cause us to visit less of the key space, making us less likely to detect a
+ * SHMSTATE_ATTACHED key.  It would also complicate the concurrency analysis,
+ * in that postmasters of different data directories could simultaneously
+ * attempt to recycle a given key.  We'll waste keys longer in some cases, but
+ * avoiding the problems of the alternative justifies that loss.
+ */
+enum IpcMemoryState
+{
+	SHMSTATE_ANALYSIS_FAILURE,	/* unexpected failure to analyze the ID */
+	SHMSTATE_ATTACHED,			/* pertinent to DataDir, has attached PIDs */
+	SHMSTATE_EEXISTS,			/* no segment of that ID */
+	SHMSTATE_FOREIGN,			/* exists, but not pertinent to DataDir */
+	SHMSTATE_UNATTACHED			/* pertinent to DataDir, no attached PIDs */
+};
+
 
 unsigned long UsedShmemSegID = 0;
 void	   *UsedShmemSegAddr = NULL;
@@ -83,6 +103,7 @@ static void *AnonymousShmem = NULL;
 static void *InternalIpcMemoryCreate(IpcMemoryKey memKey, Size size);
 static void IpcMemoryDetach(int status, Datum shmaddr);
 static void IpcMemoryDelete(int status, Datum shmId);
+static enum IpcMemoryState IpcMemoryAnalyze(IpcMemoryId shmId);
 static PGShmemHeader *PGSharedMemoryAttach(IpcMemoryKey key,
 					 IpcMemoryId *shmid);
 
@@ -288,7 +309,23 @@ IpcMemoryDelete(int status, Datum shmId)
 bool
 PGSharedMemoryIsInUse(unsigned long id1, unsigned long id2)
 {
-	IpcMemoryId shmId = (IpcMemoryId) id2;
+	switch (IpcMemoryAnalyze((IpcMemoryId) id2))
+	{
+		case SHMSTATE_EEXISTS:
+		case SHMSTATE_FOREIGN:
+		case SHMSTATE_UNATTACHED:
+			return false;
+		case SHMSTATE_ANALYSIS_FAILURE:
+		case SHMSTATE_ATTACHED:
+			return true;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+/* See comment at enum IpcMemoryState. */
+static enum IpcMemoryState
+IpcMemoryAnalyze(IpcMemoryId shmId)
+{
 	struct shmid_ds shmStat;
 	struct stat statbuf;
 	PGShmemHeader *hdr;
@@ -305,7 +342,7 @@ PGSharedMemoryIsInUse(unsigned long id1, unsigned long id2)
 		 * exists.
 		 */
 		if (errno == EINVAL)
-			return false;
+			return SHMSTATE_EEXISTS;
 
 		/*
 		 * EACCES implies that the segment belongs to some other userid, which
@@ -313,7 +350,7 @@ PGSharedMemoryIsInUse(unsigned long id1, unsigned long id2)
 		 * is relevant to our data directory).
 		 */
 		if (errno == EACCES)
-			return false;
+			return SHMSTATE_FOREIGN;
 
 		/*
 		 * Some Linux kernel versions (in fact, all of them as of July 2007)
@@ -324,7 +361,7 @@ PGSharedMemoryIsInUse(unsigned long id1, unsigned long id2)
 		 */
 #ifdef HAVE_LINUX_EIDRM_BUG
 		if (errno == EIDRM)
-			return false;
+			return SHMSTATE_EEXISTS;
 #endif
 
 		/*
@@ -332,25 +369,26 @@ PGSharedMemoryIsInUse(unsigned long id1, unsigned long id2)
 		 * only likely case is EIDRM, which implies that the segment has been
 		 * IPC_RMID'd but there are still processes attached to it.
 		 */
-		return true;
+		return SHMSTATE_ANALYSIS_FAILURE;
 	}
 
-	/* If it has no attached processes, it's not in use */
-	if (shmStat.shm_nattch == 0)
-		return false;
-
 	/*
 	 * Try to attach to the segment and see if it matches our data directory.
 	 * This avoids shmid-conflict problems on machines that are running
 	 * several postmasters under the same userid.
 	 */
 	if (stat(DataDir, &statbuf) < 0)
-		return true;			/* if can't stat, be conservative */
+		return SHMSTATE_ANALYSIS_FAILURE;	/* can't stat; be conservative */
 
+	/*
+	 * If we can't attach, be conservative.  This may fail if postmaster.pid
+	 * furnished the shmId and another user created a world-readable segment
+	 * of the same shmId.  It shouldn't fail if PGSharedMemoryAttach()
+	 * furnished the shmId, because that function tests shmat().
+	 */
 	hdr = (PGShmemHeader *) shmat(shmId, NULL, PG_SHMAT_FLAGS);
-
 	if (hdr == (PGShmemHeader *) -1)
-		return true;			/* if can't attach, be conservative */
+		return SHMSTATE_ANALYSIS_FAILURE;
 
 	if (hdr->magic != PGShmemMagic ||
 		hdr->device != statbuf.st_dev ||
@@ -358,16 +396,15 @@ PGSharedMemoryIsInUse(unsigned long id1, unsigned long id2)
 	{
 		/*
 		 * It's either not a Postgres segment, or not one for my data
-		 * directory.  In either case it poses no threat.
+		 * directory.
 		 */
 		shmdt((void *) hdr);
-		return false;
+		return SHMSTATE_FOREIGN;
 	}
 
-	/* Trouble --- looks a lot like there's still live backends */
 	shmdt((void *) hdr);
 
-	return true;
+	return shmStat.shm_nattch == 0 ? SHMSTATE_UNATTACHED : SHMSTATE_ATTACHED;
 }
 
 #ifdef USE_ANONYMOUS_SHMEM
@@ -543,19 +580,16 @@ AnonymousShmemDetach(int status, Datum arg)
  * standard header.  Also, register an on_shmem_exit callback to release
  * the storage.
  *
- * Dead Postgres segments are recycled if found, but we do not fail upon
- * collision with non-Postgres shmem segments.  The idea here is to detect and
- * re-use keys that may have been assigned by a crashed postmaster or backend.
- *
- * makePrivate means to always create a new segment, rather than attach to
- * or recycle any existing segment.
+ * Dead Postgres segments pertinent to this DataDir are recycled if found, but
+ * we do not fail upon collision with foreign shmem segments.  The idea here
+ * is to detect and re-use keys that may have been assigned by a crashed
+ * postmaster or backend.
  *
  * The port number is passed for possible use as a key (for SysV, we use
- * it to generate the starting shmem key).  In a standalone backend,
- * zero will be passed.
+ * it to generate the starting shmem key).
  */
 PGShmemHeader *
-PGSharedMemoryCreate(Size size, bool makePrivate, int port,
+PGSharedMemoryCreate(Size size, int port,
 					 PGShmemHeader **shim)
 {
 	IpcMemoryKey NextShmemSegID;
@@ -592,11 +626,18 @@ PGSharedMemoryCreate(Size size, bool makePrivate, int port,
 	/* Make sure PGSharedMemoryAttach doesn't fail without need */
 	UsedShmemSegAddr = NULL;
 
-	/* Loop till we find a free IPC key */
-	NextShmemSegID = port * 1000;
+	/*
+	 * Loop till we find a free IPC key.  Trust CreateDataDirLockFile() to
+	 * ensure no more than one postmaster per data directory can enter this
+	 * loop simultaneously.  (CreateDataDirLockFile() does not ensure that,
+	 * but prefer fixing it over coping here.)
+	 */
+	NextShmemSegID = 1 + port * 1000;
 
-	for (NextShmemSegID++;; NextShmemSegID++)
+	for (;;)
 	{
+		dsm_handle	hdr_dsm;
+
 		/* Try to create new segment */
 		memAddress = InternalIpcMemoryCreate(NextShmemSegID, sysvsize);
 		if (memAddress)
@@ -604,58 +645,62 @@ PGSharedMemoryCreate(Size size, bool makePrivate, int port,
 
 		/* Check shared memory and possibly remove and recreate */
 
-		if (makePrivate)		/* a standalone backend shouldn't do this */
-			continue;
-
 		if ((memAddress = PGSharedMemoryAttach(NextShmemSegID, &shmid)) == NULL)
-			continue;			/* can't attach, not one of mine */
-
-		/*
-		 * If I am not the creator and it belongs to an extant process,
-		 * continue.
-		 */
-		hdr = (PGShmemHeader *) memAddress;
-		if (hdr->creatorPID != getpid())
 		{
-			if (kill(hdr->creatorPID, 0) == 0 || errno != ESRCH)
-			{
-				shmdt(memAddress);
-				continue;		/* segment belongs to a live process */
-			}
+			NextShmemSegID++;
+			continue;
 		}
-
-		/*
-		 * The segment appears to be from a dead Postgres process, or from a
-		 * previous cycle of life in this same process.  Zap it, if possible,
-		 * and any associated dynamic shared memory segments, as well. This
-		 * probably shouldn't fail, but if it does, assume the segment belongs
-		 * to someone else after all, and continue quietly.
-		 */
-		if (hdr->dsm_control != 0)
-			dsm_cleanup_using_control_segment(hdr->dsm_control);
+		hdr_dsm = ((PGShmemHeader *) memAddress)->dsm_control;
 		shmdt(memAddress);
-		if (shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL) < 0)
-			continue;
+		memAddress = NULL;
 
-		/*
-		 * Now try again to create the segment.
-		 */
-		memAddress = InternalIpcMemoryCreate(NextShmemSegID, sysvsize);
-		if (memAddress)
-			break;				/* successful create and attach */
+		switch (IpcMemoryAnalyze(shmid))
+		{
+			case SHMSTATE_ANALYSIS_FAILURE:
+			case SHMSTATE_ATTACHED:
+				ereport(FATAL,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_FILE_EXISTS),
+						 errmsg("pre-existing shared memory block (key %lu, ID %lu) is still in use",
+								(unsigned long) NextShmemSegID,
+								(unsigned long) shmid),
+						 errhint("Terminate any old server processes associated with data directory \"%s\".",
+								 DataDir)));
+			case SHMSTATE_EEXISTS:
 
-		/*
-		 * Can only get here if some other process managed to create the same
-		 * shmem key before we did.  Let him have that one, loop around to try
-		 * next key.
-		 */
+				/*
+				 * To our surprise, some other process deleted the segment
+				 * between InternalIpcMemoryCreate() and IpcMemoryAnalyze().
+				 * Moments earlier, we would have seen SHMSTATE_FOREIGN.  Try
+				 * that same ID again.
+				 */
+				elog(LOG,
+					 "shared memory block (key %lu, ID %lu) deleted during startup",
+					 (unsigned long) NextShmemSegID,
+					 (unsigned long) shmid);
+				break;
+			case SHMSTATE_FOREIGN:
+				NextShmemSegID++;
+				break;
+			case SHMSTATE_UNATTACHED:
+
+				/*
+				 * The segment pertains to DataDir, and every process that had
+				 * used it has died or detached.  Zap it, if possible, and any
+				 * associated dynamic shared memory segments, as well.  This
+				 * shouldn't fail, but if it does, assume the segment belongs
+				 * to someone else after all, and try the next candidate.
+				 * Otherwise, try again to create the segment.  That may fail
+				 * if some other process creates the same shmem key before we
+				 * do, in which case we'll try the next key.
+				 */
+				if (hdr_dsm != 0)
+					dsm_cleanup_using_control_segment(hdr_dsm);
+				if (shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL) < 0)
+					NextShmemSegID++;
+		}
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * OK, we created a new segment.  Mark it as created by this process. The
-	 * order of assignments here is critical so that another Postgres process
-	 * can't see the header as valid but belonging to an invalid PID!
-	 */
+	/* Initialize new segment. */
 	hdr = (PGShmemHeader *) memAddress;
 	hdr->creatorPID = getpid();
 	hdr->magic = PGShmemMagic;
@@ -816,7 +861,10 @@ PGSharedMemoryDetach(void)
 /*
  * Attach to shared memory and make sure it has a Postgres header
  *
- * Returns attach address if OK, else NULL
+ * Returns attach address if OK, else NULL.  Treat a NULL return value like
+ * SHMSTATE_FOREIGN.  (EACCES is common.  ENOENT, a narrow possibility,
+ * implies SHMSTATE_EEXISTS, but one can safely treat SHMSTATE_EEXISTS like
+ * SHMSTATE_FOREIGN.)
  */
 static PGShmemHeader *
 PGSharedMemoryAttach(IpcMemoryKey key, IpcMemoryId *shmid)
diff --git a/src/backend/port/win32_shmem.c b/src/backend/port/win32_shmem.c
index f8ca52e..3888c26 100644
--- a/src/backend/port/win32_shmem.c
+++ b/src/backend/port/win32_shmem.c
@@ -170,14 +170,9 @@ EnableLockPagesPrivilege(int elevel)
  *
  * Create a shared memory segment of the given size and initialize its
  * standard header.
- *
- * makePrivate means to always create a new segment, rather than attach to
- * or recycle any existing segment. On win32, we always create a new segment,
- * since there is no need for recycling (segments go away automatically
- * when the last backend exits)
  */
 PGShmemHeader *
-PGSharedMemoryCreate(Size size, bool makePrivate, int port,
+PGSharedMemoryCreate(Size size, int port,
 					 PGShmemHeader **shim)
 {
 	void	   *memAddress;
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c b/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
index a33a131..3db9f34 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
@@ -2565,7 +2565,7 @@ reset_shared(int port)
 	 * determine IPC keys.  This helps ensure that we will clean up dead IPC
 	 * objects if the postmaster crashes and is restarted.
 	 */
-	CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(false, port);
+	CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(port);
 }
 
 
@@ -4914,7 +4914,7 @@ SubPostmasterMain(int argc, char *argv[])
 		InitProcess();
 
 		/* Attach process to shared data structures */
-		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(false, 0);
+		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(0);
 
 		/* And run the backend */
 		BackendRun(&port);		/* does not return */
@@ -4928,7 +4928,7 @@ SubPostmasterMain(int argc, char *argv[])
 		InitAuxiliaryProcess();
 
 		/* Attach process to shared data structures */
-		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(false, 0);
+		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(0);
 
 		AuxiliaryProcessMain(argc - 2, argv + 2);	/* does not return */
 	}
@@ -4941,7 +4941,7 @@ SubPostmasterMain(int argc, char *argv[])
 		InitProcess();
 
 		/* Attach process to shared data structures */
-		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(false, 0);
+		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(0);
 
 		AutoVacLauncherMain(argc - 2, argv + 2);	/* does not return */
 	}
@@ -4954,7 +4954,7 @@ SubPostmasterMain(int argc, char *argv[])
 		InitProcess();
 
 		/* Attach process to shared data structures */
-		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(false, 0);
+		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(0);
 
 		AutoVacWorkerMain(argc - 2, argv + 2);	/* does not return */
 	}
@@ -4972,7 +4972,7 @@ SubPostmasterMain(int argc, char *argv[])
 		InitProcess();
 
 		/* Attach process to shared data structures */
-		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(false, 0);
+		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(0);
 
 		/* Fetch MyBgworkerEntry from shared memory */
 		shmem_slot = atoi(argv[1] + 15);
diff --git a/src/backend/storage/ipc/ipci.c b/src/backend/storage/ipc/ipci.c
index 0c86a58..091244d 100644
--- a/src/backend/storage/ipc/ipci.c
+++ b/src/backend/storage/ipc/ipci.c
@@ -88,12 +88,9 @@ RequestAddinShmemSpace(Size size)
  * through the same code as before.  (Note that the called routines mostly
  * check IsUnderPostmaster, rather than EXEC_BACKEND, to detect this case.
  * This is a bit code-wasteful and could be cleaned up.)
- *
- * If "makePrivate" is true then we only need private memory, not shared
- * memory.  This is true for a standalone backend, false for a postmaster.
  */
 void
-CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(bool makePrivate, int port)
+CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(int port)
 {
 	PGShmemHeader *shim = NULL;
 
@@ -166,7 +163,7 @@ CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(bool makePrivate, int port)
 		/*
 		 * Create the shmem segment
 		 */
-		seghdr = PGSharedMemoryCreate(size, makePrivate, port, &shim);
+		seghdr = PGSharedMemoryCreate(size, port, &shim);
 
 		InitShmemAccess(seghdr);
 
@@ -187,12 +184,9 @@ CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(bool makePrivate, int port)
 	{
 		/*
 		 * We are reattaching to an existing shared memory segment. This
-		 * should only be reached in the EXEC_BACKEND case, and even then only
-		 * with makePrivate == false.
+		 * should only be reached in the EXEC_BACKEND case.
 		 */
-#ifdef EXEC_BACKEND
-		Assert(!makePrivate);
-#else
+#ifndef EXEC_BACKEND
 		elog(PANIC, "should be attached to shared memory already");
 #endif
 	}
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c
index 3d10aa5..9b2ba8c 100644
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
index b636b1e..ab31ee3e 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/init/postinit.c
@@ -444,9 +444,11 @@ InitCommunication(void)
 	{
 		/*
 		 * We're running a postgres bootstrap process or a standalone backend.
-		 * Create private "shmem" and semaphores.
+		 * Though we won't listen on PostPortNumber, use it to select a shmem
+		 * key.  This increases the chance of detecting a leftover live
+		 * backend of this DataDir.
 		 */
-		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(true, 0);
+		CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(PostPortNumber);
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/src/include/storage/ipc.h b/src/include/storage/ipc.h
index 6a05a89..02f4b1b 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/ipc.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/ipc.h
@@ -76,6 +76,6 @@ extern void on_exit_reset(void);
 /* ipci.c */
 extern PGDLLIMPORT shmem_startup_hook_type shmem_startup_hook;
 
-extern void CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(bool makePrivate, int port);
+extern void CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(int port);
 
 #endif							/* IPC_H */
diff --git a/src/include/storage/pg_shmem.h b/src/include/storage/pg_shmem.h
index 6b1e040..0a65196 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/pg_shmem.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/pg_shmem.h
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ typedef struct PGShmemHeader	/* standard header for all Postgres shmem */
 {
 	int32		magic;			/* magic # to identify Postgres segments */
 #define PGShmemMagic  679834894
-	pid_t		creatorPID;		/* PID of creating process */
+	pid_t		creatorPID;		/* PID of creating process (set but unread) */
 	Size		totalsize;		/* total size of segment */
 	Size		freeoffset;		/* offset to first free space */
 	dsm_handle	dsm_control;	/* ID of dynamic shared memory control seg */
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ extern void PGSharedMemoryReAttach(void);
 extern void PGSharedMemoryNoReAttach(void);
 #endif
 
-extern PGShmemHeader *PGSharedMemoryCreate(Size size, bool makePrivate,
-					 int port, PGShmemHeader **shim);
+extern PGShmemHeader *PGSharedMemoryCreate(Size size, int port,
+					 PGShmemHeader **shim);
 extern bool PGSharedMemoryIsInUse(unsigned long id1, unsigned long id2);
 extern void PGSharedMemoryDetach(void);
 
diff --git a/src/test/perl/PostgresNode.pm b/src/test/perl/PostgresNode.pm
index 8a2c6fc..5c5f90f 100644
--- a/src/test/perl/PostgresNode.pm
+++ b/src/test/perl/PostgresNode.pm
@@ -104,7 +104,8 @@ our @EXPORT = qw(
   get_new_node
 );
 
-our ($test_localhost, $test_pghost, $last_port_assigned, @all_nodes, $died);
+our ($use_tcp, $test_localhost, $test_pghost, $last_host_assigned,
+	$last_port_assigned, @all_nodes, $died);
 
 # Windows path to virtual file system root
 
@@ -118,13 +119,14 @@ if ($Config{osname} eq 'msys')
 INIT
 {
 
-	# PGHOST is set once and for all through a single series of tests when
-	# this module is loaded.
-	$test_localhost = "127.0.0.1";
-	$test_pghost =
-	  $TestLib::windows_os ? $test_localhost : TestLib::tempdir_short;
-	$ENV{PGHOST}     = $test_pghost;
-	$ENV{PGDATABASE} = 'postgres';
+	# Set PGHOST for backward compatibility.  This doesn't work for own_host
+	# nodes, so prefer to not rely on this when writing new tests.
+	$use_tcp            = $TestLib::windows_os;
+	$test_localhost     = "127.0.0.1";
+	$last_host_assigned = 1;
+	$test_pghost        = $use_tcp ? $test_localhost : TestLib::tempdir_short;
+	$ENV{PGHOST}        = $test_pghost;
+	$ENV{PGDATABASE}    = 'postgres';
 
 	# Tracking of last port value assigned to accelerate free port lookup.
 	$last_port_assigned = int(rand() * 16384) + 49152;
@@ -155,7 +157,9 @@ sub new
 		_host    => $pghost,
 		_basedir => "$TestLib::tmp_check/t_${testname}_${name}_data",
 		_name    => $name,
-		_logfile => "$TestLib::log_path/${testname}_${name}.log"
+		_logfile_generation => 0,
+		_logfile_base       => "$TestLib::log_path/${testname}_${name}",
+		_logfile            => "$TestLib::log_path/${testname}_${name}.log"
 	};
 
 	bless $self, $class;
@@ -473,8 +477,9 @@ sub init
 		print $conf "max_wal_senders = 0\n";
 	}
 
-	if ($TestLib::windows_os)
+	if ($use_tcp)
 	{
+		print $conf "unix_socket_directories = ''\n";
 		print $conf "listen_addresses = '$host'\n";
 	}
 	else
@@ -536,12 +541,11 @@ sub backup
 {
 	my ($self, $backup_name) = @_;
 	my $backup_path = $self->backup_dir . '/' . $backup_name;
-	my $port        = $self->port;
 	my $name        = $self->name;
 
 	print "# Taking pg_basebackup $backup_name from node \"$name\"\n";
-	TestLib::system_or_bail('pg_basebackup', '-D', $backup_path, '-p', $port,
-		'--no-sync');
+	TestLib::system_or_bail('pg_basebackup', '-D', $backup_path, '-h',
+		$self->host, '-p', $self->port, '--no-sync');
 	print "# Backup finished\n";
 	return;
 }
@@ -651,6 +655,7 @@ sub init_from_backup
 {
 	my ($self, $root_node, $backup_name, %params) = @_;
 	my $backup_path = $root_node->backup_dir . '/' . $backup_name;
+	my $host        = $self->host;
 	my $port        = $self->port;
 	my $node_name   = $self->name;
 	my $root_name   = $root_node->name;
@@ -677,6 +682,15 @@ sub init_from_backup
 		qq(
 port = $port
 ));
+	if ($use_tcp)
+	{
+		$self->append_conf('postgresql.conf', "listen_addresses = '$host'");
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		$self->append_conf('postgresql.conf',
+			"unix_socket_directories = '$host'");
+	}
 	$self->enable_streaming($root_node) if $params{has_streaming};
 	$self->enable_restoring($root_node) if $params{has_restoring};
 	return;
@@ -684,17 +698,45 @@ port = $port
 
 =pod
 
-=item $node->start()
+=item $node->rotate_logfile()
+
+Switch to a new PostgreSQL log file.  This does not alter any running
+PostgreSQL process.  Subsequent method calls, including pg_ctl invocations,
+will use the new name.  Return the new name.
+
+=cut
+
+sub rotate_logfile
+{
+	my ($self) = @_;
+	$self->{_logfile} = sprintf('%s_%d.log',
+		$self->{_logfile_base},
+		++$self->{_logfile_generation});
+	return $self->{_logfile};
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item $node->start(%params) => success_or_failure
 
 Wrapper for pg_ctl start
 
 Start the node and wait until it is ready to accept connections.
 
+=over
+
+=item fail_ok => 1
+
+By default, failure terminates the entire F<prove> invocation.  If given,
+instead return a true or false value to indicate success or failure.
+
+=back
+
 =cut
 
 sub start
 {
-	my ($self) = @_;
+	my ($self, %params) = @_;
 	my $port   = $self->port;
 	my $pgdata = $self->data_dir;
 	my $name   = $self->name;
@@ -707,10 +749,34 @@ sub start
 	{
 		print "# pg_ctl start failed; logfile:\n";
 		print TestLib::slurp_file($self->logfile);
-		BAIL_OUT("pg_ctl start failed");
+		BAIL_OUT("pg_ctl start failed") unless $params{fail_ok};
+		return 0;
 	}
 
 	$self->_update_pid(1);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+=pod
+
+=item $node->kill9()
+
+Send SIGKILL (signal 9) to the postmaster.
+
+Note: if the node is already known stopped, this does nothing.
+However, if we think it's running and it's not, it's important for
+this to fail.  Otherwise, tests might fail to detect server crashes.
+
+=cut
+
+sub kill9
+{
+	my ($self) = @_;
+	my $name = $self->name;
+	return unless defined $self->{_pid};
+	print "### Killing node \"$name\" using signal 9\n";
+	kill(9, $self->{_pid}) or BAIL_OUT("kill(9, $self->{_pid}) failed");
+	$self->{_pid} = undef;
 	return;
 }
 
@@ -943,7 +1009,7 @@ sub _update_pid
 
 =pod
 
-=item PostgresNode->get_new_node(node_name)
+=item PostgresNode->get_new_node(node_name, %params)
 
 Build a new object of class C<PostgresNode> (or of a subclass, if you have
 one), assigning a free port number.  Remembers the node, to prevent its port
@@ -952,6 +1018,22 @@ shut down when the test script exits.
 
 You should generally use this instead of C<PostgresNode::new(...)>.
 
+=over
+
+=item port => [1,65535]
+
+By default, this function assigns a port number to each node.  Specify this to
+force a particular port number.  The caller is responsible for evaluating
+potential conflicts and privilege requirements.
+
+=item own_host => 1
+
+By default, all nodes use the same PGHOST value.  If specified, generate a
+PGHOST specific to this node.  This allows multiple nodes to use the same
+port.
+
+=back
+
 For backwards compatibility, it is also exported as a standalone function,
 which can only create objects of class C<PostgresNode>.
 
@@ -960,10 +1042,11 @@ which can only create objects of class C<PostgresNode>.
 sub get_new_node
 {
 	my $class = 'PostgresNode';
-	$class = shift if 1 < scalar @_;
-	my $name  = shift;
-	my $found = 0;
-	my $port  = $last_port_assigned;
+	$class = shift if scalar(@_) % 2 != 1;
+	my ($name, %params) = @_;
+	my $port_is_forced = defined $params{port};
+	my $found          = $port_is_forced;
+	my $port = $port_is_forced ? $params{port} : $last_port_assigned;
 
 	while ($found == 0)
 	{
@@ -980,13 +1063,15 @@ sub get_new_node
 			$found = 0 if ($node->port == $port);
 		}
 
-		# Check to see if anything else is listening on this TCP port.
-		# This is *necessary* on Windows, and seems like a good idea
-		# on Unixen as well, even though we don't ask the postmaster
-		# to open a TCP port on Unix.
+		# Check to see if anything else is listening on this TCP port.  Accept
+		# only ports available for all possible listen_addresses values, so
+		# the caller can harness this port for the widest range of purposes.
+		# This is *necessary* on Windows, and seems like a good idea on Unixen
+		# as well, even though we don't ask the postmaster to open a TCP port
+		# on Unix.
 		if ($found == 1)
 		{
-			my $iaddr = inet_aton($test_localhost);
+			my $iaddr = inet_aton('0.0.0.0');
 			my $paddr = sockaddr_in($port, $iaddr);
 			my $proto = getprotobyname("tcp");
 
@@ -1002,16 +1087,35 @@ sub get_new_node
 		}
 	}
 
-	print "# Found free port $port\n";
+	print "# Found port $port\n";
+
+	# Select a host.
+	my $host = $test_pghost;
+	if ($params{own_host})
+	{
+		if ($use_tcp)
+		{
+			# This assumes $use_tcp platforms treat every address in
+			# 127.0.0.1/24, not just 127.0.0.1, as a usable loopback.
+			$last_host_assigned++;
+			$last_host_assigned > 254 and BAIL_OUT("too many own_host nodes");
+			$host = '127.0.0.' . $last_host_assigned;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$host = "$test_pghost/$name"; # Assume $name =~ /^[-_a-zA-Z0-9]+$/
+			mkdir $host;
+		}
+	}
 
 	# Lock port number found by creating a new node
-	my $node = $class->new($name, $test_pghost, $port);
+	my $node = $class->new($name, $host, $port);
 
 	# Add node to list of nodes
 	push(@all_nodes, $node);
 
 	# And update port for next time
-	$last_port_assigned = $port;
+	$port_is_forced or $last_port_assigned = $port;
 
 	return $node;
 }
@@ -1402,9 +1506,8 @@ $stderr);
 
 =item $node->command_ok(...)
 
-Runs a shell command like TestLib::command_ok, but with PGPORT
-set so that the command will default to connecting to this
-PostgresNode.
+Runs a shell command like TestLib::command_ok, but with PGHOST and PGPORT set
+so that the command will default to connecting to this PostgresNode.
 
 =cut
 
@@ -1414,6 +1517,7 @@ sub command_ok
 
 	my $self = shift;
 
+	local $ENV{PGHOST} = $self->host;
 	local $ENV{PGPORT} = $self->port;
 
 	TestLib::command_ok(@_);
@@ -1424,7 +1528,7 @@ sub command_ok
 
 =item $node->command_fails(...)
 
-TestLib::command_fails with our PGPORT. See command_ok(...)
+TestLib::command_fails with our connection parameters. See command_ok(...)
 
 =cut
 
@@ -1434,6 +1538,7 @@ sub command_fails
 
 	my $self = shift;
 
+	local $ENV{PGHOST} = $self->host;
 	local $ENV{PGPORT} = $self->port;
 
 	TestLib::command_fails(@_);
@@ -1444,7 +1549,7 @@ sub command_fails
 
 =item $node->command_like(...)
 
-TestLib::command_like with our PGPORT. See command_ok(...)
+TestLib::command_like with our connection parameters. See command_ok(...)
 
 =cut
 
@@ -1454,6 +1559,7 @@ sub command_like
 
 	my $self = shift;
 
+	local $ENV{PGHOST} = $self->host;
 	local $ENV{PGPORT} = $self->port;
 
 	TestLib::command_like(@_);
@@ -1464,7 +1570,8 @@ sub command_like
 
 =item $node->command_checks_all(...)
 
-TestLib::command_checks_all with our PGPORT. See command_ok(...)
+TestLib::command_checks_all with our connection parameters. See
+command_ok(...)
 
 =cut
 
@@ -1474,6 +1581,7 @@ sub command_checks_all
 
 	my $self = shift;
 
+	local $ENV{PGHOST} = $self->host;
 	local $ENV{PGPORT} = $self->port;
 
 	TestLib::command_checks_all(@_);
@@ -1498,6 +1606,7 @@ sub issues_sql_like
 
 	my ($self, $cmd, $expected_sql, $test_name) = @_;
 
+	local $ENV{PGHOST} = $self->host;
 	local $ENV{PGPORT} = $self->port;
 
 	truncate $self->logfile, 0;
@@ -1512,8 +1621,8 @@ sub issues_sql_like
 
 =item $node->run_log(...)
 
-Runs a shell command like TestLib::run_log, but with PGPORT set so
-that the command will default to connecting to this PostgresNode.
+Runs a shell command like TestLib::run_log, but with connection parameters set
+so that the command will default to connecting to this PostgresNode.
 
 =cut
 
@@ -1521,6 +1630,7 @@ sub run_log
 {
 	my $self = shift;
 
+	local $ENV{PGHOST} = $self->host;
 	local $ENV{PGPORT} = $self->port;
 
 	TestLib::run_log(@_);
diff --git a/src/test/recovery/t/016_shm.pl b/src/test/recovery/t/016_shm.pl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9021562
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/recovery/t/016_shm.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+#
+# Tests of pg_shmem.h functions
+#
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+use IPC::Run 'run';
+use PostgresNode;
+use Test::More;
+use TestLib;
+
+plan tests => 6;
+
+my $tempdir = TestLib::tempdir;
+my $port;
+
+# When using Unix sockets, we can dictate the port number.  In the absence of
+# collisions from other shmget() activity, gnat starts with key 0x7d001
+# (512001), and flea starts with key 0x7d002 (512002).
+$port = 512 unless $PostgresNode::use_tcp;
+
+# Log "ipcs" diffs on a best-effort basis, swallowing any error.
+my $ipcs_before = "$tempdir/ipcs_before";
+eval { run_log [ 'ipcs', '-am' ], '>', $ipcs_before; };
+
+sub log_ipcs
+{
+	eval { run_log [ 'ipcs', '-am' ], '|', [ 'diff', $ipcs_before, '-' ] };
+	return;
+}
+
+# Node setup.
+sub init_start
+{
+	my $name = shift;
+	my $ret = PostgresNode->get_new_node($name, port => $port, own_host => 1);
+	defined($port) or $port = $ret->port;    # same port for all nodes
+	$ret->init;
+	$ret->start;
+	log_ipcs();
+	return $ret;
+}
+my $gnat = init_start 'gnat';
+my $flea = init_start 'flea';
+
+# Upon postmaster death, postmaster children exit automatically.
+$gnat->kill9;
+log_ipcs();
+$flea->restart;       # flea ignores the shm key gnat abandoned.
+log_ipcs();
+poll_start($gnat);    # gnat recycles its former shm key.
+log_ipcs();
+
+# After clean shutdown, the nodes swap shm keys.
+$gnat->stop;
+$flea->restart;
+log_ipcs();
+$gnat->start;
+log_ipcs();
+
+# Scenarios involving no postmaster.pid, dead postmaster, and a live backend.
+# Use a regress.c function to emulate the responsiveness of a backend working
+# through a CPU-intensive task.
+$gnat->safe_psql('postgres', <<EOSQL);
+CREATE FUNCTION wait_pid(int)
+   RETURNS void
+   AS '$ENV{REGRESS_SHLIB}'
+   LANGUAGE C STRICT;
+EOSQL
+my $slow_query = 'SELECT wait_pid(pg_backend_pid())';
+my ($stdout, $stderr);
+my $slow_client = IPC::Run::start(
+	[
+		'psql', '-X', '-qAt', '-d', $gnat->connstr('postgres'),
+		'-c', $slow_query
+	],
+	'<',
+	\undef,
+	'>',
+	\$stdout,
+	'2>',
+	\$stderr,
+	IPC::Run::timeout(900));    # five times the poll_query_until timeout
+ok( $gnat->poll_query_until(
+		'postgres',
+		"SELECT 1 FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE query = '$slow_query'", '1'),
+	'slow query started');
+my $slow_pid = $gnat->safe_psql('postgres',
+	"SELECT pid FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE query = '$slow_query'");
+$gnat->kill9;
+unlink($gnat->data_dir . '/postmaster.pid');
+$gnat->rotate_logfile;    # on Windows, can't open old log for writing
+log_ipcs();
+# Reject ordinary startup.
+ok(!$gnat->start(fail_ok => 1), 'live query blocks restart');
+like(
+	slurp_file($gnat->logfile),
+	qr/pre-existing shared memory block/,
+	'detected live backend via shared memory');
+# Reject single-user startup.
+my $single_stderr;
+ok( !run_log(
+		[ 'postgres', '--single', '-D', $gnat->data_dir, 'template1' ],
+		'<', \('SELECT 1 + 1'), '2>', \$single_stderr),
+	'live query blocks --single');
+print STDERR $single_stderr;
+like(
+	$single_stderr,
+	qr/pre-existing shared memory block/,
+	'single-user mode detected live backend via shared memory');
+log_ipcs();
+# Fail to reject startup if shm key N has become available and we crash while
+# using key N+1.  This is unwanted, but expected.  Windows is immune, because
+# its GetSharedMemName() use DataDir strings, not numeric keys.
+$flea->stop;    # release first key
+is( $gnat->start(fail_ok => 1),
+	$TestLib::windows_os ? 0 : 1,
+	'key turnover fools only sysv_shmem.c');
+$gnat->stop;     # release first key (no-op on $TestLib::windows_os)
+$flea->start;    # grab first key
+# cleanup
+TestLib::system_log('pg_ctl', 'kill', 'QUIT', $slow_pid);
+$slow_client->finish;    # client has detected backend termination
+log_ipcs();
+poll_start($gnat);       # recycle second key
+
+$gnat->stop;
+$flea->stop;
+log_ipcs();
+
+
+# When postmaster children are slow to exit after postmaster death, we may
+# need retries to start a new postmaster.
+sub poll_start
+{
+	my ($node) = @_;
+
+	my $max_attempts = 180 * 10;
+	my $attempts     = 0;
+
+	while ($attempts < $max_attempts)
+	{
+		$node->start(fail_ok => 1) && return 1;
+
+		# Wait 0.1 second before retrying.
+		usleep(100_000);
+
+		$attempts++;
+	}
+
+	# No success within 180 seconds.  Try one last time without fail_ok, which
+	# will BAIL_OUT unless it succeeds.
+	$node->start && return 1;
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/tools/msvc/vcregress.pl b/src/tools/msvc/vcregress.pl
index 4018313..4a1e6e3 100644
--- a/src/tools/msvc/vcregress.pl
+++ b/src/tools/msvc/vcregress.pl
@@ -205,6 +205,7 @@ sub tap_check
 	local %ENV = %ENV;
 	$ENV{PERL5LIB}   = "$topdir/src/test/perl;$ENV{PERL5LIB}";
 	$ENV{PG_REGRESS} = "$topdir/$Config/pg_regress/pg_regress";
+	$ENV{REGRESS_SHLIB} = "$topdir/src/test/regress/regress.dll";
 
 	$ENV{TESTDIR} = "$dir";
 

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  Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Weaker shmem interlock w/o postmaster.pid
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