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From: Konstantin Knizhnik <k.knizhnik@postgrespro.ru>
To: PostgreSQL Hackers <pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org>
Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Cached plans and statement generalization
Date: Tue, 9 Apr 2019 15:52:13 +0300
Message-ID: <7603a101-6b79-2328-2b4b-3bc3217992e5@postgrespro.ru> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <35be0423-36bc-cadc-bef8-02d475751f7d@postgrespro.ru>
References: <CA+TgmoZAHc4wqL3HvVmTd87s=bobp_8_7R9H=B_kH6q4GcA=Yg@mail.gmail.com>
	<20638bbb-2744-a4ba-116d-084e9c6520bf@postgrespro.ru>
	<9A6E5062D5D4DB458C80C2B2920BD71D5C2FA8@g01jpexmbkw23>
	<157e01d2-30de-0f61-bfa0-d9e1d7dbe66e@postgrespro.ru>
	<9A6E5062D5D4DB458C80C2B2920BD71D5C471C@g01jpexmbkw23>
	<b34902a7-c87c-e6ba-032e-bdf67c56e774@postgrespro.ru>
	<9A6E5062D5D4DB458C80C2B2920BD71D5C5111@g01jpexmbkw23>
	<3a054e51-448e-a66d-074e-099a3f3f62b2@postgrespro.ru>
	<9A6E5062D5D4DB458C80C2B2920BD71D5ECEB5@g01jpexmbkw23>
	<CA+q6zcW4bL=pr3_YjkKtVhHUN5qfd7kxTFUWqCiavA0ROjBu0Q@mail.gmail.com>
	<9A6E5062D5D4DB458C80C2B2920BD71D610148@g01jpexmbkw23>
	<CA+q6zcWKsaiFz6oWA1JXdJWNwSSk+wUyuOVO2nryCCSxrr3KRw@mail.gmail.com>
	<EDA4195584F5064680D8130B1CA91C453D0182@G01JPEXMBYT04>
	<6ea1db86-b300-b57c-0f9d-a55dd3966175@postgrespro.ru>
	<9A6E5062D5D4DB458C80C2B2920BD71D6820CB@g01jpexmbkw23>
	<554d0730-f6fc-d1be-fe78-e63973ec621f@postgrespro.ru>
	<35be0423-36bc-cadc-bef8-02d475751f7d@postgrespro.ru>

New version of the patching disabling autoprepare for rules and handling 
planner error.


-- 
Konstantin Knizhnik
Postgres Professional: http://www.postgrespro.com
The Russian Postgres Company

Attachments:

autoprepare-15.patch (text/x-patch, 93.1K) download
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/autoprepare.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/autoprepare.sgml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3309bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/autoprepare.sgml
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<!-- doc/src/sgml/autoprepare.sgml -->
+
+ <chapter id="autoprepare">
+  <title>Autoprepared statements</title>
+
+  <indexterm zone="autoprepare">
+   <primary>autoprepared statements</primary>
+  </indexterm>
+
+  <para>
+    <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> makes it possible <firstterm>prepare</firstterm>
+    frequently used statements to eliminate cost of their compilation
+    and optimization on each execution of the query. On simple queries
+    (like ones in <filename>pgbench -S</filename>) using prepared statements
+    increase performance more than two times.
+  </para>
+
+  <para>
+    Unfortunately not all database applications are using prepared statements
+    and, moreover, it is not always possible. For example, in case of using
+    <productname>pgbouncer</productname> or any other session pooler,
+    there is no session state (transactions of one client may be executed at different
+    backends) and so prepared statements can not be used.
+  </para>
+
+  <para>
+    Autoprepare mode allows to overcome this limitation.
+    In this mode Postgres tries to generalize executed statements
+    and build parameterized plan for them. Speed of execution of
+    autoprepared statements is almost the same as of explicitly
+    prepared statements.
+  </para>
+
+  <para>
+    By default autoprepare mode is switched off. To enable it, assign non-zero
+    value to GUC variable <varname>autoprepare_tthreshold</varname>.
+    This variable specified minimal number of times the statement should be
+    executed before it is autoprepared. Please notice that, despite to the
+    value of this parameter, Postgres makes a decision about using
+    generalized plan vs. customized execution plans based on the results
+    of comparison of average time of five customized plans with
+    time of generalized plan.
+  </para>
+
+  <para>
+    If number of different statements issued by application is large enough,
+    then autopreparing all of them can cause memory overflow
+    (especially if there are many active clients, because prepared statements cache
+    is local to the backend). To prevent growth of backend's memory because of
+    autoprepared cache, it is possible to limit number of autoprepared statements
+    by setting <varname>autoprepare_limit</varname> GUC variable. LRU strategy will be used
+    to keep in memory most frequently used queries.
+  </para>
+
+  <para>
+    It is possible to inspect autoprepared queries in the backend using
+    <literal>pg_autoprepared_statements</literal> view. It shows original text of the
+    query, types of the extracted parameters (replacing literals) and
+    query execution counter.
+  </para>
+
+ </chapter>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
index f4aabf5..1443a34 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
@@ -8240,6 +8240,11 @@ SCRAM-SHA-256$<replaceable>&lt;iteration count&gt;</replaceable>:<replaceable>&l
      </row>
 
      <row>
+      <entry><link linkend="view-pg-autoprepared-statements"><structname>pg_autoprepared_statements</structname></link></entry>
+      <entry>autoprepared statements</entry>
+     </row>
+
+     <row>
       <entry><link linkend="view-pg-prepared-xacts"><structname>pg_prepared_xacts</structname></link></entry>
       <entry>prepared transactions</entry>
      </row>
@@ -9551,6 +9556,68 @@ SELECT * FROM pg_locks pl LEFT JOIN pg_prepared_xacts ppx
   </para>
  </sect1>
 
+
+ <sect1 id="view-pg-autoprepared-statements">
+  <title><structname>pg_autoprepared_statements</structname></title>
+
+  <indexterm zone="view-pg-autoprepared-statements">
+   <primary>pg_autoprepared_statements</primary>
+  </indexterm>
+
+  <para>
+   The <structname>pg_autoprepared_statements</structname> view displays
+   all the autoprepared statements that are available in the current
+   session. See <xref linkend="autoprepare"/> for more information about autoprepared
+   statements.
+  </para>
+
+  <table>
+   <title><structname>pg_autoprepared_statements</structname> Columns</title>
+
+   <tgroup cols="3">
+    <thead>
+     <row>
+      <entry>Name</entry>
+      <entry>Type</entry>
+      <entry>Description</entry>
+     </row>
+    </thead>
+    <tbody>
+     <row>
+      <entry><structfield>statement</structfield></entry>
+      <entry><type>text</type></entry>
+      <entry>
+        The query string submitted by the client from which this prepared statement
+        was created. Please notice that literals in this statement are not
+        replaced with prepared statement placeholders.
+      </entry>
+     </row>
+     <row>
+      <entry><structfield>parameter_types</structfield></entry>
+      <entry><type>regtype[]</type></entry>
+      <entry>
+       The expected parameter types for the autoprepared statement in the
+       form of an array of <type>regtype</type>. The OID corresponding
+       to an element of this array can be obtained by casting the
+       <type>regtype</type> value to <type>oid</type>.
+      </entry>
+     </row>
+     <row>
+      <entry><structfield>exec_count</structfield></entry>
+      <entry><type>int8</type></entry>
+      <entry>
+        Number of times this statement was executed.
+      </entry>
+     </row>
+    </tbody>
+   </tgroup>
+  </table>
+
+  <para>
+   The <structname>pg_autoprepared_statements</structname> view is read only.
+  </para>
+ </sect1>
+
  <sect1 id="view-pg-prepared-xacts">
   <title><structname>pg_prepared_xacts</structname></title>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
index 2166b99..9476710 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/config.sgml
@@ -5297,9 +5297,57 @@ SELECT * FROM parent WHERE key = 2400;
      </varlistentry>
 
      </variablelist>
+
+     <varlistentry id="guc-autoprepare-threshold" xreflabel="autoprepare_threshold">
+      <term><varname>autoprepare_threshold</varname> (<type>integer/type>)
+      <indexterm>
+       <primary><varname>autoprepare_threshold</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
+      </indexterm>
+      </term>
+      <listitem>
+       <para>
+         Threshold for autopreparing query. The <varname>autoprepare_threshold</varname> parameter
+         specifies how much times the statement should be executed before generic plan for this statement is generated.
+         Zero value (default) disables autoprepare.
+       </para>
+      </listitem>
+     </varlistentry>
+
+     <varlistentry id="guc-autoprepare-limit" xreflabel="autoprepare_limit">
+      <term><varname>autoprepare_limit</varname> (<type>integer/type>)
+      <indexterm>
+       <primary><varname>autoprepare_limit</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
+      </indexterm>
+      </term>
+      <listitem>
+       <para>
+         Maximal number of autoprepared queries.
+         Zero value means unlimited number of autoprepared queries.
+         Too large number of prepared queries can cause backend memory overflow and slowdown execution speed
+         (because of increased lookup time). Default value is <literal>113</literal>.
+       </para>
+      </listitem>
+     </varlistentry>
+
+     <varlistentry id="guc-autoprepare-memory-limit" xreflabel="autoprepare_memory_limit">
+      <term><varname>autoprepare_memory_limit</varname> (<type>integer/type>)
+      <indexterm>
+       <primary><varname>autoprepare_memory_limit</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
+      </indexterm>
+      </term>
+      <listitem>
+       <para>
+         Maximal size of memory used by autoprepared queries.
+         Zero value (default) means that there is no memory limit.
+         Calculating memory used by prepared queries adds some extra overhead,
+		 so non-zero value of this parameter may cause some slowdown.
+         <varname>autoprepare_limit</varname> is much faster way to limit number of autoprepared statements.
+       </para>
+      </listitem>
+     </varlistentry>
     </sect2>
    </sect1>
-
+ 
    <sect1 id="runtime-config-logging">
     <title>Error Reporting and Logging</title>
 
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/filelist.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/filelist.sgml
index a03ea14..e8fb66c 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/filelist.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/filelist.sgml
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 <!ENTITY json       SYSTEM "json.sgml">
 <!ENTITY mvcc       SYSTEM "mvcc.sgml">
 <!ENTITY parallel   SYSTEM "parallel.sgml">
+<!ENTITY autoprepare SYSTEM "autoprepare.sgml">
 <!ENTITY perform    SYSTEM "perform.sgml">
 <!ENTITY queries    SYSTEM "queries.sgml">
 <!ENTITY rangetypes SYSTEM "rangetypes.sgml">
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/postgres.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/postgres.sgml
index 96d196d..4e82052 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/postgres.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/postgres.sgml
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@
   &mvcc;
   &perform;
   &parallel;
+  &autoprepare;
 
  </part>
 
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/system_views.sql b/src/backend/catalog/system_views.sql
index 3f2a7ef..3f628ea 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/system_views.sql
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/system_views.sql
@@ -291,6 +291,9 @@ CREATE VIEW pg_prepared_xacts AS
 CREATE VIEW pg_prepared_statements AS
     SELECT * FROM pg_prepared_statement() AS P;
 
+CREATE VIEW pg_autoprepared_statements AS
+    SELECT * FROM pg_autoprepared_statement() AS P;
+
 CREATE VIEW pg_seclabels AS
 SELECT
 	l.objoid, l.classoid, l.objsubid,
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/prepare.c b/src/backend/commands/prepare.c
index fc231ca..b1b8b76 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/prepare.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/prepare.c
@@ -48,7 +48,6 @@ static HTAB *prepared_queries = NULL;
 static void InitQueryHashTable(void);
 static ParamListInfo EvaluateParams(PreparedStatement *pstmt, List *params,
 			   const char *queryString, EState *estate);
-static Datum build_regtype_array(Oid *param_types, int num_params);
 
 /*
  * Implements the 'PREPARE' utility statement.
@@ -787,7 +786,7 @@ pg_prepared_statement(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
  * pointing to a one-dimensional Postgres array of regtypes. An empty
  * array is returned as a zero-element array, not NULL.
  */
-static Datum
+Datum
 build_regtype_array(Oid *param_types, int num_params)
 {
 	Datum	   *tmp_ary;
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/nodeFuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/nodeFuncs.c
index 8ed30c0..2c38ae5 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/nodeFuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/nodeFuncs.c
@@ -3753,6 +3753,454 @@ raw_expression_tree_walker(Node *node,
 }
 
 /*
+ * raw_expression_tree_mutator --- transform raw parse tree.
+ *
+ * This function is implementing slightly different approach for tree update than expression_tree_mutator().
+ * Callback is given pointer to pointer to the current node and can update this field instead of returning reference to new node.
+ * It makes it possible to remember changes and easily revert them without extra traversal of the tree.
+ *
+ * This function do not need QTW_DONT_COPY_QUERY flag: it never implicitly copy tree nodes, doing in-place update.
+ *
+ * Like raw_expression_tree_walker, there is no special rule about query
+ * boundaries: we descend to everything that's possibly interesting.
+ *
+ * Currently, the node type coverage here extends only to DML statements
+ * (SELECT/INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE) and nodes that can appear in them, because
+ * this is used mainly during analysis of CTEs, and only DML statements can
+ * appear in CTEs. If some other node is visited, iteration is immediately stopped and true is returned.
+ */
+bool
+raw_expression_tree_mutator(Node *node,
+							bool (*mutator) (),
+							void *context)
+{
+	ListCell   *temp;
+
+	/*
+	 * The walker has already visited the current node, and so we need only
+	 * recurse into any sub-nodes it has.
+	 */
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/* Guard against stack overflow due to overly complex expressions */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_SetToDefault:
+		case T_CurrentOfExpr:
+		case T_Integer:
+		case T_Float:
+		case T_String:
+		case T_BitString:
+		case T_Null:
+		case T_ParamRef:
+		case T_A_Const:
+		case T_A_Star:
+			/* primitive node types with no subnodes */
+			break;
+		case T_Alias:
+			/* we assume the colnames list isn't interesting */
+			break;
+		case T_RangeVar:
+			return mutator(&((RangeVar *) node)->alias, context);
+		case T_GroupingFunc:
+			return mutator(&((GroupingFunc *) node)->args, context);
+		case T_SubLink:
+			{
+				SubLink	   *sublink = (SubLink *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&sublink->testexpr, context))
+					return true;
+				/* we assume the operName is not interesting */
+				if (mutator(&sublink->subselect, context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_CaseExpr:
+			{
+				CaseExpr   *caseexpr = (CaseExpr *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&caseexpr->arg, context))
+					return true;
+				/* we assume mutator(& doesn't care about CaseWhens, either */
+				foreach(temp, caseexpr->args)
+				{
+					CaseWhen   *when = (CaseWhen *) lfirst(temp);
+
+					Assert(IsA(when, CaseWhen));
+					if (mutator(&when->expr, context))
+						return true;
+					if (mutator(&when->result, context))
+						return true;
+				}
+				if (mutator(&caseexpr->defresult, context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_RowExpr:
+			/* Assume colnames isn't interesting */
+			return mutator(&((RowExpr *) node)->args, context);
+		case T_CoalesceExpr:
+			return mutator(&((CoalesceExpr *) node)->args, context);
+		case T_MinMaxExpr:
+			return mutator(&((MinMaxExpr *) node)->args, context);
+		case T_XmlExpr:
+			{
+				XmlExpr	   *xexpr = (XmlExpr *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&xexpr->named_args, context))
+					return true;
+				/* we assume mutator(& doesn't care about arg_names */
+				if (mutator(&xexpr->args, context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_NullTest:
+			return mutator(&((NullTest *) node)->arg, context);
+		case T_BooleanTest:
+			return mutator(&((BooleanTest *) node)->arg, context);
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *join = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&join->larg, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&join->rarg, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&join->quals, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&join->alias, context))
+					return true;
+				/* using list is deemed uninteresting */
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_IntoClause:
+			{
+				IntoClause *into = (IntoClause *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&into->rel, context))
+					return true;
+				/* colNames, options are deemed uninteresting */
+				/* viewQuery should be null in raw parsetree, but check it */
+				if (mutator(&into->viewQuery, context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_List:
+			foreach(temp, (List *) node)
+			{
+				if (mutator(&lfirst(temp), context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_InsertStmt:
+			{
+				InsertStmt *stmt = (InsertStmt *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&stmt->relation, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->cols, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->selectStmt, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->onConflictClause, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->returningList, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->withClause, context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_DeleteStmt:
+			{
+				DeleteStmt *stmt = (DeleteStmt *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&stmt->relation, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->usingClause, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->whereClause, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->returningList, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->withClause, context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_UpdateStmt:
+			{
+				UpdateStmt *stmt = (UpdateStmt *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&stmt->relation, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->targetList, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->whereClause, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->fromClause, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->returningList, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->withClause, context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_SelectStmt:
+			{
+				SelectStmt *stmt = (SelectStmt *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&stmt->distinctClause, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->intoClause, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->targetList, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->fromClause, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->whereClause, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->groupClause, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->havingClause, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->windowClause, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->valuesLists, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->sortClause, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->limitOffset, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->limitCount, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->lockingClause, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->withClause, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->larg, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->rarg, context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_A_Expr:
+			{
+				A_Expr	   *expr = (A_Expr *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&expr->lexpr, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&expr->rexpr, context))
+					return true;
+				/* operator name is deemed uninteresting */
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_BoolExpr:
+			{
+				BoolExpr   *expr = (BoolExpr *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&expr->args, context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_ColumnRef:
+			/* we assume the fields contain nothing interesting */
+			break;
+		case T_FuncCall:
+			{
+				FuncCall   *fcall = (FuncCall *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&fcall->args, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&fcall->agg_order, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&fcall->agg_filter, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&fcall->over, context))
+					return true;
+				/* function name is deemed uninteresting */
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_NamedArgExpr:
+			return mutator(&((NamedArgExpr *) node)->arg, context);
+		case T_A_Indices:
+			{
+				A_Indices  *indices = (A_Indices *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&indices->lidx, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&indices->uidx, context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_A_Indirection:
+			{
+				A_Indirection *indir = (A_Indirection *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&indir->arg, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&indir->indirection, context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_A_ArrayExpr:
+			return mutator(&((A_ArrayExpr *) node)->elements, context);
+		case T_ResTarget:
+			{
+				ResTarget  *rt = (ResTarget *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&rt->indirection, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&rt->val, context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_MultiAssignRef:
+			return mutator(&((MultiAssignRef *) node)->source, context);
+		case T_TypeCast:
+			{
+				TypeCast   *tc = (TypeCast *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&tc->arg, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&tc->typeName, context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_CollateClause:
+			return mutator(&((CollateClause *) node)->arg, context);
+		case T_SortBy:
+			return mutator(&((SortBy *) node)->node, context);
+		case T_WindowDef:
+			{
+				WindowDef  *wd = (WindowDef *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&wd->partitionClause, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&wd->orderClause, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&wd->startOffset, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&wd->endOffset, context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_RangeSubselect:
+			{
+				RangeSubselect *rs = (RangeSubselect *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&rs->subquery, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&rs->alias, context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_RangeFunction:
+			{
+				RangeFunction *rf = (RangeFunction *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&rf->functions, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&rf->alias, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&rf->coldeflist, context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_RangeTableSample:
+			{
+				RangeTableSample *rts = (RangeTableSample *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&rts->relation, context))
+					return true;
+				/* method name is deemed uninteresting */
+				if (mutator(&rts->args, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&rts->repeatable, context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_TypeName:
+			{
+				TypeName   *tn = (TypeName *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&tn->typmods, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&tn->arrayBounds, context))
+					return true;
+				/* type name itself is deemed uninteresting */
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_ColumnDef:
+			{
+				ColumnDef  *coldef = (ColumnDef *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&coldef->typeName, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&coldef->raw_default, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&coldef->collClause, context))
+					return true;
+				/* for now, constraints are ignored */
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_IndexElem:
+			{
+				IndexElem  *indelem = (IndexElem *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&indelem->expr, context))
+					return true;
+				/* collation and opclass names are deemed uninteresting */
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_GroupingSet:
+			return mutator(&((GroupingSet *) node)->content, context);
+		case T_LockingClause:
+			return mutator(&((LockingClause *) node)->lockedRels, context);
+		case T_XmlSerialize:
+			{
+				XmlSerialize *xs = (XmlSerialize *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&xs->expr, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&xs->typeName, context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_WithClause:
+			return mutator(&((WithClause *) node)->ctes, context);
+		case T_InferClause:
+			{
+				InferClause *stmt = (InferClause *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&stmt->indexElems, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->whereClause, context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_OnConflictClause:
+			{
+				OnConflictClause *stmt = (OnConflictClause *) node;
+
+				if (mutator(&stmt->infer, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->targetList, context))
+					return true;
+				if (mutator(&stmt->whereClause, context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_CommonTableExpr:
+			return mutator(&((CommonTableExpr *) node)->ctequery, context);
+		default:
+			return true;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
  * planstate_tree_walker --- walk plan state trees
  *
  * The walker has already visited the current node, and so we need only
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index f9ce3d8..8ec1471 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
 #include "jit/jit.h"
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@
 #include "libpq/pqformat.h"
 #include "libpq/pqsignal.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/print.h"
 #include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
@@ -71,12 +73,15 @@
 #include "tcop/pquery.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "tcop/utility.h"
+#include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgrprotos.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/ps_status.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/timeout.h"
 #include "utils/timestamp.h"
+#include "utils/int8.h"
 #include "mb/pg_wchar.h"
 
 
@@ -193,10 +198,11 @@ static bool IsTransactionExitStmtList(List *pstmts);
 static bool IsTransactionStmtList(List *pstmts);
 static void drop_unnamed_stmt(void);
 static void log_disconnections(int code, Datum arg);
+static bool exec_cached_query(const char* query, List *parsetree_list);
+static void exec_prepared_plan(Portal portal, const char *portal_name, long max_rows, CommandDest dest);
 static void enable_statement_timeout(void);
 static void disable_statement_timeout(void);
 
-
 /* ----------------------------------------------------------------
  *		routines to obtain user input
  * ----------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1062,6 +1068,16 @@ exec_simple_query(const char *query_string)
 	use_implicit_block = (list_length(parsetree_list) > 1);
 
 	/*
+	 * Try to find cached plan.
+	 */
+	if (autoprepare_threshold != 0
+		&& list_length(parsetree_list) == 1 /* we can prepare only single statement commands */
+		&& exec_cached_query(query_string, parsetree_list))
+	{
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/*
 	 * Run through the raw parsetree(s) and process each one.
 	 */
 	foreach(parsetree_item, parsetree_list)
@@ -1945,9 +1961,28 @@ exec_bind_message(StringInfo input_message)
 static void
 exec_execute_message(const char *portal_name, long max_rows)
 {
-	CommandDest dest;
+	Portal portal = GetPortalByName(portal_name);
+	CommandDest dest = whereToSendOutput;
+
+	/* Adjust destination to tell printtup.c what to do */
+	if (dest == DestRemote)
+		dest = DestRemoteExecute;
+
+	if (!PortalIsValid(portal))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_CURSOR),
+				 errmsg("portal \"%s\" does not exist", portal_name)));
+
+	exec_prepared_plan(portal, portal_name, max_rows, dest);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Execute prepared plan.
+ */
+static void
+exec_prepared_plan(Portal portal, const char *portal_name, long max_rows, CommandDest dest)
+{
 	DestReceiver *receiver;
-	Portal		portal;
 	bool		completed;
 	char		completionTag[COMPLETION_TAG_BUFSIZE];
 	const char *sourceText;
@@ -1959,17 +1994,6 @@ exec_execute_message(const char *portal_name, long max_rows)
 	bool		was_logged = false;
 	char		msec_str[32];
 
-	/* Adjust destination to tell printtup.c what to do */
-	dest = whereToSendOutput;
-	if (dest == DestRemote)
-		dest = DestRemoteExecute;
-
-	portal = GetPortalByName(portal_name);
-	if (!PortalIsValid(portal))
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_CURSOR),
-				 errmsg("portal \"%s\" does not exist", portal_name)));
-
 	/*
 	 * If the original query was a null string, just return
 	 * EmptyQueryResponse.
@@ -2016,7 +2040,8 @@ exec_execute_message(const char *portal_name, long max_rows)
 	/*
 	 * Report query to various monitoring facilities.
 	 */
-	debug_query_string = sourceText;
+	if (!debug_query_string)
+		debug_query_string = sourceText;
 
 	pgstat_report_activity(STATE_RUNNING, sourceText);
 
@@ -2032,7 +2057,7 @@ exec_execute_message(const char *portal_name, long max_rows)
 	 * context, because that may get deleted if portal contains VACUUM).
 	 */
 	receiver = CreateDestReceiver(dest);
-	if (dest == DestRemoteExecute)
+	if (dest == DestRemoteExecute || dest == DestRemote)
 		SetRemoteDestReceiverParams(receiver, portal);
 
 	/*
@@ -4678,6 +4703,836 @@ log_disconnections(int code, Datum arg)
 }
 
 /*
+ * Autoprepare implementation.
+ * Autoprepare consists of raw parse tree mutator, hash table of cached plans and exec_cached_query function
+ * which combines exec_parse_message + exec_bind_message + exec_execute_message
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Mapping between parameters and replaced literals
+ */
+typedef struct ParamBinding
+{
+	A_Const*	 literal; /* Original literal */
+	ParamRef*	 paramref;/* Constructed parameter reference */
+	Param*       param;   /* Constructed parameter */
+	Node**		 ref;	  /* Pointer to pointer to literal node (used to revert raw parse tree update) */
+	Oid			 raw_type;/* Parameter raw type */
+	Oid			 type;	  /* Parameter type after analysis */
+	struct ParamBinding* next; /* L1-list of query parameter bindings */
+} ParamBinding;
+
+/*
+ * Plan cache entry
+ */
+typedef struct
+{
+	Node*			  parse_tree; /* tree is used as hash key */
+	dlist_node		  lru;		  /* double linked list to implement LRU */
+	int64			  exec_count; /* counter of execution of this query */
+	CachedPlanSource* plan;
+	uint32			  hash;		  /* hash calculated for this parsed tree */
+	Oid*			  param_types;/* types of parameters */
+	int				  n_params;	  /* number of parameters extracted for this query */
+	int16			  format;	  /* portal output format */
+	bool			  disable_autoprepare; /* disable preparing of this query */
+	MemoryContext     context;    /* memory context used for parse tree of this cache entry */
+} plan_cache_entry;
+
+static uint32 plan_cache_hash_fn(const void *key, Size keysize)
+{
+	return ((plan_cache_entry*)key)->hash;
+}
+
+static int plan_cache_match_fn(const void *key1, const void *key2, Size keysize)
+{
+	plan_cache_entry* e1 = (plan_cache_entry*)key1;
+	plan_cache_entry* e2 = (plan_cache_entry*)key2;
+
+	return equal(e1->parse_tree, e2->parse_tree)
+		&& memcmp(e1->param_types, e2->param_types, sizeof(Oid)*e1->n_params) == 0 ? 0 : 1;
+}
+
+#define PLAN_CACHE_SIZE 113
+
+/*
+ * Plan cache access statistic
+ */
+size_t autoprepare_hits;
+size_t autoprepare_misses;
+size_t autoprepare_cached_plans;
+size_t autoprepare_used_memory;
+
+
+/*
+ * Context for raw_expression_tree_mutator
+ */
+typedef struct {
+	int			 n_params; /* Number of extracted parameters */
+	uint32		 hash;	   /* We calculate hash for parse tree during plan traversal */
+	ParamBinding** param_list_tail; /* pointer to last element "next" field address, used to construct L1 list of parameters */
+} GeneralizerCtx;
+
+
+static HTAB*	  plan_cache_hash; /* hash table for plan cache */
+static dlist_head plan_cache_lru;		  /* LRU L2-list for cached queries */
+static MemoryContext plan_cache_context; /* memory context used for plan cache */
+
+/*
+ * Check if expression is constant (used to eliminate substitution of literals with parameters in such expressions
+ */
+static bool is_constant_expression(Node* node)
+{
+	return node != NULL
+		&& (IsA(node, A_Const)
+			|| (IsA(node, A_Expr)
+				&& is_constant_expression(((A_Expr*)node)->lexpr)
+				&& is_constant_expression(((A_Expr*)node)->rexpr)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Infer type of literal expression. Null literals should not be replaced with parameters.
+ */
+static Oid get_literal_type(Value* val)
+{
+	int64		val64;
+	switch (val->type)
+	{
+	  case T_Integer:
+		return INT4OID;
+	  case T_Float:
+		/* could be an oversize integer as well as a float ... */
+		if (scanint8(strVal(val), true, &val64))
+		{
+			/*
+			 * It might actually fit in int32. Probably only INT_MIN can
+			 * occur, but we'll code the test generally just to be sure.
+			 */
+			int32		val32 = (int32) val64;
+			return (val64 == (int64)val32) ? INT4OID : INT8OID;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			return NUMERICOID;
+		}
+	  case T_BitString:
+		return BITOID;
+	  case T_String:
+		return UNKNOWNOID;
+	  default:
+		Assert(false);
+		return InvalidOid;
+	}
+}
+
+static Datum get_param_value(Oid type, Value* val)
+{
+	if (val->type == T_Integer && type == INT4OID)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Integer constant
+		 */
+		return Int32GetDatum((int32)val->val.ival);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Convert from string literal
+		 */
+		Oid	 typinput;
+		Oid	 typioparam;
+
+		getTypeInputInfo(type, &typinput, &typioparam);
+		return OidInputFunctionCall(typinput, val->val.str, typioparam, -1);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Callback for raw_expression_tree_mutator performing substitution of literals with parameters
+ */
+static bool
+raw_parse_tree_generalizer(Node** ref, void *context)
+{
+	Node* node = *ref;
+	GeneralizerCtx* ctx = (GeneralizerCtx*)context;
+	if (node == NULL)
+	{
+		return false;
+	}
+	/*
+	 * Calculate hash for parse tree. We consider only node tags here, precise comparison of trees is done using equal() function.
+	 * Here we calculate hash for original (unpatched) tree, without ParamRef nodes.
+	 * It is non principle, because hash calculation doesn't take in account types and values of Const nodes. So the same generalized queries
+	 * will have the same hash value. There are about 1000 different nodes tags, this is why we rotate hash on 10 bits.
+	 */
+	ctx->hash = (ctx->hash << 10) ^ (ctx->hash >> 22) ^ nodeTag(node);
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_A_Expr:
+		{
+			/*
+			 * Do not perform substitution of literals in constant expression (which is likely to be the same for all queries and optimized by compiler)
+			 */
+			if (!is_constant_expression(node))
+			{
+				A_Expr	   *expr = (A_Expr *) node;
+				if (raw_parse_tree_generalizer((Node**)&expr->lexpr, context))
+					return true;
+				if (raw_parse_tree_generalizer((Node**)&expr->rexpr, context))
+					return true;
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+		case T_A_Const:
+		{
+			/*
+			 * Do substitution of literals with parameters here
+			 */
+			A_Const* literal = (A_Const*)node;
+			if (literal->val.type != T_Null)
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Do not substitute null literals with parameters
+				 */
+				ParamBinding* cp = palloc0(sizeof(ParamBinding));
+				ParamRef* param = makeNode(ParamRef);
+				param->number = ++ctx->n_params;
+				param->location = literal->location;
+				cp->ref = ref;
+				cp->paramref = param;
+				cp->literal = literal;
+				cp->raw_type = get_literal_type(&literal->val);
+				*ctx->param_list_tail = cp;
+				ctx->param_list_tail = &cp->next;
+				*ref = (Node*)param;
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+	  case T_SelectStmt:
+	  {
+		  /*
+		   * Substitute literals only in target list, WHERE, VALUES and WITH clause,
+		   * skipping target and from lists, which is unlikely contains some parameterized values
+		   */
+		  SelectStmt *stmt = (SelectStmt *) node;
+		  if (stmt->intoClause)
+			  return true; /* Utility statement can not be prepared */
+		  if (raw_parse_tree_generalizer((Node**)&stmt->targetList, context))
+			  return true;
+		  if (raw_parse_tree_generalizer((Node**)&stmt->whereClause, context))
+			  return true;
+		  if (raw_parse_tree_generalizer((Node**)&stmt->valuesLists, context))
+			  return true;
+		  if (raw_parse_tree_generalizer((Node**)&stmt->withClause, context))
+			  return true;
+		  if (raw_parse_tree_generalizer((Node**)&stmt->larg, context))
+			  return true;
+		  if (raw_parse_tree_generalizer((Node**)&stmt->rarg, context))
+			  return true;
+		  break;
+	  }
+	  case T_TypeName:
+	  case T_SortGroupClause:
+	  case T_SortBy:
+	  case T_A_ArrayExpr:
+	  case T_TypeCast:
+		/*
+		 * Literals in this clauses should not be replaced with parameters
+		 */
+		break;
+	  default:
+		/*
+		 * Default traversal. raw_expression_tree_mutator returns true for all not recognized nodes, for example right now
+		 * all transaction control statements are not covered by raw_expression_tree_mutator and so will not auto prepared.
+		 * My experiments show that effect of non-preparing start/commit transaction statements is positive.
+		 */
+		return raw_expression_tree_mutator(node, raw_parse_tree_generalizer, context);
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+static Node*
+parse_tree_generalizer(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	ParamBinding*	  binding;
+	ParamBinding*	  binding_list = (ParamBinding*)context;
+	if (node == NULL)
+	{
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	if (IsA(node, Query))
+	{
+		return (Node*)query_tree_mutator((Query*)node,
+										 parse_tree_generalizer,
+										 context,
+										 QTW_DONT_COPY_QUERY);
+	}
+	if (IsA(node, Const))
+	{
+		Const* c = (Const*)node;
+		int paramno = 1;
+		for (binding = binding_list; binding != NULL && binding->literal->location != c->location; binding = binding->next, paramno++);
+		if (binding != NULL)
+		{
+			if (binding->param != NULL)
+			{
+				/* Parameter can be used only once */
+				binding->type = UNKNOWNOID;
+				//return (Node*)binding->param;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				Param* param = makeNode(Param);
+				param->paramkind = PARAM_EXTERN;
+				param->paramid = paramno;
+				param->paramtype = c->consttype;
+				param->paramtypmod = c->consttypmod;
+				param->paramcollid = c->constcollid;
+				param->location = c->location;
+				binding->type = c->consttype;
+				binding->param = param;
+				return (Node*)param;
+			}
+		}
+		return node;
+	}
+	return expression_tree_mutator(node, parse_tree_generalizer, context);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Restore original parse tree, replacing all ParamRef back with Const nodes.
+ * Such undo operation seems to be more efficient than copying the whole parse tree by raw_expression_tree_mutator
+ */
+static void undo_query_plan_changes(ParamBinding* cp)
+{
+	while (cp != NULL) {
+		*cp->ref = (Node*)cp->literal;
+		cp = cp->next;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Location of converted literal in query.
+ * Used for precise error reporting (line number)
+ */
+static int param_location;
+
+/*
+ * Error callback adding information about error location
+ */
+static void
+prepare_error_callback(void *arg)
+{
+	CachedPlanSource *psrc = (CachedPlanSource*)arg;
+	/* And pass it to the ereport mechanism */
+	if (geterrcode() != ERRCODE_QUERY_CANCELED) {
+		int pos = pg_mbstrlen_with_len(psrc->query_string, param_location) + 1;
+		(void)errposition(pos);
+	}
+}
+
+
+static Size
+get_memory_context_size(MemoryContext ctx)
+{
+	MemoryContextCounters counters = {0};
+	ctx->methods->stats(ctx, NULL, NULL, &counters);
+	return counters.totalspace;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Try to generalize query, find cached plan for it and execute
+ */
+static bool
+exec_cached_query(const char *query_string, List *parsetree_list)
+{
+	int				  n_params;
+	plan_cache_entry *entry;
+	bool			  found;
+	MemoryContext	  old_context;
+	CachedPlanSource *psrc;
+	ParamListInfo	  params;
+	int				  paramno;
+	CachedPlan		 *cplan;
+	Portal			  portal;
+	bool			  snapshot_set = false;
+	GeneralizerCtx	  ctx;
+	ParamBinding*	  binding;
+	ParamBinding*	  binding_list;
+	plan_cache_entry  pattern;
+	Oid*			  param_types;
+	RawStmt			 *raw_parse_tree;
+	bool              use_existed_plan;
+
+	raw_parse_tree = castNode(RawStmt, linitial(parsetree_list));
+
+	/*
+	 * Substitute literals with parameters and calculate hash for raw parse tree
+	 */
+	ctx.param_list_tail = &binding_list;
+	ctx.n_params = 0;
+	ctx.hash = 0;
+	if (raw_parse_tree_generalizer(&raw_parse_tree->stmt, &ctx))
+	{
+		*ctx.param_list_tail = NULL;
+		undo_query_plan_changes(binding_list);
+		autoprepare_misses += 1;
+		return false;
+	}
+	*ctx.param_list_tail = NULL;
+	n_params = ctx.n_params;
+
+	/*
+	 * Extract array of parameters types: it is needed for cached plan lookup
+	 */
+	param_types = (Oid*)palloc(sizeof(Oid)*n_params);
+	for (paramno = 0, binding = binding_list; paramno < n_params; paramno++, binding = binding->next)
+	{
+		param_types[paramno] = binding->raw_type;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Construct plan cache context if not constructed yet.
+	 */
+	if (plan_cache_context == NULL)
+	{
+		plan_cache_context = AllocSetContextCreate(TopMemoryContext,
+												   "plan cache context",
+												   ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
+	}
+	/* Manipulations with hash table are performed in plan_cache_context memory context */
+	old_context = MemoryContextSwitchTo(plan_cache_context);
+
+	/*
+	 * Initialize hash table if not initialized yet
+	 */
+	if (plan_cache_hash == NULL)
+	{
+		static HASHCTL info;
+		info.keysize = sizeof(plan_cache_entry);
+		info.entrysize = sizeof(plan_cache_entry);
+		info.hash = plan_cache_hash_fn;
+		info.match = plan_cache_match_fn;
+		plan_cache_hash = hash_create("plan_cache", autoprepare_limit != 0 ? autoprepare_limit : PLAN_CACHE_SIZE,
+									  &info, HASH_ELEM | HASH_FUNCTION | HASH_COMPARE);
+		dlist_init(&plan_cache_lru);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Lookup generalized query
+	 */
+	pattern.parse_tree = raw_parse_tree->stmt;
+	pattern.hash = ctx.hash;
+	pattern.n_params = n_params;
+	pattern.param_types = param_types;
+	entry = (plan_cache_entry*)hash_search(plan_cache_hash, &pattern, HASH_ENTER, &found);
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		/* Check number of cached queries */
+		autoprepare_cached_plans += 1;
+		while ((autoprepare_cached_plans > autoprepare_limit && autoprepare_limit != 0)
+			|| (autoprepare_memory_limit && autoprepare_used_memory > (size_t)autoprepare_memory_limit*1024))
+		{
+			/* Drop least recently accessed query */
+			plan_cache_entry* victim = dlist_container(plan_cache_entry, lru, plan_cache_lru.head.prev);
+			MemoryContext victim_context = victim->context;
+			dlist_delete(&victim->lru);
+			if (victim->plan)
+			{
+				if (autoprepare_memory_limit)
+					autoprepare_used_memory -= get_memory_context_size(victim->plan->context);
+				DropCachedPlan(victim->plan);
+			}
+			hash_search(plan_cache_hash, victim, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+			if (autoprepare_memory_limit)
+				autoprepare_used_memory -= get_memory_context_size(victim_context);
+			MemoryContextDelete(victim_context);
+			autoprepare_cached_plans -= 1;
+		}
+		entry->exec_count = 0;
+		entry->plan = NULL;
+		entry->disable_autoprepare = false;
+		entry->context = AllocSetContextCreate(plan_cache_context,
+											   "AutopreparedStatementConext",
+											   ALLOCSET_START_SMALL_SIZES);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(entry->context);
+		entry->parse_tree = copyObject(pattern.parse_tree);
+		entry->param_types = palloc(n_params*sizeof(Oid));
+		memcpy(entry->param_types, pattern.param_types, n_params*sizeof(Oid));
+		if (autoprepare_memory_limit)
+			autoprepare_used_memory += get_memory_context_size(entry->context);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		dlist_delete(&entry->lru); /* accessed entry will be moved to the head of LRU list */
+		if (entry->plan != NULL && !entry->plan->is_valid)
+		{
+			/* Drop invalidated plan: it will be reconstructed later */
+			if (autoprepare_memory_limit)
+				autoprepare_used_memory -= get_memory_context_size(entry->plan->context);
+			DropCachedPlan(entry->plan);
+			entry->plan = NULL;
+		}
+	}
+	dlist_insert_after(&plan_cache_lru.head, &entry->lru); /* prepend entry to the head of LRU list */
+	MemoryContextSwitchTo(old_context); /* Done with plan_cache_context memory context */
+
+
+	/*
+	 * Prepare query only when it is executed not less than autoprepare_threshold times
+	 */
+	if (entry->disable_autoprepare || ++entry->exec_count < autoprepare_threshold)
+	{
+		undo_query_plan_changes(binding_list);
+		autoprepare_misses += 1;
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if (entry->plan == NULL)
+	{
+		bool		snapshot_set = false;
+		const char *commandTag;
+		List	   *querytree_list;
+
+		/*
+		 * Switch to appropriate context for preparing plan.
+		 */
+		old_context = MemoryContextSwitchTo(MessageContext);
+
+		/*
+		 * Get the command name for use in status display (it also becomes the
+		 * default completion tag, down inside PortalRun).  Set ps_status and
+		 * do any special start-of-SQL-command processing needed by the
+		 * destination.
+		 */
+		commandTag = CreateCommandTag(raw_parse_tree->stmt);
+
+		/*
+		 * If we are in an aborted transaction, reject all commands except
+		 * COMMIT/ABORT.  It is important that this test occur before we try
+		 * to do parse analysis, rewrite, or planning, since all those phases
+		 * try to do database accesses, which may fail in abort state. (It
+		 * might be safe to allow some additional utility commands in this
+		 * state, but not many...)
+		 */
+		if (IsAbortedTransactionBlockState() &&
+			!IsTransactionExitStmt(raw_parse_tree->stmt))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_IN_FAILED_SQL_TRANSACTION),
+					 errmsg("current transaction is aborted, "
+						  "commands ignored until end of transaction block"),
+					 errdetail_abort()));
+
+		/*
+		 * Create the CachedPlanSource before we do parse analysis, since it
+		 * needs to see the unmodified raw parse tree.
+		 */
+		psrc = CreateCachedPlan(raw_parse_tree, query_string, commandTag);
+
+		/*
+		 * Revert raw plan to use literals
+		 */
+		undo_query_plan_changes(binding_list);
+
+		/*
+		 * Set up a snapshot if parse analysis/planning will need one.
+		 */
+		if (analyze_requires_snapshot(raw_parse_tree))
+		{
+			PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+			snapshot_set = true;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Avoid modificatoin of original parse tree
+		 */
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(old_context);
+		raw_parse_tree = copyObject(raw_parse_tree);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(MessageContext);
+
+		querytree_list = pg_analyze_and_rewrite(raw_parse_tree, query_string,
+												NULL, 0, NULL);
+		if (querytree_list->length != 1)
+		{
+			if (snapshot_set)
+				PopActiveSnapshot();
+			entry->disable_autoprepare = true;
+			autoprepare_misses += 1;
+			MemoryContextSwitchTo(old_context);
+			return false;
+		}
+		/*
+		 * Replace Const with Param nodes
+		 */
+		(void)query_tree_mutator((Query*)linitial(querytree_list),
+								 parse_tree_generalizer,
+								 binding_list,
+								 QTW_DONT_COPY_QUERY);
+
+		/* Done with the snapshot used for parsing/planning */
+		if (snapshot_set)
+			PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+		param_types = (Oid*)palloc(sizeof(Oid)*n_params);
+		psrc->param_types = param_types;
+		for (paramno = 0, binding = binding_list; paramno < n_params; paramno++, binding = binding->next)
+		{
+			if (binding->param == NULL || binding->type == UNKNOWNOID)
+			{
+				/* Failed to resolve parameter type */
+				entry->disable_autoprepare = true;
+				autoprepare_misses += 1;
+				MemoryContextSwitchTo(old_context);
+				return false;
+			}
+			param_types[paramno] = binding->type;
+		}
+
+		/* Finish filling in the CachedPlanSource */
+		CompleteCachedPlan(psrc,
+						   querytree_list,
+						   NULL,
+						   param_types,
+						   n_params,
+						   NULL,
+						   NULL,
+						   CURSOR_OPT_PARALLEL_OK,	/* allow parallel mode */
+						   true);	/* fixed result */
+
+		/* If we got a cancel signal during analysis, quit */
+		CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
+
+		SaveCachedPlan(psrc);
+		if (autoprepare_memory_limit)
+			autoprepare_used_memory += get_memory_context_size(psrc->context);
+
+		/*
+		 * We do NOT close the open transaction command here; that only happens
+		 * when the client sends Sync.  Instead, do CommandCounterIncrement just
+		 * in case something happened during parse/plan.
+		 */
+		CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(old_context); /* Done with MessageContext memory context */
+
+		entry->plan = psrc;
+		use_existed_plan = false;
+
+		/*
+		 * Determine output format
+		 */
+		entry->format = 0;				/* TEXT is default */
+		if (IsA(raw_parse_tree->stmt, FetchStmt))
+		{
+			FetchStmt  *stmt = (FetchStmt *)raw_parse_tree->stmt;
+
+			if (!stmt->ismove)
+			{
+				Portal		fportal = GetPortalByName(stmt->portalname);
+
+				if (PortalIsValid(fportal) &&
+					(fportal->cursorOptions & CURSOR_OPT_BINARY))
+					entry->format = 1; /* BINARY */
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* Plan found */
+		psrc = entry->plan;
+		use_existed_plan = true;
+		Assert(n_params == entry->n_params);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * If we are in aborted transaction state, the only portals we can
+	 * actually run are those containing COMMIT or ROLLBACK commands. We
+	 * disallow binding anything else to avoid problems with infrastructure
+	 * that expects to run inside a valid transaction.	We also disallow
+	 * binding any parameters, since we can't risk calling user-defined I/O
+	 * functions.
+	 */
+	if (IsAbortedTransactionBlockState() &&
+		(!IsTransactionExitStmt(psrc->raw_parse_tree->stmt) ||
+		 n_params != 0))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_IN_FAILED_SQL_TRANSACTION),
+				 errmsg("current transaction is aborted, "
+						"commands ignored until end of transaction block"),
+				 errdetail_abort()));
+
+	/*
+	 * Create unnamed portal to run the query or queries in. If there
+	 * already is one, silently drop it.
+	 */
+	portal = CreatePortal("", true, true);
+	/* Don't display the portal in pg_cursors */
+	portal->visible = false;
+
+	/*
+	 * Prepare to copy stuff into the portal's memory context.	We do all this
+	 * copying first, because it could possibly fail (out-of-memory) and we
+	 * don't want a failure to occur between GetCachedPlan and
+	 * PortalDefineQuery; that would result in leaking our plancache refcount.
+	 */
+	old_context = MemoryContextSwitchTo(portal->portalContext);
+
+	/* Copy the plan's query string into the portal */
+	query_string = pstrdup(psrc->query_string);
+
+	/*
+	 * Set a snapshot if we have parameters to fetch (since the input
+	 * functions might need it) or the query isn't a utility command (and
+	 * hence could require redoing parse analysis and planning).  We keep the
+	 * snapshot active till we're done, so that plancache.c doesn't have to
+	 * take new ones.
+	 */
+	if (n_params > 0 ||
+		(psrc->raw_parse_tree &&
+		 analyze_requires_snapshot(psrc->raw_parse_tree)))
+	{
+		PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+		snapshot_set = true;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Fetch parameters, if any, and store in the portal's memory context.
+	 */
+	if (n_params > 0)
+	{
+		ErrorContextCallback errcallback;
+
+		params = (ParamListInfo) palloc0(offsetof(ParamListInfoData, params) +
+										 n_params * sizeof(ParamExternData));
+		params->numParams = n_params;
+
+		/*
+		 * Register error callback to precisely report error in case of conversion error while storig parameter value.
+		 */
+		errcallback.callback = prepare_error_callback;
+		errcallback.arg = (void *) psrc;
+		errcallback.previous = error_context_stack;
+		error_context_stack = &errcallback;
+
+		for (paramno = 0, binding = binding_list;
+			 paramno < n_params;
+			 paramno++, binding = binding->next)
+		{
+			Oid	ptype = psrc->param_types[paramno];
+
+			param_location = binding->literal->location;
+
+			params->params[paramno].isnull = false;
+			params->params[paramno].value = get_param_value(ptype, &binding->literal->val);
+			/*
+			 * We mark the params as CONST.	 This ensures that any custom plan
+			 * makes full use of the parameter values.
+			 */
+			params->params[paramno].pflags = PARAM_FLAG_CONST;
+			params->params[paramno].ptype = ptype;
+		}
+		error_context_stack = errcallback.previous;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		params = NULL;
+	}
+
+	/* Done storing stuff in portal's context */
+	MemoryContextSwitchTo(old_context);
+
+	/*
+	 * Obtain a plan from the CachedPlanSource.	 Any cruft from (re)planning
+	 * will be generated in MessageContext. The plan refcount will be
+	 * assigned to the Portal, so it will be released at portal destruction.
+	 */
+	PG_TRY();
+	{
+		cplan = GetCachedPlan(psrc, params, false, NULL);
+	}
+	PG_CATCH();
+	{
+		/*
+		 * In case of planner errors revert back to original query processing
+		 * and disable autoprepare for this query to avoid such problems in future.
+		 */
+		FlushErrorState();
+
+		if (snapshot_set)
+			PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+		if (use_existed_plan)
+			undo_query_plan_changes(binding_list);
+
+		entry->disable_autoprepare = true;
+		autoprepare_misses += 1;
+		PortalDrop(portal, false);
+		return false;
+	}
+	PG_END_TRY();
+
+	/*
+	 * Now we can define the portal.
+	 *
+	 * DO NOT put any code that could possibly throw an error between the
+	 * above GetCachedPlan call and here.
+	 */
+	PortalDefineQuery(portal,
+					  NULL,
+					  query_string,
+					  psrc->commandTag,
+					  cplan->stmt_list,
+					  cplan);
+
+	/* Done with the snapshot used for parameter I/O and parsing/planning */
+	if (snapshot_set)
+	{
+		PopActiveSnapshot();
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * And we're ready to start portal execution.
+	 */
+	PortalStart(portal, params, 0, InvalidSnapshot);
+
+	/*
+	 * Apply the result format requests to the portal.
+	 */
+	PortalSetResultFormat(portal, 1, &entry->format);
+
+	/*
+	 * Finally execute prepared statement
+	 */
+	exec_prepared_plan(portal, "", FETCH_ALL, whereToSendOutput);
+
+	/*
+	 * Close down transaction statement, if one is open.
+	 */
+	finish_xact_command();
+
+	autoprepare_hits += 1;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+
+void ResetAutoprepareCache(void)
+{
+	if (plan_cache_hash != NULL)
+	{
+		hash_destroy(plan_cache_hash);
+		MemoryContextReset(plan_cache_context);
+		dlist_init(&plan_cache_lru);
+		autoprepare_cached_plans = 0;
+		autoprepare_used_memory = 0;
+		plan_cache_hash = 0;
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
  * Start statement timeout timer, if enabled.
  *
  * If there's already a timeout running, don't restart the timer.  That
@@ -4715,3 +5570,89 @@ disable_statement_timeout(void)
 		stmt_timeout_active = false;
 	}
 }
+
+/*
+ * This set returning function reads all the autoprepared statements and
+ * returns a set of (name, statement, prepare_time, param_types, from_sql).
+ */
+Datum
+pg_autoprepared_statement(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ReturnSetInfo *rsinfo = (ReturnSetInfo *) fcinfo->resultinfo;
+	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
+	Tuplestorestate *tupstore;
+	MemoryContext per_query_ctx;
+	MemoryContext oldcontext;
+
+	/* check to see if caller supports us returning a tuplestore */
+	if (rsinfo == NULL || !IsA(rsinfo, ReturnSetInfo))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("set-valued function called in context that cannot accept a set")));
+	if (!(rsinfo->allowedModes & SFRM_Materialize))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("materialize mode required, but it is not " \
+						"allowed in this context")));
+
+	/* need to build tuplestore in query context */
+	per_query_ctx = rsinfo->econtext->ecxt_per_query_memory;
+	oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(per_query_ctx);
+
+	/*
+	 * build tupdesc for result tuples. This must match the definition of the
+	 * pg_prepared_statements view in system_views.sql
+	 */
+	tupdesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(3);
+	TupleDescInitEntry(tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 1, "statement",
+					   TEXTOID, -1, 0);
+	TupleDescInitEntry(tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 2, "parameter_types",
+					   REGTYPEARRAYOID, -1, 0);
+	TupleDescInitEntry(tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 3, "exec_count",
+					   INT8OID, -1, 0);
+
+	/*
+	 * We put all the tuples into a tuplestore in one scan of the hashtable.
+	 * This avoids any issue of the hashtable possibly changing between calls.
+	 */
+	tupstore =
+		tuplestore_begin_heap(rsinfo->allowedModes & SFRM_Materialize_Random,
+							  false, work_mem);
+
+	/* generate junk in short-term context */
+	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
+
+	/* hash table might be uninitialized */
+	if (plan_cache_hash)
+	{
+		HASH_SEQ_STATUS hash_seq;
+		plan_cache_entry *prep_stmt;
+
+		hash_seq_init(&hash_seq, plan_cache_hash);
+		while ((prep_stmt = hash_seq_search(&hash_seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			if (prep_stmt->plan != NULL && !prep_stmt->disable_autoprepare)
+			{
+				Datum		values[3];
+				bool		nulls[3];
+				MemSet(nulls, 0, sizeof(nulls));
+
+				values[0] = CStringGetTextDatum(prep_stmt->plan->query_string);
+				values[1] = build_regtype_array(prep_stmt->param_types,
+												prep_stmt->n_params);
+				values[2] = Int64GetDatum(prep_stmt->exec_count);
+
+				tuplestore_putvalues(tupstore, tupdesc, values, nulls);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* clean up and return the tuplestore */
+	tuplestore_donestoring(tupstore);
+
+	rsinfo->returnMode = SFRM_Materialize;
+	rsinfo->setResult = tupstore;
+	rsinfo->setDesc = tupdesc;
+
+	return (Datum) 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/utility.c b/src/backend/tcop/utility.c
index edf24c4..ccdfd3f 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/utility.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/utility.c
@@ -679,10 +679,12 @@ standard_ProcessUtility(PlannedStmt *pstmt,
 		case T_AlterSystemStmt:
 			PreventInTransactionBlock(isTopLevel, "ALTER SYSTEM");
 			AlterSystemSetConfigFile((AlterSystemStmt *) parsetree);
+			ResetAutoprepareCache();
 			break;
 
 		case T_VariableSetStmt:
 			ExecSetVariableStmt((VariableSetStmt *) parsetree, isTopLevel);
+			ResetAutoprepareCache();
 			break;
 
 		case T_VariableShowStmt:
@@ -959,6 +961,8 @@ ProcessUtilitySlow(ParseState *pstate,
 	/* All event trigger calls are done only when isCompleteQuery is true */
 	needCleanup = isCompleteQuery && EventTriggerBeginCompleteQuery();
 
+	ResetAutoprepareCache();
+
 	/* PG_TRY block is to ensure we call EventTriggerEndCompleteQuery */
 	PG_TRY();
 	{
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/cache/inval.c b/src/backend/utils/cache/inval.c
index f09e3a9..6168eee 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/cache/inval.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/cache/inval.c
@@ -113,6 +113,7 @@
 #include "utils/relmapper.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "tcop/pquery.h"
 
 
 /*
@@ -646,6 +647,7 @@ InvalidateSystemCaches(void)
 
 	InvalidateCatalogSnapshot();
 	ResetCatalogCaches();
+	ResetAutoprepareCache();
 	RelationCacheInvalidate();	/* gets smgr and relmap too */
 
 	for (i = 0; i < syscache_callback_count; i++)
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
index cd5a65b..53af935 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c
@@ -530,6 +530,11 @@ int			tcp_keepalives_idle;
 int			tcp_keepalives_interval;
 int			tcp_keepalives_count;
 
+
+int         autoprepare_threshold;
+int         autoprepare_limit;
+int         autoprepare_memory_limit;
+
 /*
  * SSL renegotiation was been removed in PostgreSQL 9.5, but we tolerate it
  * being set to zero (meaning never renegotiate) for backward compatibility.
@@ -2238,6 +2243,39 @@ static struct config_int ConfigureNamesInt[] =
 		check_max_stack_depth, assign_max_stack_depth, NULL
 	},
 
+	/*
+	 * Threshold for implicit preparing of frequently executed queries
+	 */
+	{
+		{"autoprepare_threshold", PGC_USERSET, QUERY_TUNING_OTHER,
+		 gettext_noop("Threshold for autopreparing query."),
+		 gettext_noop("0 value disables autoprepare.")
+		},
+		&autoprepare_threshold,
+		0, 0, INT_MAX,
+		NULL, NULL, NULL
+	},
+	{
+		{"autoprepare_limit", PGC_USERSET, QUERY_TUNING_OTHER,
+		 gettext_noop("Maximal number of autoprepared queries."),
+		 gettext_noop("0 means unlimited number of autoprepared queries. Too large number of prepared queries can cause backend memory overflow and slowdown execution speed (because of increased lookup time)")
+		},
+		&autoprepare_limit,
+		113, 0, INT_MAX,
+		NULL, NULL, NULL
+	},
+	{
+		{"autoprepare_memory_limit", PGC_USERSET, QUERY_TUNING_OTHER,
+		 gettext_noop("Maximal size of memory used by autoprepared queries."),
+		 gettext_noop("0 means that there is no memory limit. Calculating memory used by prepared queries adds some extra overhead, "
+					  "so non-zero value of this parameter may cause some slowdown. autoprepare_limit is much faster way to limit number of autoprepared statements"),
+		 GUC_UNIT_KB
+		},
+		&autoprepare_memory_limit,
+		0, 0, INT_MAX,
+		NULL, NULL, NULL
+	},
+
 	{
 		{"temp_file_limit", PGC_SUSET, RESOURCES_DISK,
 			gettext_noop("Limits the total size of all temporary files used by each process."),
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index a7050ed..fe8e821 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -7575,6 +7575,13 @@
   proargmodes => '{o,o,o,o,o}',
   proargnames => '{name,statement,prepare_time,parameter_types,from_sql}',
   prosrc => 'pg_prepared_statement' },
+{ oid => '4035', descr => 'get the autoprepared statements for this session',
+  proname => 'pg_autoprepared_statement', prorows => '1000', proretset => 't',
+  provolatile => 's', proparallel => 'r', prorettype => 'record',
+  proargtypes => '', proallargtypes => '{text,_regtype,int8}',
+  proargmodes => '{o,o,o}',
+  proargnames => '{statement,parameter_types,exec_count}',
+  prosrc => 'pg_autoprepared_statement' },
 { oid => '2511', descr => 'get the open cursors for this session',
   proname => 'pg_cursor', prorows => '1000', proretset => 't',
   provolatile => 's', proparallel => 'r', prorettype => 'record',
diff --git a/src/include/commands/prepare.h b/src/include/commands/prepare.h
index a1ba714..913db50 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/prepare.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/prepare.h
@@ -56,5 +56,6 @@ extern TupleDesc FetchPreparedStatementResultDesc(PreparedStatement *stmt);
 extern List *FetchPreparedStatementTargetList(PreparedStatement *stmt);
 
 extern void DropAllPreparedStatements(void);
+extern Datum build_regtype_array(Oid *param_types, int num_params);
 
 #endif							/* PREPARE_H */
diff --git a/src/include/nodes/nodeFuncs.h b/src/include/nodes/nodeFuncs.h
index 9875934..a81ca29 100644
--- a/src/include/nodes/nodeFuncs.h
+++ b/src/include/nodes/nodeFuncs.h
@@ -148,6 +148,9 @@ extern Node *query_or_expression_tree_mutator(Node *node, Node *(*mutator) (),
 extern bool raw_expression_tree_walker(Node *node, bool (*walker) (),
 									   void *context);
 
+extern bool raw_expression_tree_mutator(Node *node, bool (*mutator) (),
+										void *context);
+
 struct PlanState;
 extern bool planstate_tree_walker(struct PlanState *planstate, bool (*walker) (),
 								  void *context);
diff --git a/src/include/tcop/pquery.h b/src/include/tcop/pquery.h
index bc61149..b3636b3 100644
--- a/src/include/tcop/pquery.h
+++ b/src/include/tcop/pquery.h
@@ -42,4 +42,6 @@ extern uint64 PortalRunFetch(Portal portal,
 			   long count,
 			   DestReceiver *dest);
 
+extern void ResetAutoprepareCache(void);
+
 #endif							/* PQUERY_H */
diff --git a/src/include/utils/guc.h b/src/include/utils/guc.h
index 2712a77..b982eaa 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/guc.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/guc.h
@@ -253,6 +253,10 @@ extern int	log_min_duration_statement;
 extern int	log_temp_files;
 extern double log_statement_sample_rate;
 
+extern int  autoprepare_threshold;
+extern int  autoprepare_limit;
+extern int  autoprepare_memory_limit;
+
 extern int	temp_file_limit;
 
 extern int	num_temp_buffers;
diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/autoprepare.out b/src/test/regress/expected/autoprepare.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..728dab2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/regress/expected/autoprepare.out
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+select count(*) from pg_class where relname='pg_class';
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+select * from pg_autoprepared_statements;
+ statement | parameter_types | exec_count 
+-----------+-----------------+------------
+(0 rows)
+
+set autoprepare_threshold = 1;
+select count(*) from pg_class where relname='pg_class';
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+select * from pg_autoprepared_statements;
+                        statement                        | parameter_types | exec_count 
+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+------------
+ select count(*) from pg_class where relname='pg_class'; | {unknown}       |          1
+ select * from pg_autoprepared_statements;               | {}              |          1
+(2 rows)
+
+select count(*) from pg_class where relname='pg_class';
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+select * from pg_autoprepared_statements;
+                        statement                        | parameter_types | exec_count 
+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+------------
+ select count(*) from pg_class where relname='pg_class'; | {unknown}       |          2
+ select * from pg_autoprepared_statements;               | {}              |          2
+(2 rows)
+
+set autoprepare_threshold = 0;
+select * from pg_autoprepared_statements;
+ statement | parameter_types | exec_count 
+-----------+-----------------+------------
+(0 rows)
+
+select count(*) from pg_class where relname='pg_class';
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+select * from pg_autoprepared_statements;
+ statement | parameter_types | exec_count 
+-----------+-----------------+------------
+(0 rows)
+
diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/date_1.out b/src/test/regress/expected/date_1.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6101c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/regress/expected/date_1.out
@@ -0,0 +1,1477 @@
+--
+-- DATE
+--
+CREATE TABLE DATE_TBL (f1 date);
+INSERT INTO DATE_TBL VALUES ('1957-04-09');
+INSERT INTO DATE_TBL VALUES ('1957-06-13');
+INSERT INTO DATE_TBL VALUES ('1996-02-28');
+INSERT INTO DATE_TBL VALUES ('1996-02-29');
+INSERT INTO DATE_TBL VALUES ('1996-03-01');
+INSERT INTO DATE_TBL VALUES ('1996-03-02');
+INSERT INTO DATE_TBL VALUES ('1997-02-28');
+INSERT INTO DATE_TBL VALUES ('1997-02-29');
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "1997-02-29"
+LINE 1: INSERT INTO DATE_TBL VALUES ('1997-02-29');
+                                     ^
+INSERT INTO DATE_TBL VALUES ('1997-03-01');
+INSERT INTO DATE_TBL VALUES ('1997-03-02');
+INSERT INTO DATE_TBL VALUES ('2000-04-01');
+INSERT INTO DATE_TBL VALUES ('2000-04-02');
+INSERT INTO DATE_TBL VALUES ('2000-04-03');
+INSERT INTO DATE_TBL VALUES ('2038-04-08');
+INSERT INTO DATE_TBL VALUES ('2039-04-09');
+INSERT INTO DATE_TBL VALUES ('2040-04-10');
+SELECT f1 AS "Fifteen" FROM DATE_TBL;
+  Fifteen   
+------------
+ 04-09-1957
+ 06-13-1957
+ 02-28-1996
+ 02-29-1996
+ 03-01-1996
+ 03-02-1996
+ 02-28-1997
+ 03-01-1997
+ 03-02-1997
+ 04-01-2000
+ 04-02-2000
+ 04-03-2000
+ 04-08-2038
+ 04-09-2039
+ 04-10-2040
+(15 rows)
+
+SELECT f1 AS "Nine" FROM DATE_TBL WHERE f1 < '2000-01-01';
+    Nine    
+------------
+ 04-09-1957
+ 06-13-1957
+ 02-28-1996
+ 02-29-1996
+ 03-01-1996
+ 03-02-1996
+ 02-28-1997
+ 03-01-1997
+ 03-02-1997
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT f1 AS "Three" FROM DATE_TBL
+  WHERE f1 BETWEEN '2000-01-01' AND '2001-01-01';
+   Three    
+------------
+ 04-01-2000
+ 04-02-2000
+ 04-03-2000
+(3 rows)
+
+--
+-- Check all the documented input formats
+--
+SET datestyle TO iso;  -- display results in ISO
+SET datestyle TO ymd;
+SELECT date 'January 8, 1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '1999-01-08';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '1999-01-18';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-18
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '1/8/1999';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "1/8/1999"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '1/8/1999';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '1/18/1999';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "1/18/1999"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '1/18/1999';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '18/1/1999';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "18/1/1999"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '18/1/1999';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '01/02/03';
+    date    
+------------
+ 2001-02-03
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '19990108';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '990108';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '1999.008';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date 'J2451187';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date 'January 8, 99 BC';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "January 8, 99 BC"
+LINE 1: SELECT date 'January 8, 99 BC';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '99-Jan-08';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '1999-Jan-08';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '08-Jan-99';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "08-Jan-99"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '08-Jan-99';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '08-Jan-1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date 'Jan-08-99';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "Jan-08-99"
+LINE 1: SELECT date 'Jan-08-99';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date 'Jan-08-1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '99-08-Jan';
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type date: "99-08-Jan"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '99-08-Jan';
+                    ^
+SELECT date '1999-08-Jan';
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type date: "1999-08-Jan"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '1999-08-Jan';
+                    ^
+SELECT date '99 Jan 08';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '1999 Jan 08';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '08 Jan 99';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "08 Jan 99"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '08 Jan 99';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '08 Jan 1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date 'Jan 08 99';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "Jan 08 99"
+LINE 1: SELECT date 'Jan 08 99';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date 'Jan 08 1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '99 08 Jan';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '1999 08 Jan';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '99-01-08';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '1999-01-08';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '08-01-99';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "08-01-99"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '08-01-99';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '08-01-1999';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "08-01-1999"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '08-01-1999';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '01-08-99';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "01-08-99"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '01-08-99';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '01-08-1999';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "01-08-1999"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '01-08-1999';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '99-08-01';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-08-01
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '1999-08-01';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-08-01
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '99 01 08';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '1999 01 08';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '08 01 99';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "08 01 99"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '08 01 99';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '08 01 1999';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "08 01 1999"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '08 01 1999';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '01 08 99';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "01 08 99"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '01 08 99';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '01 08 1999';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "01 08 1999"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '01 08 1999';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '99 08 01';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-08-01
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '1999 08 01';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-08-01
+(1 row)
+
+SET datestyle TO dmy;
+SELECT date 'January 8, 1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '1999-01-08';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '1999-01-18';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-18
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '1/8/1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-08-01
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '1/18/1999';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "1/18/1999"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '1/18/1999';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '18/1/1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-18
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '01/02/03';
+    date    
+------------
+ 2003-02-01
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '19990108';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '990108';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '1999.008';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date 'J2451187';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date 'January 8, 99 BC';
+     date      
+---------------
+ 0099-01-08 BC
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '99-Jan-08';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "99-Jan-08"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '99-Jan-08';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '1999-Jan-08';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '08-Jan-99';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '08-Jan-1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date 'Jan-08-99';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date 'Jan-08-1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '99-08-Jan';
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type date: "99-08-Jan"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '99-08-Jan';
+                    ^
+SELECT date '1999-08-Jan';
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type date: "1999-08-Jan"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '1999-08-Jan';
+                    ^
+SELECT date '99 Jan 08';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "99 Jan 08"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '99 Jan 08';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '1999 Jan 08';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '08 Jan 99';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '08 Jan 1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date 'Jan 08 99';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date 'Jan 08 1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '99 08 Jan';
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type date: "99 08 Jan"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '99 08 Jan';
+                    ^
+SELECT date '1999 08 Jan';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '99-01-08';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "99-01-08"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '99-01-08';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '1999-01-08';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '08-01-99';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '08-01-1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '01-08-99';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-08-01
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '01-08-1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-08-01
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '99-08-01';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "99-08-01"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '99-08-01';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '1999-08-01';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-08-01
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '99 01 08';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "99 01 08"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '99 01 08';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '1999 01 08';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '08 01 99';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '08 01 1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '01 08 99';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-08-01
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '01 08 1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-08-01
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '99 08 01';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "99 08 01"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '99 08 01';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '1999 08 01';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-08-01
+(1 row)
+
+SET datestyle TO mdy;
+SELECT date 'January 8, 1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '1999-01-08';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '1999-01-18';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-18
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '1/8/1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '1/18/1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-18
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '18/1/1999';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "18/1/1999"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '18/1/1999';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '01/02/03';
+    date    
+------------
+ 2003-01-02
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '19990108';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '990108';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '1999.008';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date 'J2451187';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date 'January 8, 99 BC';
+     date      
+---------------
+ 0099-01-08 BC
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '99-Jan-08';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "99-Jan-08"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '99-Jan-08';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '1999-Jan-08';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '08-Jan-99';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '08-Jan-1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date 'Jan-08-99';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date 'Jan-08-1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '99-08-Jan';
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type date: "99-08-Jan"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '99-08-Jan';
+                    ^
+SELECT date '1999-08-Jan';
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type date: "1999-08-Jan"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '1999-08-Jan';
+                    ^
+SELECT date '99 Jan 08';
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type date: "99 Jan 08"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '99 Jan 08';
+                    ^
+SELECT date '1999 Jan 08';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '08 Jan 99';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '08 Jan 1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date 'Jan 08 99';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date 'Jan 08 1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '99 08 Jan';
+ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type date: "99 08 Jan"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '99 08 Jan';
+                    ^
+SELECT date '1999 08 Jan';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '99-01-08';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "99-01-08"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '99-01-08';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '1999-01-08';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '08-01-99';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-08-01
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '08-01-1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-08-01
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '01-08-99';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '01-08-1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '99-08-01';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "99-08-01"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '99-08-01';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '1999-08-01';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-08-01
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '99 01 08';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "99 01 08"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '99 01 08';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '1999 01 08';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '08 01 99';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-08-01
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '08 01 1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-08-01
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '01 08 99';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '01 08 1999';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-01-08
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '99 08 01';
+ERROR:  date/time field value out of range: "99 08 01"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '99 08 01';
+                    ^
+HINT:  Perhaps you need a different "datestyle" setting.
+SELECT date '1999 08 01';
+    date    
+------------
+ 1999-08-01
+(1 row)
+
+-- Check upper and lower limits of date range
+SELECT date '4714-11-24 BC';
+     date      
+---------------
+ 4714-11-24 BC
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '4714-11-23 BC';  -- out of range
+ERROR:  date out of range: "4714-11-23 BC"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '4714-11-23 BC';
+                    ^
+SELECT date '5874897-12-31';
+     date      
+---------------
+ 5874897-12-31
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date '5874898-01-01';  -- out of range
+ERROR:  date out of range: "5874898-01-01"
+LINE 1: SELECT date '5874898-01-01';
+                    ^
+RESET datestyle;
+--
+-- Simple math
+-- Leave most of it for the horology tests
+--
+SELECT f1 - date '2000-01-01' AS "Days From 2K" FROM DATE_TBL;
+ Days From 2K 
+--------------
+       -15607
+       -15542
+        -1403
+        -1402
+        -1401
+        -1400
+        -1037
+        -1036
+        -1035
+           91
+           92
+           93
+        13977
+        14343
+        14710
+(15 rows)
+
+SELECT f1 - date 'epoch' AS "Days From Epoch" FROM DATE_TBL;
+ Days From Epoch 
+-----------------
+           -4650
+           -4585
+            9554
+            9555
+            9556
+            9557
+            9920
+            9921
+            9922
+           11048
+           11049
+           11050
+           24934
+           25300
+           25667
+(15 rows)
+
+SELECT date 'yesterday' - date 'today' AS "One day";
+ One day 
+---------
+      -1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date 'today' - date 'tomorrow' AS "One day";
+ One day 
+---------
+      -1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date 'yesterday' - date 'tomorrow' AS "Two days";
+ Two days 
+----------
+       -2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date 'tomorrow' - date 'today' AS "One day";
+ One day 
+---------
+       1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date 'today' - date 'yesterday' AS "One day";
+ One day 
+---------
+       1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT date 'tomorrow' - date 'yesterday' AS "Two days";
+ Two days 
+----------
+        2
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- test extract!
+--
+-- epoch
+--
+SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM DATE        '1970-01-01');     --  0
+ date_part 
+-----------
+         0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM TIMESTAMP   '1970-01-01');     --  0
+ date_part 
+-----------
+         0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM TIMESTAMPTZ '1970-01-01+00');  --  0
+ date_part 
+-----------
+         0
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- century
+--
+SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM DATE '0101-12-31 BC'); -- -2
+ date_part 
+-----------
+        -2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM DATE '0100-12-31 BC'); -- -1
+ date_part 
+-----------
+        -1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM DATE '0001-12-31 BC'); -- -1
+ date_part 
+-----------
+        -1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM DATE '0001-01-01');    --  1
+ date_part 
+-----------
+         1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM DATE '0001-01-01 AD'); --  1
+ date_part 
+-----------
+         1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM DATE '1900-12-31');    -- 19
+ date_part 
+-----------
+        19
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM DATE '1901-01-01');    -- 20
+ date_part 
+-----------
+        20
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM DATE '2000-12-31');    -- 20
+ date_part 
+-----------
+        20
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM DATE '2001-01-01');    -- 21
+ date_part 
+-----------
+        21
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM CURRENT_DATE)>=21 AS True;     -- true
+ true 
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- millennium
+--
+SELECT EXTRACT(MILLENNIUM FROM DATE '0001-12-31 BC'); -- -1
+ date_part 
+-----------
+        -1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(MILLENNIUM FROM DATE '0001-01-01 AD'); --  1
+ date_part 
+-----------
+         1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(MILLENNIUM FROM DATE '1000-12-31');    --  1
+ date_part 
+-----------
+         1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(MILLENNIUM FROM DATE '1001-01-01');    --  2
+ date_part 
+-----------
+         2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(MILLENNIUM FROM DATE '2000-12-31');    --  2
+ date_part 
+-----------
+         2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(MILLENNIUM FROM DATE '2001-01-01');    --  3
+ date_part 
+-----------
+         3
+(1 row)
+
+-- next test to be fixed on the turn of the next millennium;-)
+SELECT EXTRACT(MILLENNIUM FROM CURRENT_DATE);         --  3
+ date_part 
+-----------
+         3
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- decade
+--
+SELECT EXTRACT(DECADE FROM DATE '1994-12-25');    -- 199
+ date_part 
+-----------
+       199
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(DECADE FROM DATE '0010-01-01');    --   1
+ date_part 
+-----------
+         1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(DECADE FROM DATE '0009-12-31');    --   0
+ date_part 
+-----------
+         0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(DECADE FROM DATE '0001-01-01 BC'); --   0
+ date_part 
+-----------
+         0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(DECADE FROM DATE '0002-12-31 BC'); --  -1
+ date_part 
+-----------
+        -1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(DECADE FROM DATE '0011-01-01 BC'); --  -1
+ date_part 
+-----------
+        -1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(DECADE FROM DATE '0012-12-31 BC'); --  -2
+ date_part 
+-----------
+        -2
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- some other types:
+--
+-- on a timestamp.
+SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM NOW())>=21 AS True;       -- true
+ true 
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM TIMESTAMP '1970-03-20 04:30:00.00000'); -- 20
+ date_part 
+-----------
+        20
+(1 row)
+
+-- on an interval
+SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM INTERVAL '100 y');  -- 1
+ date_part 
+-----------
+         1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM INTERVAL '99 y');   -- 0
+ date_part 
+-----------
+         0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM INTERVAL '-99 y');  -- 0
+ date_part 
+-----------
+         0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY FROM INTERVAL '-100 y'); -- -1
+ date_part 
+-----------
+        -1
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- test trunc function!
+--
+SELECT DATE_TRUNC('MILLENNIUM', TIMESTAMP '1970-03-20 04:30:00.00000'); -- 1001
+        date_trunc        
+--------------------------
+ Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1001
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT DATE_TRUNC('MILLENNIUM', DATE '1970-03-20'); -- 1001-01-01
+          date_trunc          
+------------------------------
+ Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1001 PST
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT DATE_TRUNC('CENTURY', TIMESTAMP '1970-03-20 04:30:00.00000'); -- 1901
+        date_trunc        
+--------------------------
+ Tue Jan 01 00:00:00 1901
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT DATE_TRUNC('CENTURY', DATE '1970-03-20'); -- 1901
+          date_trunc          
+------------------------------
+ Tue Jan 01 00:00:00 1901 PST
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT DATE_TRUNC('CENTURY', DATE '2004-08-10'); -- 2001-01-01
+          date_trunc          
+------------------------------
+ Mon Jan 01 00:00:00 2001 PST
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT DATE_TRUNC('CENTURY', DATE '0002-02-04'); -- 0001-01-01
+          date_trunc          
+------------------------------
+ Mon Jan 01 00:00:00 0001 PST
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT DATE_TRUNC('CENTURY', DATE '0055-08-10 BC'); -- 0100-01-01 BC
+           date_trunc            
+---------------------------------
+ Tue Jan 01 00:00:00 0100 PST BC
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT DATE_TRUNC('DECADE', DATE '1993-12-25'); -- 1990-01-01
+          date_trunc          
+------------------------------
+ Mon Jan 01 00:00:00 1990 PST
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT DATE_TRUNC('DECADE', DATE '0004-12-25'); -- 0001-01-01 BC
+           date_trunc            
+---------------------------------
+ Sat Jan 01 00:00:00 0001 PST BC
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT DATE_TRUNC('DECADE', DATE '0002-12-31 BC'); -- 0011-01-01 BC
+           date_trunc            
+---------------------------------
+ Mon Jan 01 00:00:00 0011 PST BC
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- test infinity
+--
+select 'infinity'::date, '-infinity'::date;
+   date   |   date    
+----------+-----------
+ infinity | -infinity
+(1 row)
+
+select 'infinity'::date > 'today'::date as t;
+ t 
+---
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+select '-infinity'::date < 'today'::date as t;
+ t 
+---
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+select isfinite('infinity'::date), isfinite('-infinity'::date), isfinite('today'::date);
+ isfinite | isfinite | isfinite 
+----------+----------+----------
+ f        | f        | t
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- oscillating fields from non-finite date/timestamptz:
+--
+SELECT EXTRACT(HOUR FROM DATE 'infinity');      -- NULL
+ date_part 
+-----------
+          
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(HOUR FROM DATE '-infinity');     -- NULL
+ date_part 
+-----------
+          
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(HOUR FROM TIMESTAMP   'infinity');      -- NULL
+ date_part 
+-----------
+          
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(HOUR FROM TIMESTAMP   '-infinity');     -- NULL
+ date_part 
+-----------
+          
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(HOUR FROM TIMESTAMPTZ 'infinity');      -- NULL
+ date_part 
+-----------
+          
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(HOUR FROM TIMESTAMPTZ '-infinity');     -- NULL
+ date_part 
+-----------
+          
+(1 row)
+
+-- all possible fields
+SELECT EXTRACT(MICROSECONDS  FROM DATE 'infinity');    -- NULL
+ date_part 
+-----------
+          
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(MILLISECONDS  FROM DATE 'infinity');    -- NULL
+ date_part 
+-----------
+          
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(SECOND        FROM DATE 'infinity');    -- NULL
+ date_part 
+-----------
+          
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(MINUTE        FROM DATE 'infinity');    -- NULL
+ date_part 
+-----------
+          
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(HOUR          FROM DATE 'infinity');    -- NULL
+ date_part 
+-----------
+          
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(DAY           FROM DATE 'infinity');    -- NULL
+ date_part 
+-----------
+          
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH         FROM DATE 'infinity');    -- NULL
+ date_part 
+-----------
+          
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(QUARTER       FROM DATE 'infinity');    -- NULL
+ date_part 
+-----------
+          
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(WEEK          FROM DATE 'infinity');    -- NULL
+ date_part 
+-----------
+          
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(DOW           FROM DATE 'infinity');    -- NULL
+ date_part 
+-----------
+          
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(ISODOW        FROM DATE 'infinity');    -- NULL
+ date_part 
+-----------
+          
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(DOY           FROM DATE 'infinity');    -- NULL
+ date_part 
+-----------
+          
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(TIMEZONE      FROM DATE 'infinity');    -- NULL
+ date_part 
+-----------
+          
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(TIMEZONE_M    FROM DATE 'infinity');    -- NULL
+ date_part 
+-----------
+          
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(TIMEZONE_H    FROM DATE 'infinity');    -- NULL
+ date_part 
+-----------
+          
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- monotonic fields from non-finite date/timestamptz:
+--
+SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM DATE 'infinity');         --  Infinity
+ date_part 
+-----------
+  Infinity
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM DATE '-infinity');        -- -Infinity
+ date_part 
+-----------
+ -Infinity
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM TIMESTAMP   'infinity');  --  Infinity
+ date_part 
+-----------
+  Infinity
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM TIMESTAMP   '-infinity'); -- -Infinity
+ date_part 
+-----------
+ -Infinity
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM TIMESTAMPTZ 'infinity');  --  Infinity
+ date_part 
+-----------
+  Infinity
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM TIMESTAMPTZ '-infinity'); -- -Infinity
+ date_part 
+-----------
+ -Infinity
+(1 row)
+
+-- all possible fields
+SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR       FROM DATE 'infinity');    --  Infinity
+ date_part 
+-----------
+  Infinity
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(DECADE     FROM DATE 'infinity');    --  Infinity
+ date_part 
+-----------
+  Infinity
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(CENTURY    FROM DATE 'infinity');    --  Infinity
+ date_part 
+-----------
+  Infinity
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(MILLENNIUM FROM DATE 'infinity');    --  Infinity
+ date_part 
+-----------
+  Infinity
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(JULIAN     FROM DATE 'infinity');    --  Infinity
+ date_part 
+-----------
+  Infinity
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(ISOYEAR    FROM DATE 'infinity');    --  Infinity
+ date_part 
+-----------
+  Infinity
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH      FROM DATE 'infinity');    --  Infinity
+ date_part 
+-----------
+  Infinity
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- wrong fields from non-finite date:
+--
+SELECT EXTRACT(MICROSEC  FROM DATE 'infinity');     -- ERROR:  timestamp units "microsec" not recognized
+ERROR:  timestamp units "microsec" not recognized
+SELECT EXTRACT(UNDEFINED FROM DATE 'infinity');     -- ERROR:  timestamp units "undefined" not supported
+ERROR:  timestamp units "undefined" not supported
+-- test constructors
+select make_date(2013, 7, 15);
+ make_date  
+------------
+ 07-15-2013
+(1 row)
+
+select make_date(-44, 3, 15);
+   make_date   
+---------------
+ 03-15-0044 BC
+(1 row)
+
+select make_time(8, 20, 0.0);
+ make_time 
+-----------
+ 08:20:00
+(1 row)
+
+-- should fail
+select make_date(2013, 2, 30);
+ERROR:  date field value out of range: 2013-02-30
+select make_date(2013, 13, 1);
+ERROR:  date field value out of range: 2013-13-01
+select make_date(2013, 11, -1);
+ERROR:  date field value out of range: 2013-11--1
+select make_time(10, 55, 100.1);
+ERROR:  time field value out of range: 10:55:100.1
+select make_time(24, 0, 2.1);
+ERROR:  time field value out of range: 24:00:2.1
diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/rules.out b/src/test/regress/expected/rules.out
index dae772d..cbcd65f 100644
--- a/src/test/regress/expected/rules.out
+++ b/src/test/regress/expected/rules.out
@@ -1305,6 +1305,10 @@ mvtest_tvv| SELECT sum(mvtest_tv.totamt) AS grandtot
    FROM mvtest_tv;
 mvtest_tvvmv| SELECT mvtest_tvvm.grandtot
    FROM mvtest_tvvm;
+pg_autoprepared_statements| SELECT p.statement,
+    p.parameter_types,
+    p.exec_count
+   FROM pg_autoprepared_statement() p(statement, parameter_types, exec_count);
 pg_available_extension_versions| SELECT e.name,
     e.version,
     (x.extname IS NOT NULL) AS installed,
diff --git a/src/test/regress/parallel_schedule b/src/test/regress/parallel_schedule
index f320fb6..a45162a 100644
--- a/src/test/regress/parallel_schedule
+++ b/src/test/regress/parallel_schedule
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ test: json jsonb json_encoding jsonpath jsonpath_encoding jsonb_jsonpath
 # NB: temp.sql does a reconnect which transiently uses 2 connections,
 # so keep this parallel group to at most 19 tests
 # ----------
-test: plancache limit plpgsql copy2 temp domain rangefuncs prepare conversion truncate alter_table sequence polymorphism rowtypes returning largeobject with xml
+test: plancache limit plpgsql copy2 temp domain rangefuncs prepare autoprepare conversion truncate alter_table sequence polymorphism rowtypes returning largeobject with xml
 
 # ----------
 # Another group of parallel tests
diff --git a/src/test/regress/serial_schedule b/src/test/regress/serial_schedule
index 36644aa..fcd44e6 100644
--- a/src/test/regress/serial_schedule
+++ b/src/test/regress/serial_schedule
@@ -173,6 +173,7 @@ test: temp
 test: domain
 test: rangefuncs
 test: prepare
+test: autoprepare
 test: conversion
 test: truncate
 test: alter_table
diff --git a/src/test/regress/sql/autoprepare.sql b/src/test/regress/sql/autoprepare.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98e4f7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/regress/sql/autoprepare.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+select count(*) from pg_class where relname='pg_class';
+select * from pg_autoprepared_statements;
+set autoprepare_threshold = 1;
+select count(*) from pg_class where relname='pg_class';
+select * from pg_autoprepared_statements;
+select count(*) from pg_class where relname='pg_class';
+select * from pg_autoprepared_statements;
+set autoprepare_threshold = 0;
+select * from pg_autoprepared_statements;
+select count(*) from pg_class where relname='pg_class';
+select * from pg_autoprepared_statements;

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