public inbox for [email protected]  
help / color / mirror / Atom feed
[PATCH 4/6] TAP test for the slot limit feature
86+ messages / 5 participants
[nested] [flat]

* [PATCH 4/6] TAP test for the slot limit feature
@ 2017-12-21 08:33 Kyotaro Horiguchi <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Kyotaro Horiguchi @ 2017-12-21 08:33 UTC (permalink / raw)

---
 src/test/recovery/t/016_replslot_limit.pl | 184 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 184 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/test/recovery/t/016_replslot_limit.pl

diff --git a/src/test/recovery/t/016_replslot_limit.pl b/src/test/recovery/t/016_replslot_limit.pl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e150ca7a54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/recovery/t/016_replslot_limit.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+# Test for replication slot limit
+# Ensure that max_slot_wal_keep_size limits the number of WAL files to
+# be kept by replication slots.
+
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+use File::Path qw(rmtree);
+use PostgresNode;
+use TestLib;
+use Test::More tests => 11;
+use Time::HiRes qw(usleep);
+
+$ENV{PGDATABASE} = 'postgres';
+
+# Initialize master node, setting wal-segsize to 1MB
+my $node_master = get_new_node('master');
+$node_master->init(allows_streaming => 1, extra => ['--wal-segsize=1']);
+$node_master->append_conf('postgresql.conf', qq(
+min_wal_size = 2MB
+max_wal_size = 3MB
+));
+$node_master->start;
+$node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT pg_create_physical_replication_slot('rep1')");
+
+# The slot state should be the state "unknown" before the first connection
+my $result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "|unknown|0", 'check the state of non-reserved slot is "unknown"');
+
+
+# Take backup
+my $backup_name = 'my_backup';
+$node_master->backup($backup_name);
+
+# Create a standby linking to it using the replication slot
+my $node_standby = get_new_node('standby_1');
+$node_standby->init_from_backup($node_master, $backup_name, has_streaming => 1, primary_slot_name => 'rep1');
+
+$node_standby->start;
+
+# Wait until standby has replayed enough data
+my $start_lsn = $node_master->lsn('write');
+$node_master->wait_for_catchup($node_standby, 'replay', $start_lsn);
+
+# Stop standby
+$node_standby->stop;
+
+
+# Preparation done, the slot is the state "streaming" now
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|streaming|0", 'check the catching-up state');
+
+# Advance WAL by five segments (= 5MB) on master
+advance_wal($node_master, 5);
+$node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "CHECKPOINT;");
+
+# The slot is always "safe" when max_slot_wal_keep_size is not set
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|streaming|0", 'check that slot is working');
+
+# The standby can connect to master
+$node_standby->start;
+
+$start_lsn = $node_master->lsn('write');
+$node_master->wait_for_catchup($node_standby, 'replay', $start_lsn);
+
+$node_standby->stop;
+
+# Set max_slot_wal_keep_size on master
+my $max_slot_wal_keep_size_mb = 3;
+$node_master->append_conf('postgresql.conf', qq(
+max_slot_wal_keep_size = ${max_slot_wal_keep_size_mb}MB
+));
+$node_master->reload;
+
+# The slot is in safe state. The remaining bytes should be as almost
+# (max_slot_wal_keep_size + 1) times large as the segment size
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, pg_size_pretty(remain) as remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|streaming|4096 kB", 'check that max_slot_wal_keep_size is working');
+
+# Advance WAL again then checkpoint
+advance_wal($node_master, 2);
+$node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "CHECKPOINT;");
+
+# The slot is still working.
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, pg_size_pretty(remain) as remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|streaming|2048 kB", 'check that remaining byte is calculated correctly');
+
+# wal_keep_segments overrides max_slot_wal_keep_size
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "ALTER SYSTEM SET wal_keep_segments to 6; SELECT pg_reload_conf();");
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, pg_size_pretty(remain) as remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|streaming|5120 kB", 'check that wal_keep_segments overrides max_slot_wal_keep_size');
+
+# restore wal_keep_segments
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "ALTER SYSTEM SET wal_keep_segments to 0; SELECT pg_reload_conf();");
+
+# Advance WAL again without checkpoint
+advance_wal($node_master, 2);
+
+# Slot gets to 'keeping' state
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, pg_size_pretty(remain) as remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|keeping|0 bytes", 'check that the slot state changes to "keeping"');
+
+# The standby still can connect to master
+$node_standby->start;
+
+$start_lsn = $node_master->lsn('write');
+$node_master->wait_for_catchup($node_standby, 'replay', $start_lsn);
+
+$node_standby->stop;
+
+ok(!find_in_log($node_standby,
+				"requested WAL segment [0-9A-F]+ has already been removed"),
+   'check that required WAL segments are still available');
+
+# Advance WAL again, the slot loses some segments.
+my $logstart = get_log_size($node_master);
+advance_wal($node_master, 5);
+$node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "CHECKPOINT;");
+
+# WARNING should be issued
+ok(find_in_log($node_master,
+			   "some replication slots have lost required WAL segments\n".
+			   ".*Slot rep1 lost 2 segment\\(s\\)\\.",
+			   $logstart),
+   'check that the warning is logged');
+
+# This slot should be broken
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, pg_size_pretty(remain) as remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|lost|0 bytes", 'check that the slot state changes to "lost"');
+
+# The standby no longer can connect to the master
+$logstart = get_log_size($node_standby);
+$node_standby->start;
+
+my $failed = 0;
+for (my $i = 0 ; $i < 10000 ; $i++)
+{
+	if (find_in_log($node_standby,
+					"requested WAL segment [0-9A-F]+ has already been removed",
+					$logstart))
+	{
+		$failed = 1;
+		last;
+	}
+	usleep(100_000);
+}
+ok($failed, 'check that replication has been broken');
+
+$node_standby->stop;
+
+#####################################
+# Advance WAL of $node by $n segments
+sub advance_wal
+{
+	my ($node, $n) = @_;
+
+	# Advance by $n segments (= (16 * $n) MB) on master
+	for (my $i = 0 ; $i < $n ; $i++)
+	{
+		$node->safe_psql('postgres', "CREATE TABLE t (); DROP TABLE t; SELECT pg_switch_wal();");
+	}
+}
+
+# return the size of logfile of $node in bytes
+sub get_log_size
+{
+	my ($node) = @_;
+
+	return (stat $node->logfile)[7];
+}
+
+# find $pat in logfile of $node after $off-th byte
+sub find_in_log
+{
+	my ($node, $pat, $off) = @_;
+
+	$off = 0 unless defined $off;
+	my $log = TestLib::slurp_file($node->logfile);
+	return 0 if (length($log) <= $off);
+
+	$log = substr($log, $off);
+
+	return $log =~ m/$pat/;
+}
-- 
2.16.3


----Next_Part(Fri_Feb_22_14_12_28_2019_076)--
Content-Type: Text/X-Patch; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Disposition: inline;
 filename="v13-0005-Documentation-for-slot-limit-feature.patch"



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH 4/6] TAP test for the slot limit feature
@ 2017-12-21 08:33 Kyotaro Horiguchi <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Kyotaro Horiguchi @ 2017-12-21 08:33 UTC (permalink / raw)

---
 src/test/recovery/t/016_replslot_limit.pl | 184 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 184 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/test/recovery/t/016_replslot_limit.pl

diff --git a/src/test/recovery/t/016_replslot_limit.pl b/src/test/recovery/t/016_replslot_limit.pl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e150ca7a54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/recovery/t/016_replslot_limit.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+# Test for replication slot limit
+# Ensure that max_slot_wal_keep_size limits the number of WAL files to
+# be kept by replication slots.
+
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+use File::Path qw(rmtree);
+use PostgresNode;
+use TestLib;
+use Test::More tests => 11;
+use Time::HiRes qw(usleep);
+
+$ENV{PGDATABASE} = 'postgres';
+
+# Initialize master node, setting wal-segsize to 1MB
+my $node_master = get_new_node('master');
+$node_master->init(allows_streaming => 1, extra => ['--wal-segsize=1']);
+$node_master->append_conf('postgresql.conf', qq(
+min_wal_size = 2MB
+max_wal_size = 3MB
+));
+$node_master->start;
+$node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT pg_create_physical_replication_slot('rep1')");
+
+# The slot state should be the state "unknown" before the first connection
+my $result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "|unknown|0", 'check the state of non-reserved slot is "unknown"');
+
+
+# Take backup
+my $backup_name = 'my_backup';
+$node_master->backup($backup_name);
+
+# Create a standby linking to it using the replication slot
+my $node_standby = get_new_node('standby_1');
+$node_standby->init_from_backup($node_master, $backup_name, has_streaming => 1, primary_slot_name => 'rep1');
+
+$node_standby->start;
+
+# Wait until standby has replayed enough data
+my $start_lsn = $node_master->lsn('write');
+$node_master->wait_for_catchup($node_standby, 'replay', $start_lsn);
+
+# Stop standby
+$node_standby->stop;
+
+
+# Preparation done, the slot is the state "streaming" now
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|streaming|0", 'check the catching-up state');
+
+# Advance WAL by five segments (= 5MB) on master
+advance_wal($node_master, 5);
+$node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "CHECKPOINT;");
+
+# The slot is always "safe" when max_slot_wal_keep_size is not set
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|streaming|0", 'check that slot is working');
+
+# The standby can connect to master
+$node_standby->start;
+
+$start_lsn = $node_master->lsn('write');
+$node_master->wait_for_catchup($node_standby, 'replay', $start_lsn);
+
+$node_standby->stop;
+
+# Set max_slot_wal_keep_size on master
+my $max_slot_wal_keep_size_mb = 3;
+$node_master->append_conf('postgresql.conf', qq(
+max_slot_wal_keep_size = ${max_slot_wal_keep_size_mb}MB
+));
+$node_master->reload;
+
+# The slot is in safe state. The remaining bytes should be as almost
+# (max_slot_wal_keep_size + 1) times large as the segment size
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, pg_size_pretty(remain) as remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|streaming|4096 kB", 'check that max_slot_wal_keep_size is working');
+
+# Advance WAL again then checkpoint
+advance_wal($node_master, 2);
+$node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "CHECKPOINT;");
+
+# The slot is still working.
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, pg_size_pretty(remain) as remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|streaming|2048 kB", 'check that remaining byte is calculated correctly');
+
+# wal_keep_segments overrides max_slot_wal_keep_size
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "ALTER SYSTEM SET wal_keep_segments to 6; SELECT pg_reload_conf();");
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, pg_size_pretty(remain) as remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|streaming|5120 kB", 'check that wal_keep_segments overrides max_slot_wal_keep_size');
+
+# restore wal_keep_segments
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "ALTER SYSTEM SET wal_keep_segments to 0; SELECT pg_reload_conf();");
+
+# Advance WAL again without checkpoint
+advance_wal($node_master, 2);
+
+# Slot gets to 'keeping' state
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, pg_size_pretty(remain) as remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|keeping|0 bytes", 'check that the slot state changes to "keeping"');
+
+# The standby still can connect to master
+$node_standby->start;
+
+$start_lsn = $node_master->lsn('write');
+$node_master->wait_for_catchup($node_standby, 'replay', $start_lsn);
+
+$node_standby->stop;
+
+ok(!find_in_log($node_standby,
+				"requested WAL segment [0-9A-F]+ has already been removed"),
+   'check that required WAL segments are still available');
+
+# Advance WAL again, the slot loses some segments.
+my $logstart = get_log_size($node_master);
+advance_wal($node_master, 5);
+$node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "CHECKPOINT;");
+
+# WARNING should be issued
+ok(find_in_log($node_master,
+			   "some replication slots have lost required WAL segments\n".
+			   ".*Slot rep1 lost 2 segment\\(s\\)\\.",
+			   $logstart),
+   'check that the warning is logged');
+
+# This slot should be broken
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, pg_size_pretty(remain) as remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|lost|0 bytes", 'check that the slot state changes to "lost"');
+
+# The standby no longer can connect to the master
+$logstart = get_log_size($node_standby);
+$node_standby->start;
+
+my $failed = 0;
+for (my $i = 0 ; $i < 10000 ; $i++)
+{
+	if (find_in_log($node_standby,
+					"requested WAL segment [0-9A-F]+ has already been removed",
+					$logstart))
+	{
+		$failed = 1;
+		last;
+	}
+	usleep(100_000);
+}
+ok($failed, 'check that replication has been broken');
+
+$node_standby->stop;
+
+#####################################
+# Advance WAL of $node by $n segments
+sub advance_wal
+{
+	my ($node, $n) = @_;
+
+	# Advance by $n segments (= (16 * $n) MB) on master
+	for (my $i = 0 ; $i < $n ; $i++)
+	{
+		$node->safe_psql('postgres', "CREATE TABLE t (); DROP TABLE t; SELECT pg_switch_wal();");
+	}
+}
+
+# return the size of logfile of $node in bytes
+sub get_log_size
+{
+	my ($node) = @_;
+
+	return (stat $node->logfile)[7];
+}
+
+# find $pat in logfile of $node after $off-th byte
+sub find_in_log
+{
+	my ($node, $pat, $off) = @_;
+
+	$off = 0 unless defined $off;
+	my $log = TestLib::slurp_file($node->logfile);
+	return 0 if (length($log) <= $off);
+
+	$log = substr($log, $off);
+
+	return $log =~ m/$pat/;
+}
-- 
2.20.1


--MP_/68vU=6Ib.yoYOTdA.M=EVne
Content-Type: text/x-patch
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename=v14-0005-Documentation-for-slot-limit-feature.patch



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH 4/6] TAP test for the slot limit feature
@ 2017-12-21 08:33 Kyotaro Horiguchi <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Kyotaro Horiguchi @ 2017-12-21 08:33 UTC (permalink / raw)

---
 src/test/recovery/t/018_replslot_limit.pl | 198 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 198 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/test/recovery/t/018_replslot_limit.pl

diff --git a/src/test/recovery/t/018_replslot_limit.pl b/src/test/recovery/t/018_replslot_limit.pl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2bd6fdf39c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/recovery/t/018_replslot_limit.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+# Test for replication slot limit
+# Ensure that max_slot_wal_keep_size limits the number of WAL files to
+# be kept by replication slots.
+
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+use File::Path qw(rmtree);
+use PostgresNode;
+use TestLib;
+use Test::More tests => 13;
+use Time::HiRes qw(usleep);
+
+$ENV{PGDATABASE} = 'postgres';
+
+# Initialize master node, setting wal-segsize to 1MB
+my $node_master = get_new_node('master');
+$node_master->init(allows_streaming => 1, extra => ['--wal-segsize=1']);
+$node_master->append_conf('postgresql.conf', qq(
+min_wal_size = 2MB
+max_wal_size = 3MB
+));
+$node_master->start;
+$node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT pg_create_physical_replication_slot('rep1')");
+
+# The slot state should be the state "unknown" before the first connection
+my $result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "|unknown|0", 'check the state of non-reserved slot is "unknown"');
+
+
+# Take backup
+my $backup_name = 'my_backup';
+$node_master->backup($backup_name);
+
+# Create a standby linking to it using the replication slot
+my $node_standby = get_new_node('standby_1');
+$node_standby->init_from_backup($node_master, $backup_name, has_streaming => 1, primary_slot_name => 'rep1');
+
+$node_standby->start;
+
+# Wait until standby has replayed enough data
+my $start_lsn = $node_master->lsn('write');
+$node_master->wait_for_catchup($node_standby, 'replay', $start_lsn);
+
+# Stop standby
+$node_standby->stop;
+
+
+# Preparation done, the slot is the state "streaming" now
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|streaming|0", 'check the catching-up state');
+
+# Advance WAL by five segments (= 5MB) on master
+advance_wal($node_master, 1);
+$node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "CHECKPOINT;");
+
+# The slot is always "safe" when fitting max_wal_size
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|streaming|0", 'check that within max_wal_size');
+
+advance_wal($node_master, 4);
+$node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "CHECKPOINT;");
+
+# The slot is always "safe" when max_slot_wal_keep_size is not set
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|keeping|0", 'check that slot is working');
+
+# The standby can reconnect to master
+$node_standby->start;
+
+$start_lsn = $node_master->lsn('write');
+$node_master->wait_for_catchup($node_standby, 'replay', $start_lsn);
+
+$node_standby->stop;
+
+# Set max_slot_wal_keep_size on master
+my $max_slot_wal_keep_size_mb = 4;
+$node_master->append_conf('postgresql.conf', qq(
+max_slot_wal_keep_size = ${max_slot_wal_keep_size_mb}MB
+));
+$node_master->reload;
+
+# The slot is in safe state. The remaining bytes should be as almost
+# (max_slot_wal_keep_size + 1) times large as the segment size
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, pg_size_pretty(remain) as remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|streaming|5120 kB", 'check that max_slot_wal_keep_size is working');
+
+# Advance WAL again then checkpoint, reducing remain by 2 MB.
+advance_wal($node_master, 2);
+$node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "CHECKPOINT;");
+
+# The slot is still working
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, pg_size_pretty(remain) as remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|streaming|3072 kB", 'check that remaining byte is calculated correctly');
+
+# wal_keep_segments overrides max_slot_wal_keep_size
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "ALTER SYSTEM SET wal_keep_segments to 6; SELECT pg_reload_conf();");
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, pg_size_pretty(remain) as remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|streaming|5120 kB", 'check that wal_keep_segments overrides max_slot_wal_keep_size');
+
+# restore wal_keep_segments
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "ALTER SYSTEM SET wal_keep_segments to 0; SELECT pg_reload_conf();");
+
+# Advance WAL again without checkpoint, reducing remain by 2 MB.
+advance_wal($node_master, 2);
+
+# Slot gets into 'keeping' state
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, pg_size_pretty(remain) as remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|keeping|1024 kB", 'check that the slot state changes to "keeping"');
+
+# Advance WAL again without checkpoint; remain goes to 0.
+advance_wal($node_master, 1);
+
+# Slot gets into 'keeping' state
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, pg_size_pretty(remain) as remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|lost|0 bytes", 'check that the slot state changes to "lost"');
+
+# The standby still can connect to master before a checkpoint
+$node_standby->start;
+
+$start_lsn = $node_master->lsn('write');
+$node_master->wait_for_catchup($node_standby, 'replay', $start_lsn);
+
+$node_standby->stop;
+
+ok(!find_in_log($node_standby,
+				"requested WAL segment [0-9A-F]+ has already been removed"),
+   'check that required WAL segments are still available');
+
+# Advance WAL again, the slot loses the oldest segment.
+my $logstart = get_log_size($node_master);
+advance_wal($node_master, 5);
+$node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "CHECKPOINT;");
+
+# WARNING should be issued
+ok(find_in_log($node_master,
+			   "some replication slots have lost required WAL segments\n".
+			   ".*Slot rep1 lost 1 segment\\(s\\)\\.",
+			   $logstart),
+   'check that the warning is logged');
+
+# This slot should be broken
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, pg_size_pretty(remain) as remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|lost|0 bytes", 'check that the slot state changes to "lost"');
+
+# The standby no longer can connect to the master
+$logstart = get_log_size($node_standby);
+$node_standby->start;
+
+my $failed = 0;
+for (my $i = 0 ; $i < 10000 ; $i++)
+{
+	if (find_in_log($node_standby,
+					"requested WAL segment [0-9A-F]+ has already been removed",
+					$logstart))
+	{
+		$failed = 1;
+		last;
+	}
+	usleep(100_000);
+}
+ok($failed, 'check that replication has been broken');
+
+$node_standby->stop;
+
+#####################################
+# Advance WAL of $node by $n segments
+sub advance_wal
+{
+	my ($node, $n) = @_;
+
+	# Advance by $n segments (= (16 * $n) MB) on master
+	for (my $i = 0 ; $i < $n ; $i++)
+	{
+		$node->safe_psql('postgres', "CREATE TABLE t (); DROP TABLE t; SELECT pg_switch_wal();");
+	}
+}
+
+# return the size of logfile of $node in bytes
+sub get_log_size
+{
+	my ($node) = @_;
+
+	return (stat $node->logfile)[7];
+}
+
+# find $pat in logfile of $node after $off-th byte
+sub find_in_log
+{
+	my ($node, $pat, $off) = @_;
+
+	$off = 0 unless defined $off;
+	my $log = TestLib::slurp_file($node->logfile);
+	return 0 if (length($log) <= $off);
+
+	$log = substr($log, $off);
+
+	return $log =~ m/$pat/;
+}
-- 
2.16.3


----Next_Part(Tue_Jul_30_21_30_45_2019_680)--
Content-Type: Text/X-Patch; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Disposition: inline;
 filename="v15-0005-Documentation-for-slot-limit-feature.patch"



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH 4/6] TAP test for the slot limit feature
@ 2017-12-21 08:33 Kyotaro Horiguchi <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Kyotaro Horiguchi @ 2017-12-21 08:33 UTC (permalink / raw)

---
 src/test/recovery/t/018_replslot_limit.pl | 202 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 202 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/test/recovery/t/018_replslot_limit.pl

diff --git a/src/test/recovery/t/018_replslot_limit.pl b/src/test/recovery/t/018_replslot_limit.pl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b41a68faa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/recovery/t/018_replslot_limit.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+# Test for replication slot limit
+# Ensure that max_slot_wal_keep_size limits the number of WAL files to
+# be kept by replication slots.
+
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+use File::Path qw(rmtree);
+use PostgresNode;
+use TestLib;
+use Test::More tests => 13;
+use Time::HiRes qw(usleep);
+
+$ENV{PGDATABASE} = 'postgres';
+
+# Initialize master node, setting wal-segsize to 1MB
+my $node_master = get_new_node('master');
+$node_master->init(allows_streaming => 1, extra => ['--wal-segsize=1']);
+$node_master->append_conf('postgresql.conf', qq(
+min_wal_size = 2MB
+max_wal_size = 3MB
+log_checkpoints = yes
+));
+$node_master->start;
+$node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT pg_create_physical_replication_slot('rep1')");
+
+# The slot state and remain should be null before the first connection
+my $result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn is NULL, wal_status is NULL, remain is NULL FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "t|t|t", 'check the state of non-reserved slot is "unknown"');
+
+
+# Take backup
+my $backup_name = 'my_backup';
+$node_master->backup($backup_name);
+
+# Create a standby linking to it using the replication slot
+my $node_standby = get_new_node('standby_1');
+$node_standby->init_from_backup($node_master, $backup_name, has_streaming => 1, primary_slot_name => 'rep1');
+
+$node_standby->start;
+
+# Wait until standby has replayed enough data
+my $start_lsn = $node_master->lsn('write');
+$node_master->wait_for_catchup($node_standby, 'replay', $start_lsn);
+
+# Stop standby
+$node_standby->stop;
+
+
+# Preparation done, the slot is the state "streaming" now
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, remain is NULL FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|streaming|t", 'check the catching-up state');
+
+# Advance WAL by five segments (= 5MB) on master
+advance_wal($node_master, 1);
+$node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "CHECKPOINT;");
+
+# The slot is always "safe" when fitting max_wal_size
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, remain is NULL FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|streaming|t", 'check that restart_lsn is in max_wal_size');
+
+advance_wal($node_master, 4);
+$node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "CHECKPOINT;");
+
+# The slot is always "safe" when max_slot_wal_keep_size is not set
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, remain is NULL FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|streaming|t", 'check that slot is working');
+
+# The standby can reconnect to master
+$node_standby->start;
+
+$start_lsn = $node_master->lsn('write');
+$node_master->wait_for_catchup($node_standby, 'replay', $start_lsn);
+
+$node_standby->stop;
+
+# Set max_slot_wal_keep_size on master
+my $max_slot_wal_keep_size_mb = 4;
+$node_master->append_conf('postgresql.conf', qq(
+max_slot_wal_keep_size = ${max_slot_wal_keep_size_mb}MB
+));
+$node_master->reload;
+
+# The slot is in safe state. The remaining bytes should be as almost
+# (max_slot_wal_keep_size + 1) times large as the segment size
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, pg_size_pretty(remain) as remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|streaming|5120 kB", 'check that max_slot_wal_keep_size is working');
+
+# Advance WAL again then checkpoint, reducing remain by 2 MB.
+advance_wal($node_master, 2);
+$node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "CHECKPOINT;");
+
+# The slot is still working
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, pg_size_pretty(remain) as remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|streaming|3072 kB", 'check that remaining byte is calculated correctly');
+
+# wal_keep_segments overrides max_slot_wal_keep_size
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "ALTER SYSTEM SET wal_keep_segments to 6; SELECT pg_reload_conf();");
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, pg_size_pretty(remain) as remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|streaming|5120 kB", 'check that wal_keep_segments overrides max_slot_wal_keep_size');
+
+# restore wal_keep_segments
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "ALTER SYSTEM SET wal_keep_segments to 0; SELECT pg_reload_conf();");
+
+# Advance WAL again without checkpoint, reducing remain by 2 MB.
+advance_wal($node_master, 2);
+
+# Slot gets into 'keeping' state
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, pg_size_pretty(remain) as remain FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|keeping|1024 kB", 'check that the slot state changes to "keeping"');
+
+# do checkpoint so that the next checkpoint runs too early
+$node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "CHECKPOINT;");
+
+# Advance WAL again without checkpoint; remain goes to 0.
+advance_wal($node_master, 1);
+
+# Slot gets into 'lost' state
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, remain is NULL FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|lost|t", 'check that the slot state changes to "lost"');
+
+# The standby still can connect to master before a checkpoint
+$node_standby->start;
+
+$start_lsn = $node_master->lsn('write');
+$node_master->wait_for_catchup($node_standby, 'replay', $start_lsn);
+
+$node_standby->stop;
+
+ok(!find_in_log($node_standby,
+				"requested WAL segment [0-9A-F]+ has already been removed"),
+   'check that required WAL segments are still available');
+
+# Advance WAL again, the slot loses the oldest segment.
+my $logstart = get_log_size($node_master);
+advance_wal($node_master, 5);
+$node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "CHECKPOINT;");
+
+# WARNING should be issued
+ok(find_in_log($node_master,
+			   "some replication slots have lost required WAL segments\n".
+			   ".*Slot rep1 lost 1 segment\\(s\\)\\.",
+			   $logstart),
+   'check that the warning is logged');
+
+# This slot should be broken
+$result = $node_master->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT restart_lsn, wal_status, remain is NULL FROM pg_replication_slots WHERE slot_name = 'rep1'");
+is($result, "$start_lsn|lost|t", 'check that the slot state changes to "lost"');
+
+# The standby no longer can connect to the master
+$logstart = get_log_size($node_standby);
+$node_standby->start;
+
+my $failed = 0;
+for (my $i = 0 ; $i < 10000 ; $i++)
+{
+	if (find_in_log($node_standby,
+					"requested WAL segment [0-9A-F]+ has already been removed",
+					$logstart))
+	{
+		$failed = 1;
+		last;
+	}
+	usleep(100_000);
+}
+ok($failed, 'check that replication has been broken');
+
+$node_standby->stop;
+
+#####################################
+# Advance WAL of $node by $n segments
+sub advance_wal
+{
+	my ($node, $n) = @_;
+
+	# Advance by $n segments (= (16 * $n) MB) on master
+	for (my $i = 0 ; $i < $n ; $i++)
+	{
+		$node->safe_psql('postgres', "CREATE TABLE t (); DROP TABLE t; SELECT pg_switch_wal();");
+	}
+}
+
+# return the size of logfile of $node in bytes
+sub get_log_size
+{
+	my ($node) = @_;
+
+	return (stat $node->logfile)[7];
+}
+
+# find $pat in logfile of $node after $off-th byte
+sub find_in_log
+{
+	my ($node, $pat, $off) = @_;
+
+	$off = 0 unless defined $off;
+	my $log = TestLib::slurp_file($node->logfile);
+	return 0 if (length($log) <= $off);
+
+	$log = substr($log, $off);
+
+	return $log =~ m/$pat/;
+}
-- 
2.16.3


----Next_Part(Wed_Jul_31_16_56_16_2019_668)--
Content-Type: Text/X-Patch; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Content-Disposition: inline;
 filename="v16-0005-Documentation-for-slot-limit-feature.patch"



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v28 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2019-12-20 01:21 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2019-12-20 01:21 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c     | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c | 14 +++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index 9325a46b8f..f555af7c95 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1575,6 +1575,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1587,7 +1588,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	initPQExpBuffer(&tmpbuf);
 
 	/* Get general table info */
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 170000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1707,6 +1727,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			(char *) NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 170000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3508,6 +3532,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
index 677847e434..6ec195b2e9 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
@@ -1240,6 +1240,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -3187,7 +3188,7 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SEQUENCE", "TABLE", "VIEW");
 	/* Complete "CREATE UNLOGGED" with TABLE or MATVIEW */
 	else if (TailMatches("CREATE", "UNLOGGED"))
-		COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW");
+		COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW", "INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW");
 	/* Complete PARTITION BY with RANGE ( or LIST ( or ... */
 	else if (TailMatches("PARTITION", "BY"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("RANGE (", "LIST (", "HASH (");
@@ -3504,13 +3505,16 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS  */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
 	/* Complete "CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <sth> AS with "SELECT" */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Thu__1_Jun_2023_23_59_09_+0900_/G5+8nG46.f1T42K
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v28-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v28-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v27 5/9] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2019-12-20 01:21 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2019-12-20 01:21 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c     | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c | 14 +++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index 583817b0cc..aacfe8b82d 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1492,6 +1492,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1504,7 +1505,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	initPQExpBuffer(&tmpbuf);
 
 	/* Get general table info */
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 160000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1624,6 +1644,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			(char *) NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 160000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3424,6 +3448,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
index 588c0841fe..87b5d3e107 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
@@ -1221,6 +1221,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -3074,7 +3075,7 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SEQUENCE", "TABLE", "VIEW");
 	/* Complete "CREATE UNLOGGED" with TABLE or MATVIEW */
 	else if (TailMatches("CREATE", "UNLOGGED"))
-		COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW");
+		COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW", "INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW");
 	/* Complete PARTITION BY with RANGE ( or LIST ( or ... */
 	else if (TailMatches("PARTITION", "BY"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("RANGE (", "LIST (", "HASH (");
@@ -3390,13 +3391,16 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS  */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
 	/* Complete "CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <sth> AS with "SELECT" */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.17.1


--Multipart=_Fri__22_Apr_2022_11_29_39_+0900_ZOAC7UMt5e8j1Nvx
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v27-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v27-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v30 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2019-12-20 01:21 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2019-12-20 01:21 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c     | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c | 14 +++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index b6a4eb1d56..3664371aa6 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1570,6 +1570,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1582,7 +1583,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	initPQExpBuffer(&tmpbuf);
 
 	/* Get general table info */
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 170000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1702,6 +1722,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			(char *) NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 170000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3555,6 +3579,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
index aa1acf8523..9977df2e28 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
@@ -1245,6 +1245,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -3252,7 +3253,7 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		if (HeadMatches("CREATE", "SCHEMA"))
 			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE");
 		else
-			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW");
+			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW", "INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW");
 	}
 	/* Complete PARTITION BY with RANGE ( or LIST ( or ... */
 	else if (TailMatches("PARTITION", "BY"))
@@ -3597,13 +3598,16 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS  */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
 	/* Complete "CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <sth> AS with "SELECT" */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Mon__4_Mar_2024_11_58_46_+0900_UaponF/qQhQrVCFt
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v30-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v30-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v29 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2019-12-20 01:21 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2019-12-20 01:21 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c     | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c | 14 +++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index bac94a338c..f6c7e7163d 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1575,6 +1575,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1587,7 +1588,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	initPQExpBuffer(&tmpbuf);
 
 	/* Get general table info */
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 170000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1707,6 +1727,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			(char *) NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 170000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3552,6 +3576,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
index 779fdc90cb..9cc79b722f 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
@@ -1244,6 +1244,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -3217,7 +3218,7 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		if (HeadMatches("CREATE", "SCHEMA"))
 			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE");
 		else
-			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW");
+			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW", "INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW");
 	}
 	/* Complete PARTITION BY with RANGE ( or LIST ( or ... */
 	else if (TailMatches("PARTITION", "BY"))
@@ -3535,13 +3536,16 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS  */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
 	/* Complete "CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <sth> AS with "SELECT" */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Mon__28_Aug_2023_16_05_30_+0900_b1OvQD_3A3ZMTGvj
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v29-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v29-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v29 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2019-12-20 01:21 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2019-12-20 01:21 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c     | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c | 14 +++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index bac94a338c..f6c7e7163d 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1575,6 +1575,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1587,7 +1588,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	initPQExpBuffer(&tmpbuf);
 
 	/* Get general table info */
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 170000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1707,6 +1727,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			(char *) NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 170000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3552,6 +3576,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
index 779fdc90cb..9cc79b722f 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
@@ -1244,6 +1244,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -3217,7 +3218,7 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		if (HeadMatches("CREATE", "SCHEMA"))
 			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE");
 		else
-			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW");
+			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW", "INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW");
 	}
 	/* Complete PARTITION BY with RANGE ( or LIST ( or ... */
 	else if (TailMatches("PARTITION", "BY"))
@@ -3535,13 +3536,16 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS  */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
 	/* Complete "CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <sth> AS with "SELECT" */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Mon__28_Aug_2023_11_52_52_+0900_hj6L5h176QaSGtg7
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v29-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v29-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v24 06/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2019-12-20 01:21 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2019-12-20 01:21 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c     | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c | 14 +++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index 90ff649be7..48efc436cc 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1657,6 +1657,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1669,7 +1670,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	initPQExpBuffer(&tmpbuf);
 
 	/* Get general table info */
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 150000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1853,6 +1873,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			(char *) NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 150000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3630,6 +3654,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
index 5cd5838668..ea12bbdec2 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
@@ -1059,6 +1059,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -2757,7 +2758,7 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SEQUENCE", "TABLE", "VIEW");
 	/* Complete "CREATE UNLOGGED" with TABLE or MATVIEW */
 	else if (TailMatches("CREATE", "UNLOGGED"))
-		COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW");
+		COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW", "INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW");
 	/* Complete PARTITION BY with RANGE ( or LIST ( or ... */
 	else if (TailMatches("PARTITION", "BY"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("RANGE (", "LIST (", "HASH (");
@@ -3056,13 +3057,16 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS  */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
 	/* Complete "CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <sth> AS with "SELECT" */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.17.1


--Multipart=_Thu__23_Sep_2021_04_57_30_+0900_b5pmgR1N8oMaMz.U
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v24-0007-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v24-0007-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v26 06/10] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2019-12-20 01:21 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2019-12-20 01:21 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c     | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c | 14 +++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index 9229eacb6d..b880f5fe77 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1480,6 +1480,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1492,7 +1493,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	initPQExpBuffer(&tmpbuf);
 
 	/* Get general table info */
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 150000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1612,6 +1632,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			(char *) NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 150000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3397,6 +3421,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
index 17172827a9..6ee7c356d4 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
@@ -1181,6 +1181,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -3021,7 +3022,7 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SEQUENCE", "TABLE", "VIEW");
 	/* Complete "CREATE UNLOGGED" with TABLE or MATVIEW */
 	else if (TailMatches("CREATE", "UNLOGGED"))
-		COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW");
+		COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW", "INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW");
 	/* Complete PARTITION BY with RANGE ( or LIST ( or ... */
 	else if (TailMatches("PARTITION", "BY"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("RANGE (", "LIST (", "HASH (");
@@ -3337,13 +3338,16 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS  */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
 	/* Complete "CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <sth> AS with "SELECT" */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.17.1


--Multipart=_Mon__14_Mar_2022_19_12_17_+0900_E9HVp8j5QFkIIek.
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v26-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v26-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v30 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2019-12-20 01:21 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2019-12-20 01:21 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c     | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c | 14 +++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index b6a4eb1d56..3664371aa6 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1570,6 +1570,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1582,7 +1583,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	initPQExpBuffer(&tmpbuf);
 
 	/* Get general table info */
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 170000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1702,6 +1722,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			(char *) NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 170000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3555,6 +3579,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
index aa1acf8523..9977df2e28 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
@@ -1245,6 +1245,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -3252,7 +3253,7 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		if (HeadMatches("CREATE", "SCHEMA"))
 			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE");
 		else
-			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW");
+			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW", "INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW");
 	}
 	/* Complete PARTITION BY with RANGE ( or LIST ( or ... */
 	else if (TailMatches("PARTITION", "BY"))
@@ -3597,13 +3598,16 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS  */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
 	/* Complete "CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <sth> AS with "SELECT" */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Mon__4_Mar_2024_11_58_46_+0900_UaponF/qQhQrVCFt
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v30-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v30-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v27 5/9] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2019-12-20 01:21 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2019-12-20 01:21 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c     | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c | 14 +++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index 583817b0cc..8cdcb3f048 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1492,6 +1492,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1504,7 +1505,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	initPQExpBuffer(&tmpbuf);
 
 	/* Get general table info */
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 150000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1624,6 +1644,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			(char *) NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 150000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3424,6 +3448,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
index 588c0841fe..87b5d3e107 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
@@ -1221,6 +1221,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -3074,7 +3075,7 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SEQUENCE", "TABLE", "VIEW");
 	/* Complete "CREATE UNLOGGED" with TABLE or MATVIEW */
 	else if (TailMatches("CREATE", "UNLOGGED"))
-		COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW");
+		COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW", "INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW");
 	/* Complete PARTITION BY with RANGE ( or LIST ( or ... */
 	else if (TailMatches("PARTITION", "BY"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("RANGE (", "LIST (", "HASH (");
@@ -3390,13 +3391,16 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS  */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
 	/* Complete "CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <sth> AS with "SELECT" */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.17.1


--Multipart=_Fri__22_Apr_2022_14_58_01_+0900_MN3L/o2YUVF2g4zw
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v27-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v27-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v31 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2019-12-20 01:21 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2019-12-20 01:21 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c     | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c | 14 +++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index 6433497bcd..df559dce42 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1574,6 +1574,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1586,7 +1587,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	initPQExpBuffer(&tmpbuf);
 
 	/* Get general table info */
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 170000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1706,6 +1726,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			(char *) NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 170000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3560,6 +3584,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
index f121216ddc..946d47fa1f 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
@@ -1245,6 +1245,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -3256,7 +3257,7 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		if (HeadMatches("CREATE", "SCHEMA"))
 			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE");
 		else
-			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW");
+			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW", "INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW");
 	}
 	/* Complete PARTITION BY with RANGE ( or LIST ( or ... */
 	else if (TailMatches("PARTITION", "BY"))
@@ -3601,13 +3602,16 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS  */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
 	/* Complete "CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <sth> AS with "SELECT" */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Fri__29_Mar_2024_23_47_00_+0900_KGpmmDOIs1266Ib1
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v31-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v31-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v29 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2019-12-20 01:21 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2019-12-20 01:21 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c     | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c | 14 +++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index bac94a338c..f6c7e7163d 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1575,6 +1575,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1587,7 +1588,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	initPQExpBuffer(&tmpbuf);
 
 	/* Get general table info */
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 170000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1707,6 +1727,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			(char *) NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 170000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3552,6 +3576,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
index 779fdc90cb..9cc79b722f 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
@@ -1244,6 +1244,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -3217,7 +3218,7 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		if (HeadMatches("CREATE", "SCHEMA"))
 			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE");
 		else
-			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW");
+			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW", "INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW");
 	}
 	/* Complete PARTITION BY with RANGE ( or LIST ( or ... */
 	else if (TailMatches("PARTITION", "BY"))
@@ -3535,13 +3536,16 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS  */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
 	/* Complete "CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <sth> AS with "SELECT" */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Mon__28_Aug_2023_16_05_30_+0900_b1OvQD_3A3ZMTGvj
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v29-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v29-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v29 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2019-12-20 01:21 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2019-12-20 01:21 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c     | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c | 14 +++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index bac94a338c..f6c7e7163d 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1575,6 +1575,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1587,7 +1588,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	initPQExpBuffer(&tmpbuf);
 
 	/* Get general table info */
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 170000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1707,6 +1727,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			(char *) NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 170000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3552,6 +3576,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
index 779fdc90cb..9cc79b722f 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
@@ -1244,6 +1244,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -3217,7 +3218,7 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		if (HeadMatches("CREATE", "SCHEMA"))
 			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE");
 		else
-			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW");
+			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW", "INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW");
 	}
 	/* Complete PARTITION BY with RANGE ( or LIST ( or ... */
 	else if (TailMatches("PARTITION", "BY"))
@@ -3535,13 +3536,16 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS  */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
 	/* Complete "CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <sth> AS with "SELECT" */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Mon__28_Aug_2023_11_52_52_+0900_hj6L5h176QaSGtg7
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v29-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v29-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v23 06/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2019-12-20 01:21 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2019-12-20 01:21 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c     | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c | 14 +++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index ba658f731b..0518c88b5f 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1657,6 +1657,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1669,7 +1670,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	initPQExpBuffer(&tmpbuf);
 
 	/* Get general table info */
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 150000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1853,6 +1873,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			(char *) NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 150000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3630,6 +3654,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
index d6bf725971..9fb97596dc 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
@@ -1055,6 +1055,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -2698,7 +2699,7 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SEQUENCE", "TABLE", "VIEW");
 	/* Complete "CREATE UNLOGGED" with TABLE or MATVIEW */
 	else if (TailMatches("CREATE", "UNLOGGED"))
-		COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW");
+		COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW", "INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW");
 	/* Complete PARTITION BY with RANGE ( or LIST ( or ... */
 	else if (TailMatches("PARTITION", "BY"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("RANGE (", "LIST (", "HASH (");
@@ -2997,13 +2998,16 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS  */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
 	/* Complete "CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <sth> AS with "SELECT" */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.17.1


--Multipart=_Mon__2_Aug_2021_15_28_34_+0900_wlHCjIpnD/FrGAKu
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v23-0007-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v23-0007-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v32 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2019-12-20 01:21 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2019-12-20 01:21 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c     | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c | 14 +++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index 6433497bcd..df559dce42 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1574,6 +1574,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1586,7 +1587,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	initPQExpBuffer(&tmpbuf);
 
 	/* Get general table info */
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 170000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1706,6 +1726,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			(char *) NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 170000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3560,6 +3584,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
index fc6865fc70..456d042f09 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
@@ -1245,6 +1245,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -3256,7 +3257,7 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		if (HeadMatches("CREATE", "SCHEMA"))
 			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE");
 		else
-			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW");
+			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW", "INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW");
 	}
 	/* Complete PARTITION BY with RANGE ( or LIST ( or ... */
 	else if (TailMatches("PARTITION", "BY"))
@@ -3601,13 +3602,16 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS  */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
 	/* Complete "CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <sth> AS with "SELECT" */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Sun__31_Mar_2024_22_59_31_+0900_msknEviJj08_wgqO
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v32-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v32-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v25 06/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2019-12-20 01:21 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2019-12-20 01:21 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c     | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c | 14 +++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index 346cd92793..601eca408b 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1480,6 +1480,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1492,7 +1493,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	initPQExpBuffer(&tmpbuf);
 
 	/* Get general table info */
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 150000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1612,6 +1632,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			(char *) NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 150000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3375,6 +3399,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
index d1e421bc0f..5832e37aa0 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
@@ -1172,6 +1172,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -2986,7 +2987,7 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SEQUENCE", "TABLE", "VIEW");
 	/* Complete "CREATE UNLOGGED" with TABLE or MATVIEW */
 	else if (TailMatches("CREATE", "UNLOGGED"))
-		COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW");
+		COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW", "INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW");
 	/* Complete PARTITION BY with RANGE ( or LIST ( or ... */
 	else if (TailMatches("PARTITION", "BY"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("RANGE (", "LIST (", "HASH (");
@@ -3302,13 +3303,16 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS  */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
 	/* Complete "CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <sth> AS with "SELECT" */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.17.1


--Multipart=_Fri__4_Feb_2022_01_48_06_+0900_N8BNZpfOR27sWrgY
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v25-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v25-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v24 06/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2019-12-20 01:21 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2019-12-20 01:21 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c     | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c | 14 +++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index 006661412e..edcc0d8c10 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1656,6 +1656,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1668,7 +1669,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	initPQExpBuffer(&tmpbuf);
 
 	/* Get general table info */
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 150000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1852,6 +1872,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			(char *) NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 150000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3652,6 +3676,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
index 8e01f54500..4533fd75d9 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
@@ -1059,6 +1059,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -2783,7 +2784,7 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SEQUENCE", "TABLE", "VIEW");
 	/* Complete "CREATE UNLOGGED" with TABLE or MATVIEW */
 	else if (TailMatches("CREATE", "UNLOGGED"))
-		COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW");
+		COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW", "INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW");
 	/* Complete PARTITION BY with RANGE ( or LIST ( or ... */
 	else if (TailMatches("PARTITION", "BY"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("RANGE (", "LIST (", "HASH (");
@@ -3082,13 +3083,16 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS  */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
 	/* Complete "CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <sth> AS with "SELECT" */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.17.1


--Multipart=_Fri__29_Oct_2021_18_16_28_+0900_jlYRKjywLqhZ7oyk
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v24-0007-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v24-0007-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v30 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2019-12-20 01:21 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2019-12-20 01:21 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c     | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c | 14 +++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index b6a4eb1d56..3664371aa6 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1570,6 +1570,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1582,7 +1583,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	initPQExpBuffer(&tmpbuf);
 
 	/* Get general table info */
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 170000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1702,6 +1722,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			(char *) NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 170000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3555,6 +3579,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
index aa1acf8523..9977df2e28 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.c
@@ -1245,6 +1245,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -3252,7 +3253,7 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		if (HeadMatches("CREATE", "SCHEMA"))
 			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE");
 		else
-			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW");
+			COMPLETE_WITH("TABLE", "SEQUENCE", "MATERIALIZED VIEW", "INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW");
 	}
 	/* Complete PARTITION BY with RANGE ( or LIST ( or ... */
 	else if (TailMatches("PARTITION", "BY"))
@@ -3597,13 +3598,16 @@ psql_completion(const char *text, int start, int end)
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS  */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
 	/* Complete "CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <sth> AS with "SELECT" */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Mon__4_Mar_2024_11_58_46_+0900_UaponF/qQhQrVCFt
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v30-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v30-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v24 05/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  1 +
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 15 ++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index a485fb2d07..4e3836af7c 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -6267,6 +6267,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_ispartition;
 	int			i_partbound;
 	int			i_amname;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -6298,6 +6299,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 		char	   *ispartition = "false";
 		char	   *partbound = "NULL";
 		char	   *relhasoids = "c.relhasoids";
+		char	   *isivm = "false";
 
 		PQExpBuffer acl_subquery = createPQExpBuffer();
 		PQExpBuffer racl_subquery = createPQExpBuffer();
@@ -6325,6 +6327,10 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 		if (fout->remoteVersion >= 120000)
 			relhasoids = "'f'::bool";
 
+		/* The information about incremental view maintenance */
+		if (fout->remoteVersion >= 150000)
+			isivm = "c.relisivm";
+
 		/*
 		 * Left join to pick up dependency info linking sequences to their
 		 * owning column, if any (note this dependency is AUTO as of 8.2)
@@ -6383,7 +6389,8 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 						  "AS changed_acl, "
 						  "%s AS partkeydef, "
 						  "%s AS ispartition, "
-						  "%s AS partbound "
+						  "%s AS partbound, "
+						  "%s AS isivm "
 						  "FROM pg_class c "
 						  "LEFT JOIN pg_depend d ON "
 						  "(c.relkind = '%c' AND "
@@ -6412,6 +6419,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 						  partkeydef,
 						  ispartition,
 						  partbound,
+						  isivm,
 						  RELKIND_SEQUENCE,
 						  RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE,
 						  RELKIND_RELATION, RELKIND_SEQUENCE,
@@ -6465,7 +6473,8 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 						  "NULL AS changed_acl, "
 						  "NULL AS partkeydef, "
 						  "false AS ispartition, "
-						  "NULL AS partbound "
+						  "NULL AS partbound, "
+						  "false AS isivm "
 						  "FROM pg_class c "
 						  "LEFT JOIN pg_depend d ON "
 						  "(c.relkind = '%c' AND "
@@ -6518,7 +6527,8 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 						  "NULL AS changed_acl, "
 						  "NULL AS partkeydef, "
 						  "false AS ispartition, "
-						  "NULL AS partbound "
+						  "NULL AS partbound, "
+						  "false AS isivm "
 						  "FROM pg_class c "
 						  "LEFT JOIN pg_depend d ON "
 						  "(c.relkind = '%c' AND "
@@ -6571,7 +6581,8 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 						  "NULL AS changed_acl, "
 						  "NULL AS partkeydef, "
 						  "false AS ispartition, "
-						  "NULL AS partbound "
+						  "NULL AS partbound, "
+						  "false AS isivm "
 						  "FROM pg_class c "
 						  "LEFT JOIN pg_depend d ON "
 						  "(c.relkind = '%c' AND "
@@ -6622,7 +6633,8 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 						  "NULL AS changed_acl, "
 						  "NULL AS partkeydef, "
 						  "false AS ispartition, "
-						  "NULL AS partbound "
+						  "NULL AS partbound, "
+						  "false AS isivm "
 						  "FROM pg_class c "
 						  "LEFT JOIN pg_depend d ON "
 						  "(c.relkind = '%c' AND "
@@ -6671,7 +6683,8 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 						  "NULL AS changed_acl, "
 						  "NULL AS partkeydef, "
 						  "false AS ispartition, "
-						  "NULL AS partbound "
+						  "NULL AS partbound, "
+						  "false AS isivm "
 						  "FROM pg_class c "
 						  "LEFT JOIN pg_depend d ON "
 						  "(c.relkind = '%c' AND "
@@ -6719,7 +6732,8 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 						  "NULL AS changed_acl, "
 						  "NULL AS partkeydef, "
 						  "false AS ispartition, "
-						  "NULL AS partbound "
+						  "NULL AS partbound, "
+						  "false AS isivm "
 						  "FROM pg_class c "
 						  "LEFT JOIN pg_depend d ON "
 						  "(c.relkind = '%c' AND "
@@ -6767,7 +6781,8 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 						  "NULL AS changed_acl, "
 						  "NULL AS partkeydef, "
 						  "false AS ispartition, "
-						  "NULL AS partbound "
+						  "NULL AS partbound, "
+						  "false AS isivm "
 						  "FROM pg_class c "
 						  "LEFT JOIN pg_depend d ON "
 						  "(c.relkind = '%c' AND "
@@ -6814,7 +6829,8 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 						  "NULL AS changed_acl, "
 						  "NULL AS partkeydef, "
 						  "false AS ispartition, "
-						  "NULL AS partbound "
+						  "NULL AS partbound, "
+						  "false AS isivm "
 						  "FROM pg_class c "
 						  "LEFT JOIN pg_depend d ON "
 						  "(c.relkind = '%c' AND "
@@ -6886,6 +6902,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
 	i_partbound = PQfnumber(res, "partbound");
 	i_amname = PQfnumber(res, "amname");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -6999,6 +7016,9 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 		/* foreign server */
 		tblinfo[i].foreign_server = atooid(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_foreignserver));
 
+		/* Incremental view maintenance information */
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
+
 		/*
 		 * Read-lock target tables to make sure they aren't DROPPED or altered
 		 * in schema before we get around to dumping them.
@@ -16014,9 +16034,11 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 			binary_upgrade_set_pg_class_oids(fout, q,
 											 tbinfo->dobj.catId.oid, false);
 
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 29af845ece..c271782817 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -300,6 +300,7 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	bool		dummy_view;		/* view's real definition must be postponed */
 	bool		postponed_def;	/* matview must be postponed into post-data */
 	bool		ispartition;	/* is table a partition? */
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
 
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index c61d95e817..fb20699c8b 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -2161,6 +2161,21 @@ my %tests = (
 		  { exclude_dump_test_schema => 1, no_toast_compression => 1, },
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT test_table.col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => { exclude_dump_test_schema => 1, },
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql   => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.17.1


--Multipart=_Thu__23_Sep_2021_04_57_30_+0900_b5pmgR1N8oMaMz.U
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v24-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v24-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v26 05/10] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  1 +
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 15 +++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index 4dd24b8c89..42bcd5509b 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -6032,6 +6032,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -6134,10 +6135,17 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 
 	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 100000)
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
+							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition, ");
 	else
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "false AS ispartition ");
+							 "false AS ispartition, ");
+
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 150000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
 
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
@@ -6246,6 +6254,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -6323,6 +6332,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -15058,9 +15068,11 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 			binary_upgrade_set_pg_class_oids(fout, q,
 											 tbinfo->dobj.catId.oid, false);
 
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 772dc0cf7a..756f54360c 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -318,6 +318,7 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	bool		dummy_view;		/* view's real definition must be postponed */
 	bool		postponed_def;	/* matview must be postponed into post-data */
 	bool		ispartition;	/* is table a partition? */
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
 
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index 3e55ff26f8..f2b29cc0a1 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -2233,6 +2233,21 @@ my %tests = (
 		  { exclude_dump_test_schema => 1, no_toast_compression => 1, },
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT test_table.col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => { exclude_dump_test_schema => 1, },
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql   => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.17.1


--Multipart=_Mon__14_Mar_2022_19_12_17_+0900_E9HVp8j5QFkIIek.
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v26-0004-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v26-0004-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v27 4/9] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  1 +
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 15 +++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index 969e2a7a46..6340b3e2b7 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -6089,6 +6089,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -6191,10 +6192,17 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 
 	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 100000)
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
+							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition, ");
 	else
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "false AS ispartition ");
+							 "false AS ispartition, ");
+
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 150000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
 
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
@@ -6303,6 +6311,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -6380,6 +6389,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -15115,9 +15125,11 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 			binary_upgrade_set_pg_class_oids(fout, q,
 											 tbinfo->dobj.catId.oid, false);
 
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 1d21c2906f..0b798ad5de 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -318,6 +318,7 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	bool		dummy_view;		/* view's real definition must be postponed */
 	bool		postponed_def;	/* matview must be postponed into post-data */
 	bool		ispartition;	/* is table a partition? */
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
 
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index c65c92bfb0..3655727472 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -2295,6 +2295,21 @@ my %tests = (
 		  { exclude_dump_test_schema => 1, no_toast_compression => 1, },
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT test_table.col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => { exclude_dump_test_schema => 1, },
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql   => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.17.1


--Multipart=_Fri__22_Apr_2022_14_58_01_+0900_MN3L/o2YUVF2g4zw
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v27-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v27-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v38 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  2 ++
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index c56437d6057..f7420e0db41 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -7323,6 +7323,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -7432,10 +7433,17 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 
 	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 100000)
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
+							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition, ");
 	else
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "false AS ispartition ");
+							 "false AS ispartition, ");
+
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 200000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
 
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
@@ -7548,6 +7556,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -7630,6 +7639,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -17452,10 +17462,12 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 		 * PostgreSQL 18 has disabled UNLOGGED for partitioned tables, so
 		 * ignore it when dumping if it was set in this case.
 		 */
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  (tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED &&
 						   tbinfo->relkind != RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE) ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 5a6726d8b12..4408c504323 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -347,6 +347,8 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	int			numParents;		/* number of (immediate) parent tables */
 	struct _tableInfo **parents;	/* TableInfos of immediate parents */
 
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
+
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
 	 * (it's either a table to dump, or a direct parent of a dumpable table).
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index 9258948b583..8abde57e4f3 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -3033,6 +3033,24 @@ my %tests = (
 		},
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => {
+			exclude_dump_test_schema => 1,
+			only_dump_measurement => 1,
+		},
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Wed__1_Jul_2026_00_04_01_+0900_OVSy2WWK_9aByzDJ
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v38-0003-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v38-0003-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v39 4/8] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 14 +++++++++++++-
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  2 ++
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index f67daf85911..9a5f65659e3 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -7196,6 +7196,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -7277,6 +7278,13 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
 						 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
 
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 200000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
+
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
 	 * their owning column, if any (note this dependency is AUTO except for
@@ -7387,6 +7395,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -7469,6 +7478,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -17202,10 +17212,12 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 		 * PostgreSQL 18 has disabled UNLOGGED for partitioned tables, so
 		 * ignore it when dumping if it was set in this case.
 		 */
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  (tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED &&
 						   tbinfo->relkind != RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE) ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 5a6726d8b12..4408c504323 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -347,6 +347,8 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	int			numParents;		/* number of (immediate) parent tables */
 	struct _tableInfo **parents;	/* TableInfos of immediate parents */
 
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
+
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
 	 * (it's either a table to dump, or a direct parent of a dumpable table).
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index 9258948b583..8abde57e4f3 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -3033,6 +3033,24 @@ my %tests = (
 		},
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => {
+			exclude_dump_test_schema => 1,
+			only_dump_measurement => 1,
+		},
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Fri__3_Jul_2026_19_11_16_+0900_CskxSIu_iGcDMEyM
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v39-0003-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v39-0003-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v28 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  1 +
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 15 +++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index 3af97a6039..48f61b1af8 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -6352,6 +6352,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -6454,10 +6455,17 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 
 	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 100000)
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
+							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition, ");
 	else
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "false AS ispartition ");
+							 "false AS ispartition, ");
+
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 170000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
 
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
@@ -6566,6 +6574,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -6645,6 +6654,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -15517,9 +15527,11 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 			binary_upgrade_set_pg_class_oids(fout, q,
 											 tbinfo->dobj.catId.oid, false);
 
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index ed6ce41ad7..119293a751 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -322,6 +322,7 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 
 	int			numParents;		/* number of (immediate) parent tables */
 	struct _tableInfo **parents;	/* TableInfos of immediate parents */
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
 
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index 387c5d3afb..164c9eb110 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -2732,6 +2732,21 @@ my %tests = (
 		},
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT test_table.col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => { exclude_dump_test_schema => 1, },
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Thu__1_Jun_2023_23_59_09_+0900_/G5+8nG46.f1T42K
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v28-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v28-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v37 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  2 ++
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index d56dcc701ce..b1d37675f66 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -7323,6 +7323,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -7432,10 +7433,17 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 
 	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 100000)
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
+							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition, ");
 	else
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "false AS ispartition ");
+							 "false AS ispartition, ");
+
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 180000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
 
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
@@ -7548,6 +7556,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -7630,6 +7639,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -17452,10 +17462,12 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 		 * PostgreSQL 18 has disabled UNLOGGED for partitioned tables, so
 		 * ignore it when dumping if it was set in this case.
 		 */
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  (tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED &&
 						   tbinfo->relkind != RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE) ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 5a6726d8b12..4408c504323 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -347,6 +347,8 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	int			numParents;		/* number of (immediate) parent tables */
 	struct _tableInfo **parents;	/* TableInfos of immediate parents */
 
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
+
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
 	 * (it's either a table to dump, or a direct parent of a dumpable table).
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index 3ee9fda50e4..7c38d3023f0 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -2992,6 +2992,24 @@ my %tests = (
 		},
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => {
+			exclude_dump_test_schema => 1,
+			only_dump_measurement => 1,
+		},
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Fri__29_May_2026_23_14_17_+0900_Te0o73X2VqYK57Gd
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v37-0003-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v37-0003-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v32 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  2 ++
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index b1c4c3ec7f..92a8cbf244 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -6677,6 +6677,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -6779,10 +6780,17 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 
 	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 100000)
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
+							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition, ");
 	else
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "false AS ispartition ");
+							 "false AS ispartition, ");
+
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 170000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
 
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
@@ -6891,6 +6899,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -6970,6 +6979,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -16023,9 +16033,11 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 			binary_upgrade_set_pg_class_oids(fout, q,
 											 tbinfo->dobj.catId.oid, false);
 
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 9bc93520b4..4e240f8832 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -325,6 +325,8 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	int			numParents;		/* number of (immediate) parent tables */
 	struct _tableInfo **parents;	/* TableInfos of immediate parents */
 
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
+
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
 	 * (it's either a table to dump, or a direct parent of a dumpable table).
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index f0410ce6a1..a119ec8db1 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -2832,6 +2832,24 @@ my %tests = (
 		},
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => {
+			exclude_dump_test_schema => 1,
+			only_dump_measurement => 1,
+		},
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Sun__31_Mar_2024_22_59_31_+0900_msknEviJj08_wgqO
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v32-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v32-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v39 4/8] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 14 +++++++++++++-
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  2 ++
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index f67daf85911..9a5f65659e3 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -7196,6 +7196,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -7277,6 +7278,13 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
 						 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
 
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 200000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
+
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
 	 * their owning column, if any (note this dependency is AUTO except for
@@ -7387,6 +7395,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -7469,6 +7478,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -17202,10 +17212,12 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 		 * PostgreSQL 18 has disabled UNLOGGED for partitioned tables, so
 		 * ignore it when dumping if it was set in this case.
 		 */
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  (tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED &&
 						   tbinfo->relkind != RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE) ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 5a6726d8b12..4408c504323 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -347,6 +347,8 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	int			numParents;		/* number of (immediate) parent tables */
 	struct _tableInfo **parents;	/* TableInfos of immediate parents */
 
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
+
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
 	 * (it's either a table to dump, or a direct parent of a dumpable table).
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index 9258948b583..8abde57e4f3 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -3033,6 +3033,24 @@ my %tests = (
 		},
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => {
+			exclude_dump_test_schema => 1,
+			only_dump_measurement => 1,
+		},
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Fri__3_Jul_2026_19_11_16_+0900_CskxSIu_iGcDMEyM
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v39-0003-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v39-0003-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v24 05/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 20 +++++++++++++++++---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  1 +
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 15 +++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index d1842edde0..d44361a47b 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -6393,6 +6393,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_partkeydef;
 	int			i_ispartition;
 	int			i_partbound;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -6596,12 +6597,19 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
 							 "pg_get_partkeydef(c.oid) AS partkeydef, "
 							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition, "
-							 "pg_get_expr(c.relpartbound, c.oid) AS partbound ");
+							 "pg_get_expr(c.relpartbound, c.oid) AS partbound, ");
 	else
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
 							 "NULL AS partkeydef, "
 							 "false AS ispartition, "
-							 "NULL AS partbound ");
+							 "NULL AS partbound, ");
+
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 150000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
 
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
@@ -6719,6 +6727,8 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_partkeydef = PQfnumber(res, "partkeydef");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
 	i_partbound = PQfnumber(res, "partbound");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
+
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -6796,6 +6806,8 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 		tblinfo[i].partkeydef = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_partkeydef));
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].partbound = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_partbound));
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
+
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -15868,9 +15880,11 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 			binary_upgrade_set_pg_class_oids(fout, q,
 											 tbinfo->dobj.catId.oid, false);
 
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index f9af14b793..c4e226831c 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -301,6 +301,7 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	bool		dummy_view;		/* view's real definition must be postponed */
 	bool		postponed_def;	/* matview must be postponed into post-data */
 	bool		ispartition;	/* is table a partition? */
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
 
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index d293f52b05..80efbcc7bc 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -2180,6 +2180,21 @@ my %tests = (
 		  { exclude_dump_test_schema => 1, no_toast_compression => 1, },
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT test_table.col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => { exclude_dump_test_schema => 1, },
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql   => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.17.1


--Multipart=_Fri__29_Oct_2021_18_16_28_+0900_jlYRKjywLqhZ7oyk
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v24-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v24-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v31 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  2 ++
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index b1c4c3ec7f..92a8cbf244 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -6677,6 +6677,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -6779,10 +6780,17 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 
 	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 100000)
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
+							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition, ");
 	else
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "false AS ispartition ");
+							 "false AS ispartition, ");
+
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 170000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
 
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
@@ -6891,6 +6899,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -6970,6 +6979,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -16023,9 +16033,11 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 			binary_upgrade_set_pg_class_oids(fout, q,
 											 tbinfo->dobj.catId.oid, false);
 
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 9bc93520b4..4e240f8832 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -325,6 +325,8 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	int			numParents;		/* number of (immediate) parent tables */
 	struct _tableInfo **parents;	/* TableInfos of immediate parents */
 
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
+
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
 	 * (it's either a table to dump, or a direct parent of a dumpable table).
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index f0410ce6a1..a119ec8db1 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -2832,6 +2832,24 @@ my %tests = (
 		},
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => {
+			exclude_dump_test_schema => 1,
+			only_dump_measurement => 1,
+		},
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Fri__29_Mar_2024_23_47_00_+0900_KGpmmDOIs1266Ib1
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v31-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v31-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v38 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  2 ++
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index c56437d6057..f7420e0db41 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -7323,6 +7323,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -7432,10 +7433,17 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 
 	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 100000)
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
+							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition, ");
 	else
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "false AS ispartition ");
+							 "false AS ispartition, ");
+
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 200000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
 
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
@@ -7548,6 +7556,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -7630,6 +7639,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -17452,10 +17462,12 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 		 * PostgreSQL 18 has disabled UNLOGGED for partitioned tables, so
 		 * ignore it when dumping if it was set in this case.
 		 */
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  (tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED &&
 						   tbinfo->relkind != RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE) ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 5a6726d8b12..4408c504323 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -347,6 +347,8 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	int			numParents;		/* number of (immediate) parent tables */
 	struct _tableInfo **parents;	/* TableInfos of immediate parents */
 
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
+
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
 	 * (it's either a table to dump, or a direct parent of a dumpable table).
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index 9258948b583..8abde57e4f3 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -3033,6 +3033,24 @@ my %tests = (
 		},
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => {
+			exclude_dump_test_schema => 1,
+			only_dump_measurement => 1,
+		},
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Wed__1_Jul_2026_00_04_01_+0900_OVSy2WWK_9aByzDJ
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v38-0003-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v38-0003-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v37 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  2 ++
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index d56dcc701ce..b1d37675f66 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -7323,6 +7323,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -7432,10 +7433,17 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 
 	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 100000)
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
+							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition, ");
 	else
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "false AS ispartition ");
+							 "false AS ispartition, ");
+
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 180000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
 
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
@@ -7548,6 +7556,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -7630,6 +7639,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -17452,10 +17462,12 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 		 * PostgreSQL 18 has disabled UNLOGGED for partitioned tables, so
 		 * ignore it when dumping if it was set in this case.
 		 */
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  (tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED &&
 						   tbinfo->relkind != RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE) ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 5a6726d8b12..4408c504323 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -347,6 +347,8 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	int			numParents;		/* number of (immediate) parent tables */
 	struct _tableInfo **parents;	/* TableInfos of immediate parents */
 
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
+
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
 	 * (it's either a table to dump, or a direct parent of a dumpable table).
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index 3ee9fda50e4..7c38d3023f0 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -2992,6 +2992,24 @@ my %tests = (
 		},
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => {
+			exclude_dump_test_schema => 1,
+			only_dump_measurement => 1,
+		},
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Fri__29_May_2026_23_14_17_+0900_Te0o73X2VqYK57Gd
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v37-0003-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v37-0003-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v25 05/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  1 +
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 15 +++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index e3ddf19959..99cdca23a6 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -5979,6 +5979,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -6081,10 +6082,17 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 
 	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 100000)
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
+							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition, ");
 	else
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "false AS ispartition ");
+							 "false AS ispartition, ");
+
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 150000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
 
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
@@ -6193,6 +6201,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -6270,6 +6279,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -14997,9 +15007,11 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 			binary_upgrade_set_pg_class_oids(fout, q,
 											 tbinfo->dobj.catId.oid, false);
 
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 066a129ee5..7e80748d53 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -318,6 +318,7 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	bool		dummy_view;		/* view's real definition must be postponed */
 	bool		postponed_def;	/* matview must be postponed into post-data */
 	bool		ispartition;	/* is table a partition? */
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
 
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index 39fa1952e7..5fc70c30c1 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -2232,6 +2232,21 @@ my %tests = (
 		  { exclude_dump_test_schema => 1, no_toast_compression => 1, },
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT test_table.col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => { exclude_dump_test_schema => 1, },
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql   => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.17.1


--Multipart=_Fri__4_Feb_2022_01_48_06_+0900_N8BNZpfOR27sWrgY
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v25-0004-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v25-0004-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v23 05/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  1 +
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 15 ++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index 90ac445bcd..17e0a2193d 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -6268,6 +6268,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_ispartition;
 	int			i_partbound;
 	int			i_amname;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -6299,6 +6300,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 		char	   *ispartition = "false";
 		char	   *partbound = "NULL";
 		char	   *relhasoids = "c.relhasoids";
+		char	   *isivm = "false";
 
 		PQExpBuffer acl_subquery = createPQExpBuffer();
 		PQExpBuffer racl_subquery = createPQExpBuffer();
@@ -6326,6 +6328,10 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 		if (fout->remoteVersion >= 120000)
 			relhasoids = "'f'::bool";
 
+		/* The information about incremental view maintenance */
+		if (fout->remoteVersion >= 150000)
+			isivm = "c.relisivm";
+
 		/*
 		 * Left join to pick up dependency info linking sequences to their
 		 * owning column, if any (note this dependency is AUTO as of 8.2)
@@ -6384,7 +6390,8 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 						  "AS changed_acl, "
 						  "%s AS partkeydef, "
 						  "%s AS ispartition, "
-						  "%s AS partbound "
+						  "%s AS partbound, "
+						  "%s AS isivm "
 						  "FROM pg_class c "
 						  "LEFT JOIN pg_depend d ON "
 						  "(c.relkind = '%c' AND "
@@ -6413,6 +6420,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 						  partkeydef,
 						  ispartition,
 						  partbound,
+						  isivm,
 						  RELKIND_SEQUENCE,
 						  RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE,
 						  RELKIND_RELATION, RELKIND_SEQUENCE,
@@ -6466,7 +6474,8 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 						  "NULL AS changed_acl, "
 						  "NULL AS partkeydef, "
 						  "false AS ispartition, "
-						  "NULL AS partbound "
+						  "NULL AS partbound, "
+						  "false AS isivm "
 						  "FROM pg_class c "
 						  "LEFT JOIN pg_depend d ON "
 						  "(c.relkind = '%c' AND "
@@ -6519,7 +6528,8 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 						  "NULL AS changed_acl, "
 						  "NULL AS partkeydef, "
 						  "false AS ispartition, "
-						  "NULL AS partbound "
+						  "NULL AS partbound, "
+						  "false AS isivm "
 						  "FROM pg_class c "
 						  "LEFT JOIN pg_depend d ON "
 						  "(c.relkind = '%c' AND "
@@ -6572,7 +6582,8 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 						  "NULL AS changed_acl, "
 						  "NULL AS partkeydef, "
 						  "false AS ispartition, "
-						  "NULL AS partbound "
+						  "NULL AS partbound, "
+						  "false AS isivm "
 						  "FROM pg_class c "
 						  "LEFT JOIN pg_depend d ON "
 						  "(c.relkind = '%c' AND "
@@ -6623,7 +6634,8 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 						  "NULL AS changed_acl, "
 						  "NULL AS partkeydef, "
 						  "false AS ispartition, "
-						  "NULL AS partbound "
+						  "NULL AS partbound, "
+						  "false AS isivm "
 						  "FROM pg_class c "
 						  "LEFT JOIN pg_depend d ON "
 						  "(c.relkind = '%c' AND "
@@ -6672,7 +6684,8 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 						  "NULL AS changed_acl, "
 						  "NULL AS partkeydef, "
 						  "false AS ispartition, "
-						  "NULL AS partbound "
+						  "NULL AS partbound, "
+						  "false AS isivm "
 						  "FROM pg_class c "
 						  "LEFT JOIN pg_depend d ON "
 						  "(c.relkind = '%c' AND "
@@ -6720,7 +6733,8 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 						  "NULL AS changed_acl, "
 						  "NULL AS partkeydef, "
 						  "false AS ispartition, "
-						  "NULL AS partbound "
+						  "NULL AS partbound, "
+						  "false AS isivm "
 						  "FROM pg_class c "
 						  "LEFT JOIN pg_depend d ON "
 						  "(c.relkind = '%c' AND "
@@ -6768,7 +6782,8 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 						  "NULL AS changed_acl, "
 						  "NULL AS partkeydef, "
 						  "false AS ispartition, "
-						  "NULL AS partbound "
+						  "NULL AS partbound, "
+						  "false AS isivm "
 						  "FROM pg_class c "
 						  "LEFT JOIN pg_depend d ON "
 						  "(c.relkind = '%c' AND "
@@ -6815,7 +6830,8 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 						  "NULL AS changed_acl, "
 						  "NULL AS partkeydef, "
 						  "false AS ispartition, "
-						  "NULL AS partbound "
+						  "NULL AS partbound, "
+						  "false AS isivm "
 						  "FROM pg_class c "
 						  "LEFT JOIN pg_depend d ON "
 						  "(c.relkind = '%c' AND "
@@ -6887,6 +6903,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
 	i_partbound = PQfnumber(res, "partbound");
 	i_amname = PQfnumber(res, "amname");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -7000,6 +7017,9 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 		/* foreign server */
 		tblinfo[i].foreign_server = atooid(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_foreignserver));
 
+		/* Incremental view maintenance information */
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
+
 		/*
 		 * Read-lock target tables to make sure they aren't DROPPED or altered
 		 * in schema before we get around to dumping them.
@@ -15990,9 +16010,11 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 			binary_upgrade_set_pg_class_oids(fout, q,
 											 tbinfo->dobj.catId.oid, false);
 
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index f5e170e0db..ae8f24bb78 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -298,6 +298,7 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	bool		dummy_view;		/* view's real definition must be postponed */
 	bool		postponed_def;	/* matview must be postponed into post-data */
 	bool		ispartition;	/* is table a partition? */
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
 
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index c5d8915be8..9d1776a506 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -2160,6 +2160,21 @@ my %tests = (
 		  { exclude_dump_test_schema => 1, no_toast_compression => 1, },
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT test_table.col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => { exclude_dump_test_schema => 1, },
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql   => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.17.1


--Multipart=_Mon__2_Aug_2021_15_28_34_+0900_wlHCjIpnD/FrGAKu
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v23-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v23-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v37 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  2 ++
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index d56dcc701ce..b1d37675f66 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -7323,6 +7323,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -7432,10 +7433,17 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 
 	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 100000)
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
+							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition, ");
 	else
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "false AS ispartition ");
+							 "false AS ispartition, ");
+
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 180000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
 
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
@@ -7548,6 +7556,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -7630,6 +7639,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -17452,10 +17462,12 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 		 * PostgreSQL 18 has disabled UNLOGGED for partitioned tables, so
 		 * ignore it when dumping if it was set in this case.
 		 */
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  (tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED &&
 						   tbinfo->relkind != RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE) ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 5a6726d8b12..4408c504323 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -347,6 +347,8 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	int			numParents;		/* number of (immediate) parent tables */
 	struct _tableInfo **parents;	/* TableInfos of immediate parents */
 
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
+
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
 	 * (it's either a table to dump, or a direct parent of a dumpable table).
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index 3ee9fda50e4..7c38d3023f0 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -2992,6 +2992,24 @@ my %tests = (
 		},
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => {
+			exclude_dump_test_schema => 1,
+			only_dump_measurement => 1,
+		},
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Fri__29_May_2026_23_14_17_+0900_Te0o73X2VqYK57Gd
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v37-0003-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v37-0003-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v30 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  2 ++
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index 2225a12718..009958fdd4 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -6648,6 +6648,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -6750,10 +6751,17 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 
 	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 100000)
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
+							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition, ");
 	else
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "false AS ispartition ");
+							 "false AS ispartition, ");
+
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 170000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
 
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
@@ -6862,6 +6870,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -6941,6 +6950,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -15977,9 +15987,11 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 			binary_upgrade_set_pg_class_oids(fout, q,
 											 tbinfo->dobj.catId.oid, false);
 
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 77db42e354..7f05cbaec6 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -325,6 +325,8 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	int			numParents;		/* number of (immediate) parent tables */
 	struct _tableInfo **parents;	/* TableInfos of immediate parents */
 
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
+
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
 	 * (it's either a table to dump, or a direct parent of a dumpable table).
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index 00b5092713..fff9419347 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -2832,6 +2832,24 @@ my %tests = (
 		},
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => {
+			exclude_dump_test_schema => 1,
+			only_dump_measurement => 1,
+		},
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Mon__4_Mar_2024_11_58_46_+0900_UaponF/qQhQrVCFt
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v30-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v30-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v29 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  1 +
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 15 +++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index 65f64c282d..013ead7655 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -6354,6 +6354,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -6456,10 +6457,17 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 
 	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 100000)
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
+							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition, ");
 	else
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "false AS ispartition ");
+							 "false AS ispartition, ");
+
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 170000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
 
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
@@ -6568,6 +6576,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -6647,6 +6656,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -15737,9 +15747,11 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 			binary_upgrade_set_pg_class_oids(fout, q,
 											 tbinfo->dobj.catId.oid, false);
 
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 9036b13f6a..3705891d25 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -323,6 +323,7 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 
 	int			numParents;		/* number of (immediate) parent tables */
 	struct _tableInfo **parents;	/* TableInfos of immediate parents */
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
 
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index 0758fe5ea0..fb2f31e191 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -2799,6 +2799,21 @@ my %tests = (
 		},
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT test_table.col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => { exclude_dump_test_schema => 1, },
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Mon__28_Aug_2023_11_52_52_+0900_hj6L5h176QaSGtg7
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v29-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v29-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v30 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  2 ++
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index 2225a12718..009958fdd4 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -6648,6 +6648,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -6750,10 +6751,17 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 
 	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 100000)
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
+							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition, ");
 	else
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "false AS ispartition ");
+							 "false AS ispartition, ");
+
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 170000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
 
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
@@ -6862,6 +6870,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -6941,6 +6950,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -15977,9 +15987,11 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 			binary_upgrade_set_pg_class_oids(fout, q,
 											 tbinfo->dobj.catId.oid, false);
 
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 77db42e354..7f05cbaec6 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -325,6 +325,8 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	int			numParents;		/* number of (immediate) parent tables */
 	struct _tableInfo **parents;	/* TableInfos of immediate parents */
 
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
+
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
 	 * (it's either a table to dump, or a direct parent of a dumpable table).
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index 00b5092713..fff9419347 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -2832,6 +2832,24 @@ my %tests = (
 		},
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => {
+			exclude_dump_test_schema => 1,
+			only_dump_measurement => 1,
+		},
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Mon__4_Mar_2024_11_58_46_+0900_UaponF/qQhQrVCFt
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v30-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v30-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v38 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  2 ++
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index c56437d6057..f7420e0db41 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -7323,6 +7323,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -7432,10 +7433,17 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 
 	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 100000)
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
+							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition, ");
 	else
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "false AS ispartition ");
+							 "false AS ispartition, ");
+
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 200000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
 
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
@@ -7548,6 +7556,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -7630,6 +7639,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -17452,10 +17462,12 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 		 * PostgreSQL 18 has disabled UNLOGGED for partitioned tables, so
 		 * ignore it when dumping if it was set in this case.
 		 */
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  (tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED &&
 						   tbinfo->relkind != RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE) ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 5a6726d8b12..4408c504323 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -347,6 +347,8 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	int			numParents;		/* number of (immediate) parent tables */
 	struct _tableInfo **parents;	/* TableInfos of immediate parents */
 
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
+
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
 	 * (it's either a table to dump, or a direct parent of a dumpable table).
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index 9258948b583..8abde57e4f3 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -3033,6 +3033,24 @@ my %tests = (
 		},
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => {
+			exclude_dump_test_schema => 1,
+			only_dump_measurement => 1,
+		},
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Wed__1_Jul_2026_00_04_01_+0900_OVSy2WWK_9aByzDJ
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v38-0003-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v38-0003-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v29 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  2 ++
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index 65f64c282d..013ead7655 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -6354,6 +6354,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -6456,10 +6457,17 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 
 	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 100000)
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
+							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition, ");
 	else
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "false AS ispartition ");
+							 "false AS ispartition, ");
+
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 170000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
 
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
@@ -6568,6 +6576,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -6647,6 +6656,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -15737,9 +15747,11 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 			binary_upgrade_set_pg_class_oids(fout, q,
 											 tbinfo->dobj.catId.oid, false);
 
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 9036b13f6a..71ea246abd 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -324,6 +324,8 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	int			numParents;		/* number of (immediate) parent tables */
 	struct _tableInfo **parents;	/* TableInfos of immediate parents */
 
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
+
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
 	 * (it's either a table to dump, or a direct parent of a dumpable table).
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index 0758fe5ea0..f83c317268 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -2799,6 +2799,24 @@ my %tests = (
 		},
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => {
+			exclude_dump_test_schema => 1,
+			only_dump_measurement => 1,
+		},
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Mon__28_Aug_2023_16_05_30_+0900_b1OvQD_3A3ZMTGvj
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v29-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v29-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v29 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  1 +
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 15 +++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index 65f64c282d..013ead7655 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -6354,6 +6354,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -6456,10 +6457,17 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 
 	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 100000)
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
+							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition, ");
 	else
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "false AS ispartition ");
+							 "false AS ispartition, ");
+
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 170000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
 
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
@@ -6568,6 +6576,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -6647,6 +6656,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -15737,9 +15747,11 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 			binary_upgrade_set_pg_class_oids(fout, q,
 											 tbinfo->dobj.catId.oid, false);
 
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 9036b13f6a..3705891d25 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -323,6 +323,7 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 
 	int			numParents;		/* number of (immediate) parent tables */
 	struct _tableInfo **parents;	/* TableInfos of immediate parents */
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
 
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index 0758fe5ea0..fb2f31e191 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -2799,6 +2799,21 @@ my %tests = (
 		},
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT test_table.col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => { exclude_dump_test_schema => 1, },
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Mon__28_Aug_2023_11_52_52_+0900_hj6L5h176QaSGtg7
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v29-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v29-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v29 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  2 ++
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index 65f64c282d..013ead7655 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -6354,6 +6354,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -6456,10 +6457,17 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 
 	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 100000)
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
+							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition, ");
 	else
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "false AS ispartition ");
+							 "false AS ispartition, ");
+
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 170000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
 
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
@@ -6568,6 +6576,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -6647,6 +6656,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -15737,9 +15747,11 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 			binary_upgrade_set_pg_class_oids(fout, q,
 											 tbinfo->dobj.catId.oid, false);
 
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 9036b13f6a..71ea246abd 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -324,6 +324,8 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	int			numParents;		/* number of (immediate) parent tables */
 	struct _tableInfo **parents;	/* TableInfos of immediate parents */
 
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
+
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
 	 * (it's either a table to dump, or a direct parent of a dumpable table).
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index 0758fe5ea0..f83c317268 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -2799,6 +2799,24 @@ my %tests = (
 		},
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => {
+			exclude_dump_test_schema => 1,
+			only_dump_measurement => 1,
+		},
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Mon__28_Aug_2023_16_05_30_+0900_b1OvQD_3A3ZMTGvj
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v29-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v29-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v27 4/9] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  1 +
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 15 +++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index 969e2a7a46..3c764076d2 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -6089,6 +6089,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -6191,10 +6192,17 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 
 	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 100000)
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
+							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition, ");
 	else
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "false AS ispartition ");
+							 "false AS ispartition, ");
+
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 160000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
 
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
@@ -6303,6 +6311,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -6380,6 +6389,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -15115,9 +15125,11 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 			binary_upgrade_set_pg_class_oids(fout, q,
 											 tbinfo->dobj.catId.oid, false);
 
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 1d21c2906f..0b798ad5de 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -318,6 +318,7 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	bool		dummy_view;		/* view's real definition must be postponed */
 	bool		postponed_def;	/* matview must be postponed into post-data */
 	bool		ispartition;	/* is table a partition? */
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
 
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index c65c92bfb0..3655727472 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -2295,6 +2295,21 @@ my %tests = (
 		  { exclude_dump_test_schema => 1, no_toast_compression => 1, },
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT test_table.col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => { exclude_dump_test_schema => 1, },
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql   => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.17.1


--Multipart=_Fri__22_Apr_2022_11_29_39_+0900_ZOAC7UMt5e8j1Nvx
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v27-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v27-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v30 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 18 +++++++++++++++---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  2 ++
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index 2225a12718..009958fdd4 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -6648,6 +6648,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -6750,10 +6751,17 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 
 	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 100000)
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
+							 "c.relispartition AS ispartition, ");
 	else
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
-							 "false AS ispartition ");
+							 "false AS ispartition, ");
+
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 170000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
 
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
@@ -6862,6 +6870,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -6941,6 +6950,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -15977,9 +15987,11 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 			binary_upgrade_set_pg_class_oids(fout, q,
 											 tbinfo->dobj.catId.oid, false);
 
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 77db42e354..7f05cbaec6 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -325,6 +325,8 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	int			numParents;		/* number of (immediate) parent tables */
 	struct _tableInfo **parents;	/* TableInfos of immediate parents */
 
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
+
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
 	 * (it's either a table to dump, or a direct parent of a dumpable table).
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index 00b5092713..fff9419347 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -2832,6 +2832,24 @@ my %tests = (
 		},
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => {
+			exclude_dump_test_schema => 1,
+			only_dump_measurement => 1,
+		},
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Mon__4_Mar_2024_11_58_46_+0900_UaponF/qQhQrVCFt
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v30-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v30-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v39 4/8] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump
@ 2020-11-11 08:01 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-11-11 08:01 UTC (permalink / raw)

Support CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW syntax.
---
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c        | 14 +++++++++++++-
 src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h        |  2 ++
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
index f67daf85911..9a5f65659e3 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c
@@ -7196,6 +7196,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	int			i_relacl;
 	int			i_acldefault;
 	int			i_ispartition;
+	int			i_isivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Find all the tables and table-like objects.
@@ -7277,6 +7278,13 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
 						 "c.relispartition AS ispartition ");
 
+	if (fout->remoteVersion >= 200000)
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "c.relisivm AS isivm ");
+	else
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(query,
+							 "false AS isivm ");
+
 	/*
 	 * Left join to pg_depend to pick up dependency info linking sequences to
 	 * their owning column, if any (note this dependency is AUTO except for
@@ -7387,6 +7395,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 	i_relacl = PQfnumber(res, "relacl");
 	i_acldefault = PQfnumber(res, "acldefault");
 	i_ispartition = PQfnumber(res, "ispartition");
+	i_isivm = PQfnumber(res, "isivm");
 
 	if (dopt->lockWaitTimeout)
 	{
@@ -7469,6 +7478,7 @@ getTables(Archive *fout, int *numTables)
 			tblinfo[i].amname = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_amname));
 		tblinfo[i].is_identity_sequence = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_identity_sequence), "t") == 0);
 		tblinfo[i].ispartition = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_ispartition), "t") == 0);
+		tblinfo[i].isivm = (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_isivm), "t") == 0);
 
 		/* other fields were zeroed above */
 
@@ -17202,10 +17212,12 @@ dumpTableSchema(Archive *fout, const TableInfo *tbinfo)
 		 * PostgreSQL 18 has disabled UNLOGGED for partitioned tables, so
 		 * ignore it when dumping if it was set in this case.
 		 */
-		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s %s",
+		appendPQExpBuffer(q, "CREATE %s%s%s %s",
 						  (tbinfo->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED &&
 						   tbinfo->relkind != RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE) ?
 						  "UNLOGGED " : "",
+						  tbinfo->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tbinfo->isivm ?
+						  "INCREMENTAL " : "",
 						  reltypename,
 						  qualrelname);
 
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
index 5a6726d8b12..4408c504323 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.h
@@ -347,6 +347,8 @@ typedef struct _tableInfo
 	int			numParents;		/* number of (immediate) parent tables */
 	struct _tableInfo **parents;	/* TableInfos of immediate parents */
 
+	bool		isivm;			/* is incrementally maintainable materialized view? */
+
 	/*
 	 * These fields are computed only if we decide the table is interesting
 	 * (it's either a table to dump, or a direct parent of a dumpable table).
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index 9258948b583..8abde57e4f3 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -3033,6 +3033,24 @@ my %tests = (
 		},
 	},
 
+	'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW matview_ivm' => {
+		create_order => 21,
+		create_sql   => 'CREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm (col1) AS
+					   SELECT col1 FROM dump_test.test_table;',
+		regexp => qr/^
+			\QCREATE INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW dump_test.matview_ivm AS\E
+			\n\s+\QSELECT col1\E
+			\n\s+\QFROM dump_test.test_table\E
+			\n\s+\QWITH NO DATA;\E
+			/xm,
+		like =>
+		  { %full_runs, %dump_test_schema_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
+		unlike => {
+			exclude_dump_test_schema => 1,
+			only_dump_measurement => 1,
+		},
+	},
+
 	'CREATE POLICY p1 ON test_table' => {
 		create_order => 22,
 		create_sql => 'CREATE POLICY p1 ON dump_test.test_table
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Fri__3_Jul_2026_19_11_16_+0900_CskxSIu_iGcDMEyM
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v39-0003-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v39-0003-Allow-to-prolong-life-span-of-transition-tables-.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v25 07/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2020-12-22 09:40 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-12-22 09:40 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance. To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and
post-state of base tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER
trigger, and pre-update states can be calculated by filtering inserted
tuples using cmin/xmin system columns, and append deleted tuples which
are contained in an old transition table.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples. Also, DISTINCT clause is supported. When IMMV is
created with DISTINCT, multiplicity of tuples is counted and stored
in  "__ivm_count__" column, which is a hidden column of IMMV.
The value in __ivm_count__ is updated when IMMV is maintained
incrementally. A tuple in IMMV can be removed if and only if the
count becomes zero.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c   |    5 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c     |  736 +++++++++++++
 src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c    |   40 +
 src/backend/commands/matview.c      | 1555 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c    |    9 +
 src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c       |    1 +
 src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c      |    1 +
 src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c        |    1 +
 src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c       |    1 +
 src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c |   18 +-
 src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c |    3 +-
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat     |    8 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h     |    6 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h      |    8 +
 src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h      |    2 +
 15 files changed, 2354 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index c9516e03fa..06b012b21f 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2776,6 +2777,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM();
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5020,6 +5022,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 	AbortBufferIO();
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM();
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index 9abbb6b555..4b73965e56 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -32,24 +32,41 @@
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "access/xlog.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "optimizer/clauses.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
 #include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
+#include "parser/parse_type.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rewriteManip.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/rls.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
+#include "utils/syscache.h"
 
 typedef struct
 {
@@ -73,6 +90,12 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *qry, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -108,6 +131,8 @@ create_ctas_internal(List *attrList, IntoClause *into)
 	create->oncommit = into->onCommit;
 	create->tablespacename = into->tableSpaceName;
 	create->if_not_exists = false;
+	/* Using Materialized view only */
+	create->ivm = into->ivm;
 	create->accessMethod = into->accessMethod;
 
 	/*
@@ -238,6 +263,7 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 	List	   *rewritten;
 	PlannedStmt *plan;
 	QueryDesc  *queryDesc;
+	Query	   *query_immv = NULL;
 
 	/* Check if the relation exists or not */
 	if (CreateTableAsRelExists(stmt))
@@ -282,6 +308,22 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+
+		/* For IMMV, we need to rewrite matview query */
+		query = rewriteQueryForIMMV(query, into->colNames);
+		query_immv = copyObject(query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -358,11 +400,75 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 
 		/* Restore userid and security context */
 		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		if (into->ivm)
+		{
+			Oid matviewOid = address.objectId;
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+			/*
+			 * Mark relisivm field, if it's a matview and into->ivm is true.
+			 */
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+
+			if (!into->skipData)
+			{
+				/* Create an index on incremental maintainable materialized view, if possible */
+				CreateIndexOnIMMV((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewRel);
+
+				/* Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view */
+				Assert(query_immv != NULL);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(query_immv, matviewOid, true);
+			}
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+		}
 	}
 
 	return address;
 }
 
+/*
+ * rewriteQueryForIMMV -- rewrite view definition query for IMMV
+ *
+ * count(*) is added for counting distinct tuples in views.
+ */
+Query *
+rewriteQueryForIMMV(Query *query, List *colNames)
+{
+	Query *rewritten;
+
+	TargetEntry *tle;
+	Node *node;
+	ParseState *pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	FuncCall *fn;
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * Convert DISTINCT to GROUP BY and add count(*) for counting distinct
+	 * tuples in views.
+	 */
+	if (rewritten->distinctClause)
+	{
+		rewritten->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &rewritten->targetList, rewritten->sortClause, false);
+
+		fn = makeFuncCall(list_make1(makeString("count")), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+		fn->agg_star = true;
+
+		node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+		tle = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(rewritten->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+		rewritten->targetList = lappend(rewritten->targetList, tle);
+		rewritten->hasAggs = true;
+	}
+
+	return rewritten;
+}
+
 /*
  * GetIntoRelEFlags --- compute executor flags needed for CREATE TABLE AS
  *
@@ -623,3 +729,633 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid, bool is_create)
+{
+	Relids	relids = NULL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	Index	first_rtindex = is_create ? 1 : PRS2_NEW_VARNO + 1;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < first_rtindex)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, first_rtindex - 1);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > first_rtindex ||
+		rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	bms_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !bms_is_member(rte->relid, *relids))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+
+					*relids = bms_add_member(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_IMMV);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attritubes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attritubes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	Query *qry = (Query *) copyObject(query);
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNode = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilenodeSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	if (qry->distinctClause)
+	{
+		/* create unique constraint on all columns */
+		foreach(lc, qry->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+			IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+			iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+			iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+			iparam->expr = NULL;
+			iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+			iparam->collation = NIL;
+			iparam->opclass = NIL;
+			iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+			iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+			iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+			index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+		/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+		key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(qry, &constraintList);
+		if (key_attnos)
+		{
+			foreach(lc, qry->targetList)
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+				Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+				if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+				{
+					IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+					iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+					iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+					iparam->expr = NULL;
+					iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+					iparam->collation = NIL;
+					iparam->opclass = NIL;
+					iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+					iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+					iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+					index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+				}
+			}
+
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+			ereport(NOTICE,
+					(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+							RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns, "
+							   "or this view does not contain DISTINCT clause."),
+					 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables's
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+	PlannerInfo root;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_pkey = true;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_pkey = (key_attnos != NULL);
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (!has_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				bms_del_member(attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = pull_varnos_of_level(&root, (Node *)query->jointree, 0);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c b/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
index 42aacc8f0a..dfa4408d1c 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "commands/dbcommands.h"
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/progress.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
@@ -1054,6 +1055,45 @@ DefineIndex(Oid relationId,
 	safe_index = indexInfo->ii_Expressions == NIL &&
 		indexInfo->ii_Predicate == NIL;
 
+	/*
+	 * We disallow unique indexes on IVM columns of IMMVs.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(rel) && stmt->unique)
+	{
+		for (i = 0; i < indexInfo->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs; i++)
+		{
+			AttrNumber	attno = indexInfo->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i];
+			if (attno > 0)
+			{
+				char *name = NameStr(TupleDescAttr(rel->rd_att, attno - 1)->attname);
+				if (name && isIvmName(name))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("unique index creation on IVM columns is not supported")));
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (indexInfo->ii_Expressions)
+		{
+			Bitmapset  *indexattrs = NULL;
+			int			varno = -1;
+
+			pull_varattnos((Node *) indexInfo->ii_Expressions, 1, &indexattrs);
+
+			while ((varno = bms_next_member(indexattrs, varno)) >= 0)
+			{
+				int attno = varno + FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber;
+				char *name = NameStr(TupleDescAttr(rel->rd_att, attno - 1)->attname);
+				if (name && isIvmName(name))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("unique index creation on IVM columns is not supported")));
+			}
+
+		}
+	}
+
+
 	/*
 	 * Report index creation if appropriate (delay this till after most of the
 	 * error checks)
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index 05e7b60059..943de5dfba 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -25,26 +25,47 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_collation.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_operator.h"
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_coerce.h"
+#include "parser/parse_collate.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
 #include "parser/parse_relation.h"
+#include "parser/parse_type.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rewriteManip.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 
 typedef struct
@@ -58,6 +79,50 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	TransactionId	xid;	/* Transaction id before the first table is modified*/
+	CommandId		cid;	/* Command id before the first table is modified */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+	List   *old_rtes;			/* RTEs of ENRs for old_tuplestores*/
+	List   *new_rtes;			/* RTEs of ENRs for new_tuplestores */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -65,7 +130,9 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
-									   const char *queryString);
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
+						 const char *queryString);
 static char *make_temptable_name_n(char *tempname, int n);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -73,6 +140,45 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+								  ParseState *pstate);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static RangeTblEntry *union_ENRs(RangeTblEntry *rte, Oid relid, List *enr_rtes, const char *prefix,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_distinct(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query, bool use_count, char *count_colname);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_old_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys, const char *count_colname);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static void apply_new_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char* deltaname_new,
+				List *keys, StringInfo target_list, const char* count_colname);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry);
+
+static List *get_securityQuals(Oid relId, int rt_index, Query *query);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -114,6 +220,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -140,9 +286,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 {
 	Oid			matviewOid;
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
+	Query	   *viewQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
 	Oid			OIDNewHeap;
@@ -155,6 +300,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	/* Determine strength of lock needed. */
 	concurrent = stmt->concurrent;
@@ -167,6 +313,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										  lockmode, 0,
 										  RangeVarCallbackOwnsTable, NULL);
 	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
 
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
@@ -188,32 +335,14 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 				 errmsg("%s and %s options cannot be used together",
 						"CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	viewQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	/* For IMMV, we need to rewrite matview query */
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel))
+		dataQuery = rewriteQueryForIMMV(viewQuery,NIL);
+	else
+		dataQuery = viewQuery;
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -248,12 +377,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -294,6 +417,52 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete immv triggers */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && stmt->skipData )
+	{
+		/* use deleted trigger */
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		/*
+		 * We save some cycles by opening pg_depend just once and passing the
+		 * Relation pointer down to all the recursive deletion steps.
+		 */
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->deptype == DEPENDENCY_IMMV)
+			{
+				obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+				obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+				obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+				add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -313,7 +482,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 
 	/* Generate the data, if wanted. */
 	if (!stmt->skipData)
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString);
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL, queryString);
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
 	if (concurrent)
@@ -348,6 +517,12 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 			pgstat_count_heap_insert(matviewRel, processed);
 	}
 
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(viewQuery, matviewRel);
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid, false);
+	}
+
 	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
 
 	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
@@ -382,6 +557,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -418,7 +595,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -428,6 +605,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -942,3 +1122,1308 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		Snapshot snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->xid = GetCurrentTransactionId();
+		entry->cid = snapshot->curcid;
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->old_rtes = NIL;
+		table->new_rtes = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Get and push the latast snapshot to see any changes which is committed
+	 * during waiting in other transactions at READ COMMITTED level.
+	 */
+	PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  entry->xid, entry->cid,
+												  pstate);
+	/* Rewrite for DISTINCT clause */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_distinct(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+			bool	use_count = false;
+			char   *count_colname = NULL;
+
+			count_colname = pstrdup("__ivm_count__");
+
+			if (query->distinctClause)
+				use_count = true;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query, use_count,
+							count_colname);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified. xid and cid are the transaction id and command id
+ * before the first table was modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+								  ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				lfirst(lc) = get_prestate_rte(r, table, xid, cid, pstate->p_queryEnv);
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+			/* if base table has RLS, set security condition to enr */
+			rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(table->table_id, list_length(query->rtable) + 1, query);
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+			table->old_rtes = lappend(table->old_rtes, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+			/* if base table has RLS, set security condition to enr*/
+			rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(table->table_id, list_length(query->rtable) + 1, query);
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+			table->new_rtes = lappend(table->new_rtes, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can use NoLock here since AcquireRewriteLocks should
+	 * have locked the rel already.
+	 */
+	rel = table_open(table->table_id, NoLock);
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(rel));
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT t.* FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE (age(t.xmin) - age(%u::text::xid) > 0) OR"
+		" (t.xmin = %u AND t.cmin::text::int < %u)",
+			relname, xid, xid, cid);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+		appendStringInfo(&str," SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* If this query has setOperations, RTEs in rtables has a subquery which contains ENR */
+	if (sub->setOperations != NULL)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc;
+
+		/* add securityQuals for tuplestores */
+		foreach (lc, sub->rtable)
+		{
+			RangeTblEntry *rte;
+			RangeTblEntry *sub_rte;
+
+			rte = (RangeTblEntry *)lfirst(lc);
+			Assert(rte->subquery != NULL);
+
+			sub_rte = (RangeTblEntry *)linitial(rte->subquery->rtable);
+			if (sub_rte->rtekind == RTE_NAMEDTUPLESTORE)
+				/* rt_index is always 1, bacause subquery has enr_rte only */
+				sub_rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(sub_rte->relid, 1, sub);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	rte->requiredPerms = 0;		/* no permission check on subquery itself */
+	rte->checkAsUser = InvalidOid;
+	rte->selectedCols = NULL;
+	rte->insertedCols = NULL;
+	rte->updatedCols = NULL;
+	rte->extraUpdatedCols = NULL;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * union_ENRs
+ *
+ * Make a single table delta by unionning all transition tables of the modified table
+ * whose RTE is specified by
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+union_ENRs(RangeTblEntry *rte, Oid relid, List *enr_rtes, const char *prefix,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int	i;
+	RangeTblEntry *enr_rte;
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(enr_rtes); i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix, relid, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	rte->requiredPerms = 0;		/* no permission check on subquery itself */
+	rte->checkAsUser = InvalidOid;
+	rte->selectedCols = NULL;
+	rte->insertedCols = NULL;
+	rte->updatedCols = NULL;
+	rte->extraUpdatedCols = NULL;
+	/* if base table has RLS, set security condition to enr*/
+	enr_rte = (RangeTblEntry *)linitial(sub->rtable);
+	/* rt_index is always 1, bacause subquery has enr_rte only */
+	enr_rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(relid, 1, sub);
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_distinct
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting DISTINCT clause.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_distinct(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(list_make1(makeString("count")), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (list_length(table->old_rtes) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		lfirst(lc) = union_ENRs(rte, table->table_id, table->old_rtes, "old", queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "");
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (list_length(table->new_rtes) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		lfirst(lc) = union_ENRs(rte, table->table_id, table->new_rtes, "new", queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "");
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query, bool use_count, char *count_colname)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, resname);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		if (use_count)
+			/* apply old delta and get rows to be recalculated */
+			apply_old_delta_with_count(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME,
+									   keys, count_colname);
+		else
+			apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		if (use_count)
+			apply_new_delta_with_count(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME,
+								keys, &target_list_buf, count_colname);
+		else
+			apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta_with_count
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is required, that is, the view
+ * has aggregate or distinct.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys, const char *count_colname)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"WITH t AS ("			/* collecting tid of target tuples in the view */
+						"SELECT diff.%s, "			/* count column */
+								"(diff.%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) mv.%s) AS for_dlt, "
+								"mv.ctid "
+						"FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						"WHERE %s"					/* tuple matching condition */
+					"), updt AS ("			/* update a tuple if this is not to be deleted */
+						"UPDATE %s AS mv SET %s = mv.%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.-) t.%s "
+						"FROM t WHERE mv.ctid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) t.ctid AND NOT for_dlt "
+					"), dlt AS ("			/* delete a tuple if this is to be deleted */
+						"DELETE FROM %s AS mv USING t "
+						"WHERE mv.ctid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) t.ctid AND for_dlt"
+					")",
+					count_colname,
+					count_colname, count_colname,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond,
+					matviewname, count_colname, count_colname, count_colname,
+					matviewname);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta_with_count
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is required, that is, the view
+ * has aggregate or distinct. Also, when a table in EXISTS sub queries
+ * is modified.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char* deltaname_new,
+				List *keys, StringInfo target_list, const char* count_colname)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	returning_keys;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	char	*match_cond = "";
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be updated */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&returning_keys);
+	if (keys)
+	{
+		foreach (lc, keys)
+		{
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+			char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+			appendStringInfo(&returning_keys, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+			if (lnext(keys, lc))
+				appendStringInfo(&returning_keys, ", ");
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		appendStringInfo(&returning_keys, "NULL");
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update if found or insert if not. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"WITH updt AS ("		/* update a tuple if this exists in the view */
+						"UPDATE %s AS mv SET %s = mv.%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.+) diff.%s "
+						"FROM %s AS diff "
+						"WHERE %s "					/* tuple matching condition */
+						"RETURNING %s"				/* returning keys of updated tuples */
+					") INSERT INTO %s (%s)"	/* insert a new tuple if this doesn't existw */
+						"SELECT %s FROM %s AS diff "
+						"WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM updt AS mv WHERE %s);",
+					matviewname, count_colname, count_colname, count_colname,
+					deltaname_new,
+					match_cond,
+					returning_keys.data,
+					matviewname, target_list->data,
+					target_list->data, deltaname_new,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\") "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * transaction abort.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM()
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+
+	hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_securityQuals
+ *
+ * Get row security policy on a relation.
+ * This is used by IVM for copying RLS from base table to enr.
+ */
+static List *
+get_securityQuals(Oid relId, int rt_index, Query *query)
+{
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+	List *securityQuals;
+	List *withCheckOptions;
+	bool  hasRowSecurity;
+	bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+	securityQuals = NIL;
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+
+	rel = table_open(relId, NoLock);
+	nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForRelation(pstate, rel, AccessShareLock, NULL, false, false);
+	rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+	get_row_security_policies(query, rte, rt_index,
+							  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+							  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+	/*
+	 * Make sure the query is marked correctly if row level security
+	 * applies, or if the new quals had sublinks.
+	 */
+	if (hasRowSecurity)
+		query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+	if (hasSubLinks)
+		query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	return securityQuals;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
index 3e83f375b5..c64539b20d 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
 #include "commands/comment.h"
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
 #include "commands/policy.h"
 #include "commands/sequence.h"
@@ -3415,6 +3416,14 @@ renameatt_internal(Oid myrelid,
 	targetrelation = relation_open(myrelid, AccessExclusiveLock);
 	renameatt_check(myrelid, RelationGetForm(targetrelation), recursing);
 
+	/*
+	 * Don't rename IVM columns.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(targetrelation) && isIvmName(oldattname))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("IVM column can not be renamed")));
+
 	/*
 	 * if the 'recurse' flag is set then we are supposed to rename this
 	 * attribute in all classes that inherit from 'relname' (as well as in
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
index 80268ac059..158652734f 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
@@ -2464,6 +2464,7 @@ _copyRangeTblEntry(const RangeTblEntry *from)
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(relkind);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(rellockmode);
 	COPY_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(relisivm);
 	COPY_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(security_barrier);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(jointype);
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
index 572560b4a2..5a320c28a0 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
@@ -2765,6 +2765,7 @@ _equalRangeTblEntry(const RangeTblEntry *a, const RangeTblEntry *b)
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(relkind);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(rellockmode);
 	COMPARE_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(relisivm);
 	COMPARE_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(security_barrier);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(jointype);
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c
index 8ec4059cc0..300d488824 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c
@@ -3258,6 +3258,7 @@ _outRangeTblEntry(StringInfo str, const RangeTblEntry *node)
 			WRITE_CHAR_FIELD(relkind);
 			WRITE_INT_FIELD(rellockmode);
 			WRITE_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+			WRITE_BOOL_FIELD(relisivm);
 			break;
 		case RTE_SUBQUERY:
 			WRITE_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c
index cc6dcb7220..37dff1ec27 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c
@@ -1441,6 +1441,7 @@ _readRangeTblEntry(void)
 			READ_CHAR_FIELD(relkind);
 			READ_INT_FIELD(rellockmode);
 			READ_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+			READ_BOOL_FIELD(relisivm);
 			break;
 		case RTE_SUBQUERY:
 			READ_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
diff --git a/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c b/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c
index cb9e177b5e..dcfd1f3fc0 100644
--- a/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c
+++ b/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 
 
 /*
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ static void expandTupleDesc(TupleDesc tupdesc, Alias *eref,
 							int count, int offset,
 							int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 							int location, bool include_dropped,
-							List **colnames, List **colvars);
+							List **colnames, List **colvars, bool is_ivm);
 static int	specialAttNum(const char *attname);
 static bool isQueryUsingTempRelation_walker(Node *node, void *context);
 
@@ -1433,6 +1434,7 @@ addRangeTableEntry(ParseState *pstate,
 	rte->relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	rte->relkind = rel->rd_rel->relkind;
 	rte->rellockmode = lockmode;
+	rte->relisivm = rel->rd_rel->relisivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Build the list of effective column names using user-supplied aliases
@@ -1521,6 +1523,7 @@ addRangeTableEntryForRelation(ParseState *pstate,
 	rte->relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	rte->relkind = rel->rd_rel->relkind;
 	rte->rellockmode = lockmode;
+	rte->relisivm = rel->rd_rel->relisivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Build the list of effective column names using user-supplied aliases
@@ -2676,7 +2679,7 @@ expandRTE(RangeTblEntry *rte, int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 						expandTupleDesc(tupdesc, rte->eref,
 										rtfunc->funccolcount, atts_done,
 										rtindex, sublevels_up, location,
-										include_dropped, colnames, colvars);
+										include_dropped, colnames, colvars, false);
 					}
 					else if (functypclass == TYPEFUNC_SCALAR)
 					{
@@ -2944,7 +2947,7 @@ expandRelation(Oid relid, Alias *eref, int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 	expandTupleDesc(rel->rd_att, eref, rel->rd_att->natts, 0,
 					rtindex, sublevels_up,
 					location, include_dropped,
-					colnames, colvars);
+					colnames, colvars, RelationIsIVM(rel));
 	relation_close(rel, AccessShareLock);
 }
 
@@ -2961,7 +2964,7 @@ static void
 expandTupleDesc(TupleDesc tupdesc, Alias *eref, int count, int offset,
 				int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 				int location, bool include_dropped,
-				List **colnames, List **colvars)
+				List **colnames, List **colvars, bool is_ivm)
 {
 	ListCell   *aliascell;
 	int			varattno;
@@ -2974,6 +2977,9 @@ expandTupleDesc(TupleDesc tupdesc, Alias *eref, int count, int offset,
 	{
 		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(tupdesc, varattno);
 
+		if (is_ivm && isIvmName(NameStr(attr->attname)) && !MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled())
+			continue;
+
 		if (attr->attisdropped)
 		{
 			if (include_dropped)
@@ -3127,6 +3133,10 @@ expandNSItemAttrs(ParseState *pstate, ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem,
 		Var		   *varnode = (Var *) lfirst(var);
 		TargetEntry *te;
 
+		/* if transform * into columnlist with IMMV, remove IVM columns */
+		if (rte->relisivm && isIvmName(label) && !MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled())
+			continue;
+
 		te = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) varnode,
 							 (AttrNumber) pstate->p_next_resno++,
 							 label,
diff --git a/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c b/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c
index 185bf5fbff..d8a8b66196 100644
--- a/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c
+++ b/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c
@@ -776,7 +776,8 @@ checkRuleResultList(List *targetList, TupleDesc resultDesc, bool isSelect,
 														attr->atttypmod))));
 	}
 
-	if (i != resultDesc->natts)
+	/* No check for materialized views since this could have special columns for IVM */
+	if ((!isSelect || requireColumnNameMatch) && i != resultDesc->natts)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_OBJECT_DEFINITION),
 				 isSelect ?
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index 7024dbe10a..a37602d45f 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -11736,4 +11736,12 @@
   prorettype => 'bytea', proargtypes => 'pg_brin_minmax_multi_summary',
   prosrc => 'brin_minmax_multi_summary_send' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index 54a38491fb..bcea9782d3 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,11 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid, bool is_create);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+
+extern Query *rewriteQueryForIMMV(Query *query, List *colNames);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index a067da39d2..ec479db513 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										ParamListInfo params, QueryCompletion *qc);
 
@@ -30,4 +33,9 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid oid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(void);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
diff --git a/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h b/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
index 3e9bdc781f..b0e8a396cc 100644
--- a/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
+++ b/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
@@ -1036,6 +1036,7 @@ typedef struct RangeTblEntry
 	char		relkind;		/* relation kind (see pg_class.relkind) */
 	int			rellockmode;	/* lock level that query requires on the rel */
 	struct TableSampleClause *tablesample;	/* sampling info, or NULL */
+	bool		relisivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Fields valid for a subquery RTE (else NULL):
@@ -2195,6 +2196,7 @@ typedef struct CreateStmt
 	char	   *tablespacename; /* table space to use, or NULL */
 	char	   *accessMethod;	/* table access method */
 	bool		if_not_exists;	/* just do nothing if it already exists? */
+	bool		ivm;			/* incremental view maintenance is used by materialized view */
 } CreateStmt;
 
 /* ----------
-- 
2.17.1


--Multipart=_Fri__4_Feb_2022_01_48_06_+0900_N8BNZpfOR27sWrgY
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v25-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v25-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v23 07/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2020-12-22 09:40 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-12-22 09:40 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collecting
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance. To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and
post-state of base tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER
trigger, and pre-update states can be calculated by filtering inserted
tuples using cmin/xmin system columns, and append deleted tuples which
are contained in a old transition table.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base tables, and multiple updates of the same base table.

DISTINCT and tuple duplicates in views are supported. When IMMV is
created with DISTINCT, multiplicity of tuples is counted and stored
in  "__ivm_count__" column, which is a hidden column of IMMV.
The value in__ivm_count__ is updated when IMMV is maintained
incrementally. A tuple in IMMV can be removed if and only if the
count becomes zero.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c   |    5 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c     |  697 ++++++++++++
 src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c    |   40 +
 src/backend/commands/matview.c      | 1549 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c    |    9 +
 src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c       |    1 +
 src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c      |    1 +
 src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c        |    1 +
 src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c       |    1 +
 src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c |   18 +-
 src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c |    3 +-
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat     |    8 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h     |    5 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h      |    8 +
 src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h      |    2 +
 15 files changed, 2308 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 441445927e..d67a8bc906 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
@@ -2705,6 +2706,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM();
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -4948,6 +4950,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 	AbortBufferIO();
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM();
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index 0982851715..3fc2af1c4a 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -32,24 +32,41 @@
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "access/xlog.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "optimizer/clauses.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
 #include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
+#include "parser/parse_type.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rewriteManip.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/rls.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
+#include "utils/syscache.h"
 
 typedef struct
 {
@@ -73,6 +90,12 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables_recurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid, Relids *relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *qry, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -108,6 +131,8 @@ create_ctas_internal(List *attrList, IntoClause *into)
 	create->oncommit = into->onCommit;
 	create->tablespacename = into->tableSpaceName;
 	create->if_not_exists = false;
+	/* Using Materialized view only */
+	create->ivm = into->ivm;
 	create->accessMethod = into->accessMethod;
 
 	/*
@@ -238,6 +263,7 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 	List	   *rewritten;
 	PlannedStmt *plan;
 	QueryDesc  *queryDesc;
+	Query	   *query_immv = NULL;
 
 	/* Check if the relation exists or not */
 	if (CreateTableAsRelExists(stmt))
@@ -282,6 +308,22 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+
+		/* For IMMV, we need to rewrite matview query */
+		query = rewriteQueryForIMMV(query, into->colNames);
+		query_immv = copyObject(query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -358,11 +400,74 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 
 		/* Restore userid and security context */
 		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		if (into->ivm)
+		{
+			Oid matviewOid = address.objectId;
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+			/*
+			 * Mark relisivm field, if it's a matview and into->ivm is true.
+			 */
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+
+			/* Create an index on incremental maintainable materialized view, if possible */
+			CreateIndexOnIMMV((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewRel);
+
+			/* Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view */
+			if (!into->skipData)
+			{
+				Assert(query_immv != NULL);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(query_immv, matviewOid, true);
+			}
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+		}
 	}
 
 	return address;
 }
 
+/*
+ * rewriteQueryForIMMV -- rewrite view definition query for IMMV
+ *
+ * count(*) is added for counting distinct tuples in views.
+ */
+Query *
+rewriteQueryForIMMV(Query *query, List *colNames)
+{
+	Query *rewritten;
+
+	TargetEntry *tle;
+	Node *node;
+	ParseState *pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	FuncCall *fn;
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/* Convert DISTINCT to GROUP BY.  count(*) will be added afterward. */
+	if (rewritten->distinctClause)
+		rewritten->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &rewritten->targetList, rewritten->sortClause, false);
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	if (rewritten->distinctClause)
+	{
+		fn = makeFuncCall(list_make1(makeString("count")), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+		fn->agg_star = true;
+
+		node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+		tle = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(rewritten->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+		rewritten->targetList = lappend(rewritten->targetList, tle);
+		rewritten->hasAggs = true;
+	}
+
+	return rewritten;
+}
+
 /*
  * GetIntoRelEFlags --- compute executor flags needed for CREATE TABLE AS
  *
@@ -623,3 +728,595 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid, bool is_create)
+{
+	Relids	relids = NULL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	Index	first_rtindex = is_create ? 1 : PRS2_NEW_VARNO + 1;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < first_rtindex)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, first_rtindex - 1);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > first_rtindex ||
+		rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables_recurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	bms_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables_recurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid, Relids *relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables_recurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+				{
+					if (!bms_is_member(rte->relid, *relids))
+					{
+						CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+						CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+						CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+						CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+						CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+						CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+
+						*relids = bms_add_member(*relids, rte->relid);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables_recurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables_recurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables_recurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_IMMV);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateindexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attritubes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attritubes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+static void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	Query *qry = (Query *) copyObject(query);
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNode = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilenodeSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	if (qry->distinctClause)
+	{
+		/* create unique constraint on all columns */
+		index->isconstraint = true;
+		foreach(lc, qry->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+			IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+			iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+			iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+			iparam->expr = NULL;
+			iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+			iparam->collation = NIL;
+			iparam->opclass = NIL;
+			iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+			iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+			iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+			index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+		/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+		key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(qry, &constraintList);
+		if (key_attnos)
+		{
+			foreach(lc, qry->targetList)
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+				Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+				if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+				{
+					IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+					iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+					iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+					iparam->expr = NULL;
+					iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+					iparam->collation = NIL;
+					iparam->opclass = NIL;
+					iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+					iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+					iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+					index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+				}
+			}
+
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient, IVM */
+			ereport(NOTICE,
+					(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+							RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables's
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+	PlannerInfo root;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_pkey = true;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_pkey = (key_attnos != NULL);
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (!has_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				bms_del_member(attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = pull_varnos_of_level(&root, (Node *)query->jointree, 0);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c b/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
index c14ca27c5e..5581c21298 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "commands/dbcommands.h"
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/progress.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
@@ -1054,6 +1055,45 @@ DefineIndex(Oid relationId,
 	safe_index = indexInfo->ii_Expressions == NIL &&
 		indexInfo->ii_Predicate == NIL;
 
+	/*
+	 * We disallow unique indexes on IVM columns of IMMVs.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(rel) && stmt->unique)
+	{
+		for (i = 0; i < indexInfo->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs; i++)
+		{
+			AttrNumber	attno = indexInfo->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i];
+			if (attno > 0)
+			{
+				char *name = NameStr(TupleDescAttr(rel->rd_att, attno - 1)->attname);
+				if (name && isIvmName(name))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("unique index creation on IVM columns is not supported")));
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (indexInfo->ii_Expressions)
+		{
+			Bitmapset  *indexattrs = NULL;
+			int			varno = -1;
+
+			pull_varattnos((Node *) indexInfo->ii_Expressions, 1, &indexattrs);
+
+			while ((varno = bms_next_member(indexattrs, varno)) >= 0)
+			{
+				int attno = varno + FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber;
+				char *name = NameStr(TupleDescAttr(rel->rd_att, attno - 1)->attname);
+				if (name && isIvmName(name))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("unique index creation on IVM columns is not supported")));
+			}
+
+		}
+	}
+
+
 	/*
 	 * Report index creation if appropriate (delay this till after most of the
 	 * error checks)
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index 25bbd8a5c1..f1f46e2e14 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -25,26 +25,47 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_collation.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_operator.h"
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_coerce.h"
+#include "parser/parse_collate.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
 #include "parser/parse_relation.h"
+#include "parser/parse_type.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rewriteManip.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 
 typedef struct
@@ -58,6 +79,50 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	TransactionId	xid;	/* Transaction id before the first table is modified*/
+	CommandId		cid;	/* Command id before the first table is modified */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+	List   *old_rtes;			/* RTEs of ENRs for old_tuplestores*/
+	List   *new_rtes;			/* RTEs of ENRs for new_tuplestores */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -65,7 +130,9 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
-									   const char *queryString);
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
+						 const char *queryString);
 static char *make_temptable_name_n(char *tempname, int n);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -73,6 +140,45 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+								  ParseState *pstate);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static RangeTblEntry *union_ENRs(RangeTblEntry *rte, Oid relid, List *enr_rtes, const char *prefix,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_distinct(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query, bool use_count, char *count_colname);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_old_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys, const char *count_colname);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static void apply_new_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char* deltaname_new,
+				List *keys, StringInfo target_list, const char* count_colname);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry);
+
+static List *get_securityQuals(Oid relId, int rt_index, Query *query);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -114,6 +220,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -140,8 +286,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 {
 	Oid			matviewOid;
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -155,6 +299,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	/* Determine strength of lock needed. */
 	concurrent = stmt->concurrent;
@@ -167,6 +312,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										  lockmode, 0,
 										  RangeVarCallbackOwnsTable, NULL);
 	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
 
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
@@ -187,32 +333,12 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
 				 errmsg("CONCURRENTLY and WITH NO DATA options cannot be used together")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	/* For IMMV, we need to rewrite matview query */
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel))
+		dataQuery = rewriteQueryForIMMV(dataQuery,NIL);
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -247,12 +373,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -293,6 +413,52 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete immv triggers */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && stmt->skipData )
+	{
+		/* use deleted trigger */
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		/*
+		 * We save some cycles by opening pg_depend just once and passing the
+		 * Relation pointer down to all the recursive deletion steps.
+		 */
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->deptype == DEPENDENCY_IMMV)
+			{
+				obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+				obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+				obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+				add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -311,7 +477,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 
 	/* Generate the data, if wanted. */
 	if (!stmt->skipData)
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString);
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL, queryString);
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
 	if (concurrent)
@@ -346,6 +512,9 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 			pgstat_count_heap_insert(matviewRel, processed);
 	}
 
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !oldPopulated)
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid, false);
+
 	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
 
 	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
@@ -380,6 +549,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -416,7 +587,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -426,6 +597,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -933,3 +1107,1308 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		Snapshot snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->xid = GetCurrentTransactionId();
+		entry->cid = snapshot->curcid;
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->old_rtes = NIL;
+		table->new_rtes = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Get and push the latast snapshot to see any changes which is committed
+	 * during waiting in other transactions at READ COMMITTED level.
+	 */
+	PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  entry->xid, entry->cid,
+												  pstate);
+	/* Rewrite for DISTINCT clause */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_distinct(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+			bool	use_count = false;
+			char   *count_colname = NULL;
+
+			count_colname = pstrdup("__ivm_count__");
+
+			if (query->distinctClause)
+				use_count = true;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query, use_count,
+							count_colname);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified. xid and cid are the transaction id and command id
+ * before the first table was modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+								  ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				lfirst(lc) = get_prestate_rte(r, table, xid, cid, pstate->p_queryEnv);
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+			/* if base table has RLS, set security condition to enr */
+			rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(table->table_id, list_length(query->rtable) + 1, query);
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+			table->old_rtes = lappend(table->old_rtes, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+			/* if base table has RLS, set security condition to enr*/
+			rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(table->table_id, list_length(query->rtable) + 1, query);
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+			table->new_rtes = lappend(table->new_rtes, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can use NoLock here since AcquireRewriteLocks should
+	 * have locked the rel already.
+	 */
+	rel = table_open(table->table_id, NoLock);
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(rel));
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT t.* FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE (age(t.xmin) - age(%u::text::xid) > 0) OR"
+		" (t.xmin = %u AND t.cmin::text::int < %u)",
+			relname, xid, xid, cid);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+		appendStringInfo(&str," SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* If this query has setOperations, RTEs in rtables has a subquery which contains ENR */
+	if (sub->setOperations != NULL)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc;
+
+		/* add securityQuals for tuplestores */
+		foreach (lc, sub->rtable)
+		{
+			RangeTblEntry *rte;
+			RangeTblEntry *sub_rte;
+
+			rte = (RangeTblEntry *)lfirst(lc);
+			Assert(rte->subquery != NULL);
+
+			sub_rte = (RangeTblEntry *)linitial(rte->subquery->rtable);
+			if (sub_rte->rtekind == RTE_NAMEDTUPLESTORE)
+				/* rt_index is always 1, bacause subquery has enr_rte only */
+				sub_rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(sub_rte->relid, 1, sub);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	rte->requiredPerms = 0;		/* no permission check on subquery itself */
+	rte->checkAsUser = InvalidOid;
+	rte->selectedCols = NULL;
+	rte->insertedCols = NULL;
+	rte->updatedCols = NULL;
+	rte->extraUpdatedCols = NULL;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * union_ENRs
+ *
+ * Make a single table delta by unionning all transition tables of the modified table
+ * whose RTE is specified by
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+union_ENRs(RangeTblEntry *rte, Oid relid, List *enr_rtes, const char *prefix,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int	i;
+	RangeTblEntry *enr_rte;
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(enr_rtes); i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix, relid, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	rte->requiredPerms = 0;		/* no permission check on subquery itself */
+	rte->checkAsUser = InvalidOid;
+	rte->selectedCols = NULL;
+	rte->insertedCols = NULL;
+	rte->updatedCols = NULL;
+	rte->extraUpdatedCols = NULL;
+	/* if base table has RLS, set security condition to enr*/
+	enr_rte = (RangeTblEntry *)linitial(sub->rtable);
+	/* rt_index is always 1, bacause subquery has enr_rte only */
+	enr_rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(relid, 1, sub);
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_distinct
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting DISTINCT clause.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_distinct(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(list_make1(makeString("count")), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (list_length(table->old_rtes) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		lfirst(lc) = union_ENRs(rte, table->table_id, table->old_rtes, "old", queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "");
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (list_length(table->new_rtes) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		lfirst(lc) = union_ENRs(rte, table->table_id, table->new_rtes, "new", queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "");
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query, bool use_count, char *count_colname)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, resname);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		if (use_count)
+			/* apply old delta and get rows to be recalculated */
+			apply_old_delta_with_count(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME,
+									   keys, count_colname);
+		else
+			apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		if (use_count)
+			apply_new_delta_with_count(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME,
+								keys, &target_list_buf, count_colname);
+		else
+			apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta_with_count
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is required, that is, the view
+ * has aggregate or distinct.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys, const char *count_colname)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"WITH t AS ("			/* collecting tid of target tuples in the view */
+						"SELECT diff.%s, "			/* count column */
+								"(diff.%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) mv.%s) AS for_dlt, "
+								"mv.ctid "
+						"FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						"WHERE %s"					/* tuple matching condition */
+					"), updt AS ("			/* update a tuple if this is not to be deleted */
+						"UPDATE %s AS mv SET %s = mv.%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.-) t.%s "
+						"FROM t WHERE mv.ctid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) t.ctid AND NOT for_dlt "
+					"), dlt AS ("			/* delete a tuple if this is to be deleted */
+						"DELETE FROM %s AS mv USING t "
+						"WHERE mv.ctid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) t.ctid AND for_dlt"
+					")",
+					count_colname,
+					count_colname, count_colname,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond,
+					matviewname, count_colname, count_colname, count_colname,
+					matviewname);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta_with_count
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is required, that is, the view
+ * has aggregate or distinct. Also, when a table in EXISTS sub queries
+ * is modified.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char* deltaname_new,
+				List *keys, StringInfo target_list, const char* count_colname)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	returning_keys;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	char	*match_cond = "";
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be updated */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&returning_keys);
+	if (keys)
+	{
+		foreach (lc, keys)
+		{
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+			char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+			appendStringInfo(&returning_keys, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+			if (lnext(keys, lc))
+				appendStringInfo(&returning_keys, ", ");
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		appendStringInfo(&returning_keys, "NULL");
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update if found or insert if not. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"WITH updt AS ("		/* update a tuple if this exists in the view */
+						"UPDATE %s AS mv SET %s = mv.%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.+) diff.%s "
+						"FROM %s AS diff "
+						"WHERE %s "					/* tuple matching condition */
+						"RETURNING %s"				/* returning keys of updated tuples */
+					") INSERT INTO %s (%s)"	/* insert a new tuple if this doesn't existw */
+						"SELECT %s FROM %s AS diff "
+						"WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM updt AS mv WHERE %s);",
+					matviewname, count_colname, count_colname, count_colname,
+					deltaname_new,
+					match_cond,
+					returning_keys.data,
+					matviewname, target_list->data,
+					target_list->data, deltaname_new,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\") "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * transaction abort.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM()
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+
+	hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_securityQuals
+ *
+ * Get row security policy on a relation.
+ * This is used by IVM for copying RLS from base table to enr.
+ */
+static List *
+get_securityQuals(Oid relId, int rt_index, Query *query)
+{
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+	List *securityQuals;
+	List *withCheckOptions;
+	bool  hasRowSecurity;
+	bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+	securityQuals = NIL;
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+
+	rel = table_open(relId, NoLock);
+	nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForRelation(pstate, rel, AccessShareLock, NULL, false, false);
+	rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+	get_row_security_policies(query, rte, rt_index,
+							  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+							  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+	/*
+	 * Make sure the query is marked correctly if row level security
+	 * applies, or if the new quals had sublinks.
+	 */
+	if (hasRowSecurity)
+		query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+	if (hasSubLinks)
+		query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	return securityQuals;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
index a16e749506..9aad4792e5 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
 #include "commands/comment.h"
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
 #include "commands/policy.h"
 #include "commands/sequence.h"
@@ -3437,6 +3438,14 @@ renameatt_internal(Oid myrelid,
 	targetrelation = relation_open(myrelid, AccessExclusiveLock);
 	renameatt_check(myrelid, RelationGetForm(targetrelation), recursing);
 
+	/*
+	 * Don't rename IVM columns.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(targetrelation) && isIvmName(oldattname))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("IVM column can not be renamed")));
+
 	/*
 	 * if the 'recurse' flag is set then we are supposed to rename this
 	 * attribute in all classes that inherit from 'relname' (as well as in
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
index 29020c908e..afda022a60 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
@@ -2467,6 +2467,7 @@ _copyRangeTblEntry(const RangeTblEntry *from)
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(relkind);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(rellockmode);
 	COPY_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(relisivm);
 	COPY_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(security_barrier);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(jointype);
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
index 8a1762000c..32345b7f41 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
@@ -2730,6 +2730,7 @@ _equalRangeTblEntry(const RangeTblEntry *a, const RangeTblEntry *b)
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(relkind);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(rellockmode);
 	COMPARE_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(relisivm);
 	COMPARE_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(security_barrier);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(jointype);
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c
index 48202d2232..fd87a6153a 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c
@@ -3251,6 +3251,7 @@ _outRangeTblEntry(StringInfo str, const RangeTblEntry *node)
 			WRITE_CHAR_FIELD(relkind);
 			WRITE_INT_FIELD(rellockmode);
 			WRITE_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+			WRITE_BOOL_FIELD(relisivm);
 			break;
 		case RTE_SUBQUERY:
 			WRITE_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c
index 77d082d8b4..cd85f6910a 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c
@@ -1442,6 +1442,7 @@ _readRangeTblEntry(void)
 			READ_CHAR_FIELD(relkind);
 			READ_INT_FIELD(rellockmode);
 			READ_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+			READ_BOOL_FIELD(relisivm);
 			break;
 		case RTE_SUBQUERY:
 			READ_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
diff --git a/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c b/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c
index 7465919044..5246c78ff8 100644
--- a/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c
+++ b/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 
 
 /*
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ static void expandTupleDesc(TupleDesc tupdesc, Alias *eref,
 							int count, int offset,
 							int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 							int location, bool include_dropped,
-							List **colnames, List **colvars);
+							List **colnames, List **colvars, bool is_ivm);
 static int	specialAttNum(const char *attname);
 static bool isQueryUsingTempRelation_walker(Node *node, void *context);
 
@@ -1433,6 +1434,7 @@ addRangeTableEntry(ParseState *pstate,
 	rte->relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	rte->relkind = rel->rd_rel->relkind;
 	rte->rellockmode = lockmode;
+	rte->relisivm = rel->rd_rel->relisivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Build the list of effective column names using user-supplied aliases
@@ -1521,6 +1523,7 @@ addRangeTableEntryForRelation(ParseState *pstate,
 	rte->relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	rte->relkind = rel->rd_rel->relkind;
 	rte->rellockmode = lockmode;
+	rte->relisivm = rel->rd_rel->relisivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Build the list of effective column names using user-supplied aliases
@@ -2676,7 +2679,7 @@ expandRTE(RangeTblEntry *rte, int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 						expandTupleDesc(tupdesc, rte->eref,
 										rtfunc->funccolcount, atts_done,
 										rtindex, sublevels_up, location,
-										include_dropped, colnames, colvars);
+										include_dropped, colnames, colvars, false);
 					}
 					else if (functypclass == TYPEFUNC_SCALAR)
 					{
@@ -2944,7 +2947,7 @@ expandRelation(Oid relid, Alias *eref, int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 	expandTupleDesc(rel->rd_att, eref, rel->rd_att->natts, 0,
 					rtindex, sublevels_up,
 					location, include_dropped,
-					colnames, colvars);
+					colnames, colvars, RelationIsIVM(rel));
 	relation_close(rel, AccessShareLock);
 }
 
@@ -2961,7 +2964,7 @@ static void
 expandTupleDesc(TupleDesc tupdesc, Alias *eref, int count, int offset,
 				int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 				int location, bool include_dropped,
-				List **colnames, List **colvars)
+				List **colnames, List **colvars, bool is_ivm)
 {
 	ListCell   *aliascell;
 	int			varattno;
@@ -2974,6 +2977,9 @@ expandTupleDesc(TupleDesc tupdesc, Alias *eref, int count, int offset,
 	{
 		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(tupdesc, varattno);
 
+		if (is_ivm && isIvmName(NameStr(attr->attname)) && !MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled())
+			continue;
+
 		if (attr->attisdropped)
 		{
 			if (include_dropped)
@@ -3127,6 +3133,10 @@ expandNSItemAttrs(ParseState *pstate, ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem,
 		Var		   *varnode = (Var *) lfirst(var);
 		TargetEntry *te;
 
+		/* if transform * into columnlist with IMMV, remove IVM columns */
+		if (rte->relisivm && isIvmName(label) && !MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled())
+			continue;
+
 		te = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) varnode,
 							 (AttrNumber) pstate->p_next_resno++,
 							 label,
diff --git a/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c b/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c
index 6589345ac4..02f33d404b 100644
--- a/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c
+++ b/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c
@@ -776,7 +776,8 @@ checkRuleResultList(List *targetList, TupleDesc resultDesc, bool isSelect,
 														attr->atttypmod))));
 	}
 
-	if (i != resultDesc->natts)
+	/* No check for materialized views since this could have special columns for IVM */
+	if ((!isSelect || requireColumnNameMatch) && i != resultDesc->natts)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_OBJECT_DEFINITION),
 				 isSelect ?
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index 8cd0252082..c2841ab604 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -11625,4 +11625,12 @@
   prorettype => 'bytea', proargtypes => 'pg_brin_minmax_multi_summary',
   prosrc => 'brin_minmax_multi_summary_send' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index ad5054d116..a57ce463e1 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,10 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid, bool is_create);
+
+extern Query *rewriteQueryForIMMV(Query *query, List *colNames);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 214b1c1df6..13a5722f17 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										ParamListInfo params, QueryCompletion *qc);
 
@@ -30,4 +33,9 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid oid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(void);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
diff --git a/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h b/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
index 947660a4b0..d10ce8780b 100644
--- a/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
+++ b/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
@@ -1023,6 +1023,7 @@ typedef struct RangeTblEntry
 	char		relkind;		/* relation kind (see pg_class.relkind) */
 	int			rellockmode;	/* lock level that query requires on the rel */
 	struct TableSampleClause *tablesample;	/* sampling info, or NULL */
+	bool		relisivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Fields valid for a subquery RTE (else NULL):
@@ -2180,6 +2181,7 @@ typedef struct CreateStmt
 	char	   *tablespacename; /* table space to use, or NULL */
 	char	   *accessMethod;	/* table access method */
 	bool		if_not_exists;	/* just do nothing if it already exists? */
+	bool		ivm;			/* incremental view maintenance is used by materialized view */
 } CreateStmt;
 
 /* ----------
-- 
2.17.1


--Multipart=_Mon__2_Aug_2021_15_28_34_+0900_wlHCjIpnD/FrGAKu
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v23-0008-Add-aggregates-support-in-IVM.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v23-0008-Add-aggregates-support-in-IVM.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v26 07/10] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2020-12-22 09:40 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-12-22 09:40 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance. To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and
post-state of base tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER
trigger, and pre-update states can be calculated by filtering inserted
tuples using cmin/xmin system columns, and append deleted tuples which
are contained in an old transition table.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples. Also, DISTINCT clause is supported. When IMMV is
created with DISTINCT, multiplicity of tuples is counted and stored
in  "__ivm_count__" column, which is a hidden column of IMMV.
The value in __ivm_count__ is updated when IMMV is maintained
incrementally. A tuple in IMMV can be removed if and only if the
count becomes zero.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c   |    5 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c     |  746 +++++++++++++
 src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c    |   40 +
 src/backend/commands/matview.c      | 1555 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c    |    9 +
 src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c       |    1 +
 src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c      |    1 +
 src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c        |    1 +
 src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c       |    1 +
 src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c |   18 +-
 src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c |    3 +-
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat     |    8 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h     |    6 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h      |    8 +
 src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h      |    2 +
 15 files changed, 2364 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 8964ddf3eb..5d9ab6b1f9 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2777,6 +2778,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM();
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5017,6 +5019,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 	AbortBufferIO();
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM();
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index 9abbb6b555..1fbcede7aa 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -32,24 +32,41 @@
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "access/xlog.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "optimizer/clauses.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
 #include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
+#include "parser/parse_type.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rewriteManip.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/rls.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
+#include "utils/syscache.h"
 
 typedef struct
 {
@@ -73,6 +90,13 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *qry, List **constraintList, bool is_create);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList, bool is_create);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -108,6 +132,8 @@ create_ctas_internal(List *attrList, IntoClause *into)
 	create->oncommit = into->onCommit;
 	create->tablespacename = into->tableSpaceName;
 	create->if_not_exists = false;
+	/* Using Materialized view only */
+	create->ivm = into->ivm;
 	create->accessMethod = into->accessMethod;
 
 	/*
@@ -282,6 +308,21 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+
+		/* For IMMV, we need to rewrite matview query */
+		query = rewriteQueryForIMMV(query, into->colNames);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -358,11 +399,74 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 
 		/* Restore userid and security context */
 		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		if (into->ivm)
+		{
+			Oid matviewOid = address.objectId;
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+			/*
+			 * Mark relisivm field, if it's a matview and into->ivm is true.
+			 */
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+
+			if (!into->skipData)
+			{
+				/* Create an index on incremental maintainable materialized view, if possible */
+				CreateIndexOnIMMV((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewRel, true);
+
+				/* Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view */
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewOid, true);
+			}
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+		}
 	}
 
 	return address;
 }
 
+/*
+ * rewriteQueryForIMMV -- rewrite view definition query for IMMV
+ *
+ * count(*) is added for counting distinct tuples in views.
+ */
+Query *
+rewriteQueryForIMMV(Query *query, List *colNames)
+{
+	Query *rewritten;
+
+	TargetEntry *tle;
+	Node *node;
+	ParseState *pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	FuncCall *fn;
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * Convert DISTINCT to GROUP BY and add count(*) for counting distinct
+	 * tuples in views.
+	 */
+	if (rewritten->distinctClause)
+	{
+		rewritten->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &rewritten->targetList, rewritten->sortClause, false);
+
+		fn = makeFuncCall(list_make1(makeString("count")), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+		fn->agg_star = true;
+
+		node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+		tle = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(rewritten->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+		rewritten->targetList = lappend(rewritten->targetList, tle);
+		rewritten->hasAggs = true;
+	}
+
+	return rewritten;
+}
+
 /*
  * GetIntoRelEFlags --- compute executor flags needed for CREATE TABLE AS
  *
@@ -623,3 +727,645 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid, bool is_create)
+{
+	Relids	relids = NULL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	Index	first_rtindex = is_create ? 1 : PRS2_NEW_VARNO + 1;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < first_rtindex)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, first_rtindex - 1);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > first_rtindex ||
+		rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	bms_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !bms_is_member(rte->relid, *relids))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+
+					*relids = bms_add_member(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_IMMV);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attritubes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attritubes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel, bool is_create)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * We consider null values not distinct to make sure that views with DISTINCT
+	 * or GROUP BY don't contain multiple NULL rows when NULL is inserted to
+	 * a base table concurrently.
+	 */
+	index->nulls_not_distinct = true;
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNode = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilenodeSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	if (query->distinctClause)
+	{
+		/* create unique constraint on all columns */
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+			IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+			iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+			iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+			iparam->expr = NULL;
+			iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+			iparam->collation = NIL;
+			iparam->opclass = NIL;
+			iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+			iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+			iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+			index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+		/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+		key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList, is_create);
+		if (key_attnos)
+		{
+			foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+				Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+				if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+				{
+					IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+					iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+					iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+					iparam->expr = NULL;
+					iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+					iparam->collation = NIL;
+					iparam->opclass = NIL;
+					iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+					iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+					iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+					index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+			ereport(NOTICE,
+					(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+							RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns, "
+							   "or this view does not contain DISTINCT clause."),
+					 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables's
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList, bool is_create)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+	PlannerInfo root;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_pkey = true;
+		Index	first_rtindex = is_create ? 1 : PRS2_NEW_VARNO + 1;
+
+		/* skip NEW/OLD entries */
+		if (i >= first_rtindex)
+		{
+			/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+			if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+			{
+				Oid constraintOid;
+				key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+				*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+				has_pkey = (key_attnos != NULL);
+			}
+			/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+			else
+				key_attnos = NULL;
+		}
+		else
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (!has_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				bms_del_member(attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = pull_varnos_of_level(&root, (Node *)query->jointree, 0);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c b/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
index cd30f15eba..a94b8ffd7d 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "commands/dbcommands.h"
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/progress.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
@@ -1055,6 +1056,45 @@ DefineIndex(Oid relationId,
 	safe_index = indexInfo->ii_Expressions == NIL &&
 		indexInfo->ii_Predicate == NIL;
 
+	/*
+	 * We disallow unique indexes on IVM columns of IMMVs.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(rel) && stmt->unique)
+	{
+		for (i = 0; i < indexInfo->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs; i++)
+		{
+			AttrNumber	attno = indexInfo->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i];
+			if (attno > 0)
+			{
+				char *name = NameStr(TupleDescAttr(rel->rd_att, attno - 1)->attname);
+				if (name && isIvmName(name))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("unique index creation on IVM columns is not supported")));
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (indexInfo->ii_Expressions)
+		{
+			Bitmapset  *indexattrs = NULL;
+			int			varno = -1;
+
+			pull_varattnos((Node *) indexInfo->ii_Expressions, 1, &indexattrs);
+
+			while ((varno = bms_next_member(indexattrs, varno)) >= 0)
+			{
+				int attno = varno + FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber;
+				char *name = NameStr(TupleDescAttr(rel->rd_att, attno - 1)->attname);
+				if (name && isIvmName(name))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("unique index creation on IVM columns is not supported")));
+			}
+
+		}
+	}
+
+
 	/*
 	 * Report index creation if appropriate (delay this till after most of the
 	 * error checks)
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index 05e7b60059..29cf18360e 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -25,26 +25,47 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_collation.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_operator.h"
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_coerce.h"
+#include "parser/parse_collate.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
 #include "parser/parse_relation.h"
+#include "parser/parse_type.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rewriteManip.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 
 typedef struct
@@ -58,6 +79,50 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	TransactionId	xid;	/* Transaction id before the first table is modified*/
+	CommandId		cid;	/* Command id before the first table is modified */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+	List   *old_rtes;			/* RTEs of ENRs for old_tuplestores*/
+	List   *new_rtes;			/* RTEs of ENRs for new_tuplestores */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -65,7 +130,9 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
-									   const char *queryString);
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
+						 const char *queryString);
 static char *make_temptable_name_n(char *tempname, int n);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -73,6 +140,45 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+								  ParseState *pstate);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static RangeTblEntry *union_ENRs(RangeTblEntry *rte, Oid relid, List *enr_rtes, const char *prefix,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_distinct(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query, bool use_count, char *count_colname);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_old_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys, const char *count_colname);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static void apply_new_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char* deltaname_new,
+				List *keys, StringInfo target_list, const char* count_colname);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry);
+
+static List *get_securityQuals(Oid relId, int rt_index, Query *query);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -114,6 +220,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -140,9 +286,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 {
 	Oid			matviewOid;
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
+	Query	   *viewQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
 	Oid			OIDNewHeap;
@@ -155,6 +300,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	/* Determine strength of lock needed. */
 	concurrent = stmt->concurrent;
@@ -167,6 +313,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										  lockmode, 0,
 										  RangeVarCallbackOwnsTable, NULL);
 	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
 
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
@@ -188,32 +335,14 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 				 errmsg("%s and %s options cannot be used together",
 						"CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	viewQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	/* For IMMV, we need to rewrite matview query */
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel))
+		dataQuery = rewriteQueryForIMMV(viewQuery,NIL);
+	else
+		dataQuery = viewQuery;
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -248,12 +377,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -294,6 +417,52 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete immv triggers */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && stmt->skipData )
+	{
+		/* use deleted trigger */
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		/*
+		 * We save some cycles by opening pg_depend just once and passing the
+		 * Relation pointer down to all the recursive deletion steps.
+		 */
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->deptype == DEPENDENCY_IMMV)
+			{
+				obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+				obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+				obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+				add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -313,7 +482,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 
 	/* Generate the data, if wanted. */
 	if (!stmt->skipData)
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString);
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL, queryString);
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
 	if (concurrent)
@@ -348,6 +517,12 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 			pgstat_count_heap_insert(matviewRel, processed);
 	}
 
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(viewQuery, matviewRel, false);
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(viewQuery, matviewOid, false);
+	}
+
 	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
 
 	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
@@ -382,6 +557,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -418,7 +595,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -428,6 +605,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -942,3 +1122,1308 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		Snapshot snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->xid = GetCurrentTransactionId();
+		entry->cid = snapshot->curcid;
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->old_rtes = NIL;
+		table->new_rtes = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Get and push the latast snapshot to see any changes which is committed
+	 * during waiting in other transactions at READ COMMITTED level.
+	 */
+	PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  entry->xid, entry->cid,
+												  pstate);
+	/* Rewrite for DISTINCT clause */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_distinct(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+			bool	use_count = false;
+			char   *count_colname = NULL;
+
+			count_colname = pstrdup("__ivm_count__");
+
+			if (query->distinctClause)
+				use_count = true;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query, use_count,
+							count_colname);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified. xid and cid are the transaction id and command id
+ * before the first table was modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+								  ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				lfirst(lc) = get_prestate_rte(r, table, xid, cid, pstate->p_queryEnv);
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+			/* if base table has RLS, set security condition to enr */
+			rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(table->table_id, list_length(query->rtable) + 1, query);
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+			table->old_rtes = lappend(table->old_rtes, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+			/* if base table has RLS, set security condition to enr*/
+			rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(table->table_id, list_length(query->rtable) + 1, query);
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+			table->new_rtes = lappend(table->new_rtes, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can use NoLock here since AcquireRewriteLocks should
+	 * have locked the rel already.
+	 */
+	rel = table_open(table->table_id, NoLock);
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(rel));
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT t.* FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE (age(t.xmin) - age(%u::text::xid) > 0) OR"
+		" (t.xmin = %u AND t.cmin::text::int < %u)",
+			relname, xid, xid, cid);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+		appendStringInfo(&str," SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* If this query has setOperations, RTEs in rtables has a subquery which contains ENR */
+	if (sub->setOperations != NULL)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc;
+
+		/* add securityQuals for tuplestores */
+		foreach (lc, sub->rtable)
+		{
+			RangeTblEntry *rte;
+			RangeTblEntry *sub_rte;
+
+			rte = (RangeTblEntry *)lfirst(lc);
+			Assert(rte->subquery != NULL);
+
+			sub_rte = (RangeTblEntry *)linitial(rte->subquery->rtable);
+			if (sub_rte->rtekind == RTE_NAMEDTUPLESTORE)
+				/* rt_index is always 1, bacause subquery has enr_rte only */
+				sub_rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(sub_rte->relid, 1, sub);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	rte->requiredPerms = 0;		/* no permission check on subquery itself */
+	rte->checkAsUser = InvalidOid;
+	rte->selectedCols = NULL;
+	rte->insertedCols = NULL;
+	rte->updatedCols = NULL;
+	rte->extraUpdatedCols = NULL;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * union_ENRs
+ *
+ * Make a single table delta by unionning all transition tables of the modified table
+ * whose RTE is specified by
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+union_ENRs(RangeTblEntry *rte, Oid relid, List *enr_rtes, const char *prefix,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int	i;
+	RangeTblEntry *enr_rte;
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(enr_rtes); i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix, relid, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	rte->requiredPerms = 0;		/* no permission check on subquery itself */
+	rte->checkAsUser = InvalidOid;
+	rte->selectedCols = NULL;
+	rte->insertedCols = NULL;
+	rte->updatedCols = NULL;
+	rte->extraUpdatedCols = NULL;
+	/* if base table has RLS, set security condition to enr*/
+	enr_rte = (RangeTblEntry *)linitial(sub->rtable);
+	/* rt_index is always 1, bacause subquery has enr_rte only */
+	enr_rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(relid, 1, sub);
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_distinct
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting DISTINCT clause.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_distinct(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(list_make1(makeString("count")), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (list_length(table->old_rtes) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		lfirst(lc) = union_ENRs(rte, table->table_id, table->old_rtes, "old", queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "");
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (list_length(table->new_rtes) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		lfirst(lc) = union_ENRs(rte, table->table_id, table->new_rtes, "new", queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "");
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query, bool use_count, char *count_colname)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, resname);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		if (use_count)
+			/* apply old delta and get rows to be recalculated */
+			apply_old_delta_with_count(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME,
+									   keys, count_colname);
+		else
+			apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		if (use_count)
+			apply_new_delta_with_count(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME,
+								keys, &target_list_buf, count_colname);
+		else
+			apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta_with_count
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is required, that is, the view
+ * has aggregate or distinct.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys, const char *count_colname)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"WITH t AS ("			/* collecting tid of target tuples in the view */
+						"SELECT diff.%s, "			/* count column */
+								"(diff.%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) mv.%s) AS for_dlt, "
+								"mv.ctid "
+						"FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						"WHERE %s"					/* tuple matching condition */
+					"), updt AS ("			/* update a tuple if this is not to be deleted */
+						"UPDATE %s AS mv SET %s = mv.%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.-) t.%s "
+						"FROM t WHERE mv.ctid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) t.ctid AND NOT for_dlt "
+					"), dlt AS ("			/* delete a tuple if this is to be deleted */
+						"DELETE FROM %s AS mv USING t "
+						"WHERE mv.ctid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) t.ctid AND for_dlt"
+					")",
+					count_colname,
+					count_colname, count_colname,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond,
+					matviewname, count_colname, count_colname, count_colname,
+					matviewname);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta_with_count
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is required, that is, the view
+ * has aggregate or distinct. Also, when a table in EXISTS sub queries
+ * is modified.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char* deltaname_new,
+				List *keys, StringInfo target_list, const char* count_colname)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	returning_keys;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	char	*match_cond = "";
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be updated */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&returning_keys);
+	if (keys)
+	{
+		foreach (lc, keys)
+		{
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+			char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+			appendStringInfo(&returning_keys, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+			if (lnext(keys, lc))
+				appendStringInfo(&returning_keys, ", ");
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		appendStringInfo(&returning_keys, "NULL");
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update if found or insert if not. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"WITH updt AS ("		/* update a tuple if this exists in the view */
+						"UPDATE %s AS mv SET %s = mv.%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.+) diff.%s "
+						"FROM %s AS diff "
+						"WHERE %s "					/* tuple matching condition */
+						"RETURNING %s"				/* returning keys of updated tuples */
+					") INSERT INTO %s (%s)"	/* insert a new tuple if this doesn't existw */
+						"SELECT %s FROM %s AS diff "
+						"WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM updt AS mv WHERE %s);",
+					matviewname, count_colname, count_colname, count_colname,
+					deltaname_new,
+					match_cond,
+					returning_keys.data,
+					matviewname, target_list->data,
+					target_list->data, deltaname_new,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\") "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * transaction abort.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM()
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+
+	hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_securityQuals
+ *
+ * Get row security policy on a relation.
+ * This is used by IVM for copying RLS from base table to enr.
+ */
+static List *
+get_securityQuals(Oid relId, int rt_index, Query *query)
+{
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+	List *securityQuals;
+	List *withCheckOptions;
+	bool  hasRowSecurity;
+	bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+	securityQuals = NIL;
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+
+	rel = table_open(relId, NoLock);
+	nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForRelation(pstate, rel, AccessShareLock, NULL, false, false);
+	rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+	get_row_security_policies(query, rte, rt_index,
+							  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+							  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+	/*
+	 * Make sure the query is marked correctly if row level security
+	 * applies, or if the new quals had sublinks.
+	 */
+	if (hasRowSecurity)
+		query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+	if (hasSubLinks)
+		query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	return securityQuals;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
index dc5872f988..571f5c4cb9 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
 #include "commands/comment.h"
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
 #include "commands/policy.h"
 #include "commands/sequence.h"
@@ -3415,6 +3416,14 @@ renameatt_internal(Oid myrelid,
 	targetrelation = relation_open(myrelid, AccessExclusiveLock);
 	renameatt_check(myrelid, RelationGetForm(targetrelation), recursing);
 
+	/*
+	 * Don't rename IVM columns.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(targetrelation) && isIvmName(oldattname))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("IVM column can not be renamed")));
+
 	/*
 	 * if the 'recurse' flag is set then we are supposed to rename this
 	 * attribute in all classes that inherit from 'relname' (as well as in
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
index eb28657791..504ae3546e 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
@@ -2464,6 +2464,7 @@ _copyRangeTblEntry(const RangeTblEntry *from)
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(relkind);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(rellockmode);
 	COPY_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(relisivm);
 	COPY_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(security_barrier);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(jointype);
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
index 521a87a8ea..56431f5aee 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
@@ -2776,6 +2776,7 @@ _equalRangeTblEntry(const RangeTblEntry *a, const RangeTblEntry *b)
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(relkind);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(rellockmode);
 	COMPARE_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(relisivm);
 	COMPARE_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(security_barrier);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(jointype);
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c
index 801c41b978..8cc0b93213 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c
@@ -3259,6 +3259,7 @@ _outRangeTblEntry(StringInfo str, const RangeTblEntry *node)
 			WRITE_CHAR_FIELD(relkind);
 			WRITE_INT_FIELD(rellockmode);
 			WRITE_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+			WRITE_BOOL_FIELD(relisivm);
 			break;
 		case RTE_SUBQUERY:
 			WRITE_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c
index cc6dcb7220..37dff1ec27 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c
@@ -1441,6 +1441,7 @@ _readRangeTblEntry(void)
 			READ_CHAR_FIELD(relkind);
 			READ_INT_FIELD(rellockmode);
 			READ_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+			READ_BOOL_FIELD(relisivm);
 			break;
 		case RTE_SUBQUERY:
 			READ_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
diff --git a/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c b/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c
index cb9e177b5e..dcfd1f3fc0 100644
--- a/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c
+++ b/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 
 
 /*
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ static void expandTupleDesc(TupleDesc tupdesc, Alias *eref,
 							int count, int offset,
 							int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 							int location, bool include_dropped,
-							List **colnames, List **colvars);
+							List **colnames, List **colvars, bool is_ivm);
 static int	specialAttNum(const char *attname);
 static bool isQueryUsingTempRelation_walker(Node *node, void *context);
 
@@ -1433,6 +1434,7 @@ addRangeTableEntry(ParseState *pstate,
 	rte->relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	rte->relkind = rel->rd_rel->relkind;
 	rte->rellockmode = lockmode;
+	rte->relisivm = rel->rd_rel->relisivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Build the list of effective column names using user-supplied aliases
@@ -1521,6 +1523,7 @@ addRangeTableEntryForRelation(ParseState *pstate,
 	rte->relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	rte->relkind = rel->rd_rel->relkind;
 	rte->rellockmode = lockmode;
+	rte->relisivm = rel->rd_rel->relisivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Build the list of effective column names using user-supplied aliases
@@ -2676,7 +2679,7 @@ expandRTE(RangeTblEntry *rte, int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 						expandTupleDesc(tupdesc, rte->eref,
 										rtfunc->funccolcount, atts_done,
 										rtindex, sublevels_up, location,
-										include_dropped, colnames, colvars);
+										include_dropped, colnames, colvars, false);
 					}
 					else if (functypclass == TYPEFUNC_SCALAR)
 					{
@@ -2944,7 +2947,7 @@ expandRelation(Oid relid, Alias *eref, int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 	expandTupleDesc(rel->rd_att, eref, rel->rd_att->natts, 0,
 					rtindex, sublevels_up,
 					location, include_dropped,
-					colnames, colvars);
+					colnames, colvars, RelationIsIVM(rel));
 	relation_close(rel, AccessShareLock);
 }
 
@@ -2961,7 +2964,7 @@ static void
 expandTupleDesc(TupleDesc tupdesc, Alias *eref, int count, int offset,
 				int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 				int location, bool include_dropped,
-				List **colnames, List **colvars)
+				List **colnames, List **colvars, bool is_ivm)
 {
 	ListCell   *aliascell;
 	int			varattno;
@@ -2974,6 +2977,9 @@ expandTupleDesc(TupleDesc tupdesc, Alias *eref, int count, int offset,
 	{
 		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(tupdesc, varattno);
 
+		if (is_ivm && isIvmName(NameStr(attr->attname)) && !MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled())
+			continue;
+
 		if (attr->attisdropped)
 		{
 			if (include_dropped)
@@ -3127,6 +3133,10 @@ expandNSItemAttrs(ParseState *pstate, ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem,
 		Var		   *varnode = (Var *) lfirst(var);
 		TargetEntry *te;
 
+		/* if transform * into columnlist with IMMV, remove IVM columns */
+		if (rte->relisivm && isIvmName(label) && !MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled())
+			continue;
+
 		te = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) varnode,
 							 (AttrNumber) pstate->p_next_resno++,
 							 label,
diff --git a/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c b/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c
index 185bf5fbff..d8a8b66196 100644
--- a/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c
+++ b/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c
@@ -776,7 +776,8 @@ checkRuleResultList(List *targetList, TupleDesc resultDesc, bool isSelect,
 														attr->atttypmod))));
 	}
 
-	if (i != resultDesc->natts)
+	/* No check for materialized views since this could have special columns for IVM */
+	if ((!isSelect || requireColumnNameMatch) && i != resultDesc->natts)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_OBJECT_DEFINITION),
 				 isSelect ?
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index d8e8715ed1..2929a6872e 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -11747,4 +11747,12 @@
   prorettype => 'bytea', proargtypes => 'pg_brin_minmax_multi_summary',
   prosrc => 'brin_minmax_multi_summary_send' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index 54a38491fb..c369b3ba5e 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,11 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid, bool is_create);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel, bool is_create);
+
+extern Query *rewriteQueryForIMMV(Query *query, List *colNames);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index a067da39d2..ec479db513 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										ParamListInfo params, QueryCompletion *qc);
 
@@ -30,4 +33,9 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid oid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(void);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
diff --git a/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h b/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
index 1617702d9d..3aa2d9f61c 100644
--- a/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
+++ b/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
@@ -1036,6 +1036,7 @@ typedef struct RangeTblEntry
 	char		relkind;		/* relation kind (see pg_class.relkind) */
 	int			rellockmode;	/* lock level that query requires on the rel */
 	struct TableSampleClause *tablesample;	/* sampling info, or NULL */
+	bool		relisivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Fields valid for a subquery RTE (else NULL):
@@ -2195,6 +2196,7 @@ typedef struct CreateStmt
 	char	   *tablespacename; /* table space to use, or NULL */
 	char	   *accessMethod;	/* table access method */
 	bool		if_not_exists;	/* just do nothing if it already exists? */
+	bool		ivm;			/* incremental view maintenance is used by materialized view */
 } CreateStmt;
 
 /* ----------
-- 
2.17.1


--Multipart=_Mon__14_Mar_2022_19_12_17_+0900_E9HVp8j5QFkIIek.
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v26-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v26-0006-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v24 07/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2020-12-22 09:40 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-12-22 09:40 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance. To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and
post-state of base tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER
trigger, and pre-update states can be calculated by filtering inserted
tuples using cmin/xmin system columns, and append deleted tuples which
are contained in an old transition table.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples. Also, DISTINCT clause is supported. When IMMV is
created with DISTINCT, multiplicity of tuples is counted and stored
in  "__ivm_count__" column, which is a hidden column of IMMV.
The value in __ivm_count__ is updated when IMMV is maintained
incrementally. A tuple in IMMV can be removed if and only if the
count becomes zero.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c   |    5 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c     |  713 ++++++++++++
 src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c    |   40 +
 src/backend/commands/matview.c      | 1549 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c    |    9 +
 src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c       |    1 +
 src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c      |    1 +
 src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c        |    1 +
 src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c       |    1 +
 src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c |   18 +-
 src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c |    3 +-
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat     |    8 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h     |    5 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h      |    8 +
 src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h      |    2 +
 15 files changed, 2324 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index ca6f6d57d3..b67bdc240a 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
@@ -2725,6 +2726,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM();
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -4969,6 +4971,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 	AbortBufferIO();
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM();
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index 0982851715..91888891bf 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -32,24 +32,41 @@
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "access/xlog.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "optimizer/clauses.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
 #include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
+#include "parser/parse_type.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rewriteManip.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/rls.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
+#include "utils/syscache.h"
 
 typedef struct
 {
@@ -73,6 +90,13 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *qry, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -108,6 +132,8 @@ create_ctas_internal(List *attrList, IntoClause *into)
 	create->oncommit = into->onCommit;
 	create->tablespacename = into->tableSpaceName;
 	create->if_not_exists = false;
+	/* Using Materialized view only */
+	create->ivm = into->ivm;
 	create->accessMethod = into->accessMethod;
 
 	/*
@@ -238,6 +264,7 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 	List	   *rewritten;
 	PlannedStmt *plan;
 	QueryDesc  *queryDesc;
+	Query	   *query_immv = NULL;
 
 	/* Check if the relation exists or not */
 	if (CreateTableAsRelExists(stmt))
@@ -282,6 +309,22 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+
+		/* For IMMV, we need to rewrite matview query */
+		query = rewriteQueryForIMMV(query, into->colNames);
+		query_immv = copyObject(query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -358,11 +401,75 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 
 		/* Restore userid and security context */
 		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		if (into->ivm)
+		{
+			Oid matviewOid = address.objectId;
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+			/*
+			 * Mark relisivm field, if it's a matview and into->ivm is true.
+			 */
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+
+			/* Create an index on incremental maintainable materialized view, if possible */
+			CreateIndexOnIMMV((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewRel);
+
+			/* Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view */
+			if (!into->skipData)
+			{
+				Assert(query_immv != NULL);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(query_immv, matviewOid, true);
+			}
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+		}
 	}
 
 	return address;
 }
 
+/*
+ * rewriteQueryForIMMV -- rewrite view definition query for IMMV
+ *
+ * count(*) is added for counting distinct tuples in views.
+ */
+Query *
+rewriteQueryForIMMV(Query *query, List *colNames)
+{
+	Query *rewritten;
+
+	TargetEntry *tle;
+	Node *node;
+	ParseState *pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	FuncCall *fn;
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * Convert DISTINCT to GROUP BY and add count(*) for counting distinct
+	 * tuples in views.
+	 */
+	if (rewritten->distinctClause)
+	{
+		rewritten->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &rewritten->targetList, rewritten->sortClause, false);
+
+		fn = makeFuncCall(list_make1(makeString("count")), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+		fn->agg_star = true;
+
+		node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+		tle = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(rewritten->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+		rewritten->targetList = lappend(rewritten->targetList, tle);
+		rewritten->hasAggs = true;
+	}
+
+	return rewritten;
+}
+
 /*
  * GetIntoRelEFlags --- compute executor flags needed for CREATE TABLE AS
  *
@@ -623,3 +730,609 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid, bool is_create)
+{
+	Relids	relids = NULL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	Index	first_rtindex = is_create ? 1 : PRS2_NEW_VARNO + 1;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < first_rtindex)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, first_rtindex - 1);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > first_rtindex ||
+		rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	bms_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !bms_is_member(rte->relid, *relids))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+
+					*relids = bms_add_member(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_IMMV);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attritubes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attritubes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+static void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	Query *qry = (Query *) copyObject(query);
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNode = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilenodeSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	if (qry->distinctClause)
+	{
+		/* create unique constraint on all columns */
+		foreach(lc, qry->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+			IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+			iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+			iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+			iparam->expr = NULL;
+			iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+			iparam->collation = NIL;
+			iparam->opclass = NIL;
+			iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+			iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+			iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+			index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+		/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+		key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(qry, &constraintList);
+		if (key_attnos)
+		{
+			foreach(lc, qry->targetList)
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+				Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+				if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+				{
+					IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+					iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+					iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+					iparam->expr = NULL;
+					iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+					iparam->collation = NIL;
+					iparam->opclass = NIL;
+					iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+					iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+					iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+					index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+				}
+			}
+
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+			ereport(NOTICE,
+					(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+							RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns, "
+							   "or this view does not contain DISTINCT clause."),
+					 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables's
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+	PlannerInfo root;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_pkey = true;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_pkey = (key_attnos != NULL);
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (!has_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				bms_del_member(attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = pull_varnos_of_level(&root, (Node *)query->jointree, 0);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c b/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
index c14ca27c5e..5581c21298 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "commands/dbcommands.h"
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/progress.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
@@ -1054,6 +1055,45 @@ DefineIndex(Oid relationId,
 	safe_index = indexInfo->ii_Expressions == NIL &&
 		indexInfo->ii_Predicate == NIL;
 
+	/*
+	 * We disallow unique indexes on IVM columns of IMMVs.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(rel) && stmt->unique)
+	{
+		for (i = 0; i < indexInfo->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs; i++)
+		{
+			AttrNumber	attno = indexInfo->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i];
+			if (attno > 0)
+			{
+				char *name = NameStr(TupleDescAttr(rel->rd_att, attno - 1)->attname);
+				if (name && isIvmName(name))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("unique index creation on IVM columns is not supported")));
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (indexInfo->ii_Expressions)
+		{
+			Bitmapset  *indexattrs = NULL;
+			int			varno = -1;
+
+			pull_varattnos((Node *) indexInfo->ii_Expressions, 1, &indexattrs);
+
+			while ((varno = bms_next_member(indexattrs, varno)) >= 0)
+			{
+				int attno = varno + FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber;
+				char *name = NameStr(TupleDescAttr(rel->rd_att, attno - 1)->attname);
+				if (name && isIvmName(name))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("unique index creation on IVM columns is not supported")));
+			}
+
+		}
+	}
+
+
 	/*
 	 * Report index creation if appropriate (delay this till after most of the
 	 * error checks)
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index fbbf769a87..a27d23434d 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -25,26 +25,47 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_collation.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_operator.h"
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_coerce.h"
+#include "parser/parse_collate.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
 #include "parser/parse_relation.h"
+#include "parser/parse_type.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rewriteManip.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 
 typedef struct
@@ -58,6 +79,50 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	TransactionId	xid;	/* Transaction id before the first table is modified*/
+	CommandId		cid;	/* Command id before the first table is modified */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+	List   *old_rtes;			/* RTEs of ENRs for old_tuplestores*/
+	List   *new_rtes;			/* RTEs of ENRs for new_tuplestores */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -65,7 +130,9 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
-									   const char *queryString);
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
+						 const char *queryString);
 static char *make_temptable_name_n(char *tempname, int n);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -73,6 +140,45 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+								  ParseState *pstate);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static RangeTblEntry *union_ENRs(RangeTblEntry *rte, Oid relid, List *enr_rtes, const char *prefix,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_distinct(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query, bool use_count, char *count_colname);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_old_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys, const char *count_colname);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static void apply_new_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char* deltaname_new,
+				List *keys, StringInfo target_list, const char* count_colname);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry);
+
+static List *get_securityQuals(Oid relId, int rt_index, Query *query);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -114,6 +220,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -140,8 +286,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 {
 	Oid			matviewOid;
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -155,6 +299,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	/* Determine strength of lock needed. */
 	concurrent = stmt->concurrent;
@@ -167,6 +312,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										  lockmode, 0,
 										  RangeVarCallbackOwnsTable, NULL);
 	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
 
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
@@ -188,32 +334,12 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 				 errmsg("%s and %s options cannot be used together",
 						"CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	/* For IMMV, we need to rewrite matview query */
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel))
+		dataQuery = rewriteQueryForIMMV(dataQuery,NIL);
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -248,12 +374,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -294,6 +414,52 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete immv triggers */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && stmt->skipData )
+	{
+		/* use deleted trigger */
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		/*
+		 * We save some cycles by opening pg_depend just once and passing the
+		 * Relation pointer down to all the recursive deletion steps.
+		 */
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->deptype == DEPENDENCY_IMMV)
+			{
+				obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+				obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+				obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+				add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -313,7 +479,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 
 	/* Generate the data, if wanted. */
 	if (!stmt->skipData)
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString);
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL, queryString);
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
 	if (concurrent)
@@ -348,6 +514,9 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 			pgstat_count_heap_insert(matviewRel, processed);
 	}
 
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !oldPopulated)
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid, false);
+
 	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
 
 	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
@@ -382,6 +551,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -418,7 +589,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -428,6 +599,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -942,3 +1116,1308 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		Snapshot snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->xid = GetCurrentTransactionId();
+		entry->cid = snapshot->curcid;
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->old_rtes = NIL;
+		table->new_rtes = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Get and push the latast snapshot to see any changes which is committed
+	 * during waiting in other transactions at READ COMMITTED level.
+	 */
+	PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  entry->xid, entry->cid,
+												  pstate);
+	/* Rewrite for DISTINCT clause */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_distinct(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+			bool	use_count = false;
+			char   *count_colname = NULL;
+
+			count_colname = pstrdup("__ivm_count__");
+
+			if (query->distinctClause)
+				use_count = true;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query, use_count,
+							count_colname);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified. xid and cid are the transaction id and command id
+ * before the first table was modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+								  ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				lfirst(lc) = get_prestate_rte(r, table, xid, cid, pstate->p_queryEnv);
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+			/* if base table has RLS, set security condition to enr */
+			rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(table->table_id, list_length(query->rtable) + 1, query);
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+			table->old_rtes = lappend(table->old_rtes, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+			/* if base table has RLS, set security condition to enr*/
+			rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(table->table_id, list_length(query->rtable) + 1, query);
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+			table->new_rtes = lappend(table->new_rtes, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can use NoLock here since AcquireRewriteLocks should
+	 * have locked the rel already.
+	 */
+	rel = table_open(table->table_id, NoLock);
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(rel));
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT t.* FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE (age(t.xmin) - age(%u::text::xid) > 0) OR"
+		" (t.xmin = %u AND t.cmin::text::int < %u)",
+			relname, xid, xid, cid);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+		appendStringInfo(&str," SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* If this query has setOperations, RTEs in rtables has a subquery which contains ENR */
+	if (sub->setOperations != NULL)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc;
+
+		/* add securityQuals for tuplestores */
+		foreach (lc, sub->rtable)
+		{
+			RangeTblEntry *rte;
+			RangeTblEntry *sub_rte;
+
+			rte = (RangeTblEntry *)lfirst(lc);
+			Assert(rte->subquery != NULL);
+
+			sub_rte = (RangeTblEntry *)linitial(rte->subquery->rtable);
+			if (sub_rte->rtekind == RTE_NAMEDTUPLESTORE)
+				/* rt_index is always 1, bacause subquery has enr_rte only */
+				sub_rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(sub_rte->relid, 1, sub);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	rte->requiredPerms = 0;		/* no permission check on subquery itself */
+	rte->checkAsUser = InvalidOid;
+	rte->selectedCols = NULL;
+	rte->insertedCols = NULL;
+	rte->updatedCols = NULL;
+	rte->extraUpdatedCols = NULL;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * union_ENRs
+ *
+ * Make a single table delta by unionning all transition tables of the modified table
+ * whose RTE is specified by
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+union_ENRs(RangeTblEntry *rte, Oid relid, List *enr_rtes, const char *prefix,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int	i;
+	RangeTblEntry *enr_rte;
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(enr_rtes); i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix, relid, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	rte->requiredPerms = 0;		/* no permission check on subquery itself */
+	rte->checkAsUser = InvalidOid;
+	rte->selectedCols = NULL;
+	rte->insertedCols = NULL;
+	rte->updatedCols = NULL;
+	rte->extraUpdatedCols = NULL;
+	/* if base table has RLS, set security condition to enr*/
+	enr_rte = (RangeTblEntry *)linitial(sub->rtable);
+	/* rt_index is always 1, bacause subquery has enr_rte only */
+	enr_rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(relid, 1, sub);
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_distinct
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting DISTINCT clause.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_distinct(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(list_make1(makeString("count")), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (list_length(table->old_rtes) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		lfirst(lc) = union_ENRs(rte, table->table_id, table->old_rtes, "old", queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "");
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (list_length(table->new_rtes) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		lfirst(lc) = union_ENRs(rte, table->table_id, table->new_rtes, "new", queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "");
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query, bool use_count, char *count_colname)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, resname);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		if (use_count)
+			/* apply old delta and get rows to be recalculated */
+			apply_old_delta_with_count(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME,
+									   keys, count_colname);
+		else
+			apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		if (use_count)
+			apply_new_delta_with_count(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME,
+								keys, &target_list_buf, count_colname);
+		else
+			apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta_with_count
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is required, that is, the view
+ * has aggregate or distinct.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys, const char *count_colname)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"WITH t AS ("			/* collecting tid of target tuples in the view */
+						"SELECT diff.%s, "			/* count column */
+								"(diff.%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) mv.%s) AS for_dlt, "
+								"mv.ctid "
+						"FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						"WHERE %s"					/* tuple matching condition */
+					"), updt AS ("			/* update a tuple if this is not to be deleted */
+						"UPDATE %s AS mv SET %s = mv.%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.-) t.%s "
+						"FROM t WHERE mv.ctid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) t.ctid AND NOT for_dlt "
+					"), dlt AS ("			/* delete a tuple if this is to be deleted */
+						"DELETE FROM %s AS mv USING t "
+						"WHERE mv.ctid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) t.ctid AND for_dlt"
+					")",
+					count_colname,
+					count_colname, count_colname,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond,
+					matviewname, count_colname, count_colname, count_colname,
+					matviewname);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta_with_count
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is required, that is, the view
+ * has aggregate or distinct. Also, when a table in EXISTS sub queries
+ * is modified.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char* deltaname_new,
+				List *keys, StringInfo target_list, const char* count_colname)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	returning_keys;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	char	*match_cond = "";
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be updated */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&returning_keys);
+	if (keys)
+	{
+		foreach (lc, keys)
+		{
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+			char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+			appendStringInfo(&returning_keys, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+			if (lnext(keys, lc))
+				appendStringInfo(&returning_keys, ", ");
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		appendStringInfo(&returning_keys, "NULL");
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update if found or insert if not. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"WITH updt AS ("		/* update a tuple if this exists in the view */
+						"UPDATE %s AS mv SET %s = mv.%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.+) diff.%s "
+						"FROM %s AS diff "
+						"WHERE %s "					/* tuple matching condition */
+						"RETURNING %s"				/* returning keys of updated tuples */
+					") INSERT INTO %s (%s)"	/* insert a new tuple if this doesn't existw */
+						"SELECT %s FROM %s AS diff "
+						"WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM updt AS mv WHERE %s);",
+					matviewname, count_colname, count_colname, count_colname,
+					deltaname_new,
+					match_cond,
+					returning_keys.data,
+					matviewname, target_list->data,
+					target_list->data, deltaname_new,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\") "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * transaction abort.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM()
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+
+	hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_securityQuals
+ *
+ * Get row security policy on a relation.
+ * This is used by IVM for copying RLS from base table to enr.
+ */
+static List *
+get_securityQuals(Oid relId, int rt_index, Query *query)
+{
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+	List *securityQuals;
+	List *withCheckOptions;
+	bool  hasRowSecurity;
+	bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+	securityQuals = NIL;
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+
+	rel = table_open(relId, NoLock);
+	nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForRelation(pstate, rel, AccessShareLock, NULL, false, false);
+	rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+	get_row_security_policies(query, rte, rt_index,
+							  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+							  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+	/*
+	 * Make sure the query is marked correctly if row level security
+	 * applies, or if the new quals had sublinks.
+	 */
+	if (hasRowSecurity)
+		query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+	if (hasSubLinks)
+		query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	return securityQuals;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
index 857cc5ce6e..a5652f93ed 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
 #include "commands/comment.h"
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
 #include "commands/policy.h"
 #include "commands/sequence.h"
@@ -3394,6 +3395,14 @@ renameatt_internal(Oid myrelid,
 	targetrelation = relation_open(myrelid, AccessExclusiveLock);
 	renameatt_check(myrelid, RelationGetForm(targetrelation), recursing);
 
+	/*
+	 * Don't rename IVM columns.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(targetrelation) && isIvmName(oldattname))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("IVM column can not be renamed")));
+
 	/*
 	 * if the 'recurse' flag is set then we are supposed to rename this
 	 * attribute in all classes that inherit from 'relname' (as well as in
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
index 5769a10586..51bd4ffce5 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
@@ -2460,6 +2460,7 @@ _copyRangeTblEntry(const RangeTblEntry *from)
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(relkind);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(rellockmode);
 	COPY_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(relisivm);
 	COPY_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(security_barrier);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(jointype);
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
index 80497dc240..6df5d21b55 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
@@ -2764,6 +2764,7 @@ _equalRangeTblEntry(const RangeTblEntry *a, const RangeTblEntry *b)
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(relkind);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(rellockmode);
 	COMPARE_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(relisivm);
 	COMPARE_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(security_barrier);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(jointype);
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c
index f6166f7859..8133850e98 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c
@@ -3253,6 +3253,7 @@ _outRangeTblEntry(StringInfo str, const RangeTblEntry *node)
 			WRITE_CHAR_FIELD(relkind);
 			WRITE_INT_FIELD(rellockmode);
 			WRITE_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+			WRITE_BOOL_FIELD(relisivm);
 			break;
 		case RTE_SUBQUERY:
 			WRITE_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c
index 1e55a58f69..96fa85758f 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c
@@ -1443,6 +1443,7 @@ _readRangeTblEntry(void)
 			READ_CHAR_FIELD(relkind);
 			READ_INT_FIELD(rellockmode);
 			READ_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+			READ_BOOL_FIELD(relisivm);
 			break;
 		case RTE_SUBQUERY:
 			READ_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
diff --git a/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c b/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c
index c5c3f26ecf..4a52035371 100644
--- a/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c
+++ b/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 
 
 /*
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ static void expandTupleDesc(TupleDesc tupdesc, Alias *eref,
 							int count, int offset,
 							int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 							int location, bool include_dropped,
-							List **colnames, List **colvars);
+							List **colnames, List **colvars, bool is_ivm);
 static int	specialAttNum(const char *attname);
 static bool isQueryUsingTempRelation_walker(Node *node, void *context);
 
@@ -1433,6 +1434,7 @@ addRangeTableEntry(ParseState *pstate,
 	rte->relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	rte->relkind = rel->rd_rel->relkind;
 	rte->rellockmode = lockmode;
+	rte->relisivm = rel->rd_rel->relisivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Build the list of effective column names using user-supplied aliases
@@ -1521,6 +1523,7 @@ addRangeTableEntryForRelation(ParseState *pstate,
 	rte->relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	rte->relkind = rel->rd_rel->relkind;
 	rte->rellockmode = lockmode;
+	rte->relisivm = rel->rd_rel->relisivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Build the list of effective column names using user-supplied aliases
@@ -2676,7 +2679,7 @@ expandRTE(RangeTblEntry *rte, int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 						expandTupleDesc(tupdesc, rte->eref,
 										rtfunc->funccolcount, atts_done,
 										rtindex, sublevels_up, location,
-										include_dropped, colnames, colvars);
+										include_dropped, colnames, colvars, false);
 					}
 					else if (functypclass == TYPEFUNC_SCALAR)
 					{
@@ -2944,7 +2947,7 @@ expandRelation(Oid relid, Alias *eref, int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 	expandTupleDesc(rel->rd_att, eref, rel->rd_att->natts, 0,
 					rtindex, sublevels_up,
 					location, include_dropped,
-					colnames, colvars);
+					colnames, colvars, RelationIsIVM(rel));
 	relation_close(rel, AccessShareLock);
 }
 
@@ -2961,7 +2964,7 @@ static void
 expandTupleDesc(TupleDesc tupdesc, Alias *eref, int count, int offset,
 				int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 				int location, bool include_dropped,
-				List **colnames, List **colvars)
+				List **colnames, List **colvars, bool is_ivm)
 {
 	ListCell   *aliascell;
 	int			varattno;
@@ -2974,6 +2977,9 @@ expandTupleDesc(TupleDesc tupdesc, Alias *eref, int count, int offset,
 	{
 		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(tupdesc, varattno);
 
+		if (is_ivm && isIvmName(NameStr(attr->attname)) && !MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled())
+			continue;
+
 		if (attr->attisdropped)
 		{
 			if (include_dropped)
@@ -3127,6 +3133,10 @@ expandNSItemAttrs(ParseState *pstate, ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem,
 		Var		   *varnode = (Var *) lfirst(var);
 		TargetEntry *te;
 
+		/* if transform * into columnlist with IMMV, remove IVM columns */
+		if (rte->relisivm && isIvmName(label) && !MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled())
+			continue;
+
 		te = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) varnode,
 							 (AttrNumber) pstate->p_next_resno++,
 							 label,
diff --git a/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c b/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c
index 6589345ac4..02f33d404b 100644
--- a/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c
+++ b/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c
@@ -776,7 +776,8 @@ checkRuleResultList(List *targetList, TupleDesc resultDesc, bool isSelect,
 														attr->atttypmod))));
 	}
 
-	if (i != resultDesc->natts)
+	/* No check for materialized views since this could have special columns for IVM */
+	if ((!isSelect || requireColumnNameMatch) && i != resultDesc->natts)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_OBJECT_DEFINITION),
 				 isSelect ?
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index d068d6532e..4845e71898 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -11689,4 +11689,12 @@
   prorettype => 'bytea', proargtypes => 'pg_brin_minmax_multi_summary',
   prosrc => 'brin_minmax_multi_summary_send' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index ad5054d116..a57ce463e1 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,10 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid, bool is_create);
+
+extern Query *rewriteQueryForIMMV(Query *query, List *colNames);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 214b1c1df6..13a5722f17 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										ParamListInfo params, QueryCompletion *qc);
 
@@ -30,4 +33,9 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid oid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(void);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
diff --git a/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h b/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
index 49123e28a4..526ae434af 100644
--- a/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
+++ b/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
@@ -1035,6 +1035,7 @@ typedef struct RangeTblEntry
 	char		relkind;		/* relation kind (see pg_class.relkind) */
 	int			rellockmode;	/* lock level that query requires on the rel */
 	struct TableSampleClause *tablesample;	/* sampling info, or NULL */
+	bool		relisivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Fields valid for a subquery RTE (else NULL):
@@ -2194,6 +2195,7 @@ typedef struct CreateStmt
 	char	   *tablespacename; /* table space to use, or NULL */
 	char	   *accessMethod;	/* table access method */
 	bool		if_not_exists;	/* just do nothing if it already exists? */
+	bool		ivm;			/* incremental view maintenance is used by materialized view */
 } CreateStmt;
 
 /* ----------
-- 
2.17.1


--Multipart=_Fri__29_Oct_2021_18_16_28_+0900_jlYRKjywLqhZ7oyk
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v24-0008-Add-aggregates-support-in-IVM.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v24-0008-Add-aggregates-support-in-IVM.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v24 07/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2020-12-22 09:40 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2020-12-22 09:40 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance. To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and
post-state of base tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER
trigger, and pre-update states can be calculated by filtering inserted
tuples using cmin/xmin system columns, and append deleted tuples which
are contained in an old transition table.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples. Also, DISTINCT clause is supported. When IMMV is
created with DISTINCT, multiplicity of tuples is counted and stored
in  "__ivm_count__" column, which is a hidden column of IMMV.
The value in __ivm_count__ is updated when IMMV is maintained
incrementally. A tuple in IMMV can be removed if and only if the
count becomes zero.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c   |    5 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c     |  713 ++++++++++++
 src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c    |   40 +
 src/backend/commands/matview.c      | 1549 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c    |    9 +
 src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c       |    1 +
 src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c      |    1 +
 src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c        |    1 +
 src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c       |    1 +
 src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c |   18 +-
 src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c |    3 +-
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat     |    8 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h     |    5 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h      |    8 +
 src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h      |    2 +
 15 files changed, 2324 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 6597ec45a9..f971727255 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
@@ -2715,6 +2716,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM();
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -4958,6 +4960,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 	AbortBufferIO();
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM();
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index 0982851715..91888891bf 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -32,24 +32,41 @@
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "access/xlog.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "optimizer/clauses.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
 #include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
+#include "parser/parse_type.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rewriteManip.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/rls.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
+#include "utils/syscache.h"
 
 typedef struct
 {
@@ -73,6 +90,13 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *qry, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -108,6 +132,8 @@ create_ctas_internal(List *attrList, IntoClause *into)
 	create->oncommit = into->onCommit;
 	create->tablespacename = into->tableSpaceName;
 	create->if_not_exists = false;
+	/* Using Materialized view only */
+	create->ivm = into->ivm;
 	create->accessMethod = into->accessMethod;
 
 	/*
@@ -238,6 +264,7 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 	List	   *rewritten;
 	PlannedStmt *plan;
 	QueryDesc  *queryDesc;
+	Query	   *query_immv = NULL;
 
 	/* Check if the relation exists or not */
 	if (CreateTableAsRelExists(stmt))
@@ -282,6 +309,22 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+
+		/* For IMMV, we need to rewrite matview query */
+		query = rewriteQueryForIMMV(query, into->colNames);
+		query_immv = copyObject(query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -358,11 +401,75 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 
 		/* Restore userid and security context */
 		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		if (into->ivm)
+		{
+			Oid matviewOid = address.objectId;
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+			/*
+			 * Mark relisivm field, if it's a matview and into->ivm is true.
+			 */
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+
+			/* Create an index on incremental maintainable materialized view, if possible */
+			CreateIndexOnIMMV((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewRel);
+
+			/* Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view */
+			if (!into->skipData)
+			{
+				Assert(query_immv != NULL);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(query_immv, matviewOid, true);
+			}
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+		}
 	}
 
 	return address;
 }
 
+/*
+ * rewriteQueryForIMMV -- rewrite view definition query for IMMV
+ *
+ * count(*) is added for counting distinct tuples in views.
+ */
+Query *
+rewriteQueryForIMMV(Query *query, List *colNames)
+{
+	Query *rewritten;
+
+	TargetEntry *tle;
+	Node *node;
+	ParseState *pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	FuncCall *fn;
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * Convert DISTINCT to GROUP BY and add count(*) for counting distinct
+	 * tuples in views.
+	 */
+	if (rewritten->distinctClause)
+	{
+		rewritten->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &rewritten->targetList, rewritten->sortClause, false);
+
+		fn = makeFuncCall(list_make1(makeString("count")), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+		fn->agg_star = true;
+
+		node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+		tle = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(rewritten->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+		rewritten->targetList = lappend(rewritten->targetList, tle);
+		rewritten->hasAggs = true;
+	}
+
+	return rewritten;
+}
+
 /*
  * GetIntoRelEFlags --- compute executor flags needed for CREATE TABLE AS
  *
@@ -623,3 +730,609 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid, bool is_create)
+{
+	Relids	relids = NULL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	Index	first_rtindex = is_create ? 1 : PRS2_NEW_VARNO + 1;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < first_rtindex)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, first_rtindex - 1);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > first_rtindex ||
+		rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	bms_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !bms_is_member(rte->relid, *relids))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+
+					*relids = bms_add_member(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_IMMV);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attritubes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attritubes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+static void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	Query *qry = (Query *) copyObject(query);
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNode = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilenodeSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	if (qry->distinctClause)
+	{
+		/* create unique constraint on all columns */
+		foreach(lc, qry->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+			IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+			iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+			iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+			iparam->expr = NULL;
+			iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+			iparam->collation = NIL;
+			iparam->opclass = NIL;
+			iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+			iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+			iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+			index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+		/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+		key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(qry, &constraintList);
+		if (key_attnos)
+		{
+			foreach(lc, qry->targetList)
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+				Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+				if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+				{
+					IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+					iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+					iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+					iparam->expr = NULL;
+					iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+					iparam->collation = NIL;
+					iparam->opclass = NIL;
+					iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+					iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+					iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+					index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+				}
+			}
+
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+			ereport(NOTICE,
+					(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+							RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns, "
+							   "or this view does not contain DISTINCT clause."),
+					 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables's
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+	PlannerInfo root;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_pkey = true;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_pkey = (key_attnos != NULL);
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (!has_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				bms_del_member(attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = pull_varnos_of_level(&root, (Node *)query->jointree, 0);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c b/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
index c14ca27c5e..5581c21298 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "commands/dbcommands.h"
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/progress.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
@@ -1054,6 +1055,45 @@ DefineIndex(Oid relationId,
 	safe_index = indexInfo->ii_Expressions == NIL &&
 		indexInfo->ii_Predicate == NIL;
 
+	/*
+	 * We disallow unique indexes on IVM columns of IMMVs.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(rel) && stmt->unique)
+	{
+		for (i = 0; i < indexInfo->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs; i++)
+		{
+			AttrNumber	attno = indexInfo->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i];
+			if (attno > 0)
+			{
+				char *name = NameStr(TupleDescAttr(rel->rd_att, attno - 1)->attname);
+				if (name && isIvmName(name))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("unique index creation on IVM columns is not supported")));
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (indexInfo->ii_Expressions)
+		{
+			Bitmapset  *indexattrs = NULL;
+			int			varno = -1;
+
+			pull_varattnos((Node *) indexInfo->ii_Expressions, 1, &indexattrs);
+
+			while ((varno = bms_next_member(indexattrs, varno)) >= 0)
+			{
+				int attno = varno + FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber;
+				char *name = NameStr(TupleDescAttr(rel->rd_att, attno - 1)->attname);
+				if (name && isIvmName(name))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("unique index creation on IVM columns is not supported")));
+			}
+
+		}
+	}
+
+
 	/*
 	 * Report index creation if appropriate (delay this till after most of the
 	 * error checks)
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index 512b00bc65..70e35e5a63 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -25,26 +25,47 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_collation.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_operator.h"
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_coerce.h"
+#include "parser/parse_collate.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
 #include "parser/parse_relation.h"
+#include "parser/parse_type.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rewriteManip.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 
 typedef struct
@@ -58,6 +79,50 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	TransactionId	xid;	/* Transaction id before the first table is modified*/
+	CommandId		cid;	/* Command id before the first table is modified */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+	List   *old_rtes;			/* RTEs of ENRs for old_tuplestores*/
+	List   *new_rtes;			/* RTEs of ENRs for new_tuplestores */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -65,7 +130,9 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
-									   const char *queryString);
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
+						 const char *queryString);
 static char *make_temptable_name_n(char *tempname, int n);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -73,6 +140,45 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+								  ParseState *pstate);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static RangeTblEntry *union_ENRs(RangeTblEntry *rte, Oid relid, List *enr_rtes, const char *prefix,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_distinct(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query, bool use_count, char *count_colname);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_old_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys, const char *count_colname);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static void apply_new_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char* deltaname_new,
+				List *keys, StringInfo target_list, const char* count_colname);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry);
+
+static List *get_securityQuals(Oid relId, int rt_index, Query *query);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -114,6 +220,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -140,8 +286,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 {
 	Oid			matviewOid;
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -155,6 +299,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	/* Determine strength of lock needed. */
 	concurrent = stmt->concurrent;
@@ -167,6 +312,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										  lockmode, 0,
 										  RangeVarCallbackOwnsTable, NULL);
 	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
 
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
@@ -187,32 +333,12 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
 				 errmsg("CONCURRENTLY and WITH NO DATA options cannot be used together")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	/* For IMMV, we need to rewrite matview query */
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel))
+		dataQuery = rewriteQueryForIMMV(dataQuery,NIL);
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -247,12 +373,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -293,6 +413,52 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete immv triggers */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && stmt->skipData )
+	{
+		/* use deleted trigger */
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		/*
+		 * We save some cycles by opening pg_depend just once and passing the
+		 * Relation pointer down to all the recursive deletion steps.
+		 */
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->deptype == DEPENDENCY_IMMV)
+			{
+				obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+				obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+				obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+				add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -312,7 +478,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 
 	/* Generate the data, if wanted. */
 	if (!stmt->skipData)
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString);
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL, queryString);
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
 	if (concurrent)
@@ -347,6 +513,9 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 			pgstat_count_heap_insert(matviewRel, processed);
 	}
 
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !oldPopulated)
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid, false);
+
 	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
 
 	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
@@ -381,6 +550,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -417,7 +588,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -427,6 +598,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -941,3 +1115,1308 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		Snapshot snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->xid = GetCurrentTransactionId();
+		entry->cid = snapshot->curcid;
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->old_rtes = NIL;
+		table->new_rtes = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Get and push the latast snapshot to see any changes which is committed
+	 * during waiting in other transactions at READ COMMITTED level.
+	 */
+	PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  entry->xid, entry->cid,
+												  pstate);
+	/* Rewrite for DISTINCT clause */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_distinct(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+			bool	use_count = false;
+			char   *count_colname = NULL;
+
+			count_colname = pstrdup("__ivm_count__");
+
+			if (query->distinctClause)
+				use_count = true;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query, use_count,
+							count_colname);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified. xid and cid are the transaction id and command id
+ * before the first table was modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+								  ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				lfirst(lc) = get_prestate_rte(r, table, xid, cid, pstate->p_queryEnv);
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+			/* if base table has RLS, set security condition to enr */
+			rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(table->table_id, list_length(query->rtable) + 1, query);
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+			table->old_rtes = lappend(table->old_rtes, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+			/* if base table has RLS, set security condition to enr*/
+			rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(table->table_id, list_length(query->rtable) + 1, query);
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+			table->new_rtes = lappend(table->new_rtes, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can use NoLock here since AcquireRewriteLocks should
+	 * have locked the rel already.
+	 */
+	rel = table_open(table->table_id, NoLock);
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(rel));
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT t.* FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE (age(t.xmin) - age(%u::text::xid) > 0) OR"
+		" (t.xmin = %u AND t.cmin::text::int < %u)",
+			relname, xid, xid, cid);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+		appendStringInfo(&str," SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* If this query has setOperations, RTEs in rtables has a subquery which contains ENR */
+	if (sub->setOperations != NULL)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc;
+
+		/* add securityQuals for tuplestores */
+		foreach (lc, sub->rtable)
+		{
+			RangeTblEntry *rte;
+			RangeTblEntry *sub_rte;
+
+			rte = (RangeTblEntry *)lfirst(lc);
+			Assert(rte->subquery != NULL);
+
+			sub_rte = (RangeTblEntry *)linitial(rte->subquery->rtable);
+			if (sub_rte->rtekind == RTE_NAMEDTUPLESTORE)
+				/* rt_index is always 1, bacause subquery has enr_rte only */
+				sub_rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(sub_rte->relid, 1, sub);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	rte->requiredPerms = 0;		/* no permission check on subquery itself */
+	rte->checkAsUser = InvalidOid;
+	rte->selectedCols = NULL;
+	rte->insertedCols = NULL;
+	rte->updatedCols = NULL;
+	rte->extraUpdatedCols = NULL;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * union_ENRs
+ *
+ * Make a single table delta by unionning all transition tables of the modified table
+ * whose RTE is specified by
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+union_ENRs(RangeTblEntry *rte, Oid relid, List *enr_rtes, const char *prefix,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int	i;
+	RangeTblEntry *enr_rte;
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(enr_rtes); i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix, relid, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	rte->requiredPerms = 0;		/* no permission check on subquery itself */
+	rte->checkAsUser = InvalidOid;
+	rte->selectedCols = NULL;
+	rte->insertedCols = NULL;
+	rte->updatedCols = NULL;
+	rte->extraUpdatedCols = NULL;
+	/* if base table has RLS, set security condition to enr*/
+	enr_rte = (RangeTblEntry *)linitial(sub->rtable);
+	/* rt_index is always 1, bacause subquery has enr_rte only */
+	enr_rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(relid, 1, sub);
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_distinct
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting DISTINCT clause.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_distinct(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(list_make1(makeString("count")), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (list_length(table->old_rtes) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		lfirst(lc) = union_ENRs(rte, table->table_id, table->old_rtes, "old", queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "");
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (list_length(table->new_rtes) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		lfirst(lc) = union_ENRs(rte, table->table_id, table->new_rtes, "new", queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "");
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query, bool use_count, char *count_colname)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, resname);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		if (use_count)
+			/* apply old delta and get rows to be recalculated */
+			apply_old_delta_with_count(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME,
+									   keys, count_colname);
+		else
+			apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		if (use_count)
+			apply_new_delta_with_count(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME,
+								keys, &target_list_buf, count_colname);
+		else
+			apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta_with_count
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is required, that is, the view
+ * has aggregate or distinct.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys, const char *count_colname)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"WITH t AS ("			/* collecting tid of target tuples in the view */
+						"SELECT diff.%s, "			/* count column */
+								"(diff.%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) mv.%s) AS for_dlt, "
+								"mv.ctid "
+						"FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						"WHERE %s"					/* tuple matching condition */
+					"), updt AS ("			/* update a tuple if this is not to be deleted */
+						"UPDATE %s AS mv SET %s = mv.%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.-) t.%s "
+						"FROM t WHERE mv.ctid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) t.ctid AND NOT for_dlt "
+					"), dlt AS ("			/* delete a tuple if this is to be deleted */
+						"DELETE FROM %s AS mv USING t "
+						"WHERE mv.ctid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) t.ctid AND for_dlt"
+					")",
+					count_colname,
+					count_colname, count_colname,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond,
+					matviewname, count_colname, count_colname, count_colname,
+					matviewname);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta_with_count
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is required, that is, the view
+ * has aggregate or distinct. Also, when a table in EXISTS sub queries
+ * is modified.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char* deltaname_new,
+				List *keys, StringInfo target_list, const char* count_colname)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	returning_keys;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	char	*match_cond = "";
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be updated */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&returning_keys);
+	if (keys)
+	{
+		foreach (lc, keys)
+		{
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+			char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+			appendStringInfo(&returning_keys, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+			if (lnext(keys, lc))
+				appendStringInfo(&returning_keys, ", ");
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		appendStringInfo(&returning_keys, "NULL");
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update if found or insert if not. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"WITH updt AS ("		/* update a tuple if this exists in the view */
+						"UPDATE %s AS mv SET %s = mv.%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.+) diff.%s "
+						"FROM %s AS diff "
+						"WHERE %s "					/* tuple matching condition */
+						"RETURNING %s"				/* returning keys of updated tuples */
+					") INSERT INTO %s (%s)"	/* insert a new tuple if this doesn't existw */
+						"SELECT %s FROM %s AS diff "
+						"WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM updt AS mv WHERE %s);",
+					matviewname, count_colname, count_colname, count_colname,
+					deltaname_new,
+					match_cond,
+					returning_keys.data,
+					matviewname, target_list->data,
+					target_list->data, deltaname_new,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\") "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * transaction abort.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM()
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+
+	hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_securityQuals
+ *
+ * Get row security policy on a relation.
+ * This is used by IVM for copying RLS from base table to enr.
+ */
+static List *
+get_securityQuals(Oid relId, int rt_index, Query *query)
+{
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+	List *securityQuals;
+	List *withCheckOptions;
+	bool  hasRowSecurity;
+	bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+	securityQuals = NIL;
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+
+	rel = table_open(relId, NoLock);
+	nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForRelation(pstate, rel, AccessShareLock, NULL, false, false);
+	rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+	get_row_security_policies(query, rte, rt_index,
+							  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+							  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+	/*
+	 * Make sure the query is marked correctly if row level security
+	 * applies, or if the new quals had sublinks.
+	 */
+	if (hasRowSecurity)
+		query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+	if (hasSubLinks)
+		query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	return securityQuals;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
index dbee6ae199..a91a0e9ca1 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
 #include "commands/comment.h"
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
 #include "commands/policy.h"
 #include "commands/sequence.h"
@@ -3394,6 +3395,14 @@ renameatt_internal(Oid myrelid,
 	targetrelation = relation_open(myrelid, AccessExclusiveLock);
 	renameatt_check(myrelid, RelationGetForm(targetrelation), recursing);
 
+	/*
+	 * Don't rename IVM columns.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(targetrelation) && isIvmName(oldattname))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("IVM column can not be renamed")));
+
 	/*
 	 * if the 'recurse' flag is set then we are supposed to rename this
 	 * attribute in all classes that inherit from 'relname' (as well as in
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
index 17be377aa7..5235f2169e 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
@@ -2460,6 +2460,7 @@ _copyRangeTblEntry(const RangeTblEntry *from)
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(relkind);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(rellockmode);
 	COPY_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(relisivm);
 	COPY_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(security_barrier);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(jointype);
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
index ed74a5022c..c60a5f9bee 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
@@ -2744,6 +2744,7 @@ _equalRangeTblEntry(const RangeTblEntry *a, const RangeTblEntry *b)
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(relkind);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(rellockmode);
 	COMPARE_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(relisivm);
 	COMPARE_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(security_barrier);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(jointype);
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c
index f6166f7859..8133850e98 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c
@@ -3253,6 +3253,7 @@ _outRangeTblEntry(StringInfo str, const RangeTblEntry *node)
 			WRITE_CHAR_FIELD(relkind);
 			WRITE_INT_FIELD(rellockmode);
 			WRITE_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+			WRITE_BOOL_FIELD(relisivm);
 			break;
 		case RTE_SUBQUERY:
 			WRITE_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c
index 1e55a58f69..96fa85758f 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c
@@ -1443,6 +1443,7 @@ _readRangeTblEntry(void)
 			READ_CHAR_FIELD(relkind);
 			READ_INT_FIELD(rellockmode);
 			READ_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+			READ_BOOL_FIELD(relisivm);
 			break;
 		case RTE_SUBQUERY:
 			READ_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
diff --git a/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c b/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c
index c5c3f26ecf..4a52035371 100644
--- a/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c
+++ b/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 
 
 /*
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ static void expandTupleDesc(TupleDesc tupdesc, Alias *eref,
 							int count, int offset,
 							int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 							int location, bool include_dropped,
-							List **colnames, List **colvars);
+							List **colnames, List **colvars, bool is_ivm);
 static int	specialAttNum(const char *attname);
 static bool isQueryUsingTempRelation_walker(Node *node, void *context);
 
@@ -1433,6 +1434,7 @@ addRangeTableEntry(ParseState *pstate,
 	rte->relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	rte->relkind = rel->rd_rel->relkind;
 	rte->rellockmode = lockmode;
+	rte->relisivm = rel->rd_rel->relisivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Build the list of effective column names using user-supplied aliases
@@ -1521,6 +1523,7 @@ addRangeTableEntryForRelation(ParseState *pstate,
 	rte->relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	rte->relkind = rel->rd_rel->relkind;
 	rte->rellockmode = lockmode;
+	rte->relisivm = rel->rd_rel->relisivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Build the list of effective column names using user-supplied aliases
@@ -2676,7 +2679,7 @@ expandRTE(RangeTblEntry *rte, int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 						expandTupleDesc(tupdesc, rte->eref,
 										rtfunc->funccolcount, atts_done,
 										rtindex, sublevels_up, location,
-										include_dropped, colnames, colvars);
+										include_dropped, colnames, colvars, false);
 					}
 					else if (functypclass == TYPEFUNC_SCALAR)
 					{
@@ -2944,7 +2947,7 @@ expandRelation(Oid relid, Alias *eref, int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 	expandTupleDesc(rel->rd_att, eref, rel->rd_att->natts, 0,
 					rtindex, sublevels_up,
 					location, include_dropped,
-					colnames, colvars);
+					colnames, colvars, RelationIsIVM(rel));
 	relation_close(rel, AccessShareLock);
 }
 
@@ -2961,7 +2964,7 @@ static void
 expandTupleDesc(TupleDesc tupdesc, Alias *eref, int count, int offset,
 				int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 				int location, bool include_dropped,
-				List **colnames, List **colvars)
+				List **colnames, List **colvars, bool is_ivm)
 {
 	ListCell   *aliascell;
 	int			varattno;
@@ -2974,6 +2977,9 @@ expandTupleDesc(TupleDesc tupdesc, Alias *eref, int count, int offset,
 	{
 		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(tupdesc, varattno);
 
+		if (is_ivm && isIvmName(NameStr(attr->attname)) && !MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled())
+			continue;
+
 		if (attr->attisdropped)
 		{
 			if (include_dropped)
@@ -3127,6 +3133,10 @@ expandNSItemAttrs(ParseState *pstate, ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem,
 		Var		   *varnode = (Var *) lfirst(var);
 		TargetEntry *te;
 
+		/* if transform * into columnlist with IMMV, remove IVM columns */
+		if (rte->relisivm && isIvmName(label) && !MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled())
+			continue;
+
 		te = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) varnode,
 							 (AttrNumber) pstate->p_next_resno++,
 							 label,
diff --git a/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c b/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c
index 6589345ac4..02f33d404b 100644
--- a/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c
+++ b/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c
@@ -776,7 +776,8 @@ checkRuleResultList(List *targetList, TupleDesc resultDesc, bool isSelect,
 														attr->atttypmod))));
 	}
 
-	if (i != resultDesc->natts)
+	/* No check for materialized views since this could have special columns for IVM */
+	if ((!isSelect || requireColumnNameMatch) && i != resultDesc->natts)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_OBJECT_DEFINITION),
 				 isSelect ?
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index d068d6532e..4845e71898 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -11689,4 +11689,12 @@
   prorettype => 'bytea', proargtypes => 'pg_brin_minmax_multi_summary',
   prosrc => 'brin_minmax_multi_summary_send' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index ad5054d116..a57ce463e1 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,10 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid, bool is_create);
+
+extern Query *rewriteQueryForIMMV(Query *query, List *colNames);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 214b1c1df6..13a5722f17 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										ParamListInfo params, QueryCompletion *qc);
 
@@ -30,4 +33,9 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid oid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(void);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
diff --git a/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h b/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
index 3138877553..e7d3b00971 100644
--- a/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
+++ b/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
@@ -1035,6 +1035,7 @@ typedef struct RangeTblEntry
 	char		relkind;		/* relation kind (see pg_class.relkind) */
 	int			rellockmode;	/* lock level that query requires on the rel */
 	struct TableSampleClause *tablesample;	/* sampling info, or NULL */
+	bool		relisivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Fields valid for a subquery RTE (else NULL):
@@ -2193,6 +2194,7 @@ typedef struct CreateStmt
 	char	   *tablespacename; /* table space to use, or NULL */
 	char	   *accessMethod;	/* table access method */
 	bool		if_not_exists;	/* just do nothing if it already exists? */
+	bool		ivm;			/* incremental view maintenance is used by materialized view */
 } CreateStmt;
 
 /* ----------
-- 
2.17.1


--Multipart=_Thu__23_Sep_2021_04_57_30_+0900_b5pmgR1N8oMaMz.U
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v24-0008-Add-aggregates-support-in-IVM.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v24-0008-Add-aggregates-support-in-IVM.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v27 6/9] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2022-04-21 02:58 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2022-04-21 02:58 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance. To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and
post-state of base tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER
trigger, and pre-update states can be calculated by filtering inserted
tuples using cmin/xmin system columns, and append deleted tuples which
are contained in an old transition table.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples. Also, DISTINCT clause is supported. When IMMV is
created with DISTINCT, multiplicity of tuples is counted and stored
in  "__ivm_count__" column, which is a hidden column of IMMV.
The value in __ivm_count__ is updated when IMMV is maintained
incrementally. A tuple in IMMV can be removed if and only if the
count becomes zero.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c   |    5 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c     |  751 +++++++++++++
 src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c    |   40 +
 src/backend/commands/matview.c      | 1577 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c    |    9 +
 src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c       |    1 +
 src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c      |    1 +
 src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c        |    1 +
 src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c       |    1 +
 src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c |   18 +-
 src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c |    3 +-
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat     |    8 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h     |    6 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h      |    8 +
 src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h      |    2 +
 15 files changed, 2391 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 53f3e7fd1a..0377f5a88b 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2792,6 +2793,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM();
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5032,6 +5034,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 	AbortBufferIO();
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM();
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index 9abbb6b555..1224a3b075 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -32,24 +32,41 @@
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "access/xlog.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "optimizer/clauses.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
 #include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
+#include "parser/parse_type.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rewriteManip.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/rls.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
+#include "utils/syscache.h"
 
 typedef struct
 {
@@ -73,6 +90,13 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *qry, List **constraintList, bool is_create);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList, bool is_create);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -108,6 +132,8 @@ create_ctas_internal(List *attrList, IntoClause *into)
 	create->oncommit = into->onCommit;
 	create->tablespacename = into->tableSpaceName;
 	create->if_not_exists = false;
+	/* Using Materialized view only */
+	create->ivm = into->ivm;
 	create->accessMethod = into->accessMethod;
 
 	/*
@@ -282,6 +308,21 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+
+		/* For IMMV, we need to rewrite matview query */
+		query = rewriteQueryForIMMV(query, into->colNames);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -358,11 +399,74 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 
 		/* Restore userid and security context */
 		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		if (into->ivm)
+		{
+			Oid matviewOid = address.objectId;
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+			/*
+			 * Mark relisivm field, if it's a matview and into->ivm is true.
+			 */
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+
+			if (!into->skipData)
+			{
+				/* Create an index on incremental maintainable materialized view, if possible */
+				CreateIndexOnIMMV((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewRel, true);
+
+				/* Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view */
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewOid, true);
+			}
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+		}
 	}
 
 	return address;
 }
 
+/*
+ * rewriteQueryForIMMV -- rewrite view definition query for IMMV
+ *
+ * count(*) is added for counting distinct tuples in views.
+ */
+Query *
+rewriteQueryForIMMV(Query *query, List *colNames)
+{
+	Query *rewritten;
+
+	TargetEntry *tle;
+	Node *node;
+	ParseState *pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	FuncCall *fn;
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * Convert DISTINCT to GROUP BY and add count(*) for counting distinct
+	 * tuples in views.
+	 */
+	if (rewritten->distinctClause)
+	{
+		rewritten->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &rewritten->targetList, rewritten->sortClause, false);
+
+		fn = makeFuncCall(list_make1(makeString("count")), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+		fn->agg_star = true;
+
+		node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+		tle = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(rewritten->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+		rewritten->targetList = lappend(rewritten->targetList, tle);
+		rewritten->hasAggs = true;
+	}
+
+	return rewritten;
+}
+
 /*
  * GetIntoRelEFlags --- compute executor flags needed for CREATE TABLE AS
  *
@@ -623,3 +727,650 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid, bool is_create)
+{
+	Relids	relids = NULL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	Index	first_rtindex = is_create ? 1 : PRS2_NEW_VARNO + 1;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < first_rtindex)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, first_rtindex - 1);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > first_rtindex ||
+		rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	bms_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !bms_is_member(rte->relid, *relids))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+
+					*relids = bms_add_member(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_Aggref:
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attritubes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attritubes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel, bool is_create)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * We consider null values not distinct to make sure that views with DISTINCT
+	 * or GROUP BY don't contain multiple NULL rows when NULL is inserted to
+	 * a base table concurrently.
+	 */
+	index->nulls_not_distinct = true;
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNode = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilenodeSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	if (query->distinctClause)
+	{
+		/* create unique constraint on all columns */
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+			IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+			iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+			iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+			iparam->expr = NULL;
+			iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+			iparam->collation = NIL;
+			iparam->opclass = NIL;
+			iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+			iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+			iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+			index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+		/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+		key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList, is_create);
+		if (key_attnos)
+		{
+			foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+				Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+				if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+				{
+					IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+					iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+					iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+					iparam->expr = NULL;
+					iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+					iparam->collation = NIL;
+					iparam->opclass = NIL;
+					iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+					iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+					iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+					index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+			ereport(NOTICE,
+					(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+							RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns, "
+							   "or this view does not contain DISTINCT clause."),
+					 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables's
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList, bool is_create)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+	PlannerInfo root;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_pkey = true;
+		Index	first_rtindex = is_create ? 1 : PRS2_NEW_VARNO + 1;
+
+		/* skip NEW/OLD entries */
+		if (i >= first_rtindex)
+		{
+			/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+			if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+			{
+				Oid constraintOid;
+				key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+				*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+				has_pkey = (key_attnos != NULL);
+			}
+			/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+			else
+				key_attnos = NULL;
+		}
+		else
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (!has_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				bms_del_member(attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = pull_varnos_of_level(&root, (Node *)query->jointree, 0);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c b/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
index cd30f15eba..a94b8ffd7d 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "commands/dbcommands.h"
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/progress.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
@@ -1055,6 +1056,45 @@ DefineIndex(Oid relationId,
 	safe_index = indexInfo->ii_Expressions == NIL &&
 		indexInfo->ii_Predicate == NIL;
 
+	/*
+	 * We disallow unique indexes on IVM columns of IMMVs.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(rel) && stmt->unique)
+	{
+		for (i = 0; i < indexInfo->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs; i++)
+		{
+			AttrNumber	attno = indexInfo->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i];
+			if (attno > 0)
+			{
+				char *name = NameStr(TupleDescAttr(rel->rd_att, attno - 1)->attname);
+				if (name && isIvmName(name))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("unique index creation on IVM columns is not supported")));
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (indexInfo->ii_Expressions)
+		{
+			Bitmapset  *indexattrs = NULL;
+			int			varno = -1;
+
+			pull_varattnos((Node *) indexInfo->ii_Expressions, 1, &indexattrs);
+
+			while ((varno = bms_next_member(indexattrs, varno)) >= 0)
+			{
+				int attno = varno + FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber;
+				char *name = NameStr(TupleDescAttr(rel->rd_att, attno - 1)->attname);
+				if (name && isIvmName(name))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("unique index creation on IVM columns is not supported")));
+			}
+
+		}
+	}
+
+
 	/*
 	 * Report index creation if appropriate (delay this till after most of the
 	 * error checks)
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index 9ab248d25e..cb713328a0 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -25,26 +25,48 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_collation.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_operator.h"
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_coerce.h"
+#include "parser/parse_collate.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
 #include "parser/parse_relation.h"
+#include "parser/parse_type.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rewriteManip.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 
 typedef struct
@@ -58,6 +80,50 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	TransactionId	xid;	/* Transaction id before the first table is modified*/
+	CommandId		cid;	/* Command id before the first table is modified */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+	List   *old_rtes;			/* RTEs of ENRs for old_tuplestores*/
+	List   *new_rtes;			/* RTEs of ENRs for new_tuplestores */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -65,7 +131,9 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
-									   const char *queryString);
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
+						 const char *queryString);
 static char *make_temptable_name_n(char *tempname, int n);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -73,6 +141,45 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+								  ParseState *pstate);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static RangeTblEntry *union_ENRs(RangeTblEntry *rte, Oid relid, List *enr_rtes, const char *prefix,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_distinct(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query, bool use_count, char *count_colname);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_old_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys, const char *count_colname);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static void apply_new_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char* deltaname_new,
+				List *keys, StringInfo target_list, const char* count_colname);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry);
+
+static List *get_securityQuals(Oid relId, int rt_index, Query *query);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -114,6 +221,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -140,9 +287,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 {
 	Oid			matviewOid;
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
+	Query	   *viewQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
 	Oid			OIDNewHeap;
@@ -155,6 +301,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	/* Determine strength of lock needed. */
 	concurrent = stmt->concurrent;
@@ -167,6 +314,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										  lockmode, 0,
 										  RangeVarCallbackOwnsTable, NULL);
 	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
 
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
@@ -188,32 +336,14 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 				 errmsg("%s and %s options cannot be used together",
 						"CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	viewQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	/* For IMMV, we need to rewrite matview query */
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel))
+		dataQuery = rewriteQueryForIMMV(viewQuery,NIL);
+	else
+		dataQuery = viewQuery;
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -248,12 +378,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -294,6 +418,74 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete IMMV triggers. */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && stmt->skipData )
+	{
+		Relation	tgRel;
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		tgRel = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* search triggers that depends on IMMV. */
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->classid == TriggerRelationId)
+			{
+				HeapTuple	tgtup;
+				ScanKeyData tgkey[1];
+				SysScanDesc tgscan;
+				Form_pg_trigger tgform;
+
+				/* Find the trigger name. */
+				ScanKeyInit(&tgkey[0],
+							Anum_pg_trigger_oid,
+							BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+							ObjectIdGetDatum(foundDep->objid));
+
+				tgscan = systable_beginscan(tgRel, TriggerOidIndexId, true,
+											NULL, 1, tgkey);
+				tgtup = systable_getnext(tgscan);
+				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tgtup))
+					elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for immv trigger %u", foundDep->objid);
+
+				tgform = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(tgtup);
+
+				/* If trigger is created by IMMV, delete it. */
+				if (strncmp(NameStr(tgform->tgname), "IVM_trigger_", 12) == 0)
+				{
+					obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+					obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+					obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+					add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+				}
+				systable_endscan(tgscan);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		table_close(tgRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -313,7 +505,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 
 	/* Generate the data, if wanted. */
 	if (!stmt->skipData)
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString);
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL, queryString);
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
 	if (concurrent)
@@ -348,6 +540,12 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 			pgstat_count_heap_insert(matviewRel, processed);
 	}
 
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(viewQuery, matviewRel, false);
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(viewQuery, matviewOid, false);
+	}
+
 	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
 
 	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
@@ -382,6 +580,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -418,7 +618,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -428,6 +628,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -942,3 +1145,1307 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		Snapshot snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->xid = GetCurrentTransactionId();
+		entry->cid = snapshot->curcid;
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->old_rtes = NIL;
+		table->new_rtes = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Get and push the latast snapshot to see any changes which is committed
+	 * during waiting in other transactions at READ COMMITTED level.
+	 */
+	PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  entry->xid, entry->cid,
+												  pstate);
+	/* Rewrite for DISTINCT clause */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_distinct(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+			bool	use_count = false;
+			char   *count_colname = NULL;
+
+			count_colname = pstrdup("__ivm_count__");
+
+			if (query->distinctClause)
+				use_count = true;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query, use_count,
+							count_colname);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified. xid and cid are the transaction id and command id
+ * before the first table was modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+								  ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				lfirst(lc) = get_prestate_rte(r, table, xid, cid, pstate->p_queryEnv);
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+			/* if base table has RLS, set security condition to enr */
+			rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(table->table_id, list_length(query->rtable) + 1, query);
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+			table->old_rtes = lappend(table->old_rtes, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+			/* if base table has RLS, set security condition to enr*/
+			rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(table->table_id, list_length(query->rtable) + 1, query);
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+			table->new_rtes = lappend(table->new_rtes, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can use NoLock here since AcquireRewriteLocks should
+	 * have locked the rel already.
+	 */
+	rel = table_open(table->table_id, NoLock);
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(rel));
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT t.* FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE (age(t.xmin) - age(%u::text::xid) > 0) OR"
+		" (t.xmin = %u AND t.cmin::text::int < %u)",
+			relname, xid, xid, cid);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+		appendStringInfo(&str," SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* If this query has setOperations, RTEs in rtables has a subquery which contains ENR */
+	if (sub->setOperations != NULL)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc;
+
+		/* add securityQuals for tuplestores */
+		foreach (lc, sub->rtable)
+		{
+			RangeTblEntry *rte;
+			RangeTblEntry *sub_rte;
+
+			rte = (RangeTblEntry *)lfirst(lc);
+			Assert(rte->subquery != NULL);
+
+			sub_rte = (RangeTblEntry *)linitial(rte->subquery->rtable);
+			if (sub_rte->rtekind == RTE_NAMEDTUPLESTORE)
+				/* rt_index is always 1, bacause subquery has enr_rte only */
+				sub_rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(sub_rte->relid, 1, sub);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	rte->requiredPerms = 0;		/* no permission check on subquery itself */
+	rte->checkAsUser = InvalidOid;
+	rte->selectedCols = NULL;
+	rte->insertedCols = NULL;
+	rte->updatedCols = NULL;
+	rte->extraUpdatedCols = NULL;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * union_ENRs
+ *
+ * Make a single table delta by unionning all transition tables of the modified table
+ * whose RTE is specified by
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+union_ENRs(RangeTblEntry *rte, Oid relid, List *enr_rtes, const char *prefix,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int	i;
+	RangeTblEntry *enr_rte;
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(enr_rtes); i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix, relid, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	rte->requiredPerms = 0;		/* no permission check on subquery itself */
+	rte->checkAsUser = InvalidOid;
+	rte->selectedCols = NULL;
+	rte->insertedCols = NULL;
+	rte->updatedCols = NULL;
+	rte->extraUpdatedCols = NULL;
+	/* if base table has RLS, set security condition to enr*/
+	enr_rte = (RangeTblEntry *)linitial(sub->rtable);
+	/* rt_index is always 1, bacause subquery has enr_rte only */
+	enr_rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(relid, 1, sub);
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_distinct
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting DISTINCT clause.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_distinct(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(list_make1(makeString("count")), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (list_length(table->old_rtes) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		lfirst(lc) = union_ENRs(rte, table->table_id, table->old_rtes, "old", queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "");
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (list_length(table->new_rtes) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		lfirst(lc) = union_ENRs(rte, table->table_id, table->new_rtes, "new", queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "");
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query, bool use_count, char *count_colname)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, attr);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		if (use_count)
+			/* apply old delta and get rows to be recalculated */
+			apply_old_delta_with_count(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME,
+									   keys, count_colname);
+		else
+			apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		if (use_count)
+			apply_new_delta_with_count(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME,
+								keys, &target_list_buf, count_colname);
+		else
+			apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta_with_count
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is required, that is, the view
+ * has aggregate or distinct.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys, const char *count_colname)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"WITH t AS ("			/* collecting tid of target tuples in the view */
+						"SELECT diff.%s, "			/* count column */
+								"(diff.%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) mv.%s) AS for_dlt, "
+								"mv.ctid "
+						"FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						"WHERE %s"					/* tuple matching condition */
+					"), updt AS ("			/* update a tuple if this is not to be deleted */
+						"UPDATE %s AS mv SET %s = mv.%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.-) t.%s "
+						"FROM t WHERE mv.ctid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) t.ctid AND NOT for_dlt "
+					")"
+					/* delete a tuple if this is to be deleted */
+					"DELETE FROM %s AS mv USING t "
+					"WHERE mv.ctid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) t.ctid AND for_dlt",
+					count_colname,
+					count_colname, count_colname,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond,
+					matviewname, count_colname, count_colname, count_colname,
+					matviewname);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta_with_count
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is required, that is, the view
+ * has aggregate or distinct. Also, when a table in EXISTS sub queries
+ * is modified.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char* deltaname_new,
+				List *keys, StringInfo target_list, const char* count_colname)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	returning_keys;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	char	*match_cond = "";
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be updated */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&returning_keys);
+	if (keys)
+	{
+		foreach (lc, keys)
+		{
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+			char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+			appendStringInfo(&returning_keys, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+			if (lnext(keys, lc))
+				appendStringInfo(&returning_keys, ", ");
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		appendStringInfo(&returning_keys, "NULL");
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update if found or insert if not. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"WITH updt AS ("		/* update a tuple if this exists in the view */
+						"UPDATE %s AS mv SET %s = mv.%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.+) diff.%s "
+						"FROM %s AS diff "
+						"WHERE %s "					/* tuple matching condition */
+						"RETURNING %s"				/* returning keys of updated tuples */
+					") INSERT INTO %s (%s)"	/* insert a new tuple if this doesn't existw */
+						"SELECT %s FROM %s AS diff "
+						"WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM updt AS mv WHERE %s);",
+					matviewname, count_colname, count_colname, count_colname,
+					deltaname_new,
+					match_cond,
+					returning_keys.data,
+					matviewname, target_list->data,
+					target_list->data, deltaname_new,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\") "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * transaction abort.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM()
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+
+	hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_securityQuals
+ *
+ * Get row security policy on a relation.
+ * This is used by IVM for copying RLS from base table to enr.
+ */
+static List *
+get_securityQuals(Oid relId, int rt_index, Query *query)
+{
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+	List *securityQuals;
+	List *withCheckOptions;
+	bool  hasRowSecurity;
+	bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+	securityQuals = NIL;
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+
+	rel = table_open(relId, NoLock);
+	nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForRelation(pstate, rel, AccessShareLock, NULL, false, false);
+	rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+	get_row_security_policies(query, rte, rt_index,
+							  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+							  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+	/*
+	 * Make sure the query is marked correctly if row level security
+	 * applies, or if the new quals had sublinks.
+	 */
+	if (hasRowSecurity)
+		query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+	if (hasSubLinks)
+		query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	return securityQuals;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
index 2cd8546d47..1c85df888e 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
 #include "commands/comment.h"
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
 #include "commands/policy.h"
 #include "commands/sequence.h"
@@ -3441,6 +3442,14 @@ renameatt_internal(Oid myrelid,
 	targetrelation = relation_open(myrelid, AccessExclusiveLock);
 	renameatt_check(myrelid, RelationGetForm(targetrelation), recursing);
 
+	/*
+	 * Don't rename IVM columns.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(targetrelation) && isIvmName(oldattname))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("IVM column can not be renamed")));
+
 	/*
 	 * if the 'recurse' flag is set then we are supposed to rename this
 	 * attribute in all classes that inherit from 'relname' (as well as in
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
index 0490bce664..4afc8f5826 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
@@ -2949,6 +2949,7 @@ _copyRangeTblEntry(const RangeTblEntry *from)
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(relkind);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(rellockmode);
 	COPY_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(relisivm);
 	COPY_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(security_barrier);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(jointype);
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
index 55f41263ee..08d7805b7c 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
@@ -3131,6 +3131,7 @@ _equalRangeTblEntry(const RangeTblEntry *a, const RangeTblEntry *b)
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(relkind);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(rellockmode);
 	COMPARE_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(relisivm);
 	COMPARE_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(security_barrier);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(jointype);
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c
index cfd3ce68b4..e5a9467e99 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c
@@ -3436,6 +3436,7 @@ _outRangeTblEntry(StringInfo str, const RangeTblEntry *node)
 			WRITE_CHAR_FIELD(relkind);
 			WRITE_INT_FIELD(rellockmode);
 			WRITE_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+			WRITE_BOOL_FIELD(relisivm);
 			break;
 		case RTE_SUBQUERY:
 			WRITE_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c
index 5165fb3b93..50cc852c32 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c
@@ -1669,6 +1669,7 @@ _readRangeTblEntry(void)
 			READ_CHAR_FIELD(relkind);
 			READ_INT_FIELD(rellockmode);
 			READ_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+			READ_BOOL_FIELD(relisivm);
 			break;
 		case RTE_SUBQUERY:
 			READ_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
diff --git a/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c b/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c
index 5448cb01fa..b08c742678 100644
--- a/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c
+++ b/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 
 
 /*
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ static void expandTupleDesc(TupleDesc tupdesc, Alias *eref,
 							int count, int offset,
 							int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 							int location, bool include_dropped,
-							List **colnames, List **colvars);
+							List **colnames, List **colvars, bool is_ivm);
 static int	specialAttNum(const char *attname);
 static bool isQueryUsingTempRelation_walker(Node *node, void *context);
 
@@ -1444,6 +1445,7 @@ addRangeTableEntry(ParseState *pstate,
 	rte->relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	rte->relkind = rel->rd_rel->relkind;
 	rte->rellockmode = lockmode;
+	rte->relisivm = rel->rd_rel->relisivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Build the list of effective column names using user-supplied aliases
@@ -1532,6 +1534,7 @@ addRangeTableEntryForRelation(ParseState *pstate,
 	rte->relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	rte->relkind = rel->rd_rel->relkind;
 	rte->rellockmode = lockmode;
+	rte->relisivm = rel->rd_rel->relisivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Build the list of effective column names using user-supplied aliases
@@ -2688,7 +2691,7 @@ expandRTE(RangeTblEntry *rte, int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 						expandTupleDesc(tupdesc, rte->eref,
 										rtfunc->funccolcount, atts_done,
 										rtindex, sublevels_up, location,
-										include_dropped, colnames, colvars);
+										include_dropped, colnames, colvars, false);
 					}
 					else if (functypclass == TYPEFUNC_SCALAR)
 					{
@@ -2956,7 +2959,7 @@ expandRelation(Oid relid, Alias *eref, int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 	expandTupleDesc(rel->rd_att, eref, rel->rd_att->natts, 0,
 					rtindex, sublevels_up,
 					location, include_dropped,
-					colnames, colvars);
+					colnames, colvars, RelationIsIVM(rel));
 	relation_close(rel, AccessShareLock);
 }
 
@@ -2973,7 +2976,7 @@ static void
 expandTupleDesc(TupleDesc tupdesc, Alias *eref, int count, int offset,
 				int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 				int location, bool include_dropped,
-				List **colnames, List **colvars)
+				List **colnames, List **colvars, bool is_ivm)
 {
 	ListCell   *aliascell;
 	int			varattno;
@@ -2986,6 +2989,9 @@ expandTupleDesc(TupleDesc tupdesc, Alias *eref, int count, int offset,
 	{
 		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(tupdesc, varattno);
 
+		if (is_ivm && isIvmName(NameStr(attr->attname)) && !MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled())
+			continue;
+
 		if (attr->attisdropped)
 		{
 			if (include_dropped)
@@ -3140,6 +3146,10 @@ expandNSItemAttrs(ParseState *pstate, ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem,
 		Var		   *varnode = (Var *) lfirst(var);
 		TargetEntry *te;
 
+		/* if transform * into columnlist with IMMV, remove IVM columns */
+		if (rte->relisivm && isIvmName(label) && !MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled())
+			continue;
+
 		te = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) varnode,
 							 (AttrNumber) pstate->p_next_resno++,
 							 label,
diff --git a/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c b/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c
index 185bf5fbff..d8a8b66196 100644
--- a/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c
+++ b/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c
@@ -776,7 +776,8 @@ checkRuleResultList(List *targetList, TupleDesc resultDesc, bool isSelect,
 														attr->atttypmod))));
 	}
 
-	if (i != resultDesc->natts)
+	/* No check for materialized views since this could have special columns for IVM */
+	if ((!isSelect || requireColumnNameMatch) && i != resultDesc->natts)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_OBJECT_DEFINITION),
 				 isSelect ?
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index 6d378ff785..7d88a84682 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -11882,4 +11882,12 @@
   prorettype => 'bytea', proargtypes => 'pg_brin_minmax_multi_summary',
   prosrc => 'brin_minmax_multi_summary_send' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index 54a38491fb..c369b3ba5e 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,11 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid, bool is_create);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel, bool is_create);
+
+extern Query *rewriteQueryForIMMV(Query *query, List *colNames);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index a067da39d2..ec479db513 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										ParamListInfo params, QueryCompletion *qc);
 
@@ -30,4 +33,9 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid oid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(void);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
diff --git a/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h b/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
index da02658c81..d1a754936b 100644
--- a/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
+++ b/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
@@ -1042,6 +1042,7 @@ typedef struct RangeTblEntry
 	char		relkind;		/* relation kind (see pg_class.relkind) */
 	int			rellockmode;	/* lock level that query requires on the rel */
 	struct TableSampleClause *tablesample;	/* sampling info, or NULL */
+	bool		relisivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Fields valid for a subquery RTE (else NULL):
@@ -2545,6 +2546,7 @@ typedef struct CreateStmt
 	char	   *tablespacename; /* table space to use, or NULL */
 	char	   *accessMethod;	/* table access method */
 	bool		if_not_exists;	/* just do nothing if it already exists? */
+	bool		ivm;			/* incremental view maintenance is used by materialized view */
 } CreateStmt;
 
 /* ----------
-- 
2.17.1


--Multipart=_Fri__22_Apr_2022_11_29_39_+0900_ZOAC7UMt5e8j1Nvx
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v27-0007-Add-aggregates-support-in-IVM.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v27-0007-Add-aggregates-support-in-IVM.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v27 6/9] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2022-04-21 02:58 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2022-04-21 02:58 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance. To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and
post-state of base tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER
trigger, and pre-update states can be calculated by filtering inserted
tuples using cmin/xmin system columns, and append deleted tuples which
are contained in an old transition table.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples. Also, DISTINCT clause is supported. When IMMV is
created with DISTINCT, multiplicity of tuples is counted and stored
in  "__ivm_count__" column, which is a hidden column of IMMV.
The value in __ivm_count__ is updated when IMMV is maintained
incrementally. A tuple in IMMV can be removed if and only if the
count becomes zero.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c   |    5 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c     |  751 +++++++++++++
 src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c    |   40 +
 src/backend/commands/matview.c      | 1577 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c    |    9 +
 src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c       |    1 +
 src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c      |    1 +
 src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c        |    1 +
 src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c       |    1 +
 src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c |   18 +-
 src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c |    3 +-
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat     |    8 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h     |    6 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h      |    8 +
 src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h      |    2 +
 15 files changed, 2391 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 53f3e7fd1a..0377f5a88b 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2792,6 +2793,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM();
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5032,6 +5034,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 	AbortBufferIO();
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM();
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index 9abbb6b555..1224a3b075 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -32,24 +32,41 @@
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "access/xlog.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "optimizer/clauses.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
 #include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
+#include "parser/parse_type.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rewriteManip.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/rls.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
+#include "utils/syscache.h"
 
 typedef struct
 {
@@ -73,6 +90,13 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *qry, List **constraintList, bool is_create);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList, bool is_create);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -108,6 +132,8 @@ create_ctas_internal(List *attrList, IntoClause *into)
 	create->oncommit = into->onCommit;
 	create->tablespacename = into->tableSpaceName;
 	create->if_not_exists = false;
+	/* Using Materialized view only */
+	create->ivm = into->ivm;
 	create->accessMethod = into->accessMethod;
 
 	/*
@@ -282,6 +308,21 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+
+		/* For IMMV, we need to rewrite matview query */
+		query = rewriteQueryForIMMV(query, into->colNames);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -358,11 +399,74 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 
 		/* Restore userid and security context */
 		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		if (into->ivm)
+		{
+			Oid matviewOid = address.objectId;
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+			/*
+			 * Mark relisivm field, if it's a matview and into->ivm is true.
+			 */
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+
+			if (!into->skipData)
+			{
+				/* Create an index on incremental maintainable materialized view, if possible */
+				CreateIndexOnIMMV((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewRel, true);
+
+				/* Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view */
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewOid, true);
+			}
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+		}
 	}
 
 	return address;
 }
 
+/*
+ * rewriteQueryForIMMV -- rewrite view definition query for IMMV
+ *
+ * count(*) is added for counting distinct tuples in views.
+ */
+Query *
+rewriteQueryForIMMV(Query *query, List *colNames)
+{
+	Query *rewritten;
+
+	TargetEntry *tle;
+	Node *node;
+	ParseState *pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	FuncCall *fn;
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * Convert DISTINCT to GROUP BY and add count(*) for counting distinct
+	 * tuples in views.
+	 */
+	if (rewritten->distinctClause)
+	{
+		rewritten->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &rewritten->targetList, rewritten->sortClause, false);
+
+		fn = makeFuncCall(list_make1(makeString("count")), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+		fn->agg_star = true;
+
+		node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+		tle = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(rewritten->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+		rewritten->targetList = lappend(rewritten->targetList, tle);
+		rewritten->hasAggs = true;
+	}
+
+	return rewritten;
+}
+
 /*
  * GetIntoRelEFlags --- compute executor flags needed for CREATE TABLE AS
  *
@@ -623,3 +727,650 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid, bool is_create)
+{
+	Relids	relids = NULL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	Index	first_rtindex = is_create ? 1 : PRS2_NEW_VARNO + 1;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < first_rtindex)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, first_rtindex - 1);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > first_rtindex ||
+		rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	bms_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !bms_is_member(rte->relid, *relids))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+
+					*relids = bms_add_member(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_Aggref:
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attritubes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attritubes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel, bool is_create)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * We consider null values not distinct to make sure that views with DISTINCT
+	 * or GROUP BY don't contain multiple NULL rows when NULL is inserted to
+	 * a base table concurrently.
+	 */
+	index->nulls_not_distinct = true;
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNode = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilenodeSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	if (query->distinctClause)
+	{
+		/* create unique constraint on all columns */
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+			IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+			iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+			iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+			iparam->expr = NULL;
+			iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+			iparam->collation = NIL;
+			iparam->opclass = NIL;
+			iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+			iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+			iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+			index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+		/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+		key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList, is_create);
+		if (key_attnos)
+		{
+			foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+				Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+				if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+				{
+					IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+					iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+					iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+					iparam->expr = NULL;
+					iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+					iparam->collation = NIL;
+					iparam->opclass = NIL;
+					iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+					iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+					iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+					index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+			ereport(NOTICE,
+					(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+							RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns, "
+							   "or this view does not contain DISTINCT clause."),
+					 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables's
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList, bool is_create)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+	PlannerInfo root;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_pkey = true;
+		Index	first_rtindex = is_create ? 1 : PRS2_NEW_VARNO + 1;
+
+		/* skip NEW/OLD entries */
+		if (i >= first_rtindex)
+		{
+			/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+			if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+			{
+				Oid constraintOid;
+				key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+				*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+				has_pkey = (key_attnos != NULL);
+			}
+			/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+			else
+				key_attnos = NULL;
+		}
+		else
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (!has_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				bms_del_member(attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = pull_varnos_of_level(&root, (Node *)query->jointree, 0);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c b/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
index cd30f15eba..a94b8ffd7d 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "commands/dbcommands.h"
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/progress.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
@@ -1055,6 +1056,45 @@ DefineIndex(Oid relationId,
 	safe_index = indexInfo->ii_Expressions == NIL &&
 		indexInfo->ii_Predicate == NIL;
 
+	/*
+	 * We disallow unique indexes on IVM columns of IMMVs.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(rel) && stmt->unique)
+	{
+		for (i = 0; i < indexInfo->ii_NumIndexKeyAttrs; i++)
+		{
+			AttrNumber	attno = indexInfo->ii_IndexAttrNumbers[i];
+			if (attno > 0)
+			{
+				char *name = NameStr(TupleDescAttr(rel->rd_att, attno - 1)->attname);
+				if (name && isIvmName(name))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("unique index creation on IVM columns is not supported")));
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (indexInfo->ii_Expressions)
+		{
+			Bitmapset  *indexattrs = NULL;
+			int			varno = -1;
+
+			pull_varattnos((Node *) indexInfo->ii_Expressions, 1, &indexattrs);
+
+			while ((varno = bms_next_member(indexattrs, varno)) >= 0)
+			{
+				int attno = varno + FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber;
+				char *name = NameStr(TupleDescAttr(rel->rd_att, attno - 1)->attname);
+				if (name && isIvmName(name))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("unique index creation on IVM columns is not supported")));
+			}
+
+		}
+	}
+
+
 	/*
 	 * Report index creation if appropriate (delay this till after most of the
 	 * error checks)
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index 9ab248d25e..cb713328a0 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -25,26 +25,48 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_collation.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_operator.h"
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_coerce.h"
+#include "parser/parse_collate.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
 #include "parser/parse_relation.h"
+#include "parser/parse_type.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rewriteManip.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 
 typedef struct
@@ -58,6 +80,50 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	TransactionId	xid;	/* Transaction id before the first table is modified*/
+	CommandId		cid;	/* Command id before the first table is modified */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+	List   *old_rtes;			/* RTEs of ENRs for old_tuplestores*/
+	List   *new_rtes;			/* RTEs of ENRs for new_tuplestores */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -65,7 +131,9 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
-									   const char *queryString);
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
+						 const char *queryString);
 static char *make_temptable_name_n(char *tempname, int n);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -73,6 +141,45 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+								  ParseState *pstate);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static RangeTblEntry *union_ENRs(RangeTblEntry *rte, Oid relid, List *enr_rtes, const char *prefix,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_distinct(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query, bool use_count, char *count_colname);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_old_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys, const char *count_colname);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static void apply_new_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char* deltaname_new,
+				List *keys, StringInfo target_list, const char* count_colname);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry);
+
+static List *get_securityQuals(Oid relId, int rt_index, Query *query);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -114,6 +221,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -140,9 +287,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 {
 	Oid			matviewOid;
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
+	Query	   *viewQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
 	Oid			OIDNewHeap;
@@ -155,6 +301,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	/* Determine strength of lock needed. */
 	concurrent = stmt->concurrent;
@@ -167,6 +314,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										  lockmode, 0,
 										  RangeVarCallbackOwnsTable, NULL);
 	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
 
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
@@ -188,32 +336,14 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 				 errmsg("%s and %s options cannot be used together",
 						"CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	viewQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	/* For IMMV, we need to rewrite matview query */
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel))
+		dataQuery = rewriteQueryForIMMV(viewQuery,NIL);
+	else
+		dataQuery = viewQuery;
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -248,12 +378,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -294,6 +418,74 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete IMMV triggers. */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && stmt->skipData )
+	{
+		Relation	tgRel;
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		tgRel = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* search triggers that depends on IMMV. */
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->classid == TriggerRelationId)
+			{
+				HeapTuple	tgtup;
+				ScanKeyData tgkey[1];
+				SysScanDesc tgscan;
+				Form_pg_trigger tgform;
+
+				/* Find the trigger name. */
+				ScanKeyInit(&tgkey[0],
+							Anum_pg_trigger_oid,
+							BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+							ObjectIdGetDatum(foundDep->objid));
+
+				tgscan = systable_beginscan(tgRel, TriggerOidIndexId, true,
+											NULL, 1, tgkey);
+				tgtup = systable_getnext(tgscan);
+				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tgtup))
+					elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for immv trigger %u", foundDep->objid);
+
+				tgform = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(tgtup);
+
+				/* If trigger is created by IMMV, delete it. */
+				if (strncmp(NameStr(tgform->tgname), "IVM_trigger_", 12) == 0)
+				{
+					obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+					obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+					obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+					add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+				}
+				systable_endscan(tgscan);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		table_close(tgRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -313,7 +505,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 
 	/* Generate the data, if wanted. */
 	if (!stmt->skipData)
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString);
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL, queryString);
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
 	if (concurrent)
@@ -348,6 +540,12 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 			pgstat_count_heap_insert(matviewRel, processed);
 	}
 
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(viewQuery, matviewRel, false);
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(viewQuery, matviewOid, false);
+	}
+
 	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
 
 	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
@@ -382,6 +580,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -418,7 +618,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -428,6 +628,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -942,3 +1145,1307 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		Snapshot snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->xid = GetCurrentTransactionId();
+		entry->cid = snapshot->curcid;
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->old_rtes = NIL;
+		table->new_rtes = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Get and push the latast snapshot to see any changes which is committed
+	 * during waiting in other transactions at READ COMMITTED level.
+	 */
+	PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  entry->xid, entry->cid,
+												  pstate);
+	/* Rewrite for DISTINCT clause */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_distinct(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+			bool	use_count = false;
+			char   *count_colname = NULL;
+
+			count_colname = pstrdup("__ivm_count__");
+
+			if (query->distinctClause)
+				use_count = true;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query, use_count,
+							count_colname);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified. xid and cid are the transaction id and command id
+ * before the first table was modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+								  ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				lfirst(lc) = get_prestate_rte(r, table, xid, cid, pstate->p_queryEnv);
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+			/* if base table has RLS, set security condition to enr */
+			rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(table->table_id, list_length(query->rtable) + 1, query);
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+			table->old_rtes = lappend(table->old_rtes, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+			/* if base table has RLS, set security condition to enr*/
+			rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(table->table_id, list_length(query->rtable) + 1, query);
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+			table->new_rtes = lappend(table->new_rtes, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 TransactionId xid, CommandId cid,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can use NoLock here since AcquireRewriteLocks should
+	 * have locked the rel already.
+	 */
+	rel = table_open(table->table_id, NoLock);
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(rel));
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT t.* FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE (age(t.xmin) - age(%u::text::xid) > 0) OR"
+		" (t.xmin = %u AND t.cmin::text::int < %u)",
+			relname, xid, xid, cid);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+		appendStringInfo(&str," SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* If this query has setOperations, RTEs in rtables has a subquery which contains ENR */
+	if (sub->setOperations != NULL)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc;
+
+		/* add securityQuals for tuplestores */
+		foreach (lc, sub->rtable)
+		{
+			RangeTblEntry *rte;
+			RangeTblEntry *sub_rte;
+
+			rte = (RangeTblEntry *)lfirst(lc);
+			Assert(rte->subquery != NULL);
+
+			sub_rte = (RangeTblEntry *)linitial(rte->subquery->rtable);
+			if (sub_rte->rtekind == RTE_NAMEDTUPLESTORE)
+				/* rt_index is always 1, bacause subquery has enr_rte only */
+				sub_rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(sub_rte->relid, 1, sub);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	rte->requiredPerms = 0;		/* no permission check on subquery itself */
+	rte->checkAsUser = InvalidOid;
+	rte->selectedCols = NULL;
+	rte->insertedCols = NULL;
+	rte->updatedCols = NULL;
+	rte->extraUpdatedCols = NULL;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * union_ENRs
+ *
+ * Make a single table delta by unionning all transition tables of the modified table
+ * whose RTE is specified by
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+union_ENRs(RangeTblEntry *rte, Oid relid, List *enr_rtes, const char *prefix,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int	i;
+	RangeTblEntry *enr_rte;
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(enr_rtes); i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix, relid, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	rte->requiredPerms = 0;		/* no permission check on subquery itself */
+	rte->checkAsUser = InvalidOid;
+	rte->selectedCols = NULL;
+	rte->insertedCols = NULL;
+	rte->updatedCols = NULL;
+	rte->extraUpdatedCols = NULL;
+	/* if base table has RLS, set security condition to enr*/
+	enr_rte = (RangeTblEntry *)linitial(sub->rtable);
+	/* rt_index is always 1, bacause subquery has enr_rte only */
+	enr_rte->securityQuals = get_securityQuals(relid, 1, sub);
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_distinct
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting DISTINCT clause.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_distinct(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(list_make1(makeString("count")), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (list_length(table->old_rtes) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		lfirst(lc) = union_ENRs(rte, table->table_id, table->old_rtes, "old", queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "");
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (list_length(table->new_rtes) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		lfirst(lc) = union_ENRs(rte, table->table_id, table->new_rtes, "new", queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "");
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query, bool use_count, char *count_colname)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, attr);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		if (use_count)
+			/* apply old delta and get rows to be recalculated */
+			apply_old_delta_with_count(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME,
+									   keys, count_colname);
+		else
+			apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		if (use_count)
+			apply_new_delta_with_count(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME,
+								keys, &target_list_buf, count_colname);
+		else
+			apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta_with_count
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is required, that is, the view
+ * has aggregate or distinct.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys, const char *count_colname)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"WITH t AS ("			/* collecting tid of target tuples in the view */
+						"SELECT diff.%s, "			/* count column */
+								"(diff.%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) mv.%s) AS for_dlt, "
+								"mv.ctid "
+						"FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						"WHERE %s"					/* tuple matching condition */
+					"), updt AS ("			/* update a tuple if this is not to be deleted */
+						"UPDATE %s AS mv SET %s = mv.%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.-) t.%s "
+						"FROM t WHERE mv.ctid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) t.ctid AND NOT for_dlt "
+					")"
+					/* delete a tuple if this is to be deleted */
+					"DELETE FROM %s AS mv USING t "
+					"WHERE mv.ctid OPERATOR(pg_catalog.=) t.ctid AND for_dlt",
+					count_colname,
+					count_colname, count_colname,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond,
+					matviewname, count_colname, count_colname, count_colname,
+					matviewname);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta_with_count
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is required, that is, the view
+ * has aggregate or distinct. Also, when a table in EXISTS sub queries
+ * is modified.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta_with_count(const char *matviewname, const char* deltaname_new,
+				List *keys, StringInfo target_list, const char* count_colname)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	returning_keys;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	char	*match_cond = "";
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be updated */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&returning_keys);
+	if (keys)
+	{
+		foreach (lc, keys)
+		{
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+			char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+			appendStringInfo(&returning_keys, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+			if (lnext(keys, lc))
+				appendStringInfo(&returning_keys, ", ");
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		appendStringInfo(&returning_keys, "NULL");
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update if found or insert if not. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"WITH updt AS ("		/* update a tuple if this exists in the view */
+						"UPDATE %s AS mv SET %s = mv.%s OPERATOR(pg_catalog.+) diff.%s "
+						"FROM %s AS diff "
+						"WHERE %s "					/* tuple matching condition */
+						"RETURNING %s"				/* returning keys of updated tuples */
+					") INSERT INTO %s (%s)"	/* insert a new tuple if this doesn't existw */
+						"SELECT %s FROM %s AS diff "
+						"WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM updt AS mv WHERE %s);",
+					matviewname, count_colname, count_colname, count_colname,
+					deltaname_new,
+					match_cond,
+					returning_keys.data,
+					matviewname, target_list->data,
+					target_list->data, deltaname_new,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\") "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * transaction abort.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM()
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+
+	hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_securityQuals
+ *
+ * Get row security policy on a relation.
+ * This is used by IVM for copying RLS from base table to enr.
+ */
+static List *
+get_securityQuals(Oid relId, int rt_index, Query *query)
+{
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+	List *securityQuals;
+	List *withCheckOptions;
+	bool  hasRowSecurity;
+	bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+	securityQuals = NIL;
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+
+	rel = table_open(relId, NoLock);
+	nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForRelation(pstate, rel, AccessShareLock, NULL, false, false);
+	rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+	get_row_security_policies(query, rte, rt_index,
+							  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+							  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+	/*
+	 * Make sure the query is marked correctly if row level security
+	 * applies, or if the new quals had sublinks.
+	 */
+	if (hasRowSecurity)
+		query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+	if (hasSubLinks)
+		query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	return securityQuals;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
index 2cd8546d47..1c85df888e 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
 #include "commands/comment.h"
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
 #include "commands/policy.h"
 #include "commands/sequence.h"
@@ -3441,6 +3442,14 @@ renameatt_internal(Oid myrelid,
 	targetrelation = relation_open(myrelid, AccessExclusiveLock);
 	renameatt_check(myrelid, RelationGetForm(targetrelation), recursing);
 
+	/*
+	 * Don't rename IVM columns.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(targetrelation) && isIvmName(oldattname))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("IVM column can not be renamed")));
+
 	/*
 	 * if the 'recurse' flag is set then we are supposed to rename this
 	 * attribute in all classes that inherit from 'relname' (as well as in
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
index 0490bce664..4afc8f5826 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
@@ -2949,6 +2949,7 @@ _copyRangeTblEntry(const RangeTblEntry *from)
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(relkind);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(rellockmode);
 	COPY_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(relisivm);
 	COPY_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(security_barrier);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(jointype);
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
index 55f41263ee..08d7805b7c 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
@@ -3131,6 +3131,7 @@ _equalRangeTblEntry(const RangeTblEntry *a, const RangeTblEntry *b)
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(relkind);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(rellockmode);
 	COMPARE_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(relisivm);
 	COMPARE_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(security_barrier);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(jointype);
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c
index cfd3ce68b4..e5a9467e99 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c
@@ -3436,6 +3436,7 @@ _outRangeTblEntry(StringInfo str, const RangeTblEntry *node)
 			WRITE_CHAR_FIELD(relkind);
 			WRITE_INT_FIELD(rellockmode);
 			WRITE_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+			WRITE_BOOL_FIELD(relisivm);
 			break;
 		case RTE_SUBQUERY:
 			WRITE_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c
index 5165fb3b93..50cc852c32 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/readfuncs.c
@@ -1669,6 +1669,7 @@ _readRangeTblEntry(void)
 			READ_CHAR_FIELD(relkind);
 			READ_INT_FIELD(rellockmode);
 			READ_NODE_FIELD(tablesample);
+			READ_BOOL_FIELD(relisivm);
 			break;
 		case RTE_SUBQUERY:
 			READ_NODE_FIELD(subquery);
diff --git a/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c b/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c
index 5448cb01fa..b08c742678 100644
--- a/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c
+++ b/src/backend/parser/parse_relation.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
 #include "utils/varlena.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 
 
 /*
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ static void expandTupleDesc(TupleDesc tupdesc, Alias *eref,
 							int count, int offset,
 							int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 							int location, bool include_dropped,
-							List **colnames, List **colvars);
+							List **colnames, List **colvars, bool is_ivm);
 static int	specialAttNum(const char *attname);
 static bool isQueryUsingTempRelation_walker(Node *node, void *context);
 
@@ -1444,6 +1445,7 @@ addRangeTableEntry(ParseState *pstate,
 	rte->relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	rte->relkind = rel->rd_rel->relkind;
 	rte->rellockmode = lockmode;
+	rte->relisivm = rel->rd_rel->relisivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Build the list of effective column names using user-supplied aliases
@@ -1532,6 +1534,7 @@ addRangeTableEntryForRelation(ParseState *pstate,
 	rte->relid = RelationGetRelid(rel);
 	rte->relkind = rel->rd_rel->relkind;
 	rte->rellockmode = lockmode;
+	rte->relisivm = rel->rd_rel->relisivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Build the list of effective column names using user-supplied aliases
@@ -2688,7 +2691,7 @@ expandRTE(RangeTblEntry *rte, int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 						expandTupleDesc(tupdesc, rte->eref,
 										rtfunc->funccolcount, atts_done,
 										rtindex, sublevels_up, location,
-										include_dropped, colnames, colvars);
+										include_dropped, colnames, colvars, false);
 					}
 					else if (functypclass == TYPEFUNC_SCALAR)
 					{
@@ -2956,7 +2959,7 @@ expandRelation(Oid relid, Alias *eref, int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 	expandTupleDesc(rel->rd_att, eref, rel->rd_att->natts, 0,
 					rtindex, sublevels_up,
 					location, include_dropped,
-					colnames, colvars);
+					colnames, colvars, RelationIsIVM(rel));
 	relation_close(rel, AccessShareLock);
 }
 
@@ -2973,7 +2976,7 @@ static void
 expandTupleDesc(TupleDesc tupdesc, Alias *eref, int count, int offset,
 				int rtindex, int sublevels_up,
 				int location, bool include_dropped,
-				List **colnames, List **colvars)
+				List **colnames, List **colvars, bool is_ivm)
 {
 	ListCell   *aliascell;
 	int			varattno;
@@ -2986,6 +2989,9 @@ expandTupleDesc(TupleDesc tupdesc, Alias *eref, int count, int offset,
 	{
 		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(tupdesc, varattno);
 
+		if (is_ivm && isIvmName(NameStr(attr->attname)) && !MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled())
+			continue;
+
 		if (attr->attisdropped)
 		{
 			if (include_dropped)
@@ -3140,6 +3146,10 @@ expandNSItemAttrs(ParseState *pstate, ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem,
 		Var		   *varnode = (Var *) lfirst(var);
 		TargetEntry *te;
 
+		/* if transform * into columnlist with IMMV, remove IVM columns */
+		if (rte->relisivm && isIvmName(label) && !MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled())
+			continue;
+
 		te = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) varnode,
 							 (AttrNumber) pstate->p_next_resno++,
 							 label,
diff --git a/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c b/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c
index 185bf5fbff..d8a8b66196 100644
--- a/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c
+++ b/src/backend/rewrite/rewriteDefine.c
@@ -776,7 +776,8 @@ checkRuleResultList(List *targetList, TupleDesc resultDesc, bool isSelect,
 														attr->atttypmod))));
 	}
 
-	if (i != resultDesc->natts)
+	/* No check for materialized views since this could have special columns for IVM */
+	if ((!isSelect || requireColumnNameMatch) && i != resultDesc->natts)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_OBJECT_DEFINITION),
 				 isSelect ?
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index 6d378ff785..7d88a84682 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -11882,4 +11882,12 @@
   prorettype => 'bytea', proargtypes => 'pg_brin_minmax_multi_summary',
   prosrc => 'brin_minmax_multi_summary_send' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index 54a38491fb..c369b3ba5e 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,11 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid, bool is_create);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel, bool is_create);
+
+extern Query *rewriteQueryForIMMV(Query *query, List *colNames);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index a067da39d2..ec479db513 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										ParamListInfo params, QueryCompletion *qc);
 
@@ -30,4 +33,9 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid oid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(void);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
diff --git a/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h b/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
index da02658c81..d1a754936b 100644
--- a/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
+++ b/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
@@ -1042,6 +1042,7 @@ typedef struct RangeTblEntry
 	char		relkind;		/* relation kind (see pg_class.relkind) */
 	int			rellockmode;	/* lock level that query requires on the rel */
 	struct TableSampleClause *tablesample;	/* sampling info, or NULL */
+	bool		relisivm;
 
 	/*
 	 * Fields valid for a subquery RTE (else NULL):
@@ -2545,6 +2546,7 @@ typedef struct CreateStmt
 	char	   *tablespacename; /* table space to use, or NULL */
 	char	   *accessMethod;	/* table access method */
 	bool		if_not_exists;	/* just do nothing if it already exists? */
+	bool		ivm;			/* incremental view maintenance is used by materialized view */
 } CreateStmt;
 
 /* ----------
-- 
2.17.1


--Multipart=_Fri__22_Apr_2022_14_58_01_+0900_MN3L/o2YUVF2g4zw
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v27-0007-Add-aggregates-support-in-IVM.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v27-0007-Add-aggregates-support-in-IVM.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* Re: [EXTERNAL] Re: Add non-blocking version of PQcancel
@ 2023-01-26 16:42 Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>
  2023-01-27 11:50 ` Re: [EXTERNAL] Re: Add non-blocking version of PQcancel Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 1 reply; 86+ messages in thread

From: Jelte Fennema @ 2023-01-26 16:42 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>; +Cc: Daniel Gustafsson <[email protected]>; Peter Eisentraut <[email protected]>; Jacob Champion <[email protected]>; Tom Lane <[email protected]>; Andres Freund <[email protected]>; Justin Pryzby <[email protected]>; Robert Haas <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>

After discussing this patch privately with Andres I created a new
version of this patch.
The main changes are:
1. Build on top of a refactor to addrinfo handling I had done for
another patch of mine (libpq load balancing). This allows creation of
a fake addrinfo list, which made it possible to remove lots of special
cases for cancel requests from PQconnectPoll
2. Move -2 return value of pqReadData to a separate commit.
3. Move usage of new cancel APIs to a separate commit.
4. Move most of the logic that's specific to cancel requests to cancel
related functions, e.g. PQcancelPoll does more than simply forwarding
to PQconnectPoll now.
5. Copy over the connhost data from the original connection, instead
of assuming that it will be rebuilt identically in the cancel
connection. The main reason for this is that when/if the loadbalancing
patch gets merged, then it won't necessarily be rebuilt identically
anymore.


Attachments:

  [application/octet-stream] v10-0001-libpq-Run-pgindent-after-a9e9a9f32b3.patch (39.4K, ../../CAGECzQT_VgOWWENUqvUV9xQmbaCyXjtRRAYO8W07oqashk_N+g@mail.gmail.com/2-v10-0001-libpq-Run-pgindent-after-a9e9a9f32b3.patch)
  download | inline diff:
From 48647b915065233c1bf30757f9ee098ac5a8e14b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>
Date: Wed, 30 Nov 2022 10:07:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v10 1/5] libpq: Run pgindent after a9e9a9f32b3

It seems that pgindent was not run after the error handling refactor in
commit a9e9a9f32b35edf129c88e8b929ef223f8511f59. This fixes that and
also addresses a few other things pgindent wanted to change in libpq.
---
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth-scram.c     |   2 +-
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth.c           |   8 +-
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c        | 124 +++++++++++------------
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-exec.c           |  16 +--
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-lobj.c           |  42 ++++----
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c           |  10 +-
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-protocol3.c      |   2 +-
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-common.c  |   6 +-
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-gssapi.c  |  12 +--
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c |  64 ++++++------
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c         |   8 +-
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h         |   4 +-
 12 files changed, 149 insertions(+), 149 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth-scram.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth-scram.c
index 9c42ea4f819..12c3d0bc333 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth-scram.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth-scram.c
@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ read_server_final_message(fe_scram_state *state, char *input)
 			return false;
 		}
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "error received from server in SCRAM exchange: %s",
-						   errmsg);
+								errmsg);
 		return false;
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth.c
index 9afc6f19b9a..ab454e6cd02 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth.c
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ pg_GSS_continue(PGconn *conn, int payloadlen)
 		if (!ginbuf.value)
 		{
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "out of memory allocating GSSAPI buffer (%d)",
-							  payloadlen);
+									payloadlen);
 			return STATUS_ERROR;
 		}
 		if (pqGetnchar(ginbuf.value, payloadlen, conn))
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ pg_SSPI_continue(PGconn *conn, int payloadlen)
 		if (!inputbuf)
 		{
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "out of memory allocating SSPI buffer (%d)",
-							  payloadlen);
+									payloadlen);
 			return STATUS_ERROR;
 		}
 		if (pqGetnchar(inputbuf, payloadlen, conn))
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ pg_SASL_continue(PGconn *conn, int payloadlen, bool final)
 	if (!challenge)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "out of memory allocating SASL buffer (%d)",
-						  payloadlen);
+								payloadlen);
 		return STATUS_ERROR;
 	}
 
@@ -1277,7 +1277,7 @@ PQencryptPasswordConn(PGconn *conn, const char *passwd, const char *user,
 	else
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "unrecognized password encryption algorithm \"%s\"",
-						  algorithm);
+								algorithm);
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c
index 50b5df3490b..773e9e1f3a2 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c
@@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ connectOptions2(PGconn *conn)
 		{
 			conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not match %d host names to %d hostaddr values",
-							   count_comma_separated_elems(conn->pghost), conn->nconnhost);
+									count_comma_separated_elems(conn->pghost), conn->nconnhost);
 			return false;
 		}
 	}
@@ -1159,7 +1159,7 @@ connectOptions2(PGconn *conn)
 		{
 			conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not match %d port numbers to %d hosts",
-							   count_comma_separated_elems(conn->pgport), conn->nconnhost);
+									count_comma_separated_elems(conn->pgport), conn->nconnhost);
 			return false;
 		}
 	}
@@ -1248,7 +1248,7 @@ connectOptions2(PGconn *conn)
 		{
 			conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "invalid %s value: \"%s\"",
-							   "channel_binding", conn->channel_binding);
+									"channel_binding", conn->channel_binding);
 			return false;
 		}
 	}
@@ -1273,7 +1273,7 @@ connectOptions2(PGconn *conn)
 		{
 			conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "invalid %s value: \"%s\"",
-							   "sslmode", conn->sslmode);
+									"sslmode", conn->sslmode);
 			return false;
 		}
 
@@ -1293,7 +1293,7 @@ connectOptions2(PGconn *conn)
 			case 'v':			/* "verify-ca" or "verify-full" */
 				conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "sslmode value \"%s\" invalid when SSL support is not compiled in",
-								   conn->sslmode);
+										conn->sslmode);
 				return false;
 		}
 #endif
@@ -1313,16 +1313,16 @@ connectOptions2(PGconn *conn)
 	{
 		conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "invalid %s value: \"%s\"",
-						   "ssl_min_protocol_version",
-						   conn->ssl_min_protocol_version);
+								"ssl_min_protocol_version",
+								conn->ssl_min_protocol_version);
 		return false;
 	}
 	if (!sslVerifyProtocolVersion(conn->ssl_max_protocol_version))
 	{
 		conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "invalid %s value: \"%s\"",
-						   "ssl_max_protocol_version",
-						   conn->ssl_max_protocol_version);
+								"ssl_max_protocol_version",
+								conn->ssl_max_protocol_version);
 		return false;
 	}
 
@@ -1359,7 +1359,7 @@ connectOptions2(PGconn *conn)
 		{
 			conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "gssencmode value \"%s\" invalid when GSSAPI support is not compiled in",
-							   conn->gssencmode);
+									conn->gssencmode);
 			return false;
 		}
 #endif
@@ -1392,8 +1392,8 @@ connectOptions2(PGconn *conn)
 		{
 			conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "invalid %s value: \"%s\"",
-							   "target_session_attrs",
-							   conn->target_session_attrs);
+									"target_session_attrs",
+									conn->target_session_attrs);
 			return false;
 		}
 	}
@@ -1609,7 +1609,7 @@ connectNoDelay(PGconn *conn)
 		char		sebuf[PG_STRERROR_R_BUFLEN];
 
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not set socket to TCP no delay mode: %s",
-						   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 		return 0;
 	}
 #endif
@@ -1787,7 +1787,7 @@ parse_int_param(const char *value, int *result, PGconn *conn,
 
 error:
 	libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "invalid integer value \"%s\" for connection option \"%s\"",
-					   value, context);
+							value, context);
 	return false;
 }
 
@@ -1816,9 +1816,9 @@ setKeepalivesIdle(PGconn *conn)
 		char		sebuf[PG_STRERROR_R_BUFLEN];
 
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "%s(%s) failed: %s",
-						   "setsockopt",
-						   PG_TCP_KEEPALIVE_IDLE_STR,
-						   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								"setsockopt",
+								PG_TCP_KEEPALIVE_IDLE_STR,
+								SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 		return 0;
 	}
 #endif
@@ -1850,9 +1850,9 @@ setKeepalivesInterval(PGconn *conn)
 		char		sebuf[PG_STRERROR_R_BUFLEN];
 
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "%s(%s) failed: %s",
-						   "setsockopt",
-						   "TCP_KEEPINTVL",
-						   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								"setsockopt",
+								"TCP_KEEPINTVL",
+								SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 		return 0;
 	}
 #endif
@@ -1885,9 +1885,9 @@ setKeepalivesCount(PGconn *conn)
 		char		sebuf[PG_STRERROR_R_BUFLEN];
 
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "%s(%s) failed: %s",
-						   "setsockopt",
-						   "TCP_KEEPCNT",
-						   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								"setsockopt",
+								"TCP_KEEPCNT",
+								SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 		return 0;
 	}
 #endif
@@ -1949,8 +1949,8 @@ prepKeepalivesWin32(PGconn *conn)
 	if (!setKeepalivesWin32(conn->sock, idle, interval))
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "%s(%s) failed: error code %d",
-						  "WSAIoctl", "SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS",
-						  WSAGetLastError());
+								"WSAIoctl", "SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS",
+								WSAGetLastError());
 		return 0;
 	}
 	return 1;
@@ -1983,9 +1983,9 @@ setTCPUserTimeout(PGconn *conn)
 		char		sebuf[256];
 
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "%s(%s) failed: %s",
-						   "setsockopt",
-						   "TCP_USER_TIMEOUT",
-						   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								"setsockopt",
+								"TCP_USER_TIMEOUT",
+								SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 		return 0;
 	}
 #endif
@@ -2354,7 +2354,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				if (ret || !conn->addrlist)
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not translate host name \"%s\" to address: %s",
-									   ch->host, gai_strerror(ret));
+											ch->host, gai_strerror(ret));
 					goto keep_going;
 				}
 				break;
@@ -2366,7 +2366,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				if (ret || !conn->addrlist)
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not parse network address \"%s\": %s",
-									   ch->hostaddr, gai_strerror(ret));
+											ch->hostaddr, gai_strerror(ret));
 					goto keep_going;
 				}
 				break;
@@ -2377,8 +2377,8 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				if (strlen(portstr) >= UNIXSOCK_PATH_BUFLEN)
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "Unix-domain socket path \"%s\" is too long (maximum %d bytes)",
-									   portstr,
-									   (int) (UNIXSOCK_PATH_BUFLEN - 1));
+											portstr,
+											(int) (UNIXSOCK_PATH_BUFLEN - 1));
 					goto keep_going;
 				}
 
@@ -2391,7 +2391,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				if (ret || !conn->addrlist)
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not translate Unix-domain socket path \"%s\" to address: %s",
-									   portstr, gai_strerror(ret));
+											portstr, gai_strerror(ret));
 					goto keep_going;
 				}
 				break;
@@ -2513,7 +2513,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 						}
 						emitHostIdentityInfo(conn, host_addr);
 						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not create socket: %s",
-										   SOCK_STRERROR(errorno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+												SOCK_STRERROR(errorno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 						goto error_return;
 					}
 
@@ -2543,7 +2543,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					if (!pg_set_noblock(conn->sock))
 					{
 						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not set socket to nonblocking mode: %s",
-										   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+												SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 						conn->try_next_addr = true;
 						goto keep_going;
 					}
@@ -2552,7 +2552,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					if (fcntl(conn->sock, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) == -1)
 					{
 						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not set socket to close-on-exec mode: %s",
-										   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+												SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 						conn->try_next_addr = true;
 						goto keep_going;
 					}
@@ -2581,9 +2581,9 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 											(char *) &on, sizeof(on)) < 0)
 						{
 							libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "%s(%s) failed: %s",
-											   "setsockopt",
-											   "SO_KEEPALIVE",
-											   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+													"setsockopt",
+													"SO_KEEPALIVE",
+													SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 							err = 1;
 						}
 						else if (!setKeepalivesIdle(conn)
@@ -2708,7 +2708,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 							   (char *) &optval, &optlen) == -1)
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not get socket error status: %s",
-									   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+											SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 					goto error_return;
 				}
 				else if (optval != 0)
@@ -2735,7 +2735,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 								&conn->laddr.salen) < 0)
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not get client address from socket: %s",
-									   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+											SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 					goto error_return;
 				}
 
@@ -2775,7 +2775,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 							libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "requirepeer parameter is not supported on this platform");
 						else
 							libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not get peer credentials: %s",
-											   strerror_r(errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+													strerror_r(errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 						goto error_return;
 					}
 
@@ -2788,7 +2788,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					if (strcmp(remote_username, conn->requirepeer) != 0)
 					{
 						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "requirepeer specifies \"%s\", but actual peer user name is \"%s\"",
-										   conn->requirepeer, remote_username);
+												conn->requirepeer, remote_username);
 						free(remote_username);
 						goto error_return;
 					}
@@ -2829,7 +2829,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					if (pqPacketSend(conn, 0, &pv, sizeof(pv)) != STATUS_OK)
 					{
 						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not send GSSAPI negotiation packet: %s",
-										   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+												SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 						goto error_return;
 					}
 
@@ -2840,7 +2840,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				else if (!conn->gctx && conn->gssencmode[0] == 'r')
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn,
-									   "GSSAPI encryption required but was impossible (possibly no credential cache, no server support, or using a local socket)");
+											"GSSAPI encryption required but was impossible (possibly no credential cache, no server support, or using a local socket)");
 					goto error_return;
 				}
 #endif
@@ -2882,7 +2882,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					if (pqPacketSend(conn, 0, &pv, sizeof(pv)) != STATUS_OK)
 					{
 						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not send SSL negotiation packet: %s",
-										   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+												SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 						goto error_return;
 					}
 					/* Ok, wait for response */
@@ -2911,7 +2911,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				if (pqPacketSend(conn, 0, startpacket, packetlen) != STATUS_OK)
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not send startup packet: %s",
-									   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+											SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 					free(startpacket);
 					goto error_return;
 				}
@@ -3012,7 +3012,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					else
 					{
 						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "received invalid response to SSL negotiation: %c",
-										   SSLok);
+												SSLok);
 						goto error_return;
 					}
 				}
@@ -3123,7 +3123,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					else if (gss_ok != 'G')
 					{
 						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "received invalid response to GSSAPI negotiation: %c",
-										   gss_ok);
+												gss_ok);
 						goto error_return;
 					}
 				}
@@ -3201,7 +3201,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				if (!(beresp == 'R' || beresp == 'v' || beresp == 'E'))
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "expected authentication request from server, but received %c",
-									   beresp);
+											beresp);
 					goto error_return;
 				}
 
@@ -3216,17 +3216,17 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				 * Try to validate message length before using it.
 				 * Authentication requests can't be very large, although GSS
 				 * auth requests may not be that small.  Same for
-				 * NegotiateProtocolVersion.  Errors can be a
-				 * little larger, but not huge.  If we see a large apparent
-				 * length in an error, it means we're really talking to a
-				 * pre-3.0-protocol server; cope.  (Before version 14, the
-				 * server also used the old protocol for errors that happened
-				 * before processing the startup packet.)
+				 * NegotiateProtocolVersion.  Errors can be a little larger,
+				 * but not huge.  If we see a large apparent length in an
+				 * error, it means we're really talking to a pre-3.0-protocol
+				 * server; cope.  (Before version 14, the server also used the
+				 * old protocol for errors that happened before processing the
+				 * startup packet.)
 				 */
 				if ((beresp == 'R' || beresp == 'v') && (msgLength < 8 || msgLength > 2000))
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "expected authentication request from server, but received %c",
-									   beresp);
+											beresp);
 					goto error_return;
 				}
 
@@ -3705,7 +3705,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 
 				/* Append error report to conn->errorMessage. */
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "\"%s\" failed",
-								  "SHOW transaction_read_only");
+										"SHOW transaction_read_only");
 
 				/* Close connection politely. */
 				conn->status = CONNECTION_OK;
@@ -3755,7 +3755,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 
 				/* Append error report to conn->errorMessage. */
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "\"%s\" failed",
-								  "SELECT pg_is_in_recovery()");
+										"SELECT pg_is_in_recovery()");
 
 				/* Close connection politely. */
 				conn->status = CONNECTION_OK;
@@ -3768,8 +3768,8 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 
 		default:
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn,
-							   "invalid connection state %d, probably indicative of memory corruption",
-							  conn->status);
+									"invalid connection state %d, probably indicative of memory corruption",
+									conn->status);
 			goto error_return;
 	}
 
@@ -7148,7 +7148,7 @@ pgpassfileWarning(PGconn *conn)
 
 		if (sqlstate && strcmp(sqlstate, ERRCODE_INVALID_PASSWORD) == 0)
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "password retrieved from file \"%s\"",
-							  conn->pgpassfile);
+									conn->pgpassfile);
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-exec.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-exec.c
index ec62550e385..0c2dae6ed9e 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-exec.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-exec.c
@@ -1444,7 +1444,7 @@ PQsendQueryInternal(PGconn *conn, const char *query, bool newQuery)
 	if (conn->pipelineStatus != PQ_PIPELINE_OFF)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "%s not allowed in pipeline mode",
-						  "PQsendQuery");
+								"PQsendQuery");
 		return 0;
 	}
 
@@ -1512,7 +1512,7 @@ PQsendQueryParams(PGconn *conn,
 	if (nParams < 0 || nParams > PQ_QUERY_PARAM_MAX_LIMIT)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "number of parameters must be between 0 and %d",
-						   PQ_QUERY_PARAM_MAX_LIMIT);
+								PQ_QUERY_PARAM_MAX_LIMIT);
 		return 0;
 	}
 
@@ -1558,7 +1558,7 @@ PQsendPrepare(PGconn *conn,
 	if (nParams < 0 || nParams > PQ_QUERY_PARAM_MAX_LIMIT)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "number of parameters must be between 0 and %d",
-						   PQ_QUERY_PARAM_MAX_LIMIT);
+								PQ_QUERY_PARAM_MAX_LIMIT);
 		return 0;
 	}
 
@@ -1652,7 +1652,7 @@ PQsendQueryPrepared(PGconn *conn,
 	if (nParams < 0 || nParams > PQ_QUERY_PARAM_MAX_LIMIT)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "number of parameters must be between 0 and %d",
-						   PQ_QUERY_PARAM_MAX_LIMIT);
+								PQ_QUERY_PARAM_MAX_LIMIT);
 		return 0;
 	}
 
@@ -2099,10 +2099,9 @@ PQgetResult(PGconn *conn)
 
 			/*
 			 * We're about to return the NULL that terminates the round of
-			 * results from the current query; prepare to send the results
-			 * of the next query, if any, when we're called next.  If there's
-			 * no next element in the command queue, this gets us in IDLE
-			 * state.
+			 * results from the current query; prepare to send the results of
+			 * the next query, if any, when we're called next.  If there's no
+			 * next element in the command queue, this gets us in IDLE state.
 			 */
 			pqPipelineProcessQueue(conn);
 			res = NULL;			/* query is complete */
@@ -3047,6 +3046,7 @@ pqPipelineProcessQueue(PGconn *conn)
 			return;
 
 		case PGASYNC_IDLE:
+
 			/*
 			 * If we're in IDLE mode and there's some command in the queue,
 			 * get us into PIPELINE_IDLE mode and process normally.  Otherwise
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-lobj.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-lobj.c
index 4cb6a468597..206266fd043 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-lobj.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-lobj.c
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ lo_truncate(PGconn *conn, int fd, size_t len)
 	if (conn->lobjfuncs->fn_lo_truncate == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_truncate");
+								"lo_truncate");
 		return -1;
 	}
 
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ lo_truncate64(PGconn *conn, int fd, pg_int64 len)
 	if (conn->lobjfuncs->fn_lo_truncate64 == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_truncate64");
+								"lo_truncate64");
 		return -1;
 	}
 
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ lo_lseek64(PGconn *conn, int fd, pg_int64 offset, int whence)
 	if (conn->lobjfuncs->fn_lo_lseek64 == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_lseek64");
+								"lo_lseek64");
 		return -1;
 	}
 
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ lo_create(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId)
 	if (conn->lobjfuncs->fn_lo_create == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_create");
+								"lo_create");
 		return InvalidOid;
 	}
 
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ lo_tell64(PGconn *conn, int fd)
 	if (conn->lobjfuncs->fn_lo_tell64 == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_tell64");
+								"lo_tell64");
 		return -1;
 	}
 
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ lo_import_internal(PGconn *conn, const char *filename, Oid oid)
 	if (fd < 0)
 	{							/* error */
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not open file \"%s\": %s",
-						  filename, strerror_r(errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								filename, strerror_r(errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 		return InvalidOid;
 	}
 
@@ -723,8 +723,8 @@ lo_import_internal(PGconn *conn, const char *filename, Oid oid)
 		/* deliberately overwrite any error from lo_close */
 		pqClearConnErrorState(conn);
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not read from file \"%s\": %s",
-						  filename,
-						  strerror_r(save_errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								filename,
+								strerror_r(save_errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 		return InvalidOid;
 	}
 
@@ -778,8 +778,8 @@ lo_export(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, const char *filename)
 		/* deliberately overwrite any error from lo_close */
 		pqClearConnErrorState(conn);
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not open file \"%s\": %s",
-						  filename,
-						  strerror_r(save_errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								filename,
+								strerror_r(save_errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 		return -1;
 	}
 
@@ -799,8 +799,8 @@ lo_export(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, const char *filename)
 			/* deliberately overwrite any error from lo_close */
 			pqClearConnErrorState(conn);
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not write to file \"%s\": %s",
-							  filename,
-							  strerror_r(save_errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+									filename,
+									strerror_r(save_errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 			return -1;
 		}
 	}
@@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ lo_export(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, const char *filename)
 	if (close(fd) != 0 && result >= 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not write to file \"%s\": %s",
-						  filename, strerror_r(errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								filename, strerror_r(errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 		result = -1;
 	}
 
@@ -954,56 +954,56 @@ lo_initialize(PGconn *conn)
 	if (lobjfuncs->fn_lo_open == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_open");
+								"lo_open");
 		free(lobjfuncs);
 		return -1;
 	}
 	if (lobjfuncs->fn_lo_close == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_close");
+								"lo_close");
 		free(lobjfuncs);
 		return -1;
 	}
 	if (lobjfuncs->fn_lo_creat == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_creat");
+								"lo_creat");
 		free(lobjfuncs);
 		return -1;
 	}
 	if (lobjfuncs->fn_lo_unlink == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_unlink");
+								"lo_unlink");
 		free(lobjfuncs);
 		return -1;
 	}
 	if (lobjfuncs->fn_lo_lseek == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_lseek");
+								"lo_lseek");
 		free(lobjfuncs);
 		return -1;
 	}
 	if (lobjfuncs->fn_lo_tell == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_tell");
+								"lo_tell");
 		free(lobjfuncs);
 		return -1;
 	}
 	if (lobjfuncs->fn_lo_read == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "loread");
+								"loread");
 		free(lobjfuncs);
 		return -1;
 	}
 	if (lobjfuncs->fn_lo_write == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lowrite");
+								"lowrite");
 		free(lobjfuncs);
 		return -1;
 	}
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 3653a1a8a62..660cdec93c9 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -749,8 +749,8 @@ retry4:
 	 */
 definitelyEOF:
 	libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "server closed the connection unexpectedly\n"
-					   "\tThis probably means the server terminated abnormally\n"
-					   "\tbefore or while processing the request.");
+							"\tThis probably means the server terminated abnormally\n"
+							"\tbefore or while processing the request.");
 
 	/* Come here if lower-level code already set a suitable errorMessage */
 definitelyFailed:
@@ -1067,7 +1067,7 @@ pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 		char		sebuf[PG_STRERROR_R_BUFLEN];
 
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "%s() failed: %s", "select",
-						  SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 	}
 
 	return result;
@@ -1280,7 +1280,7 @@ libpq_ngettext(const char *msgid, const char *msgid_plural, unsigned long n)
  * newline.
  */
 void
-libpq_append_error(PQExpBuffer errorMessage, const char *fmt, ...)
+libpq_append_error(PQExpBuffer errorMessage, const char *fmt,...)
 {
 	int			save_errno = errno;
 	bool		done;
@@ -1309,7 +1309,7 @@ libpq_append_error(PQExpBuffer errorMessage, const char *fmt, ...)
  * format should not end with a newline.
  */
 void
-libpq_append_conn_error(PGconn *conn, const char *fmt, ...)
+libpq_append_conn_error(PGconn *conn, const char *fmt,...)
 {
 	int			save_errno = errno;
 	bool		done;
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-protocol3.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-protocol3.c
index 8ab6a884165..b79d74f7489 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-protocol3.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-protocol3.c
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ static void
 handleSyncLoss(PGconn *conn, char id, int msgLength)
 {
 	libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "lost synchronization with server: got message type \"%c\", length %d",
-					  id, msgLength);
+							id, msgLength);
 	/* build an error result holding the error message */
 	pqSaveErrorResult(conn);
 	conn->asyncStatus = PGASYNC_READY;	/* drop out of PQgetResult wait loop */
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-common.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-common.c
index de115b37649..3ecc7bf6159 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-common.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-common.c
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ pq_verify_peer_name_matches_certificate_ip(PGconn *conn,
 		 * wrong given the subject matter.
 		 */
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "certificate contains IP address with invalid length %zu",
-						  iplen);
+								iplen);
 		return -1;
 	}
 
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ pq_verify_peer_name_matches_certificate_ip(PGconn *conn,
 	if (!addrstr)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not convert certificate's IP address to string: %s",
-						  strerror_r(errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								strerror_r(errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 		return -1;
 	}
 
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ pq_verify_peer_name_matches_certificate(PGconn *conn)
 		else if (names_examined == 1)
 		{
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "server certificate for \"%s\" does not match host name \"%s\"",
-							  first_name, host);
+									first_name, host);
 		}
 		else
 		{
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-gssapi.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-gssapi.c
index 6220e4a1014..bed6e62435b 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-gssapi.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-gssapi.c
@@ -213,8 +213,8 @@ pg_GSS_write(PGconn *conn, const void *ptr, size_t len)
 		if (output.length > PQ_GSS_SEND_BUFFER_SIZE - sizeof(uint32))
 		{
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "client tried to send oversize GSSAPI packet (%zu > %zu)",
-							  (size_t) output.length,
-							  PQ_GSS_SEND_BUFFER_SIZE - sizeof(uint32));
+									(size_t) output.length,
+									PQ_GSS_SEND_BUFFER_SIZE - sizeof(uint32));
 			errno = EIO;		/* for lack of a better idea */
 			goto cleanup;
 		}
@@ -349,8 +349,8 @@ pg_GSS_read(PGconn *conn, void *ptr, size_t len)
 		if (input.length > PQ_GSS_RECV_BUFFER_SIZE - sizeof(uint32))
 		{
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "oversize GSSAPI packet sent by the server (%zu > %zu)",
-							  (size_t) input.length,
-							  PQ_GSS_RECV_BUFFER_SIZE - sizeof(uint32));
+									(size_t) input.length,
+									PQ_GSS_RECV_BUFFER_SIZE - sizeof(uint32));
 			errno = EIO;		/* for lack of a better idea */
 			return -1;
 		}
@@ -588,8 +588,8 @@ pqsecure_open_gss(PGconn *conn)
 		if (input.length > PQ_GSS_RECV_BUFFER_SIZE - sizeof(uint32))
 		{
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "oversize GSSAPI packet sent by the server (%zu > %zu)",
-							  (size_t) input.length,
-							  PQ_GSS_RECV_BUFFER_SIZE - sizeof(uint32));
+									(size_t) input.length,
+									PQ_GSS_RECV_BUFFER_SIZE - sizeof(uint32));
 			return PGRES_POLLING_FAILED;
 		}
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c
index 983536de251..ab2cbf045b8 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c
@@ -213,12 +213,12 @@ rloop:
 				if (result_errno == EPIPE ||
 					result_errno == ECONNRESET)
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "server closed the connection unexpectedly\n"
-									   "\tThis probably means the server terminated abnormally\n"
-									   "\tbefore or while processing the request.");
+											"\tThis probably means the server terminated abnormally\n"
+											"\tbefore or while processing the request.");
 				else
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "SSL SYSCALL error: %s",
-									  SOCK_STRERROR(result_errno,
-													sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+											SOCK_STRERROR(result_errno,
+														  sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 			}
 			else
 			{
@@ -313,12 +313,12 @@ pgtls_write(PGconn *conn, const void *ptr, size_t len)
 				result_errno = SOCK_ERRNO;
 				if (result_errno == EPIPE || result_errno == ECONNRESET)
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "server closed the connection unexpectedly\n"
-									   "\tThis probably means the server terminated abnormally\n"
-									   "\tbefore or while processing the request.");
+											"\tThis probably means the server terminated abnormally\n"
+											"\tbefore or while processing the request.");
 				else
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "SSL SYSCALL error: %s",
-									  SOCK_STRERROR(result_errno,
-													sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+											SOCK_STRERROR(result_errno,
+														  sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 			}
 			else
 			{
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ pgtls_get_peer_certificate_hash(PGconn *conn, size_t *len)
 			if (algo_type == NULL)
 			{
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not find digest for NID %s",
-								  OBJ_nid2sn(algo_nid));
+										OBJ_nid2sn(algo_nid));
 				return NULL;
 			}
 			break;
@@ -962,7 +962,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 		if (ssl_min_ver == -1)
 		{
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "invalid value \"%s\" for minimum SSL protocol version",
-							  conn->ssl_min_protocol_version);
+									conn->ssl_min_protocol_version);
 			SSL_CTX_free(SSL_context);
 			return -1;
 		}
@@ -988,7 +988,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 		if (ssl_max_ver == -1)
 		{
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "invalid value \"%s\" for maximum SSL protocol version",
-							  conn->ssl_max_protocol_version);
+									conn->ssl_max_protocol_version);
 			SSL_CTX_free(SSL_context);
 			return -1;
 		}
@@ -1032,7 +1032,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 			char	   *err = SSLerrmessage(ERR_get_error());
 
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not read root certificate file \"%s\": %s",
-							  fnbuf, err);
+									fnbuf, err);
 			SSLerrfree(err);
 			SSL_CTX_free(SSL_context);
 			return -1;
@@ -1084,10 +1084,10 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 			 */
 			if (fnbuf[0] == '\0')
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not get home directory to locate root certificate file\n"
-								   "Either provide the file or change sslmode to disable server certificate verification.");
+										"Either provide the file or change sslmode to disable server certificate verification.");
 			else
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "root certificate file \"%s\" does not exist\n"
-								   "Either provide the file or change sslmode to disable server certificate verification.", fnbuf);
+										"Either provide the file or change sslmode to disable server certificate verification.", fnbuf);
 			SSL_CTX_free(SSL_context);
 			return -1;
 		}
@@ -1117,7 +1117,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 		if (errno != ENOENT && errno != ENOTDIR)
 		{
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not open certificate file \"%s\": %s",
-							  fnbuf, strerror_r(errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+									fnbuf, strerror_r(errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 			SSL_CTX_free(SSL_context);
 			return -1;
 		}
@@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 			char	   *err = SSLerrmessage(ERR_get_error());
 
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not read certificate file \"%s\": %s",
-							  fnbuf, err);
+									fnbuf, err);
 			SSLerrfree(err);
 			SSL_CTX_free(SSL_context);
 			return -1;
@@ -1234,7 +1234,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 				char	   *err = SSLerrmessage(ERR_get_error());
 
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not load SSL engine \"%s\": %s",
-								  engine_str, err);
+										engine_str, err);
 				SSLerrfree(err);
 				free(engine_str);
 				return -1;
@@ -1245,7 +1245,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 				char	   *err = SSLerrmessage(ERR_get_error());
 
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not initialize SSL engine \"%s\": %s",
-								  engine_str, err);
+										engine_str, err);
 				SSLerrfree(err);
 				ENGINE_free(conn->engine);
 				conn->engine = NULL;
@@ -1260,7 +1260,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 				char	   *err = SSLerrmessage(ERR_get_error());
 
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not read private SSL key \"%s\" from engine \"%s\": %s",
-								  engine_colon, engine_str, err);
+										engine_colon, engine_str, err);
 				SSLerrfree(err);
 				ENGINE_finish(conn->engine);
 				ENGINE_free(conn->engine);
@@ -1273,7 +1273,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 				char	   *err = SSLerrmessage(ERR_get_error());
 
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not load private SSL key \"%s\" from engine \"%s\": %s",
-								  engine_colon, engine_str, err);
+										engine_colon, engine_str, err);
 				SSLerrfree(err);
 				ENGINE_finish(conn->engine);
 				ENGINE_free(conn->engine);
@@ -1310,10 +1310,10 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 		{
 			if (errno == ENOENT)
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "certificate present, but not private key file \"%s\"",
-								  fnbuf);
+										fnbuf);
 			else
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not stat private key file \"%s\": %m",
-								  fnbuf);
+										fnbuf);
 			return -1;
 		}
 
@@ -1321,7 +1321,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 		if (!S_ISREG(buf.st_mode))
 		{
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "private key file \"%s\" is not a regular file",
-							  fnbuf);
+									fnbuf);
 			return -1;
 		}
 
@@ -1378,7 +1378,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 			if (SSL_use_PrivateKey_file(conn->ssl, fnbuf, SSL_FILETYPE_ASN1) != 1)
 			{
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not load private key file \"%s\": %s",
-								  fnbuf, err);
+										fnbuf, err);
 				SSLerrfree(err);
 				return -1;
 			}
@@ -1394,7 +1394,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 		char	   *err = SSLerrmessage(ERR_get_error());
 
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "certificate does not match private key file \"%s\": %s",
-						  fnbuf, err);
+								fnbuf, err);
 		SSLerrfree(err);
 		return -1;
 	}
@@ -1447,7 +1447,7 @@ open_client_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 
 					if (r == -1)
 						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "SSL SYSCALL error: %s",
-										  SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+												SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 					else
 						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "SSL SYSCALL error: EOF detected");
 					pgtls_close(conn);
@@ -1489,12 +1489,12 @@ open_client_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 						case SSL_R_VERSION_TOO_LOW:
 #endif
 							libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "This may indicate that the server does not support any SSL protocol version between %s and %s.",
-											  conn->ssl_min_protocol_version ?
-											  conn->ssl_min_protocol_version :
-											  MIN_OPENSSL_TLS_VERSION,
-											  conn->ssl_max_protocol_version ?
-											  conn->ssl_max_protocol_version :
-											  MAX_OPENSSL_TLS_VERSION);
+													conn->ssl_min_protocol_version ?
+													conn->ssl_min_protocol_version :
+													MIN_OPENSSL_TLS_VERSION,
+													conn->ssl_max_protocol_version ?
+													conn->ssl_max_protocol_version :
+													MAX_OPENSSL_TLS_VERSION);
 							break;
 						default:
 							break;
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c
index 66e401bf3d9..8069e381424 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c
@@ -255,14 +255,14 @@ pqsecure_raw_read(PGconn *conn, void *ptr, size_t len)
 			case EPIPE:
 			case ECONNRESET:
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "server closed the connection unexpectedly\n"
-								   "\tThis probably means the server terminated abnormally\n"
-								   "\tbefore or while processing the request.");
+										"\tThis probably means the server terminated abnormally\n"
+										"\tbefore or while processing the request.");
 				break;
 
 			default:
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not receive data from server: %s",
-								  SOCK_STRERROR(result_errno,
-												sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+										SOCK_STRERROR(result_errno,
+													  sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 				break;
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h
index d94b648ea5b..712d572373c 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h
@@ -888,8 +888,8 @@ extern char *libpq_ngettext(const char *msgid, const char *msgid_plural, unsigne
  */
 #undef _
 
-extern void libpq_append_error(PQExpBuffer errorMessage, const char *fmt, ...) pg_attribute_printf(2, 3);
-extern void libpq_append_conn_error(PGconn *conn, const char *fmt, ...) pg_attribute_printf(2, 3);
+extern void libpq_append_error(PQExpBuffer errorMessage, const char *fmt,...) pg_attribute_printf(2, 3);
+extern void libpq_append_conn_error(PGconn *conn, const char *fmt,...) pg_attribute_printf(2, 3);
 
 /*
  * These macros are needed to let error-handling code be portable between
-- 
2.34.1



  [application/octet-stream] v10-0002-Refactor-libpq-to-store-addrinfo-in-a-libpq-owne.patch (11.5K, ../../CAGECzQT_VgOWWENUqvUV9xQmbaCyXjtRRAYO8W07oqashk_N+g@mail.gmail.com/3-v10-0002-Refactor-libpq-to-store-addrinfo-in-a-libpq-owne.patch)
  download | inline diff:
From 8886ac4485a039ee28b966a0ad53175b2a10f290 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>
Date: Wed, 25 Jan 2023 10:22:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v10 2/5] Refactor libpq to store addrinfo in a libpq owned
 array

This refactors libpq to copy addrinfos returned by getaddrinfo to
memory owned by us. This refactoring is useful for two upcoming patches,
which need to change the addrinfo list in some way. Doing that with the
original addrinfo list is risky since we don't control how memory is
freed. Also changing the contents of a C array is quite a bit easier
than changing a linked list.

As a nice side effect of this refactor the is that mechanism for
iteration over addresses in PQconnectPoll is now identical to its
iteration over hosts.
---
 src/include/libpq/pqcomm.h        |   6 ++
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c | 107 +++++++++++++++++++++---------
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h  |   6 +-
 src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list  |   1 +
 4 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/include/libpq/pqcomm.h b/src/include/libpq/pqcomm.h
index 66ba359390f..ee28e223bd7 100644
--- a/src/include/libpq/pqcomm.h
+++ b/src/include/libpq/pqcomm.h
@@ -27,6 +27,12 @@ typedef struct
 	socklen_t	salen;
 } SockAddr;
 
+typedef struct
+{
+	int			family;
+	SockAddr	addr;
+} AddrInfo;
+
 /* Configure the UNIX socket location for the well known port. */
 
 #define UNIXSOCK_PATH(path, port, sockdir) \
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c
index 773e9e1f3a2..46afe127f15 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c
@@ -379,6 +379,7 @@ static bool fillPGconn(PGconn *conn, PQconninfoOption *connOptions);
 static void freePGconn(PGconn *conn);
 static void closePGconn(PGconn *conn);
 static void release_conn_addrinfo(PGconn *conn);
+static bool store_conn_addrinfo(PGconn *conn, struct addrinfo *addrlist);
 static void sendTerminateConn(PGconn *conn);
 static PQconninfoOption *conninfo_init(PQExpBuffer errorMessage);
 static PQconninfoOption *parse_connection_string(const char *connstr,
@@ -2077,7 +2078,7 @@ connectDBComplete(PGconn *conn)
 	time_t		finish_time = ((time_t) -1);
 	int			timeout = 0;
 	int			last_whichhost = -2;	/* certainly different from whichhost */
-	struct addrinfo *last_addr_cur = NULL;
+	int			last_whichaddr = -2;	/* certainly different from whichaddr */
 
 	if (conn == NULL || conn->status == CONNECTION_BAD)
 		return 0;
@@ -2121,11 +2122,11 @@ connectDBComplete(PGconn *conn)
 		if (flag != PGRES_POLLING_OK &&
 			timeout > 0 &&
 			(conn->whichhost != last_whichhost ||
-			 conn->addr_cur != last_addr_cur))
+			 conn->whichaddr != last_whichaddr))
 		{
 			finish_time = time(NULL) + timeout;
 			last_whichhost = conn->whichhost;
-			last_addr_cur = conn->addr_cur;
+			last_whichaddr = conn->whichaddr;
 		}
 
 		/*
@@ -2272,9 +2273,9 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 	/* Time to advance to next address, or next host if no more addresses? */
 	if (conn->try_next_addr)
 	{
-		if (conn->addr_cur && conn->addr_cur->ai_next)
+		if (conn->whichaddr < conn->naddr)
 		{
-			conn->addr_cur = conn->addr_cur->ai_next;
+			conn->whichaddr++;
 			reset_connection_state_machine = true;
 		}
 		else
@@ -2287,6 +2288,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 	{
 		pg_conn_host *ch;
 		struct addrinfo hint;
+		struct addrinfo *addrlist;
 		int			thisport;
 		int			ret;
 		char		portstr[MAXPGPATH];
@@ -2327,7 +2329,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 		/* Initialize hint structure */
 		MemSet(&hint, 0, sizeof(hint));
 		hint.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
-		conn->addrlist_family = hint.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
+		hint.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
 
 		/* Figure out the port number we're going to use. */
 		if (ch->port == NULL || ch->port[0] == '\0')
@@ -2350,8 +2352,8 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 		{
 			case CHT_HOST_NAME:
 				ret = pg_getaddrinfo_all(ch->host, portstr, &hint,
-										 &conn->addrlist);
-				if (ret || !conn->addrlist)
+										 &addrlist);
+				if (ret || !addrlist)
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not translate host name \"%s\" to address: %s",
 											ch->host, gai_strerror(ret));
@@ -2362,8 +2364,8 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 			case CHT_HOST_ADDRESS:
 				hint.ai_flags = AI_NUMERICHOST;
 				ret = pg_getaddrinfo_all(ch->hostaddr, portstr, &hint,
-										 &conn->addrlist);
-				if (ret || !conn->addrlist)
+										 &addrlist);
+				if (ret || !addrlist)
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not parse network address \"%s\": %s",
 											ch->hostaddr, gai_strerror(ret));
@@ -2372,7 +2374,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				break;
 
 			case CHT_UNIX_SOCKET:
-				conn->addrlist_family = hint.ai_family = AF_UNIX;
+				hint.ai_family = AF_UNIX;
 				UNIXSOCK_PATH(portstr, thisport, ch->host);
 				if (strlen(portstr) >= UNIXSOCK_PATH_BUFLEN)
 				{
@@ -2387,8 +2389,8 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				 * name as a Unix-domain socket path.
 				 */
 				ret = pg_getaddrinfo_all(NULL, portstr, &hint,
-										 &conn->addrlist);
-				if (ret || !conn->addrlist)
+										 &addrlist);
+				if (ret || !addrlist)
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not translate Unix-domain socket path \"%s\" to address: %s",
 											portstr, gai_strerror(ret));
@@ -2397,8 +2399,14 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				break;
 		}
 
-		/* OK, scan this addrlist for a working server address */
-		conn->addr_cur = conn->addrlist;
+		if (!store_conn_addrinfo(conn, addrlist))
+		{
+			pg_freeaddrinfo_all(hint.ai_family, addrlist);
+			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "out of memory");
+			goto error_return;
+		}
+		pg_freeaddrinfo_all(hint.ai_family, addrlist);
+
 		reset_connection_state_machine = true;
 		conn->try_next_host = false;
 	}
@@ -2455,30 +2463,29 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 			{
 				/*
 				 * Try to initiate a connection to one of the addresses
-				 * returned by pg_getaddrinfo_all().  conn->addr_cur is the
+				 * returned by pg_getaddrinfo_all().  conn->whichaddr is the
 				 * next one to try.
 				 *
 				 * The extra level of braces here is historical.  It's not
 				 * worth reindenting this whole switch case to remove 'em.
 				 */
 				{
-					struct addrinfo *addr_cur = conn->addr_cur;
 					char		host_addr[NI_MAXHOST];
+					AddrInfo   *addr_cur;
 
 					/*
 					 * Advance to next possible host, if we've tried all of
 					 * the addresses for the current host.
 					 */
-					if (addr_cur == NULL)
+					if (conn->whichaddr == conn->naddr)
 					{
 						conn->try_next_host = true;
 						goto keep_going;
 					}
+					addr_cur = &conn->addr[conn->whichaddr];
 
 					/* Remember current address for possible use later */
-					memcpy(&conn->raddr.addr, addr_cur->ai_addr,
-						   addr_cur->ai_addrlen);
-					conn->raddr.salen = addr_cur->ai_addrlen;
+					memcpy(&conn->raddr, &addr_cur->addr, sizeof(SockAddr));
 
 					/*
 					 * Set connip, too.  Note we purposely ignore strdup
@@ -2494,7 +2501,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 						conn->connip = strdup(host_addr);
 
 					/* Try to create the socket */
-					conn->sock = socket(addr_cur->ai_family, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+					conn->sock = socket(addr_cur->family, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
 					if (conn->sock == PGINVALID_SOCKET)
 					{
 						int			errorno = SOCK_ERRNO;
@@ -2505,7 +2512,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 						 * cases where the address list includes both IPv4 and
 						 * IPv6 but kernel only accepts one family.
 						 */
-						if (addr_cur->ai_next != NULL ||
+						if (conn->whichaddr < conn->naddr ||
 							conn->whichhost + 1 < conn->nconnhost)
 						{
 							conn->try_next_addr = true;
@@ -2531,7 +2538,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					 * TCP sockets, nonblock mode, close-on-exec.  Try the
 					 * next address if any of this fails.
 					 */
-					if (addr_cur->ai_family != AF_UNIX)
+					if (addr_cur->family != AF_UNIX)
 					{
 						if (!connectNoDelay(conn))
 						{
@@ -2558,7 +2565,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					}
 #endif							/* F_SETFD */
 
-					if (addr_cur->ai_family != AF_UNIX)
+					if (addr_cur->family != AF_UNIX)
 					{
 #ifndef WIN32
 						int			on = 1;
@@ -2650,8 +2657,8 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					 * Start/make connection.  This should not block, since we
 					 * are in nonblock mode.  If it does, well, too bad.
 					 */
-					if (connect(conn->sock, addr_cur->ai_addr,
-								addr_cur->ai_addrlen) < 0)
+					if (connect(conn->sock, (struct sockaddr *) &addr_cur->addr.addr,
+								addr_cur->addr.salen) < 0)
 					{
 						if (SOCK_ERRNO == EINPROGRESS ||
 #ifdef WIN32
@@ -4041,6 +4048,45 @@ freePGconn(PGconn *conn)
 	free(conn);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Copies over the addrinfos from addrlist to the PGconn. The reason we do this
+ * so that we can edit the resulting list as we please, because now the memory
+ * is owned by us. Changing the original addrinfo directly is risky, since we
+ * don't control how the memory is freed and by changing it we might confuse
+ * the implementation of freeaddrinfo.
+ */
+static bool
+store_conn_addrinfo(PGconn *conn, struct addrinfo *addrlist)
+{
+	struct addrinfo *ai = addrlist;
+
+	conn->whichaddr = 0;
+
+	conn->naddr = 0;
+	while (ai)
+	{
+		ai = ai->ai_next;
+		conn->naddr++;
+	}
+
+	conn->addr = calloc(conn->naddr, sizeof(AddrInfo));
+	if (conn->addr == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	ai = addrlist;
+	for (int i = 0; i < conn->naddr; i++)
+	{
+		conn->addr[i].family = ai->ai_family;
+
+		memcpy(&conn->addr[i].addr.addr, ai->ai_addr,
+			   ai->ai_addrlen);
+		conn->addr[i].addr.salen = ai->ai_addrlen;
+		ai = ai->ai_next;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
 /*
  * release_conn_addrinfo
  *	 - Free any addrinfo list in the PGconn.
@@ -4048,11 +4094,10 @@ freePGconn(PGconn *conn)
 static void
 release_conn_addrinfo(PGconn *conn)
 {
-	if (conn->addrlist)
+	if (conn->addr)
 	{
-		pg_freeaddrinfo_all(conn->addrlist_family, conn->addrlist);
-		conn->addrlist = NULL;
-		conn->addr_cur = NULL;	/* for safety */
+		free(conn->addr);
+		conn->addr = NULL;
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h
index 712d572373c..940db7ecc8c 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h
@@ -461,8 +461,10 @@ struct pg_conn
 	PGTargetServerType target_server_type;	/* desired session properties */
 	bool		try_next_addr;	/* time to advance to next address/host? */
 	bool		try_next_host;	/* time to advance to next connhost[]? */
-	struct addrinfo *addrlist;	/* list of addresses for current connhost */
-	struct addrinfo *addr_cur;	/* the one currently being tried */
+	int			naddr;			/* number of addresses returned by getaddrinfo */
+	int			whichaddr;		/* the address currently being tried */
+	AddrInfo   *addr;			/* the array of addresses for the currently
+								 * tried host */
 	int			addrlist_family;	/* needed to know how to free addrlist */
 	bool		send_appname;	/* okay to send application_name? */
 
diff --git a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
index 51484ca7e2f..6762f4dc70f 100644
--- a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
+++ b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ AcquireSampleRowsFunc
 ActionList
 ActiveSnapshotElt
 AddForeignUpdateTargets_function
+AddrInfo
 AffixNode
 AffixNodeData
 AfterTriggerEvent
-- 
2.34.1



  [application/octet-stream] v10-0004-Add-non-blocking-version-of-PQcancel.patch (45.0K, ../../CAGECzQT_VgOWWENUqvUV9xQmbaCyXjtRRAYO8W07oqashk_N+g@mail.gmail.com/4-v10-0004-Add-non-blocking-version-of-PQcancel.patch)
  download | inline diff:
From 0b3cec92870adab99452a074f0cf379fae798046 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>
Date: Wed, 12 Jan 2022 09:52:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v10 4/5] Add non-blocking version of PQcancel

This patch makes the following changes in libpq:
1. Add a new PQcancelSend function, which sends cancellation requests
   using the regular connection establishment code. This makes sure
   that cancel requests support and use all connection options
   including encryption.
2. Add a new PQcancelConn function which allows sending cancellation in
   a non-blocking way by using it together with the newly added
   PQcancelPoll and PQcancelSocket.
3. Use these two new cancellation APIs everywhere in the codebase where
   signal-safety is not a necessity.

The existing PQcancel API is using blocking IO. This makes PQcancel
impossible to use in an event loop based codebase, without blocking the
event loop until the call returns. PQcancelConn can now be used instead,
to have a non-blocking way of sending cancel requests. The postgres_fdw
cancellation code has been modified to make use of this.

This patch also includes a test for all of libpq cancellation APIs. The
test can be easily run like this:

    cd src/test/modules/libpq_pipeline
    make && ./libpq_pipeline cancel
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml                       | 279 ++++++++++-
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt              |   8 +
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c             | 461 +++++++++++++++++-
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h               |  25 +-
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h              |   9 +
 .../modules/libpq_pipeline/libpq_pipeline.c   | 265 +++++++++-
 6 files changed, 993 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index 0e7ae70c706..b342ff407b9 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ PGconn *PQsetdb(char *pghost,
     <varlistentry id="libpq-PQconnectStartParams">
      <term><function>PQconnectStartParams</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnectStartParams</primary></indexterm></term>
      <term><function>PQconnectStart</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnectStart</primary></indexterm></term>
-     <term><function>PQconnectPoll</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnectPoll</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <term id="libpq-PQconnectPoll"><function>PQconnectPoll</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnectPoll</primary></indexterm></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        <indexterm><primary>nonblocking connection</primary></indexterm>
@@ -4909,7 +4909,7 @@ int PQisBusy(PGconn *conn);
    <xref linkend="libpq-PQsendQuery"/>/<xref linkend="libpq-PQgetResult"/>
    can also attempt to cancel a command that is still being processed
    by the server; see <xref linkend="libpq-cancel"/>.  But regardless of
-   the return value of <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/>, the application
+   the return value of <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelSend"/>, the application
    must continue with the normal result-reading sequence using
    <xref linkend="libpq-PQgetResult"/>.  A successful cancellation will
    simply cause the command to terminate sooner than it would have
@@ -5628,13 +5628,220 @@ int PQsetSingleRowMode(PGconn *conn);
    this section.
 
    <variablelist>
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQcancelSend">
+     <term><function>PQcancelSend</function><indexterm><primary>PQcancelSend</primary></indexterm></term>
+
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Requests that the server abandons processing of the current command.
+<synopsis>
+PGcancelConn *PQcancelSend(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       This request is made over a connection that uses the same connection
+       options as the the original <structname>PGconn</structname>. So when the
+       original connection is encrypted (using TLS or GSS), the connection for
+       the cancel request connection is encrypted in the same. Any connection
+       options that only make sense for authentication or after authentication
+       are ignored though, because cancellation requests do not require
+       authentication.
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       This function returns a <structname>PGcancelConn</structname>
+       object. By using
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelStatus"/>
+       it can be checked if there was any error when sending the cancellation
+       request. If <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelStatus"/>
+       returns for <symbol>CONNECTION_OK</symbol> the request was
+       successfully sent, but if it returns <symbol>CONNECTION_BAD</symbol>
+       an error occured. If an error occured the error message can be retrieved using
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelErrorMessage"/>.
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Successful dispatch of the cancellation is no guarantee that the request
+       will have any effect, however. If the cancellation is effective, the
+       command being cancelled will terminate early and return an error result.
+       If the cancellation fails (say, because the server was already done
+       processing the command), then there will be no visible result at all.
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Note that when <function>PQcancelSend</function> returns a non-null
+       pointer, you must call <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelFinish"/> when you 
+       are finished with it, in order to dispose of the structure and any
+       associated memory blocks. This must be done even if the cancel request
+       failed.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQcancelConn">
+     <term><function>PQcancelConn</function><indexterm><primary>PQcancelConn</primary></indexterm></term>
+
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       A version of <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelSend"/> that can be used 
+       in a non-blocking manner.
+<synopsis>
+PGcancelConn *PQcancelConn(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelConn"/> creates a
+       <structname>PGcancelConn</structname><indexterm><primary>PGcancelConn</primary></indexterm>,
+       but it won't instantly start sending a cancel request over this
+       connection like <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelSend"/>.
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelStatus"/> should be called on the return
+       value to check if the <structname> PGcancelConn </structname> was
+       created successfully.
+       The <structname>PGcancelConn</structname> object is an opaque structure
+       that is not meant to be accessed directly by the application.
+       This <structname>PGcancelConn</structname> object can be used to cancel
+       the query that's running on the original connection in a thread-safe and
+       non-blocking way.
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Note that when <function>PQcancelConn</function> returns a non-null
+       pointer, you must call <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelFinish"/> when you 
+       are finished with it, in order to dispose of the structure and any
+       associated memory blocks. This must be done even if the cancel request
+       failed or was abandoned.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQcancelStatus">
+     <term><function>PQcancelStatus</function><indexterm><primary>PQcancelStatus</primary></indexterm></term>
+
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       A version of <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/> that can be used for
+       cancellation connections.
+<synopsis>
+ConnStatusType PQcancelStatus(const PGcancelConn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+      <para>
+       In addition to all the statuses that a <structname>PGconn</structname>
+       can have, this connection can have one additional status:
+
+       <variablelist>
+        <varlistentry id="libpq-connection-starting">
+         <term><symbol>CONNECTION_STARTING</symbol></term>
+         <listitem>
+          <para>
+           Waiting for the first call to <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelPoll"/>,
+           to actually open the socket. This is the connection state right after
+           calling <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelConn"/>. No connection to the
+           server has been initiated yet at this point. To actually start
+           sending the cancel request use <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelPoll"/>.
+          </para>
+         </listitem>
+        </varlistentry>
+       </variablelist>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       One final note about the returned statuses is that 
+       <symbol>CONNECTION_OK</symbol> has a slightly different meaning for a
+       <structname>PGcancelConn</structname> than what it has for a 
+       <structname>PGconn</structname>. When <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelStatus"/>
+       returns <symbol>CONNECTION_OK</symbol> for a <structname>PGcancelConn</structname>
+       it means that that the dispatch of the cancel request has completed (although
+       this is no promise that the query was actually cancelled).
+       While a <symbol>CONNECTION_OK</symbol> result for
+       <structname>PGconn</structname> means thatqueries can be sent over the
+       connection.
+      </para>
+
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQcancelPoll">
+     <term><function>PQcancelPoll</function><indexterm><primary>PQcancelPoll</primary></indexterm></term>
+
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       A version of <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnectPoll"/> that can be used for
+       cancellation connections.
+<synopsis>
+PostgresPollingStatusType PQcancelPoll(PGcancelConn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQcancelErrorMessage">
+     <term><function>PQcancelErrorMessage</function><indexterm><primary>PQcancelErrorMessage</primary></indexterm></term>
+
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       A version of <xref linkend="libpq-PQerrorMessage"/> that can be used for
+       cancellation connections.
+<synopsis>
+char *PQcancelErrorMessage(const PGcancelConn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQcancelFinish">
+     <term><function>PQcancelFinish</function><indexterm><primary>PQcancelFinish</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Closes the cancel connection (if it did not finish sending the cancel 
+       request yet). Also frees memory used by the <structname>PGcancelConn</structname> 
+       object.
+<synopsis>
+void PQcancelFinish(PGcancelConn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Note that even if the cancel attempt fails (as
+       indicated by <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelStatus"/>), the application should call <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelFinish"/>
+       to free the memory used by the <structname>PGcancelConn</structname> object.
+       The <structname>PGcancelConn</structname> pointer must not be used again after
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelFinish"/> has been called.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQcancelReset">
+     <term><function>PQcancelReset</function><indexterm><primary>PQcancelReset</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Resets the <symbol>PGcancelConn</symbol> so it can be reused for a new 
+       cancel connection.
+<synopsis>
+void PQcancelReset(PGcancelConn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       If the <symbol>PGcancelConn</symbol> is currently used to send a cancel
+       request, then this connection is closed. It will then prepare the
+       <symbol>PGcancelConn</symbol> object such that it can be used to send a
+       new cancel request. This can be used to create one <symbol>PGcancelConn</symbol>
+       for a <symbol>PGconn</symbol> and reuse that multiple times throughout
+       the lifetime of the original <symbol>PGconn</symbol>.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
     <varlistentry id="libpq-PQgetCancel">
      <term><function>PQgetCancel</function><indexterm><primary>PQgetCancel</primary></indexterm></term>
 
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Creates a data structure containing the information needed to cancel
-       a command issued through a particular database connection.
+       a command using <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/>.
 <synopsis>
 PGcancel *PQgetCancel(PGconn *conn);
 </synopsis>
@@ -5676,14 +5883,30 @@ void PQfreeCancel(PGcancel *cancel);
 
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Requests that the server abandon processing of the current command.
+       An insecure version of
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelSend"/>, but one that can be used safely
+       from within a signal handler.
 <synopsis>
 int PQcancel(PGcancel *cancel, char *errbuf, int errbufsize);
 </synopsis>
       </para>
 
       <para>
-       The return value is 1 if the cancel request was successfully
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/> should only be used if it's necessary
+       to cancel a query from a signal-handler. If signal-safety is not needed,
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelSend"/> should be used to cancel the query 
+       instead.
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/> can be safely invoked from a signal
+       handler, if the <parameter>errbuf</parameter> is a local variable in the
+       signal handler.  The <structname>PGcancel</structname> object is read-only
+       as far as <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/> is concerned, so it can
+       also be invoked from a thread that is separate from the one
+       manipulating the <structname>PGconn</structname> object.
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       The return value of <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/>
+       is 1 if the cancel request was successfully
        dispatched and 0 if not.  If not, <parameter>errbuf</parameter> is filled
        with an explanatory error message.  <parameter>errbuf</parameter>
        must be a char array of size <parameter>errbufsize</parameter> (the
@@ -5691,21 +5914,22 @@ int PQcancel(PGcancel *cancel, char *errbuf, int errbufsize);
       </para>
 
       <para>
-       Successful dispatch is no guarantee that the request will have
-       any effect, however.  If the cancellation is effective, the current
-       command will terminate early and return an error result.  If the
-       cancellation fails (say, because the server was already done
-       processing the command), then there will be no visible result at
-       all.
-      </para>
-
-      <para>
-       <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/> can safely be invoked from a signal
-       handler, if the <parameter>errbuf</parameter> is a local variable in the
-       signal handler.  The <structname>PGcancel</structname> object is read-only
-       as far as <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/> is concerned, so it can
-       also be invoked from a thread that is separate from the one
-       manipulating the <structname>PGconn</structname> object.
+       To achieve signal-safety, some concessions needed to be made in the
+       implementation of <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/>. Not all connection
+       options of the original connection are used when establishing a
+       connection for the cancellation request. When calling this function a
+       connection is made to the postgres host using the same port. The only
+       connection options that are honored during this connection are
+       <varname>keepalives</varname>,
+       <varname>keepalives_idle</varname>,
+       <varname>keepalives_interval</varname>,
+       <varname>keepalives_count</varname>, and
+       <varname>tcp_user_timeout</varname>.
+       So, for example
+       <varname>connect_timeout</varname>,
+       <varname>gssencmode</varname>, and
+       <varname>sslmode</varname> are ignored. <emphasis>This means the connection
+       is never encrypted using TLS or GSS</emphasis>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
@@ -5717,13 +5941,22 @@ int PQcancel(PGcancel *cancel, char *errbuf, int errbufsize);
 
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       <xref linkend="libpq-PQrequestCancel"/> is a deprecated variant of
-       <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/>.
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQrequestCancel"/> is a deprecated and insecure
+       variant of <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelSend"/>.
 <synopsis>
 int PQrequestCancel(PGconn *conn);
 </synopsis>
       </para>
 
+      <para>
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQrequestCancel"/> only exists because of backwards
+       compatibility reasons. <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelSend"/> should be
+       used instead, to avoid the security and thread-safety issues that this
+       function has. This function has the same security issues as
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/>, but without the benefit of being
+       signal-safe.
+      </para>
+
       <para>
        Requests that the server abandon processing of the current
        command.  It operates directly on the
@@ -8872,7 +9105,7 @@ int PQisthreadsafe();
    The deprecated functions <xref linkend="libpq-PQrequestCancel"/> and
    <xref linkend="libpq-PQoidStatus"/> are not thread-safe and should not be
    used in multithread programs.  <xref linkend="libpq-PQrequestCancel"/>
-   can be replaced by <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/>.
+   can be replaced by <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelSend"/>.
    <xref linkend="libpq-PQoidStatus"/> can be replaced by
    <xref linkend="libpq-PQoidValue"/>.
   </para>
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc883709..f56e8c185c4 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,11 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQcancelSend              187
+PQcancelConn              188
+PQcancelPoll              189
+PQcancelStatus            190
+PQcancelSocket            191
+PQcancelErrorMessage      192
+PQcancelReset             193
+PQcancelFinish            194
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c
index 46afe127f15..94d68f8d5c4 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c
@@ -376,8 +376,10 @@ static PGPing internal_ping(PGconn *conn);
 static PGconn *makeEmptyPGconn(void);
 static void pqFreeCommandQueue(PGcmdQueueEntry *queue);
 static bool fillPGconn(PGconn *conn, PQconninfoOption *connOptions);
+static bool copyPGconn(PGconn *srcConn, PGconn *dstConn);
 static void freePGconn(PGconn *conn);
 static void closePGconn(PGconn *conn);
+static void release_conn_hosts(PGconn *conn);
 static void release_conn_addrinfo(PGconn *conn);
 static bool store_conn_addrinfo(PGconn *conn, struct addrinfo *addrlist);
 static void sendTerminateConn(PGconn *conn);
@@ -600,8 +602,17 @@ pqDropServerData(PGconn *conn)
 	conn->write_failed = false;
 	free(conn->write_err_msg);
 	conn->write_err_msg = NULL;
-	conn->be_pid = 0;
-	conn->be_key = 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * Cancel connections should save their be_pid and be_key across
+	 * PQcancelReset invocations. Otherwise they would not have access to the
+	 * secret token of the connection they are supposed to cancel anymore.
+	 */
+	if (!conn->cancelRequest)
+	{
+		conn->be_pid = 0;
+		conn->be_key = 0;
+	}
 }
 
 
@@ -732,6 +743,113 @@ PQping(const char *conninfo)
 	return ret;
 }
 
+/*
+ *		PQcancelConn
+ *
+ * Asynchronously cancel a request on the given connection. This requires
+ * polling the returned PGconn to actually complete the cancellation of the
+ * request.
+ */
+PGcancelConn *
+PQcancelConn(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	PGconn	   *cancelConn = makeEmptyPGconn();
+	pg_conn_host originalHost;
+
+	if (cancelConn == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+
+	/* Check we have an open connection */
+	if (!conn)
+	{
+		libpq_append_conn_error(cancelConn, "passed connection was NULL");
+		return (PGcancelConn *) cancelConn;
+	}
+
+	if (conn->sock == PGINVALID_SOCKET)
+	{
+		libpq_append_conn_error(cancelConn, "passed connection is not open");
+		return (PGcancelConn *) cancelConn;
+	}
+
+
+	/*
+	 * Indicate that this connection is used to send a cancellation
+	 */
+	cancelConn->cancelRequest = true;
+
+	if (!copyPGconn(conn, cancelConn))
+		return (PGcancelConn *) cancelConn;
+
+	/*
+	 * Compute derived options
+	 */
+	if (!connectOptions2(cancelConn))
+		return (PGcancelConn *) cancelConn;
+
+	/*
+	 * Copy cancelation token data from the original connnection
+	 */
+	cancelConn->be_pid = conn->be_pid;
+	cancelConn->be_key = conn->be_key;
+
+	/*
+	 * Cancel requests should not iterate over all possible hosts. The request
+	 * needs to be sent to the exact host and address that the original
+	 * connection used. So we we manually create the host and address arrays
+	 * with a single element after freeing the host array that we generated
+	 * from the connection options.
+	 */
+	release_conn_hosts(cancelConn);
+	cancelConn->nconnhost = 1;
+	cancelConn->naddr = 1;
+
+	cancelConn->connhost = calloc(cancelConn->nconnhost, sizeof(pg_conn_host));
+	if (!cancelConn->connhost)
+		goto oom_error;
+
+	originalHost = conn->connhost[conn->whichhost];
+	if (originalHost.host)
+	{
+		cancelConn->connhost[0].host = strdup(originalHost.host);
+		if (!cancelConn->connhost[0].host)
+			goto oom_error;
+	}
+	if (originalHost.hostaddr)
+	{
+		cancelConn->connhost[0].hostaddr = strdup(originalHost.hostaddr);
+		if (!cancelConn->connhost[0].hostaddr)
+			goto oom_error;
+	}
+	if (originalHost.port)
+	{
+		cancelConn->connhost[0].port = strdup(originalHost.port);
+		if (!cancelConn->connhost[0].port)
+			goto oom_error;
+	}
+	if (originalHost.password)
+	{
+		cancelConn->connhost[0].password = strdup(originalHost.password);
+		if (!cancelConn->connhost[0].password)
+			goto oom_error;
+	}
+
+	cancelConn->addr = calloc(cancelConn->naddr, sizeof(AddrInfo));
+	if (!cancelConn->connhost)
+		goto oom_error;
+
+	cancelConn->addr[0].addr = conn->raddr;
+	cancelConn->addr[0].family = conn->raddr.addr.ss_family;
+
+	cancelConn->status = CONNECTION_STARTING;
+	return (PGcancelConn *) cancelConn;
+
+oom_error:
+	conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
+	libpq_append_conn_error(cancelConn, "out of memory");
+	return (PGcancelConn *) cancelConn;
+}
+
 /*
  *		PQconnectStartParams
  *
@@ -907,6 +1025,45 @@ fillPGconn(PGconn *conn, PQconninfoOption *connOptions)
 	return true;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Copy over option values from srcConn to dstConn
+ *
+ * Don't put anything cute here --- intelligence should be in
+ * connectOptions2 ...
+ *
+ * Returns true on success. On failure, returns false and sets error message of
+ * dstConn.
+ */
+static bool
+copyPGconn(PGconn *srcConn, PGconn *dstConn)
+{
+	const internalPQconninfoOption *option;
+
+	/* copy over connection options */
+	for (option = PQconninfoOptions; option->keyword; option++)
+	{
+		if (option->connofs >= 0)
+		{
+			const char **tmp = (const char **) ((char *) srcConn + option->connofs);
+
+			if (*tmp)
+			{
+				char	  **dstConnmember = (char **) ((char *) dstConn + option->connofs);
+
+				if (*dstConnmember)
+					free(*dstConnmember);
+				*dstConnmember = strdup(*tmp);
+				if (*dstConnmember == NULL)
+				{
+					libpq_append_conn_error(dstConn, "out of memory");
+					return false;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
 /*
  *		connectOptions1
  *
@@ -2031,10 +2188,18 @@ connectDBStart(PGconn *conn)
 	 * Set up to try to connect to the first host.  (Setting whichhost = -1 is
 	 * a bit of a cheat, but PQconnectPoll will advance it to 0 before
 	 * anything else looks at it.)
+	 *
+	 * Cancel requests are special though, they should only try one host and
+	 * address. These fields have already set up in PQcancelConn. So leave
+	 * these fields alone for cancel requests.
 	 */
-	conn->whichhost = -1;
-	conn->try_next_addr = false;
-	conn->try_next_host = true;
+	if (!conn->cancelRequest)
+	{
+		conn->whichhost = -1;
+		conn->try_next_host = true;
+		conn->try_next_addr = false;
+	}
+
 	conn->status = CONNECTION_NEEDED;
 
 	/* Also reset the target_server_type state if needed */
@@ -2176,7 +2341,10 @@ connectDBComplete(PGconn *conn)
 		/*
 		 * Now try to advance the state machine.
 		 */
-		flag = PQconnectPoll(conn);
+		if (conn->cancelRequest)
+			flag = PQcancelPoll((PGcancelConn *) conn);
+		else
+			flag = PQconnectPoll(conn);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -2301,13 +2469,17 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 			 * Oops, no more hosts.
 			 *
 			 * If we are trying to connect in "prefer-standby" mode, then drop
-			 * the standby requirement and start over.
+			 * the standby requirement and start over. Don't do this for
+			 * cancel requests though, since we are certain the list of
+			 * servers won't change as the target_server_type option is not
+			 * applicable to those connections.
 			 *
 			 * Otherwise, an appropriate error message is already set up, so
 			 * we just need to set the right status.
 			 */
 			if (conn->target_server_type == SERVER_TYPE_PREFER_STANDBY &&
-				conn->nconnhost > 0)
+				conn->nconnhost > 0 &&
+				!conn->cancelRequest)
 			{
 				conn->target_server_type = SERVER_TYPE_PREFER_STANDBY_PASS2;
 				conn->whichhost = 0;
@@ -2538,7 +2710,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					 * TCP sockets, nonblock mode, close-on-exec.  Try the
 					 * next address if any of this fails.
 					 */
-					if (addr_cur->family != AF_UNIX)
+					if (conn->raddr.addr.ss_family != AF_UNIX)
 					{
 						if (!connectNoDelay(conn))
 						{
@@ -2657,7 +2829,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					 * Start/make connection.  This should not block, since we
 					 * are in nonblock mode.  If it does, well, too bad.
 					 */
-					if (connect(conn->sock, (struct sockaddr *) &addr_cur->addr.addr,
+					if (connect(conn->sock, (struct sockaddr *) &addr_cur->addr,
 								addr_cur->addr.salen) < 0)
 					{
 						if (SOCK_ERRNO == EINPROGRESS ||
@@ -2898,6 +3070,29 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				}
 #endif							/* USE_SSL */
 
+				/*
+				 * For cancel requests this is as far as we need to go in the
+				 * connection establishment. Now we can actually send our
+				 * cancelation request.
+				 */
+				if (conn->cancelRequest)
+				{
+					CancelRequestPacket cancelpacket;
+
+					packetlen = sizeof(cancelpacket);
+					cancelpacket.cancelRequestCode = (MsgType) pg_hton32(CANCEL_REQUEST_CODE);
+					cancelpacket.backendPID = pg_hton32(conn->be_pid);
+					cancelpacket.cancelAuthCode = pg_hton32(conn->be_key);
+					if (pqPacketSend(conn, 0, &cancelpacket, packetlen) != STATUS_OK)
+					{
+						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not send cancel packet: %s",
+												SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+						goto error_return;
+					}
+					conn->status = CONNECTION_AWAITING_RESPONSE;
+					return PGRES_POLLING_READING;
+				}
+
 				/*
 				 * Build the startup packet.
 				 */
@@ -3610,8 +3805,14 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					}
 				}
 
-				/* We can release the address list now. */
-				release_conn_addrinfo(conn);
+				/*
+				 * For non cancel requests we can release the address list
+				 * now. For cancel requests we never actually resolve
+				 * addresses and instead the addrinfo exists for the lifetime
+				 * of the connection.
+				 */
+				if (!conn->cancelRequest)
+					release_conn_addrinfo(conn);
 
 				/*
 				 * Contents of conn->errorMessage are no longer interesting
@@ -3978,19 +4179,13 @@ freePGconn(PGconn *conn)
 		free(conn->events[i].name);
 	}
 
-	/* clean up pg_conn_host structures */
-	for (int i = 0; i < conn->nconnhost; ++i)
-	{
-		free(conn->connhost[i].host);
-		free(conn->connhost[i].hostaddr);
-		free(conn->connhost[i].port);
-		if (conn->connhost[i].password != NULL)
-		{
-			explicit_bzero(conn->connhost[i].password, strlen(conn->connhost[i].password));
-			free(conn->connhost[i].password);
-		}
-	}
-	free(conn->connhost);
+	/*
+	 * For cancel requests we don't free the addrinfo in closePGconn (see
+	 * comment there for reasoning). So we still have to free it here.
+	 */
+	if (!conn->cancelRequest)
+		release_conn_addrinfo(conn);
+	release_conn_hosts(conn);
 
 	free(conn->client_encoding_initial);
 	free(conn->events);
@@ -4101,6 +4296,31 @@ release_conn_addrinfo(PGconn *conn)
 	}
 }
 
+/*
+ * release_conn_hosts
+ *	 - Free the host list in the PGconn.
+ */
+static void
+release_conn_hosts(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	if (conn->connhost)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < conn->nconnhost; ++i)
+		{
+			free(conn->connhost[i].host);
+			free(conn->connhost[i].hostaddr);
+			free(conn->connhost[i].port);
+			if (conn->connhost[i].password != NULL)
+			{
+				explicit_bzero(conn->connhost[i].password, strlen(conn->connhost[i].password));
+				free(conn->connhost[i].password);
+			}
+		}
+		free(conn->connhost);
+	}
+}
+
+
 /*
  * sendTerminateConn
  *	 - Send a terminate message to backend.
@@ -4108,6 +4328,15 @@ release_conn_addrinfo(PGconn *conn)
 static void
 sendTerminateConn(PGconn *conn)
 {
+	/*
+	 * The Postgres cancellation protocol does not have a notion of a
+	 * Terminate message, so don't send one.
+	 */
+	if (conn->cancelRequest)
+	{
+		return;
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Note that the protocol doesn't allow us to send Terminate messages
 	 * during the startup phase.
@@ -4161,7 +4390,13 @@ closePGconn(PGconn *conn)
 	conn->pipelineStatus = PQ_PIPELINE_OFF;
 	pqClearAsyncResult(conn);	/* deallocate result */
 	pqClearConnErrorState(conn);
-	release_conn_addrinfo(conn);
+
+	/*
+	 * Since cancel requests never change their addrinfo we don't free it
+	 * here. Otherwise we have to rebuild during a PQcancelReset.
+	 */
+	if (!conn->cancelRequest)
+		release_conn_addrinfo(conn);
 
 	/* Reset all state obtained from server, too */
 	pqDropServerData(conn);
@@ -4576,6 +4811,180 @@ cancel_errReturn:
 	return false;
 }
 
+/*
+ *		PQcancelSend
+ *
+ * Send a cancellation request in a blocking fashion.
+ */
+PGcancelConn *
+PQcancelSend(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	PGcancelConn *cancelConn = PQcancelConn(conn);
+
+	if (!cancelConn || cancelConn->conn.status == CONNECTION_BAD)
+		return cancelConn;
+
+	if (!connectDBStart(&cancelConn->conn))
+	{
+		cancelConn->conn.status = CONNECTION_BAD;
+		return cancelConn;
+	}
+
+	(void) connectDBComplete(&cancelConn->conn);
+
+	return cancelConn;
+}
+
+/*
+ *		PQcancelPoll
+ *
+ * Poll a cancel connection. For usage details see PQconnectPoll.
+ */
+PostgresPollingStatusType
+PQcancelPoll(PGcancelConn * cancelConn)
+{
+	PGconn	   *conn = (PGconn *) cancelConn;
+	int			n;
+
+	/*
+	 * Before we can call PQconnectPoll we first need to start the connection
+	 * using connectDBstart. Non-cancel connections already do this whenever
+	 * the connection is initialized. But cancel connections wait until the
+	 * caller starts polling, because there might be a large delay between
+	 * creating a cancel connection and actually wanting to use it.
+	 */
+	if (conn->status == CONNECTION_STARTING)
+	{
+		if (!connectDBStart(&cancelConn->conn))
+		{
+			cancelConn->conn.status = CONNECTION_STARTED;
+			return PGRES_POLLING_WRITING;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * The rest of the connection establishement we leave to PQconnectPoll,
+	 * since it's very similar to normal connection establishment. But once we
+	 * get to the CONNECTION_AWAITING_RESPONSE we need to do our own thing.
+	 */
+	if (conn->status != CONNECTION_AWAITING_RESPONSE)
+	{
+		return PQconnectPoll(conn);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * At this point we are waiting on the server to close the connection,
+	 * which is its way of communicating that the cancel has been handled.
+	 */
+
+	n = pqReadData(conn);
+
+	if (n == 0)
+		return PGRES_POLLING_READING;
+
+#ifndef WIN32
+
+	/*
+	 * Windows is a bit special in its EOF behaviour for TCP. Sometimes it
+	 * will error with an ECONNRESET when there is a clean connection closure.
+	 * See these threads for details:
+	 * https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/90b34057-4176-7bb0-0dbb-9822a5f6425b%40greiz-reinsdorf.de
+	 *
+	 * https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CA%2BhUKG%2BOeoETZQ%3DQw5Ub5h3tmwQhBmDA%3DnuNO3KG%3DzWfUypFAw%40mail.gmail.com
+	 *
+	 * PQcancel ignores such errors and reports success for the cancellation
+	 * anyway, so even if this is not always correct we do the same here. For
+	 * all other OSes we consider any other error than EOF and report it as
+	 * such.
+	 */
+	if (n < 0 && n != -2)
+	{
+		conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
+		return PGRES_POLLING_FAILED;
+	}
+#endif
+
+	/*
+	 * We don't expect any data, only connection closure. So if we receive
+	 * some we consider that an error.
+	 */
+	if (n > 0)
+	{
+
+		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "received unexpected response from server");
+		conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
+		return PGRES_POLLING_FAILED;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Getting here means that we received an EOF. Which is what we were
+	 * expecting. The cancel request has completed.
+	 */
+	cancelConn->conn.status = CONNECTION_OK;
+	resetPQExpBuffer(&conn->errorMessage);
+	return PGRES_POLLING_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ *		PQcancelStatus
+ *
+ * Get the status of a cancel connection.
+ */
+ConnStatusType
+PQcancelStatus(const PGcancelConn * cancelConn)
+{
+	return PQstatus((const PGconn *) cancelConn);
+}
+
+/*
+ *		PQcancelSocket
+ *
+ * Get the socket of the cancel connection.
+ */
+int
+PQcancelSocket(const PGcancelConn * cancelConn)
+{
+	return PQsocket((const PGconn *) cancelConn);
+}
+
+/*
+ *		PQcancelErrorMessage
+ *
+ * Get the socket of the cancel connection.
+ */
+char *
+PQcancelErrorMessage(const PGcancelConn * cancelConn)
+{
+	return PQerrorMessage((const PGconn *) cancelConn);
+}
+
+/*
+ *		PQcancelReset
+ *
+ * Resets the cancel connection, so it can be reused to send a new cancel
+ * request.
+ */
+void
+PQcancelReset(PGcancelConn * cancelConn)
+{
+	closePGconn((PGconn *) cancelConn);
+	cancelConn->conn.status = CONNECTION_STARTING;
+	cancelConn->conn.whichhost = 0;
+	cancelConn->conn.whichaddr = 0;
+	cancelConn->conn.try_next_host = false;
+	cancelConn->conn.try_next_addr = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ *		PQcancelFinish
+ *
+ * Closes and frees the cancel connection.
+ */
+void
+PQcancelFinish(PGcancelConn * cancelConn)
+{
+	PQfinish((PGconn *) cancelConn);
+}
 
 /*
  * PQrequestCancel: old, not thread-safe function for requesting query cancel
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index f3d92204964..95899b9f55b 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -78,7 +78,9 @@ typedef enum
 	CONNECTION_CONSUME,			/* Consuming any extra messages. */
 	CONNECTION_GSS_STARTUP,		/* Negotiating GSSAPI. */
 	CONNECTION_CHECK_TARGET,	/* Checking target server properties. */
-	CONNECTION_CHECK_STANDBY	/* Checking if server is in standby mode. */
+	CONNECTION_CHECK_STANDBY,	/* Checking if server is in standby mode. */
+	CONNECTION_STARTING			/* Waiting for connection attempt to be
+								 * started.  */
 } ConnStatusType;
 
 typedef enum
@@ -165,6 +167,11 @@ typedef enum
  */
 typedef struct pg_conn PGconn;
 
+/* PGcancelConn encapsulates a cancel connection to the backend.
+ * The contents of this struct are not supposed to be known to applications.
+ */
+typedef struct pg_cancel_conn PGcancelConn;
+
 /* PGresult encapsulates the result of a query (or more precisely, of a single
  * SQL command --- a query string given to PQsendQuery can contain multiple
  * commands and thus return multiple PGresult objects).
@@ -321,16 +328,28 @@ extern PostgresPollingStatusType PQresetPoll(PGconn *conn);
 /* Synchronous (blocking) */
 extern void PQreset(PGconn *conn);
 
+/* issue a cancel request */
+extern PGcancelConn * PQcancelSend(PGconn *conn);
+/* non-blocking version of PQcancelSend */
+extern PGcancelConn * PQcancelConn(PGconn *conn);
+extern PostgresPollingStatusType PQcancelPoll(PGcancelConn * cancelConn);
+extern ConnStatusType PQcancelStatus(const PGcancelConn * cancelConn);
+extern int	PQcancelSocket(const PGcancelConn * cancelConn);
+extern char *PQcancelErrorMessage(const PGcancelConn * cancelConn);
+extern void PQcancelReset(PGcancelConn * cancelConn);
+extern void PQcancelFinish(PGcancelConn * cancelConn);
+
+
 /* request a cancel structure */
 extern PGcancel *PQgetCancel(PGconn *conn);
 
 /* free a cancel structure */
 extern void PQfreeCancel(PGcancel *cancel);
 
-/* issue a cancel request */
+/* a less secure version of PQcancelSend, but one which is signal-safe */
 extern int	PQcancel(PGcancel *cancel, char *errbuf, int errbufsize);
 
-/* backwards compatible version of PQcancel; not thread-safe */
+/* deprecated version of PQcancel; not thread-safe */
 extern int	PQrequestCancel(PGconn *conn);
 
 /* Accessor functions for PGconn objects */
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h
index 940db7ecc8c..cd1857ea493 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h
@@ -397,6 +397,10 @@ struct pg_conn
 	char	   *ssl_max_protocol_version;	/* maximum TLS protocol version */
 	char	   *target_session_attrs;	/* desired session properties */
 
+	bool		cancelRequest;	/* true if this connection is used to send a
+								 * cancel request, instead of being a normal
+								 * connection that's used for queries */
+
 	/* Optional file to write trace info to */
 	FILE	   *Pfdebug;
 	int			traceFlags;
@@ -594,6 +598,11 @@ struct pg_conn
 	PQExpBufferData workBuffer; /* expansible string */
 };
 
+struct pg_cancel_conn
+{
+	PGconn		conn;
+};
+
 /* PGcancel stores all data necessary to cancel a connection. A copy of this
  * data is required to safely cancel a connection running on a different
  * thread.
diff --git a/src/test/modules/libpq_pipeline/libpq_pipeline.c b/src/test/modules/libpq_pipeline/libpq_pipeline.c
index 6111bf9b672..6d88d419a6c 100644
--- a/src/test/modules/libpq_pipeline/libpq_pipeline.c
+++ b/src/test/modules/libpq_pipeline/libpq_pipeline.c
@@ -86,6 +86,264 @@ pg_fatal_impl(int line, const char *fmt,...)
 	exit(1);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Check that the query on the given connection got cancelled.
+ *
+ * This is a function wrapped in a macrco to make the reported line number
+ * in an error match the line number of the invocation.
+ */
+#define confirm_query_cancelled(conn) confirm_query_cancelled_impl(__LINE__, conn)
+static void
+confirm_query_cancelled_impl(int line, PGconn *conn)
+{
+	PGresult   *res = NULL;
+
+	res = PQgetResult(conn);
+	if (res == NULL)
+		pg_fatal_impl(line, "PQgetResult returned null: %s",
+					  PQerrorMessage(conn));
+	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_FATAL_ERROR)
+		pg_fatal_impl(line, "query did not fail when it was expected");
+	if (strcmp(PQresultErrorField(res, PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE), "57014") != 0)
+		pg_fatal_impl(line, "query failed with a different error than cancellation: %s",
+					  PQerrorMessage(conn));
+	PQclear(res);
+	while (PQisBusy(conn))
+	{
+		PQconsumeInput(conn);
+	}
+}
+
+#define send_cancellable_query(conn, monitorConn) send_cancellable_query_impl(__LINE__, conn, monitorConn)
+static void
+send_cancellable_query_impl(int line, PGconn *conn, PGconn *monitorConn)
+{
+	const char *env_wait;
+	const Oid	paramTypes[1] = {INT4OID};
+
+	env_wait = getenv("PG_TEST_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT");
+	if (env_wait == NULL)
+		env_wait = "180";
+
+	if (PQsendQueryParams(conn, "SELECT pg_sleep($1)", 1, paramTypes, &env_wait, NULL, NULL, 0) != 1)
+		pg_fatal_impl(line, "failed to send query: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
+
+	/*
+	 * Wait until the query is actually running. Otherwise sending a
+	 * cancellation request might not cancel the query due to race conditions.
+	 */
+	while (true)
+	{
+		char	   *value = NULL;
+		PGresult   *res = PQexec(
+								 monitorConn,
+								 "SELECT count(*) FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE "
+								 "query = 'SELECT pg_sleep($1)' "
+								 "AND state = 'active'");
+
+		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
+		{
+			pg_fatal("Connection to database failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(monitorConn));
+		}
+		if (PQntuples(res) != 1)
+		{
+			pg_fatal("unexpected number of rows received: %d", PQntuples(res));
+		}
+		if (PQnfields(res) != 1)
+		{
+			pg_fatal("unexpected number of columns received: %d", PQnfields(res));
+		}
+		value = PQgetvalue(res, 0, 0);
+		if (*value != '0')
+		{
+			PQclear(res);
+			break;
+		}
+		PQclear(res);
+
+		/*
+		 * wait 10ms before polling again
+		 */
+		pg_usleep(10000);
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+test_cancel(PGconn *conn, const char *conninfo)
+{
+	PGcancel   *cancel = NULL;
+	PGcancelConn *cancelConn = NULL;
+	PGconn	   *monitorConn = NULL;
+	char		errorbuf[256];
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "test cancellations... ");
+
+	if (PQsetnonblocking(conn, 1) != 0)
+		pg_fatal("failed to set nonblocking mode: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make a connection to the database to monitor the query on the main
+	 * connection.
+	 */
+	monitorConn = PQconnectdb(conninfo);
+	if (PQstatus(conn) != CONNECTION_OK)
+	{
+		pg_fatal("Connection to database failed: %s",
+				 PQerrorMessage(conn));
+	}
+
+	/* test PQcancel */
+	send_cancellable_query(conn, monitorConn);
+	cancel = PQgetCancel(conn);
+	if (!PQcancel(cancel, errorbuf, sizeof(errorbuf)))
+	{
+		pg_fatal("failed to run PQcancel: %s", errorbuf);
+	};
+	confirm_query_cancelled(conn);
+
+	/* PGcancel object can be reused for the next query */
+	send_cancellable_query(conn, monitorConn);
+	if (!PQcancel(cancel, errorbuf, sizeof(errorbuf)))
+	{
+		pg_fatal("failed to run PQcancel: %s", errorbuf);
+	};
+	confirm_query_cancelled(conn);
+
+	PQfreeCancel(cancel);
+
+	/* test PQrequestCancel */
+	send_cancellable_query(conn, monitorConn);
+	if (!PQrequestCancel(conn))
+		pg_fatal("failed to run PQrequestCancel: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
+	confirm_query_cancelled(conn);
+
+	/* test PQcancelSend */
+	send_cancellable_query(conn, monitorConn);
+	cancelConn = PQcancelSend(conn);
+	if (PQcancelStatus(cancelConn) == CONNECTION_BAD)
+		pg_fatal("failed to run PQcancelSend: %s", PQcancelErrorMessage(cancelConn));
+	confirm_query_cancelled(conn);
+	PQcancelFinish(cancelConn);
+
+	/* test PQcancelConn and then polling with PQcancelPoll */
+	send_cancellable_query(conn, monitorConn);
+	cancelConn = PQcancelConn(conn);
+	if (PQcancelStatus(cancelConn) == CONNECTION_BAD)
+		pg_fatal("bad cancel connection: %s", PQcancelErrorMessage(cancelConn));
+	while (true)
+	{
+		struct timeval tv;
+		fd_set		input_mask;
+		fd_set		output_mask;
+		PostgresPollingStatusType pollres = PQcancelPoll(cancelConn);
+		int			sock = PQcancelSocket(cancelConn);
+
+		if (pollres == PGRES_POLLING_OK)
+		{
+			break;
+		}
+
+		FD_ZERO(&input_mask);
+		FD_ZERO(&output_mask);
+		switch (pollres)
+		{
+			case PGRES_POLLING_READING:
+				pg_debug("polling for reads\n");
+				FD_SET(sock, &input_mask);
+				break;
+			case PGRES_POLLING_WRITING:
+				pg_debug("polling for writes\n");
+				FD_SET(sock, &output_mask);
+				break;
+			default:
+				pg_fatal("bad cancel connection: %s", PQcancelErrorMessage(cancelConn));
+		}
+
+		if (sock < 0)
+			pg_fatal("sock did not exist: %s", PQcancelErrorMessage(cancelConn));
+
+		tv.tv_sec = 3;
+		tv.tv_usec = 0;
+
+		while (true)
+		{
+			if (select(sock + 1, &input_mask, &output_mask, NULL, &tv) < 0)
+			{
+				if (errno == EINTR)
+					continue;
+				pg_fatal("select() failed: %m");
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (PQcancelStatus(cancelConn) != CONNECTION_OK)
+		pg_fatal("unexpected cancel connection status: %s", PQcancelErrorMessage(cancelConn));
+	confirm_query_cancelled(conn);
+
+	/*
+	 * test PQcancelReset works on the cancel connection and it can be reused
+	 * after
+	 */
+	PQcancelReset(cancelConn);
+
+	send_cancellable_query(conn, monitorConn);
+	if (PQcancelStatus(cancelConn) == CONNECTION_BAD)
+		pg_fatal("bad cancel connection: %s", PQcancelErrorMessage(cancelConn));
+	while (true)
+	{
+		struct timeval tv;
+		fd_set		input_mask;
+		fd_set		output_mask;
+		PostgresPollingStatusType pollres = PQcancelPoll(cancelConn);
+		int			sock = PQcancelSocket(cancelConn);
+
+		if (pollres == PGRES_POLLING_OK)
+		{
+			break;
+		}
+
+		FD_ZERO(&input_mask);
+		FD_ZERO(&output_mask);
+		switch (pollres)
+		{
+			case PGRES_POLLING_READING:
+				pg_debug("polling for reads\n");
+				FD_SET(sock, &input_mask);
+				break;
+			case PGRES_POLLING_WRITING:
+				pg_debug("polling for writes\n");
+				FD_SET(sock, &output_mask);
+				break;
+			default:
+				pg_fatal("bad cancel connection: %s", PQcancelErrorMessage(cancelConn));
+		}
+
+		if (sock < 0)
+			pg_fatal("sock did not exist: %s", PQcancelErrorMessage(cancelConn));
+
+		tv.tv_sec = 3;
+		tv.tv_usec = 0;
+
+		while (true)
+		{
+			if (select(sock + 1, &input_mask, &output_mask, NULL, &tv) < 0)
+			{
+				if (errno == EINTR)
+					continue;
+				pg_fatal("select() failed: %m");
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (PQcancelStatus(cancelConn) != CONNECTION_OK)
+		pg_fatal("unexpected cancel connection status: %s", PQcancelErrorMessage(cancelConn));
+	confirm_query_cancelled(conn);
+
+	PQcancelFinish(cancelConn);
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "ok\n");
+}
+
 static void
 test_disallowed_in_pipeline(PGconn *conn)
 {
@@ -985,7 +1243,7 @@ test_prepared(PGconn *conn)
 static void
 notice_processor(void *arg, const char *message)
 {
-	int	   *n_notices = (int *) arg;
+	int		   *n_notices = (int *) arg;
 
 	(*n_notices)++;
 	fprintf(stderr, "NOTICE %d: %s", *n_notices, message);
@@ -1681,6 +1939,7 @@ usage(const char *progname)
 static void
 print_test_list(void)
 {
+	printf("cancel\n");
 	printf("disallowed_in_pipeline\n");
 	printf("multi_pipelines\n");
 	printf("nosync\n");
@@ -1782,7 +2041,9 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 						PQTRACE_SUPPRESS_TIMESTAMPS | PQTRACE_REGRESS_MODE);
 	}
 
-	if (strcmp(testname, "disallowed_in_pipeline") == 0)
+	if (strcmp(testname, "cancel") == 0)
+		test_cancel(conn, conninfo);
+	else if (strcmp(testname, "disallowed_in_pipeline") == 0)
 		test_disallowed_in_pipeline(conn);
 	else if (strcmp(testname, "multi_pipelines") == 0)
 		test_multi_pipelines(conn);
-- 
2.34.1



  [application/octet-stream] v10-0003-Return-2-from-pqReadData-on-EOF.patch (4.3K, ../../CAGECzQT_VgOWWENUqvUV9xQmbaCyXjtRRAYO8W07oqashk_N+g@mail.gmail.com/5-v10-0003-Return-2-from-pqReadData-on-EOF.patch)
  download | inline diff:
From b9fdf1a109635cbb54efc0916de2e67894ad39b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>
Date: Thu, 26 Jan 2023 12:24:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v10 3/5] Return -2 from pqReadData on EOF

This patch changes pqReadData to return -2 when a connection is cleanly
closed by the other side. For most of the Postgres protocol this is
considered an error, because the client will close the connection
instead of the server. But for Postgres its cancellation protocol
the distinction between errors and clean connection closure is
important, because clean connection closure is the way for the server to
signal that the cancellation was handled.

This patch is in preparation for a follow-up patch where pqReadData is
used for the cancellation protocol implementation.

No existing callsites of pqReadData or any of its internal functions
need to be updated as all of them check if the result is less than 0
instead a strict comparison against -1.
---
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c           | 15 +++++++++++----
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c |  2 +-
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c         |  6 ++++++
 3 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 660cdec93c9..2d49188d910 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -556,8 +556,11 @@ pqPutMsgEnd(PGconn *conn)
  * Possible return values:
  *	 1: successfully loaded at least one more byte
  *	 0: no data is presently available, but no error detected
- *	-1: error detected (including EOF = connection closure);
+ *	-1: error detected (excluding EOF = clean connection closure);
  *		conn->errorMessage set
+ *	-2: EOF detected, connection is closed cleanly by other side;
+ *		conn->errorMessage set
+ *
  * NOTE: callers must not assume that pointers or indexes into conn->inBuffer
  * remain valid across this call!
  * ----------
@@ -639,7 +642,7 @@ retry3:
 
 			default:
 				/* pqsecure_read set the error message for us */
-				return -1;
+				return nread;
 		}
 	}
 	if (nread > 0)
@@ -734,7 +737,7 @@ retry4:
 
 			default:
 				/* pqsecure_read set the error message for us */
-				return -1;
+				return nread;
 		}
 	}
 	if (nread > 0)
@@ -751,13 +754,17 @@ definitelyEOF:
 	libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "server closed the connection unexpectedly\n"
 							"\tThis probably means the server terminated abnormally\n"
 							"\tbefore or while processing the request.");
+	/* Do *not* drop any already-read data; caller still wants it */
+	pqDropConnection(conn, false);
+	conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;	/* No more connection to backend */
+	return -2;
 
 	/* Come here if lower-level code already set a suitable errorMessage */
 definitelyFailed:
 	/* Do *not* drop any already-read data; caller still wants it */
 	pqDropConnection(conn, false);
 	conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;	/* No more connection to backend */
-	return -1;
+	return nread < 0 ? nread : -1;
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c
index ab2cbf045b8..4e29a9f5c90 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ rloop:
 			 */
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "SSL connection has been closed unexpectedly");
 			result_errno = ECONNRESET;
-			n = -1;
+			n = -2;
 			break;
 		default:
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "unrecognized SSL error code: %d", err);
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c
index 8069e381424..20265dcb317 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c
@@ -199,6 +199,12 @@ pqsecure_close(PGconn *conn)
  * On failure, this function is responsible for appending a suitable message
  * to conn->errorMessage.  The caller must still inspect errno, but only
  * to determine whether to continue/retry after error.
+ *
+ * Returns -1 in case of failures, except in the case of where a failure means
+ * that there was a clean connection closure, in those cases -2 is returned.
+ * Currently only the TLS implementation of pqsecure_read ever returns -2. For
+ * the other implementations a clean connection closure is detected in
+ * pqReadData instead.
  */
 ssize_t
 pqsecure_read(PGconn *conn, void *ptr, size_t len)
-- 
2.34.1



  [application/octet-stream] v10-0005-Start-using-new-libpq-cancel-APIs.patch (9.4K, ../../CAGECzQT_VgOWWENUqvUV9xQmbaCyXjtRRAYO8W07oqashk_N+g@mail.gmail.com/6-v10-0005-Start-using-new-libpq-cancel-APIs.patch)
  download | inline diff:
From 2ba7bcc5c4dd0b55487178612744169a82f2fac7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>
Date: Wed, 25 Jan 2023 13:32:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v10 5/5] Start using new libpq cancel APIs

A previous commit introduced new APIs to libpq for cancelling queries.
This replaces the usage of the old APIs in the codebase with these newer
ones.
---
 contrib/dblink/dblink.c                       | 22 +++--
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 93 ++++++++++++++++---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 15 +++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     |  8 ++
 src/fe_utils/connect_utils.c                  | 10 +-
 src/test/isolation/isolationtester.c          | 29 +++---
 6 files changed, 126 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)

diff --git a/contrib/dblink/dblink.c b/contrib/dblink/dblink.c
index 8982d623d3b..be09d4fe926 100644
--- a/contrib/dblink/dblink.c
+++ b/contrib/dblink/dblink.c
@@ -1326,22 +1326,24 @@ PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(dblink_cancel_query);
 Datum
 dblink_cancel_query(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-	int			res;
 	PGconn	   *conn;
-	PGcancel   *cancel;
-	char		errbuf[256];
+	PGcancelConn *cancelConn;
+	char	   *msg;
 
 	dblink_init();
 	conn = dblink_get_named_conn(text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0)));
-	cancel = PQgetCancel(conn);
-
-	res = PQcancel(cancel, errbuf, 256);
-	PQfreeCancel(cancel);
+	cancelConn = PQcancelSend(conn);
 
-	if (res == 1)
-		PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text("OK"));
+	if (PQcancelStatus(cancelConn) == CONNECTION_BAD)
+	{
+		msg = pchomp(PQcancelErrorMessage(cancelConn));
+	}
 	else
-		PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text(errbuf));
+	{
+		msg = "OK";
+	}
+	PQcancelFinish(cancelConn);
+	PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text(msg));
 }
 
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 7760380f00d..d8554ae775c 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -1234,35 +1234,98 @@ pgfdw_reset_xact_state(ConnCacheEntry *entry, bool toplevel)
 static bool
 pgfdw_cancel_query(PGconn *conn)
 {
-	PGcancel   *cancel;
-	char		errbuf[256];
 	PGresult   *result = NULL;
-	TimestampTz endtime;
-	bool		timed_out;
 
 	/*
 	 * If it takes too long to cancel the query and discard the result, assume
 	 * the connection is dead.
 	 */
-	endtime = TimestampTzPlusMilliseconds(GetCurrentTimestamp(), 30000);
+	TimestampTz endtime = TimestampTzPlusMilliseconds(GetCurrentTimestamp(), 30000);
+	bool		timed_out = false;
+	bool		failed = false;
+	PGcancelConn *cancel_conn = PQcancelConn(conn);
 
-	/*
-	 * Issue cancel request.  Unfortunately, there's no good way to limit the
-	 * amount of time that we might block inside PQgetCancel().
-	 */
-	if ((cancel = PQgetCancel(conn)))
+
+	if (PQcancelStatus(cancel_conn) == CONNECTION_BAD)
+	{
+		ereport(WARNING,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+				 errmsg("could not send cancel request: %s",
+						pchomp(PQcancelErrorMessage(cancel_conn)))));
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/* In what follows, do not leak any PGcancelConn on an error. */
+	PG_TRY();
+	{
+		while (true)
+		{
+			TimestampTz now = GetCurrentTimestamp();
+			long		cur_timeout;
+			PostgresPollingStatusType pollres = PQcancelPoll(cancel_conn);
+			int			waitEvents = WL_LATCH_SET | WL_TIMEOUT | WL_EXIT_ON_PM_DEATH;
+
+			if (pollres == PGRES_POLLING_OK)
+			{
+				break;
+			}
+
+			/* If timeout has expired, give up, else get sleep time. */
+			cur_timeout = TimestampDifferenceMilliseconds(now, endtime);
+			if (cur_timeout <= 0)
+			{
+				timed_out = true;
+				failed = true;
+				goto exit;
+			}
+
+			switch (pollres)
+			{
+				case PGRES_POLLING_READING:
+					waitEvents |= WL_SOCKET_READABLE;
+					break;
+				case PGRES_POLLING_WRITING:
+					waitEvents |= WL_SOCKET_WRITEABLE;
+					break;
+				default:
+					failed = true;
+					goto exit;
+			}
+
+			/* Sleep until there's something to do */
+			WaitLatchOrSocket(MyLatch, waitEvents, PQcancelSocket(cancel_conn),
+							  cur_timeout, PG_WAIT_EXTENSION);
+			ResetLatch(MyLatch);
+
+			CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
+		}
+exit:	;
+	}
+	PG_CATCH();
 	{
-		if (!PQcancel(cancel, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf)))
+		PQcancelFinish(cancel_conn);
+		PG_RE_THROW();
+	}
+	PG_END_TRY();
+
+	if (failed)
+	{
+		if (timed_out)
+		{
+			ereport(WARNING,
+					(errmsg("could not cancel request due to timeout")));
+		}
+		else
 		{
 			ereport(WARNING,
 					(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
 					 errmsg("could not send cancel request: %s",
-							errbuf)));
-			PQfreeCancel(cancel);
-			return false;
+							pchomp(PQcancelErrorMessage(cancel_conn)))));
 		}
-		PQfreeCancel(cancel);
+		PQcancelFinish(cancel_conn);
+		return failed;
 	}
+	PQcancelFinish(cancel_conn);
 
 	/* Get and discard the result of the query. */
 	if (pgfdw_get_cleanup_result(conn, endtime, &result, &timed_out))
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 2350cfe1487..0e365415d45 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -2688,6 +2688,21 @@ SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c
 (10 rows)
 
 ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+-- Make sure this big CROSS JOIN query is pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 CROSS JOIN ft2 CROSS JOIN ft4 CROSS JOIN ft5;
+                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                              
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((((public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)) INNER JOIN (public.ft5))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FROM ((("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (TRUE)) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (TRUE)) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r6 ON (TRUE))
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Make sure query cancellation works
+SET statement_timeout = '10ms';
+select count(*) from ft1 CROSS JOIN ft2 CROSS JOIN ft4 CROSS JOIN ft5; -- this takes very long
+ERROR:  canceling statement due to statement timeout
+RESET statement_timeout;
 -- cleanup
 DROP OWNED BY regress_view_owner;
 DROP ROLE regress_view_owner;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index c37aa803836..89dfe959243 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -326,6 +326,7 @@ DELETE FROM loct_empty;
 ANALYZE ft_empty;
 EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft_empty ORDER BY c1;
 
+
 -- ===================================================================
 -- WHERE with remotely-executable conditions
 -- ===================================================================
@@ -713,6 +714,13 @@ SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c
 SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
 ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
 
+-- Make sure this big CROSS JOIN query is pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 CROSS JOIN ft2 CROSS JOIN ft4 CROSS JOIN ft5;
+-- Make sure query cancellation works
+SET statement_timeout = '10ms';
+select count(*) from ft1 CROSS JOIN ft2 CROSS JOIN ft4 CROSS JOIN ft5; -- this takes very long
+RESET statement_timeout;
+
 -- cleanup
 DROP OWNED BY regress_view_owner;
 DROP ROLE regress_view_owner;
diff --git a/src/fe_utils/connect_utils.c b/src/fe_utils/connect_utils.c
index 7a1edea7c8c..b32448c0103 100644
--- a/src/fe_utils/connect_utils.c
+++ b/src/fe_utils/connect_utils.c
@@ -157,19 +157,11 @@ connectMaintenanceDatabase(ConnParams *cparams,
 void
 disconnectDatabase(PGconn *conn)
 {
-	char		errbuf[256];
-
 	Assert(conn != NULL);
 
 	if (PQtransactionStatus(conn) == PQTRANS_ACTIVE)
 	{
-		PGcancel   *cancel;
-
-		if ((cancel = PQgetCancel(conn)))
-		{
-			(void) PQcancel(cancel, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
-			PQfreeCancel(cancel);
-		}
+		PQcancelFinish(PQcancelSend(conn));
 	}
 
 	PQfinish(conn);
diff --git a/src/test/isolation/isolationtester.c b/src/test/isolation/isolationtester.c
index 0a66235153a..3781f7982b2 100644
--- a/src/test/isolation/isolationtester.c
+++ b/src/test/isolation/isolationtester.c
@@ -946,26 +946,21 @@ try_complete_step(TestSpec *testspec, PermutationStep *pstep, int flags)
 			 */
 			if (td > max_step_wait && !canceled)
 			{
-				PGcancel   *cancel = PQgetCancel(conn);
+				PGcancelConn *cancel_conn = PQcancelSend(conn);
 
-				if (cancel != NULL)
+				if (PQcancelStatus(cancel_conn) == CONNECTION_OK)
 				{
-					char		buf[256];
-
-					if (PQcancel(cancel, buf, sizeof(buf)))
-					{
-						/*
-						 * print to stdout not stderr, as this should appear
-						 * in the test case's results
-						 */
-						printf("isolationtester: canceling step %s after %d seconds\n",
-							   step->name, (int) (td / USECS_PER_SEC));
-						canceled = true;
-					}
-					else
-						fprintf(stderr, "PQcancel failed: %s\n", buf);
-					PQfreeCancel(cancel);
+					/*
+					 * print to stdout not stderr, as this should appear in
+					 * the test case's results
+					 */
+					printf("isolationtester: canceling step %s after %d seconds\n",
+						   step->name, (int) (td / USECS_PER_SEC));
+					canceled = true;
 				}
+				else
+					fprintf(stderr, "PQcancel failed: %s\n", PQcancelErrorMessage(cancel_conn));
+				PQcancelFinish(cancel_conn);
 			}
 
 			/*
-- 
2.34.1



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* Re: [EXTERNAL] Re: Add non-blocking version of PQcancel
  2023-01-26 16:42 Re: [EXTERNAL] Re: Add non-blocking version of PQcancel Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>
@ 2023-01-27 11:50 ` Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>
  2023-02-28 20:59   ` Re: [EXTERNAL] Re: Add non-blocking version of PQcancel Gregory Stark <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 1 reply; 86+ messages in thread

From: Jelte Fennema @ 2023-01-27 11:50 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>; +Cc: Daniel Gustafsson <[email protected]>; Peter Eisentraut <[email protected]>; Jacob Champion <[email protected]>; Tom Lane <[email protected]>; Andres Freund <[email protected]>; Justin Pryzby <[email protected]>; Robert Haas <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>

Another small update. Mostly some trivial cleanup in the comments/docs/code. But
also change patch 0005 to call PQcancelFinish in more error cases.


Attachments:

  [application/octet-stream] v11-0003-Return-2-from-pqReadData-on-EOF.patch (4.3K, ../../CAGECzQT3OhV04Zbb5Q7zSUDKKjQ0RxZqN8PkzQdwoOg=3hw6cA@mail.gmail.com/2-v11-0003-Return-2-from-pqReadData-on-EOF.patch)
  download | inline diff:
From a3157ded0e07c64f8c132058508d87791cbc6ead Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>
Date: Thu, 26 Jan 2023 12:24:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v11 3/5] Return -2 from pqReadData on EOF

This patch changes pqReadData to return -2 when a connection is cleanly
closed by the other side. For most of the Postgres protocol this is
considered an error, because the client will close the connection
instead of the server. But for Postgres its cancellation protocol
the distinction between errors and clean connection closure is
important, because clean connection closure is the way for the server to
signal that the cancellation was handled.

This patch is in preparation for a follow-up patch where pqReadData is
used for the cancellation protocol implementation.

No existing callsites of pqReadData or any of its internal functions
need to be updated as all of them check if the result is less than 0
instead a strict comparison against -1.
---
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c           | 15 +++++++++++----
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c |  2 +-
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c         |  6 ++++++
 3 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 660cdec93c..2d49188d91 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -556,8 +556,11 @@ pqPutMsgEnd(PGconn *conn)
  * Possible return values:
  *	 1: successfully loaded at least one more byte
  *	 0: no data is presently available, but no error detected
- *	-1: error detected (including EOF = connection closure);
+ *	-1: error detected (excluding EOF = clean connection closure);
  *		conn->errorMessage set
+ *	-2: EOF detected, connection is closed cleanly by other side;
+ *		conn->errorMessage set
+ *
  * NOTE: callers must not assume that pointers or indexes into conn->inBuffer
  * remain valid across this call!
  * ----------
@@ -639,7 +642,7 @@ retry3:
 
 			default:
 				/* pqsecure_read set the error message for us */
-				return -1;
+				return nread;
 		}
 	}
 	if (nread > 0)
@@ -734,7 +737,7 @@ retry4:
 
 			default:
 				/* pqsecure_read set the error message for us */
-				return -1;
+				return nread;
 		}
 	}
 	if (nread > 0)
@@ -751,13 +754,17 @@ definitelyEOF:
 	libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "server closed the connection unexpectedly\n"
 							"\tThis probably means the server terminated abnormally\n"
 							"\tbefore or while processing the request.");
+	/* Do *not* drop any already-read data; caller still wants it */
+	pqDropConnection(conn, false);
+	conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;	/* No more connection to backend */
+	return -2;
 
 	/* Come here if lower-level code already set a suitable errorMessage */
 definitelyFailed:
 	/* Do *not* drop any already-read data; caller still wants it */
 	pqDropConnection(conn, false);
 	conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;	/* No more connection to backend */
-	return -1;
+	return nread < 0 ? nread : -1;
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c
index ab2cbf045b..4e29a9f5c9 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ rloop:
 			 */
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "SSL connection has been closed unexpectedly");
 			result_errno = ECONNRESET;
-			n = -1;
+			n = -2;
 			break;
 		default:
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "unrecognized SSL error code: %d", err);
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c
index 8069e38142..20265dcb31 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c
@@ -199,6 +199,12 @@ pqsecure_close(PGconn *conn)
  * On failure, this function is responsible for appending a suitable message
  * to conn->errorMessage.  The caller must still inspect errno, but only
  * to determine whether to continue/retry after error.
+ *
+ * Returns -1 in case of failures, except in the case of where a failure means
+ * that there was a clean connection closure, in those cases -2 is returned.
+ * Currently only the TLS implementation of pqsecure_read ever returns -2. For
+ * the other implementations a clean connection closure is detected in
+ * pqReadData instead.
  */
 ssize_t
 pqsecure_read(PGconn *conn, void *ptr, size_t len)
-- 
2.34.1



  [application/octet-stream] v11-0002-Refactor-libpq-to-store-addrinfo-in-a-libpq-owne.patch (11.5K, ../../CAGECzQT3OhV04Zbb5Q7zSUDKKjQ0RxZqN8PkzQdwoOg=3hw6cA@mail.gmail.com/3-v11-0002-Refactor-libpq-to-store-addrinfo-in-a-libpq-owne.patch)
  download | inline diff:
From 1e588d7099c8563ca94cb6471a51f278ba9c65b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>
Date: Wed, 25 Jan 2023 10:22:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v11 2/5] Refactor libpq to store addrinfo in a libpq owned
 array

This refactors libpq to copy addrinfos returned by getaddrinfo to
memory owned by us. This refactoring is useful for two upcoming patches,
which need to change the addrinfo list in some way. Doing that with the
original addrinfo list is risky since we don't control how memory is
freed. Also changing the contents of a C array is quite a bit easier
than changing a linked list.

As a nice side effect of this refactor the is that mechanism for
iteration over addresses in PQconnectPoll is now identical to its
iteration over hosts.
---
 src/include/libpq/pqcomm.h        |   6 ++
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c | 107 +++++++++++++++++++++---------
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h  |   6 +-
 src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list  |   1 +
 4 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/include/libpq/pqcomm.h b/src/include/libpq/pqcomm.h
index 66ba359390..ee28e223bd 100644
--- a/src/include/libpq/pqcomm.h
+++ b/src/include/libpq/pqcomm.h
@@ -27,6 +27,12 @@ typedef struct
 	socklen_t	salen;
 } SockAddr;
 
+typedef struct
+{
+	int			family;
+	SockAddr	addr;
+} AddrInfo;
+
 /* Configure the UNIX socket location for the well known port. */
 
 #define UNIXSOCK_PATH(path, port, sockdir) \
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c
index 773e9e1f3a..46afe127f1 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c
@@ -379,6 +379,7 @@ static bool fillPGconn(PGconn *conn, PQconninfoOption *connOptions);
 static void freePGconn(PGconn *conn);
 static void closePGconn(PGconn *conn);
 static void release_conn_addrinfo(PGconn *conn);
+static bool store_conn_addrinfo(PGconn *conn, struct addrinfo *addrlist);
 static void sendTerminateConn(PGconn *conn);
 static PQconninfoOption *conninfo_init(PQExpBuffer errorMessage);
 static PQconninfoOption *parse_connection_string(const char *connstr,
@@ -2077,7 +2078,7 @@ connectDBComplete(PGconn *conn)
 	time_t		finish_time = ((time_t) -1);
 	int			timeout = 0;
 	int			last_whichhost = -2;	/* certainly different from whichhost */
-	struct addrinfo *last_addr_cur = NULL;
+	int			last_whichaddr = -2;	/* certainly different from whichaddr */
 
 	if (conn == NULL || conn->status == CONNECTION_BAD)
 		return 0;
@@ -2121,11 +2122,11 @@ connectDBComplete(PGconn *conn)
 		if (flag != PGRES_POLLING_OK &&
 			timeout > 0 &&
 			(conn->whichhost != last_whichhost ||
-			 conn->addr_cur != last_addr_cur))
+			 conn->whichaddr != last_whichaddr))
 		{
 			finish_time = time(NULL) + timeout;
 			last_whichhost = conn->whichhost;
-			last_addr_cur = conn->addr_cur;
+			last_whichaddr = conn->whichaddr;
 		}
 
 		/*
@@ -2272,9 +2273,9 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 	/* Time to advance to next address, or next host if no more addresses? */
 	if (conn->try_next_addr)
 	{
-		if (conn->addr_cur && conn->addr_cur->ai_next)
+		if (conn->whichaddr < conn->naddr)
 		{
-			conn->addr_cur = conn->addr_cur->ai_next;
+			conn->whichaddr++;
 			reset_connection_state_machine = true;
 		}
 		else
@@ -2287,6 +2288,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 	{
 		pg_conn_host *ch;
 		struct addrinfo hint;
+		struct addrinfo *addrlist;
 		int			thisport;
 		int			ret;
 		char		portstr[MAXPGPATH];
@@ -2327,7 +2329,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 		/* Initialize hint structure */
 		MemSet(&hint, 0, sizeof(hint));
 		hint.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
-		conn->addrlist_family = hint.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
+		hint.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
 
 		/* Figure out the port number we're going to use. */
 		if (ch->port == NULL || ch->port[0] == '\0')
@@ -2350,8 +2352,8 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 		{
 			case CHT_HOST_NAME:
 				ret = pg_getaddrinfo_all(ch->host, portstr, &hint,
-										 &conn->addrlist);
-				if (ret || !conn->addrlist)
+										 &addrlist);
+				if (ret || !addrlist)
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not translate host name \"%s\" to address: %s",
 											ch->host, gai_strerror(ret));
@@ -2362,8 +2364,8 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 			case CHT_HOST_ADDRESS:
 				hint.ai_flags = AI_NUMERICHOST;
 				ret = pg_getaddrinfo_all(ch->hostaddr, portstr, &hint,
-										 &conn->addrlist);
-				if (ret || !conn->addrlist)
+										 &addrlist);
+				if (ret || !addrlist)
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not parse network address \"%s\": %s",
 											ch->hostaddr, gai_strerror(ret));
@@ -2372,7 +2374,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				break;
 
 			case CHT_UNIX_SOCKET:
-				conn->addrlist_family = hint.ai_family = AF_UNIX;
+				hint.ai_family = AF_UNIX;
 				UNIXSOCK_PATH(portstr, thisport, ch->host);
 				if (strlen(portstr) >= UNIXSOCK_PATH_BUFLEN)
 				{
@@ -2387,8 +2389,8 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				 * name as a Unix-domain socket path.
 				 */
 				ret = pg_getaddrinfo_all(NULL, portstr, &hint,
-										 &conn->addrlist);
-				if (ret || !conn->addrlist)
+										 &addrlist);
+				if (ret || !addrlist)
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not translate Unix-domain socket path \"%s\" to address: %s",
 											portstr, gai_strerror(ret));
@@ -2397,8 +2399,14 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				break;
 		}
 
-		/* OK, scan this addrlist for a working server address */
-		conn->addr_cur = conn->addrlist;
+		if (!store_conn_addrinfo(conn, addrlist))
+		{
+			pg_freeaddrinfo_all(hint.ai_family, addrlist);
+			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "out of memory");
+			goto error_return;
+		}
+		pg_freeaddrinfo_all(hint.ai_family, addrlist);
+
 		reset_connection_state_machine = true;
 		conn->try_next_host = false;
 	}
@@ -2455,30 +2463,29 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 			{
 				/*
 				 * Try to initiate a connection to one of the addresses
-				 * returned by pg_getaddrinfo_all().  conn->addr_cur is the
+				 * returned by pg_getaddrinfo_all().  conn->whichaddr is the
 				 * next one to try.
 				 *
 				 * The extra level of braces here is historical.  It's not
 				 * worth reindenting this whole switch case to remove 'em.
 				 */
 				{
-					struct addrinfo *addr_cur = conn->addr_cur;
 					char		host_addr[NI_MAXHOST];
+					AddrInfo   *addr_cur;
 
 					/*
 					 * Advance to next possible host, if we've tried all of
 					 * the addresses for the current host.
 					 */
-					if (addr_cur == NULL)
+					if (conn->whichaddr == conn->naddr)
 					{
 						conn->try_next_host = true;
 						goto keep_going;
 					}
+					addr_cur = &conn->addr[conn->whichaddr];
 
 					/* Remember current address for possible use later */
-					memcpy(&conn->raddr.addr, addr_cur->ai_addr,
-						   addr_cur->ai_addrlen);
-					conn->raddr.salen = addr_cur->ai_addrlen;
+					memcpy(&conn->raddr, &addr_cur->addr, sizeof(SockAddr));
 
 					/*
 					 * Set connip, too.  Note we purposely ignore strdup
@@ -2494,7 +2501,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 						conn->connip = strdup(host_addr);
 
 					/* Try to create the socket */
-					conn->sock = socket(addr_cur->ai_family, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+					conn->sock = socket(addr_cur->family, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
 					if (conn->sock == PGINVALID_SOCKET)
 					{
 						int			errorno = SOCK_ERRNO;
@@ -2505,7 +2512,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 						 * cases where the address list includes both IPv4 and
 						 * IPv6 but kernel only accepts one family.
 						 */
-						if (addr_cur->ai_next != NULL ||
+						if (conn->whichaddr < conn->naddr ||
 							conn->whichhost + 1 < conn->nconnhost)
 						{
 							conn->try_next_addr = true;
@@ -2531,7 +2538,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					 * TCP sockets, nonblock mode, close-on-exec.  Try the
 					 * next address if any of this fails.
 					 */
-					if (addr_cur->ai_family != AF_UNIX)
+					if (addr_cur->family != AF_UNIX)
 					{
 						if (!connectNoDelay(conn))
 						{
@@ -2558,7 +2565,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					}
 #endif							/* F_SETFD */
 
-					if (addr_cur->ai_family != AF_UNIX)
+					if (addr_cur->family != AF_UNIX)
 					{
 #ifndef WIN32
 						int			on = 1;
@@ -2650,8 +2657,8 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					 * Start/make connection.  This should not block, since we
 					 * are in nonblock mode.  If it does, well, too bad.
 					 */
-					if (connect(conn->sock, addr_cur->ai_addr,
-								addr_cur->ai_addrlen) < 0)
+					if (connect(conn->sock, (struct sockaddr *) &addr_cur->addr.addr,
+								addr_cur->addr.salen) < 0)
 					{
 						if (SOCK_ERRNO == EINPROGRESS ||
 #ifdef WIN32
@@ -4041,6 +4048,45 @@ freePGconn(PGconn *conn)
 	free(conn);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Copies over the addrinfos from addrlist to the PGconn. The reason we do this
+ * so that we can edit the resulting list as we please, because now the memory
+ * is owned by us. Changing the original addrinfo directly is risky, since we
+ * don't control how the memory is freed and by changing it we might confuse
+ * the implementation of freeaddrinfo.
+ */
+static bool
+store_conn_addrinfo(PGconn *conn, struct addrinfo *addrlist)
+{
+	struct addrinfo *ai = addrlist;
+
+	conn->whichaddr = 0;
+
+	conn->naddr = 0;
+	while (ai)
+	{
+		ai = ai->ai_next;
+		conn->naddr++;
+	}
+
+	conn->addr = calloc(conn->naddr, sizeof(AddrInfo));
+	if (conn->addr == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	ai = addrlist;
+	for (int i = 0; i < conn->naddr; i++)
+	{
+		conn->addr[i].family = ai->ai_family;
+
+		memcpy(&conn->addr[i].addr.addr, ai->ai_addr,
+			   ai->ai_addrlen);
+		conn->addr[i].addr.salen = ai->ai_addrlen;
+		ai = ai->ai_next;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
 /*
  * release_conn_addrinfo
  *	 - Free any addrinfo list in the PGconn.
@@ -4048,11 +4094,10 @@ freePGconn(PGconn *conn)
 static void
 release_conn_addrinfo(PGconn *conn)
 {
-	if (conn->addrlist)
+	if (conn->addr)
 	{
-		pg_freeaddrinfo_all(conn->addrlist_family, conn->addrlist);
-		conn->addrlist = NULL;
-		conn->addr_cur = NULL;	/* for safety */
+		free(conn->addr);
+		conn->addr = NULL;
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h
index 712d572373..940db7ecc8 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h
@@ -461,8 +461,10 @@ struct pg_conn
 	PGTargetServerType target_server_type;	/* desired session properties */
 	bool		try_next_addr;	/* time to advance to next address/host? */
 	bool		try_next_host;	/* time to advance to next connhost[]? */
-	struct addrinfo *addrlist;	/* list of addresses for current connhost */
-	struct addrinfo *addr_cur;	/* the one currently being tried */
+	int			naddr;			/* number of addresses returned by getaddrinfo */
+	int			whichaddr;		/* the address currently being tried */
+	AddrInfo   *addr;			/* the array of addresses for the currently
+								 * tried host */
 	int			addrlist_family;	/* needed to know how to free addrlist */
 	bool		send_appname;	/* okay to send application_name? */
 
diff --git a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
index 51484ca7e2..6762f4dc70 100644
--- a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
+++ b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ AcquireSampleRowsFunc
 ActionList
 ActiveSnapshotElt
 AddForeignUpdateTargets_function
+AddrInfo
 AffixNode
 AffixNodeData
 AfterTriggerEvent
-- 
2.34.1



  [application/octet-stream] v11-0004-Add-non-blocking-version-of-PQcancel.patch (44.1K, ../../CAGECzQT3OhV04Zbb5Q7zSUDKKjQ0RxZqN8PkzQdwoOg=3hw6cA@mail.gmail.com/4-v11-0004-Add-non-blocking-version-of-PQcancel.patch)
  download | inline diff:
From 22e45642aeade25c0983e260a5ab93124e2da082 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>
Date: Wed, 12 Jan 2022 09:52:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v11 4/5] Add non-blocking version of PQcancel

This patch makes the following changes in libpq:
1. Add a new PQcancelSend function, which sends cancellation requests
   using the regular connection establishment code. This makes sure
   that cancel requests support and use all connection options
   including encryption.
2. Add a new PQcancelConn function which allows sending cancellation in
   a non-blocking way by using it together with the newly added
   PQcancelPoll and PQcancelSocket.
3. Use these two new cancellation APIs everywhere in the codebase where
   signal-safety is not a necessity.

The existing PQcancel API is using blocking IO. This makes PQcancel
impossible to use in an event loop based codebase, without blocking the
event loop until the call returns. PQcancelConn can now be used instead,
to have a non-blocking way of sending cancel requests. The postgres_fdw
cancellation code has been modified to make use of this.

This patch also includes a test for all of libpq cancellation APIs. The
test can be easily run like this:

    cd src/test/modules/libpq_pipeline
    make && ./libpq_pipeline cancel
---
 doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml                       | 275 ++++++++++-
 src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt              |   8 +
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c             | 452 +++++++++++++++++-
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h               |  25 +-
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h              |   9 +
 .../modules/libpq_pipeline/libpq_pipeline.c   | 265 +++++++++-
 6 files changed, 982 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
index 0e7ae70c70..53b64865bb 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ PGconn *PQsetdb(char *pghost,
     <varlistentry id="libpq-PQconnectStartParams">
      <term><function>PQconnectStartParams</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnectStartParams</primary></indexterm></term>
      <term><function>PQconnectStart</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnectStart</primary></indexterm></term>
-     <term><function>PQconnectPoll</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnectPoll</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <term id="libpq-PQconnectPoll"><function>PQconnectPoll</function><indexterm><primary>PQconnectPoll</primary></indexterm></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        <indexterm><primary>nonblocking connection</primary></indexterm>
@@ -4909,7 +4909,7 @@ int PQisBusy(PGconn *conn);
    <xref linkend="libpq-PQsendQuery"/>/<xref linkend="libpq-PQgetResult"/>
    can also attempt to cancel a command that is still being processed
    by the server; see <xref linkend="libpq-cancel"/>.  But regardless of
-   the return value of <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/>, the application
+   the return value of <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelSend"/>, the application
    must continue with the normal result-reading sequence using
    <xref linkend="libpq-PQgetResult"/>.  A successful cancellation will
    simply cause the command to terminate sooner than it would have
@@ -5628,13 +5628,218 @@ int PQsetSingleRowMode(PGconn *conn);
    this section.
 
    <variablelist>
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQcancelSend">
+     <term><function>PQcancelSend</function><indexterm><primary>PQcancelSend</primary></indexterm></term>
+
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Requests that the server abandons processing of the current command.
+<synopsis>
+PGcancelConn *PQcancelSend(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       This request is made over a connection that uses the same connection
+       options as the the original <structname>PGconn</structname>. So when the
+       original connection is encrypted (using TLS or GSS), the connection for
+       the cancel request connection is encrypted in the same. Any connection
+       options that only make sense for authentication or after authentication
+       are ignored though, because cancellation requests do not require
+       authentication.
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       This function returns a <structname>PGcancelConn</structname>
+       object. By using <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelStatus"/>
+       it can be checked if there was any error when sending the cancellation
+       request. If <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelStatus"/>
+       returns for <symbol>CONNECTION_OK</symbol> the request was
+       successfully sent, but if it returns <symbol>CONNECTION_BAD</symbol>
+       an error occured. If an error occured the error message can be retrieved using
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelErrorMessage"/>.
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Successful dispatch of the cancellation is no guarantee that the request
+       will have any effect, however. If the cancellation is effective, the
+       command being cancelled will terminate early and return an error result.
+       If the cancellation fails (say, because the server was already done
+       processing the command), then there will be no visible result at all.
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Note that when <function>PQcancelSend</function> returns a non-null
+       pointer, you must call <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelFinish"/> when you 
+       are finished with it, in order to dispose of the structure and any
+       associated memory blocks. This must be done even if the cancel request
+       failed.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQcancelConn">
+     <term><function>PQcancelConn</function><indexterm><primary>PQcancelConn</primary></indexterm></term>
+
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       A version of <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelSend"/> that can be used 
+       in a non-blocking manner.
+<synopsis>
+PGcancelConn *PQcancelConn(PGconn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelConn"/> creates a
+       <structname>PGcancelConn</structname><indexterm><primary>PGcancelConn</primary></indexterm>,
+       but it won't instantly start sending a cancel request over this
+       connection like <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelSend"/>.
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelStatus"/> should be called on the return
+       value to check if the <structname> PGcancelConn </structname> was
+       created successfully. The <structname>PGcancelConn</structname> object
+       is an opaque structure that is not meant to be accessed directly by the
+       application. This <structname>PGcancelConn</structname> object can be
+       used to cancel the query that's running on the original connection in a
+       thread-safe and non-blocking way.
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Note that when <function>PQcancelConn</function> returns a non-null
+       pointer, you must call <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelFinish"/> when you 
+       are finished with it, in order to dispose of the structure and any
+       associated memory blocks. This must be done even if the cancel request
+       failed or was abandoned.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQcancelStatus">
+     <term><function>PQcancelStatus</function><indexterm><primary>PQcancelStatus</primary></indexterm></term>
+
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       A version of <xref linkend="libpq-PQstatus"/> that can be used for
+       cancellation connections.
+<synopsis>
+ConnStatusType PQcancelStatus(const PGcancelConn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+      <para>
+       In addition to all the statuses that a <structname>PGconn</structname>
+       can have, this connection can have one additional status:
+
+       <variablelist>
+        <varlistentry id="libpq-connection-starting">
+         <term><symbol>CONNECTION_STARTING</symbol></term>
+         <listitem>
+          <para>
+           Waiting for the first call to <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelPoll"/>,
+           to actually open the socket. This is the connection state right after
+           calling <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelConn"/>. No connection to the
+           server has been initiated yet at this point. To actually start
+           sending the cancel request use <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelPoll"/>.
+          </para>
+         </listitem>
+        </varlistentry>
+       </variablelist>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       One final note about the returned statuses is that 
+       <symbol>CONNECTION_OK</symbol> has a slightly different meaning for a
+       <structname>PGcancelConn</structname> than what it has for a 
+       <structname>PGconn</structname>. When <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelStatus"/>
+       returns <symbol>CONNECTION_OK</symbol> for a <structname>PGcancelConn</structname>
+       it means that that the dispatch of the cancel request has completed (although
+       this is no promise that the query was actually cancelled) and that the
+       connection is now closed. While a <symbol>CONNECTION_OK</symbol> result
+       for <structname>PGconn</structname> means that queries can be sent over
+       the connection.
+      </para>
+
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQcancelPoll">
+     <term><function>PQcancelPoll</function><indexterm><primary>PQcancelPoll</primary></indexterm></term>
+
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       A version of <xref linkend="libpq-PQconnectPoll"/> that can be used for
+       cancellation connections.
+<synopsis>
+PostgresPollingStatusType PQcancelPoll(PGcancelConn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQcancelErrorMessage">
+     <term><function>PQcancelErrorMessage</function><indexterm><primary>PQcancelErrorMessage</primary></indexterm></term>
+
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       A version of <xref linkend="libpq-PQerrorMessage"/> that can be used for
+       cancellation connections.
+<synopsis>
+char *PQcancelErrorMessage(const PGcancelConn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQcancelFinish">
+     <term><function>PQcancelFinish</function><indexterm><primary>PQcancelFinish</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Closes the cancel connection (if it did not finish sending the cancel 
+       request yet). Also frees memory used by the <structname>PGcancelConn</structname> 
+       object.
+<synopsis>
+void PQcancelFinish(PGcancelConn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       Note that even if the cancel attempt fails (as
+       indicated by <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelStatus"/>), the application should call <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelFinish"/>
+       to free the memory used by the <structname>PGcancelConn</structname> object.
+       The <structname>PGcancelConn</structname> pointer must not be used again after
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelFinish"/> has been called.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
+    <varlistentry id="libpq-PQcancelReset">
+     <term><function>PQcancelReset</function><indexterm><primary>PQcancelReset</primary></indexterm></term>
+     <listitem>
+      <para>
+       Resets the <symbol>PGcancelConn</symbol> so it can be reused for a new 
+       cancel connection.
+<synopsis>
+void PQcancelReset(PGcancelConn *conn);
+</synopsis>
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       If the <symbol>PGcancelConn</symbol> is currently used to send a cancel
+       request, then this connection is closed. It will then prepare the
+       <symbol>PGcancelConn</symbol> object such that it can be used to send a
+       new cancel request. This can be used to create one <symbol>PGcancelConn</symbol>
+       for a <symbol>PGconn</symbol> and reuse that multiple times throughout
+       the lifetime of the original <symbol>PGconn</symbol>.
+      </para>
+     </listitem>
+    </varlistentry>
+
     <varlistentry id="libpq-PQgetCancel">
      <term><function>PQgetCancel</function><indexterm><primary>PQgetCancel</primary></indexterm></term>
 
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Creates a data structure containing the information needed to cancel
-       a command issued through a particular database connection.
+       a command using <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/>.
 <synopsis>
 PGcancel *PQgetCancel(PGconn *conn);
 </synopsis>
@@ -5676,14 +5881,28 @@ void PQfreeCancel(PGcancel *cancel);
 
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Requests that the server abandon processing of the current command.
+       An insecure version of <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelSend"/>, but one
+       that can be used safely from within a signal handler.
 <synopsis>
 int PQcancel(PGcancel *cancel, char *errbuf, int errbufsize);
 </synopsis>
       </para>
 
       <para>
-       The return value is 1 if the cancel request was successfully
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/> should only be used if it's necessary
+       to cancel a query from a signal-handler. If signal-safety is not needed,
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelSend"/> should be used to cancel the query
+       instead. <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/> can be safely invoked from a
+       signal handler, if the <parameter>errbuf</parameter> is a local variable
+       in the signal handler.  The <structname>PGcancel</structname> object is
+       read-only as far as <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/> is concerned, so it
+       can also be invoked from a thread that is separate from the one
+       manipulating the <structname>PGconn</structname> object.
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+       The return value of <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/>
+       is 1 if the cancel request was successfully
        dispatched and 0 if not.  If not, <parameter>errbuf</parameter> is filled
        with an explanatory error message.  <parameter>errbuf</parameter>
        must be a char array of size <parameter>errbufsize</parameter> (the
@@ -5691,21 +5910,22 @@ int PQcancel(PGcancel *cancel, char *errbuf, int errbufsize);
       </para>
 
       <para>
-       Successful dispatch is no guarantee that the request will have
-       any effect, however.  If the cancellation is effective, the current
-       command will terminate early and return an error result.  If the
-       cancellation fails (say, because the server was already done
-       processing the command), then there will be no visible result at
-       all.
-      </para>
-
-      <para>
-       <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/> can safely be invoked from a signal
-       handler, if the <parameter>errbuf</parameter> is a local variable in the
-       signal handler.  The <structname>PGcancel</structname> object is read-only
-       as far as <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/> is concerned, so it can
-       also be invoked from a thread that is separate from the one
-       manipulating the <structname>PGconn</structname> object.
+       To achieve signal-safety, some concessions needed to be made in the
+       implementation of <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/>. Not all connection
+       options of the original connection are used when establishing a
+       connection for the cancellation request. This function connects to
+       postgres on the same address and port as tha original connection. The
+       only connection options that are honored during this connection are
+       <varname>keepalives</varname>,
+       <varname>keepalives_idle</varname>,
+       <varname>keepalives_interval</varname>,
+       <varname>keepalives_count</varname>, and
+       <varname>tcp_user_timeout</varname>.
+       So, for example
+       <varname>connect_timeout</varname>,
+       <varname>gssencmode</varname>, and
+       <varname>sslmode</varname> are ignored. <emphasis>This means the connection
+       is never encrypted using TLS or GSS</emphasis>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
@@ -5717,13 +5937,22 @@ int PQcancel(PGcancel *cancel, char *errbuf, int errbufsize);
 
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       <xref linkend="libpq-PQrequestCancel"/> is a deprecated variant of
-       <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/>.
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQrequestCancel"/> is a deprecated and insecure
+       variant of <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelSend"/>.
 <synopsis>
 int PQrequestCancel(PGconn *conn);
 </synopsis>
       </para>
 
+      <para>
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQrequestCancel"/> only exists because of backwards
+       compatibility reasons. <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelSend"/> should be
+       used instead, to avoid the security and thread-safety issues that this
+       function has. This function has the same security issues as
+       <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/>, but without the benefit of being
+       signal-safe.
+      </para>
+
       <para>
        Requests that the server abandon processing of the current
        command.  It operates directly on the
@@ -8872,7 +9101,7 @@ int PQisthreadsafe();
    The deprecated functions <xref linkend="libpq-PQrequestCancel"/> and
    <xref linkend="libpq-PQoidStatus"/> are not thread-safe and should not be
    used in multithread programs.  <xref linkend="libpq-PQrequestCancel"/>
-   can be replaced by <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancel"/>.
+   can be replaced by <xref linkend="libpq-PQcancelSend"/>.
    <xref linkend="libpq-PQoidStatus"/> can be replaced by
    <xref linkend="libpq-PQoidValue"/>.
   </para>
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
index e8bcc88370..f56e8c185c 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/exports.txt
@@ -186,3 +186,11 @@ PQpipelineStatus          183
 PQsetTraceFlags           184
 PQmblenBounded            185
 PQsendFlushRequest        186
+PQcancelSend              187
+PQcancelConn              188
+PQcancelPoll              189
+PQcancelStatus            190
+PQcancelSocket            191
+PQcancelErrorMessage      192
+PQcancelReset             193
+PQcancelFinish            194
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c
index 46afe127f1..cef341adcd 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c
@@ -376,8 +376,10 @@ static PGPing internal_ping(PGconn *conn);
 static PGconn *makeEmptyPGconn(void);
 static void pqFreeCommandQueue(PGcmdQueueEntry *queue);
 static bool fillPGconn(PGconn *conn, PQconninfoOption *connOptions);
+static bool copyPGconn(PGconn *srcConn, PGconn *dstConn);
 static void freePGconn(PGconn *conn);
 static void closePGconn(PGconn *conn);
+static void release_conn_hosts(PGconn *conn);
 static void release_conn_addrinfo(PGconn *conn);
 static bool store_conn_addrinfo(PGconn *conn, struct addrinfo *addrlist);
 static void sendTerminateConn(PGconn *conn);
@@ -600,8 +602,17 @@ pqDropServerData(PGconn *conn)
 	conn->write_failed = false;
 	free(conn->write_err_msg);
 	conn->write_err_msg = NULL;
-	conn->be_pid = 0;
-	conn->be_key = 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * Cancel connections should save their be_pid and be_key across
+	 * PQcancelReset invocations. Otherwise they would not have access to the
+	 * secret token of the connection they are supposed to cancel anymore.
+	 */
+	if (!conn->cancelRequest)
+	{
+		conn->be_pid = 0;
+		conn->be_key = 0;
+	}
 }
 
 
@@ -732,6 +743,113 @@ PQping(const char *conninfo)
 	return ret;
 }
 
+/*
+ *		PQcancelConn
+ *
+ * Asynchronously cancel a query on the given connection. This requires polling
+ * the returned PGcancelConn to actually complete the cancellation of the
+ * query.
+ */
+PGcancelConn *
+PQcancelConn(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	PGconn	   *cancelConn = makeEmptyPGconn();
+	pg_conn_host originalHost;
+
+	if (cancelConn == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+
+	/* Check we have an open connection */
+	if (!conn)
+	{
+		libpq_append_conn_error(cancelConn, "passed connection was NULL");
+		return (PGcancelConn *) cancelConn;
+	}
+
+	if (conn->sock == PGINVALID_SOCKET)
+	{
+		libpq_append_conn_error(cancelConn, "passed connection is not open");
+		return (PGcancelConn *) cancelConn;
+	}
+
+
+	/*
+	 * Indicate that this connection is used to send a cancellation
+	 */
+	cancelConn->cancelRequest = true;
+
+	if (!copyPGconn(conn, cancelConn))
+		return (PGcancelConn *) cancelConn;
+
+	/*
+	 * Compute derived options
+	 */
+	if (!connectOptions2(cancelConn))
+		return (PGcancelConn *) cancelConn;
+
+	/*
+	 * Copy cancelation token data from the original connnection
+	 */
+	cancelConn->be_pid = conn->be_pid;
+	cancelConn->be_key = conn->be_key;
+
+	/*
+	 * Cancel requests should not iterate over all possible hosts. The request
+	 * needs to be sent to the exact host and address that the original
+	 * connection used. So we we manually create the host and address arrays
+	 * with a single element after freeing the host array that we generated
+	 * from the connection options.
+	 */
+	release_conn_hosts(cancelConn);
+	cancelConn->nconnhost = 1;
+	cancelConn->naddr = 1;
+
+	cancelConn->connhost = calloc(cancelConn->nconnhost, sizeof(pg_conn_host));
+	if (!cancelConn->connhost)
+		goto oom_error;
+
+	originalHost = conn->connhost[conn->whichhost];
+	if (originalHost.host)
+	{
+		cancelConn->connhost[0].host = strdup(originalHost.host);
+		if (!cancelConn->connhost[0].host)
+			goto oom_error;
+	}
+	if (originalHost.hostaddr)
+	{
+		cancelConn->connhost[0].hostaddr = strdup(originalHost.hostaddr);
+		if (!cancelConn->connhost[0].hostaddr)
+			goto oom_error;
+	}
+	if (originalHost.port)
+	{
+		cancelConn->connhost[0].port = strdup(originalHost.port);
+		if (!cancelConn->connhost[0].port)
+			goto oom_error;
+	}
+	if (originalHost.password)
+	{
+		cancelConn->connhost[0].password = strdup(originalHost.password);
+		if (!cancelConn->connhost[0].password)
+			goto oom_error;
+	}
+
+	cancelConn->addr = calloc(cancelConn->naddr, sizeof(AddrInfo));
+	if (!cancelConn->connhost)
+		goto oom_error;
+
+	cancelConn->addr[0].addr = conn->raddr;
+	cancelConn->addr[0].family = conn->raddr.addr.ss_family;
+
+	cancelConn->status = CONNECTION_STARTING;
+	return (PGcancelConn *) cancelConn;
+
+oom_error:
+	conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
+	libpq_append_conn_error(cancelConn, "out of memory");
+	return (PGcancelConn *) cancelConn;
+}
+
 /*
  *		PQconnectStartParams
  *
@@ -907,6 +1025,45 @@ fillPGconn(PGconn *conn, PQconninfoOption *connOptions)
 	return true;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Copy over option values from srcConn to dstConn
+ *
+ * Don't put anything cute here --- intelligence should be in
+ * connectOptions2 ...
+ *
+ * Returns true on success. On failure, returns false and sets error message of
+ * dstConn.
+ */
+static bool
+copyPGconn(PGconn *srcConn, PGconn *dstConn)
+{
+	const internalPQconninfoOption *option;
+
+	/* copy over connection options */
+	for (option = PQconninfoOptions; option->keyword; option++)
+	{
+		if (option->connofs >= 0)
+		{
+			const char **tmp = (const char **) ((char *) srcConn + option->connofs);
+
+			if (*tmp)
+			{
+				char	  **dstConnmember = (char **) ((char *) dstConn + option->connofs);
+
+				if (*dstConnmember)
+					free(*dstConnmember);
+				*dstConnmember = strdup(*tmp);
+				if (*dstConnmember == NULL)
+				{
+					libpq_append_conn_error(dstConn, "out of memory");
+					return false;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
 /*
  *		connectOptions1
  *
@@ -2031,10 +2188,18 @@ connectDBStart(PGconn *conn)
 	 * Set up to try to connect to the first host.  (Setting whichhost = -1 is
 	 * a bit of a cheat, but PQconnectPoll will advance it to 0 before
 	 * anything else looks at it.)
+	 *
+	 * Cancel requests are special though, they should only try one host and
+	 * address. These fields have already set up in PQcancelConn. So leave
+	 * these fields alone for cancel requests.
 	 */
-	conn->whichhost = -1;
-	conn->try_next_addr = false;
-	conn->try_next_host = true;
+	if (!conn->cancelRequest)
+	{
+		conn->whichhost = -1;
+		conn->try_next_host = true;
+		conn->try_next_addr = false;
+	}
+
 	conn->status = CONNECTION_NEEDED;
 
 	/* Also reset the target_server_type state if needed */
@@ -2176,7 +2341,10 @@ connectDBComplete(PGconn *conn)
 		/*
 		 * Now try to advance the state machine.
 		 */
-		flag = PQconnectPoll(conn);
+		if (conn->cancelRequest)
+			flag = PQcancelPoll((PGcancelConn *) conn);
+		else
+			flag = PQconnectPoll(conn);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -2301,13 +2469,17 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 			 * Oops, no more hosts.
 			 *
 			 * If we are trying to connect in "prefer-standby" mode, then drop
-			 * the standby requirement and start over.
+			 * the standby requirement and start over. Don't do this for
+			 * cancel requests though, since we are certain the list of
+			 * servers won't change as the target_server_type option is not
+			 * applicable to those connections.
 			 *
 			 * Otherwise, an appropriate error message is already set up, so
 			 * we just need to set the right status.
 			 */
 			if (conn->target_server_type == SERVER_TYPE_PREFER_STANDBY &&
-				conn->nconnhost > 0)
+				conn->nconnhost > 0 &&
+				!conn->cancelRequest)
 			{
 				conn->target_server_type = SERVER_TYPE_PREFER_STANDBY_PASS2;
 				conn->whichhost = 0;
@@ -2898,6 +3070,29 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				}
 #endif							/* USE_SSL */
 
+				/*
+				 * For cancel requests this is as far as we need to go in the
+				 * connection establishment. Now we can actually send our
+				 * cancelation request.
+				 */
+				if (conn->cancelRequest)
+				{
+					CancelRequestPacket cancelpacket;
+
+					packetlen = sizeof(cancelpacket);
+					cancelpacket.cancelRequestCode = (MsgType) pg_hton32(CANCEL_REQUEST_CODE);
+					cancelpacket.backendPID = pg_hton32(conn->be_pid);
+					cancelpacket.cancelAuthCode = pg_hton32(conn->be_key);
+					if (pqPacketSend(conn, 0, &cancelpacket, packetlen) != STATUS_OK)
+					{
+						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not send cancel packet: %s",
+												SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+						goto error_return;
+					}
+					conn->status = CONNECTION_AWAITING_RESPONSE;
+					return PGRES_POLLING_READING;
+				}
+
 				/*
 				 * Build the startup packet.
 				 */
@@ -3610,8 +3805,14 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					}
 				}
 
-				/* We can release the address list now. */
-				release_conn_addrinfo(conn);
+				/*
+				 * For non cancel requests we can release the address list
+				 * now. For cancel requests we never actually resolve
+				 * addresses and instead the addrinfo exists for the lifetime
+				 * of the connection.
+				 */
+				if (!conn->cancelRequest)
+					release_conn_addrinfo(conn);
 
 				/*
 				 * Contents of conn->errorMessage are no longer interesting
@@ -3978,19 +4179,8 @@ freePGconn(PGconn *conn)
 		free(conn->events[i].name);
 	}
 
-	/* clean up pg_conn_host structures */
-	for (int i = 0; i < conn->nconnhost; ++i)
-	{
-		free(conn->connhost[i].host);
-		free(conn->connhost[i].hostaddr);
-		free(conn->connhost[i].port);
-		if (conn->connhost[i].password != NULL)
-		{
-			explicit_bzero(conn->connhost[i].password, strlen(conn->connhost[i].password));
-			free(conn->connhost[i].password);
-		}
-	}
-	free(conn->connhost);
+	release_conn_addrinfo(conn);
+	release_conn_hosts(conn);
 
 	free(conn->client_encoding_initial);
 	free(conn->events);
@@ -4101,6 +4291,31 @@ release_conn_addrinfo(PGconn *conn)
 	}
 }
 
+/*
+ * release_conn_hosts
+ *	 - Free the host list in the PGconn.
+ */
+static void
+release_conn_hosts(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	if (conn->connhost)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < conn->nconnhost; ++i)
+		{
+			free(conn->connhost[i].host);
+			free(conn->connhost[i].hostaddr);
+			free(conn->connhost[i].port);
+			if (conn->connhost[i].password != NULL)
+			{
+				explicit_bzero(conn->connhost[i].password, strlen(conn->connhost[i].password));
+				free(conn->connhost[i].password);
+			}
+		}
+		free(conn->connhost);
+	}
+}
+
+
 /*
  * sendTerminateConn
  *	 - Send a terminate message to backend.
@@ -4108,6 +4323,15 @@ release_conn_addrinfo(PGconn *conn)
 static void
 sendTerminateConn(PGconn *conn)
 {
+	/*
+	 * The Postgres cancellation protocol does not have a notion of a
+	 * Terminate message, so don't send one.
+	 */
+	if (conn->cancelRequest)
+	{
+		return;
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Note that the protocol doesn't allow us to send Terminate messages
 	 * during the startup phase.
@@ -4161,7 +4385,13 @@ closePGconn(PGconn *conn)
 	conn->pipelineStatus = PQ_PIPELINE_OFF;
 	pqClearAsyncResult(conn);	/* deallocate result */
 	pqClearConnErrorState(conn);
-	release_conn_addrinfo(conn);
+
+	/*
+	 * Since cancel requests never change their addrinfo we don't free it
+	 * here. Otherwise we would have to rebuild it during a PQcancelReset.
+	 */
+	if (!conn->cancelRequest)
+		release_conn_addrinfo(conn);
 
 	/* Reset all state obtained from server, too */
 	pqDropServerData(conn);
@@ -4576,6 +4806,180 @@ cancel_errReturn:
 	return false;
 }
 
+/*
+ *		PQcancelSend
+ *
+ * Send a cancellation request in a blocking fashion.
+ */
+PGcancelConn *
+PQcancelSend(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	PGcancelConn *cancelConn = PQcancelConn(conn);
+
+	if (!cancelConn || cancelConn->conn.status == CONNECTION_BAD)
+		return cancelConn;
+
+	if (!connectDBStart(&cancelConn->conn))
+	{
+		cancelConn->conn.status = CONNECTION_BAD;
+		return cancelConn;
+	}
+
+	(void) connectDBComplete(&cancelConn->conn);
+
+	return cancelConn;
+}
+
+/*
+ *		PQcancelPoll
+ *
+ * Poll a cancel connection. For usage details see PQconnectPoll.
+ */
+PostgresPollingStatusType
+PQcancelPoll(PGcancelConn * cancelConn)
+{
+	PGconn	   *conn = (PGconn *) cancelConn;
+	int			n;
+
+	/*
+	 * Before we can call PQconnectPoll we first need to start the connection
+	 * using connectDBstart. Non-cancel connections already do this whenever
+	 * the connection is initialized. But cancel connections wait until the
+	 * caller starts polling, because there might be a large delay between
+	 * creating a cancel connection and actually wanting to use it.
+	 */
+	if (conn->status == CONNECTION_STARTING)
+	{
+		if (!connectDBStart(&cancelConn->conn))
+		{
+			cancelConn->conn.status = CONNECTION_STARTED;
+			return PGRES_POLLING_WRITING;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * The rest of the connection establishement we leave to PQconnectPoll,
+	 * since it's very similar to normal connection establishment. But once we
+	 * get to the CONNECTION_AWAITING_RESPONSE we need to do our own thing.
+	 */
+	if (conn->status != CONNECTION_AWAITING_RESPONSE)
+	{
+		return PQconnectPoll(conn);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * At this point we are waiting on the server to close the connection,
+	 * which is its way of communicating that the cancel has been handled.
+	 */
+
+	n = pqReadData(conn);
+
+	if (n == 0)
+		return PGRES_POLLING_READING;
+
+#ifndef WIN32
+
+	/*
+	 * Windows is a bit special in its EOF behaviour for TCP. Sometimes it
+	 * will error with an ECONNRESET when there is a clean connection closure.
+	 * See these threads for details:
+	 * https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/90b34057-4176-7bb0-0dbb-9822a5f6425b%40greiz-reinsdorf.de
+	 *
+	 * https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CA%2BhUKG%2BOeoETZQ%3DQw5Ub5h3tmwQhBmDA%3DnuNO3KG%3DzWfUypFAw%40mail.gmail.com
+	 *
+	 * PQcancel ignores such errors and reports success for the cancellation
+	 * anyway, so even if this is not always correct we do the same here. For
+	 * all other OSes we consider any other error than EOF and report it as
+	 * such.
+	 */
+	if (n < 0 && n != -2)
+	{
+		conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
+		return PGRES_POLLING_FAILED;
+	}
+#endif
+
+	/*
+	 * We don't expect any data, only connection closure. So if we strangly do
+	 * receive some data we consider that an error.
+	 */
+	if (n > 0)
+	{
+
+		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "received unexpected response from server");
+		conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
+		return PGRES_POLLING_FAILED;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Getting here means that we received an EOF. Which is what we were
+	 * expecting. The cancel request has completed.
+	 */
+	cancelConn->conn.status = CONNECTION_OK;
+	resetPQExpBuffer(&conn->errorMessage);
+	return PGRES_POLLING_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ *		PQcancelStatus
+ *
+ * Get the status of a cancel connection.
+ */
+ConnStatusType
+PQcancelStatus(const PGcancelConn * cancelConn)
+{
+	return PQstatus((const PGconn *) cancelConn);
+}
+
+/*
+ *		PQcancelSocket
+ *
+ * Get the socket of the cancel connection.
+ */
+int
+PQcancelSocket(const PGcancelConn * cancelConn)
+{
+	return PQsocket((const PGconn *) cancelConn);
+}
+
+/*
+ *		PQcancelErrorMessage
+ *
+ * Get the socket of the cancel connection.
+ */
+char *
+PQcancelErrorMessage(const PGcancelConn * cancelConn)
+{
+	return PQerrorMessage((const PGconn *) cancelConn);
+}
+
+/*
+ *		PQcancelReset
+ *
+ * Resets the cancel connection, so it can be reused to send a new cancel
+ * request.
+ */
+void
+PQcancelReset(PGcancelConn * cancelConn)
+{
+	closePGconn((PGconn *) cancelConn);
+	cancelConn->conn.status = CONNECTION_STARTING;
+	cancelConn->conn.whichhost = 0;
+	cancelConn->conn.whichaddr = 0;
+	cancelConn->conn.try_next_host = false;
+	cancelConn->conn.try_next_addr = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ *		PQcancelFinish
+ *
+ * Closes and frees the cancel connection.
+ */
+void
+PQcancelFinish(PGcancelConn * cancelConn)
+{
+	PQfinish((PGconn *) cancelConn);
+}
 
 /*
  * PQrequestCancel: old, not thread-safe function for requesting query cancel
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
index f3d9220496..95899b9f55 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-fe.h
@@ -78,7 +78,9 @@ typedef enum
 	CONNECTION_CONSUME,			/* Consuming any extra messages. */
 	CONNECTION_GSS_STARTUP,		/* Negotiating GSSAPI. */
 	CONNECTION_CHECK_TARGET,	/* Checking target server properties. */
-	CONNECTION_CHECK_STANDBY	/* Checking if server is in standby mode. */
+	CONNECTION_CHECK_STANDBY,	/* Checking if server is in standby mode. */
+	CONNECTION_STARTING			/* Waiting for connection attempt to be
+								 * started.  */
 } ConnStatusType;
 
 typedef enum
@@ -165,6 +167,11 @@ typedef enum
  */
 typedef struct pg_conn PGconn;
 
+/* PGcancelConn encapsulates a cancel connection to the backend.
+ * The contents of this struct are not supposed to be known to applications.
+ */
+typedef struct pg_cancel_conn PGcancelConn;
+
 /* PGresult encapsulates the result of a query (or more precisely, of a single
  * SQL command --- a query string given to PQsendQuery can contain multiple
  * commands and thus return multiple PGresult objects).
@@ -321,16 +328,28 @@ extern PostgresPollingStatusType PQresetPoll(PGconn *conn);
 /* Synchronous (blocking) */
 extern void PQreset(PGconn *conn);
 
+/* issue a cancel request */
+extern PGcancelConn * PQcancelSend(PGconn *conn);
+/* non-blocking version of PQcancelSend */
+extern PGcancelConn * PQcancelConn(PGconn *conn);
+extern PostgresPollingStatusType PQcancelPoll(PGcancelConn * cancelConn);
+extern ConnStatusType PQcancelStatus(const PGcancelConn * cancelConn);
+extern int	PQcancelSocket(const PGcancelConn * cancelConn);
+extern char *PQcancelErrorMessage(const PGcancelConn * cancelConn);
+extern void PQcancelReset(PGcancelConn * cancelConn);
+extern void PQcancelFinish(PGcancelConn * cancelConn);
+
+
 /* request a cancel structure */
 extern PGcancel *PQgetCancel(PGconn *conn);
 
 /* free a cancel structure */
 extern void PQfreeCancel(PGcancel *cancel);
 
-/* issue a cancel request */
+/* a less secure version of PQcancelSend, but one which is signal-safe */
 extern int	PQcancel(PGcancel *cancel, char *errbuf, int errbufsize);
 
-/* backwards compatible version of PQcancel; not thread-safe */
+/* deprecated version of PQcancel; not thread-safe */
 extern int	PQrequestCancel(PGconn *conn);
 
 /* Accessor functions for PGconn objects */
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h
index 940db7ecc8..cd1857ea49 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h
@@ -397,6 +397,10 @@ struct pg_conn
 	char	   *ssl_max_protocol_version;	/* maximum TLS protocol version */
 	char	   *target_session_attrs;	/* desired session properties */
 
+	bool		cancelRequest;	/* true if this connection is used to send a
+								 * cancel request, instead of being a normal
+								 * connection that's used for queries */
+
 	/* Optional file to write trace info to */
 	FILE	   *Pfdebug;
 	int			traceFlags;
@@ -594,6 +598,11 @@ struct pg_conn
 	PQExpBufferData workBuffer; /* expansible string */
 };
 
+struct pg_cancel_conn
+{
+	PGconn		conn;
+};
+
 /* PGcancel stores all data necessary to cancel a connection. A copy of this
  * data is required to safely cancel a connection running on a different
  * thread.
diff --git a/src/test/modules/libpq_pipeline/libpq_pipeline.c b/src/test/modules/libpq_pipeline/libpq_pipeline.c
index 6111bf9b67..6d88d419a6 100644
--- a/src/test/modules/libpq_pipeline/libpq_pipeline.c
+++ b/src/test/modules/libpq_pipeline/libpq_pipeline.c
@@ -86,6 +86,264 @@ pg_fatal_impl(int line, const char *fmt,...)
 	exit(1);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Check that the query on the given connection got cancelled.
+ *
+ * This is a function wrapped in a macrco to make the reported line number
+ * in an error match the line number of the invocation.
+ */
+#define confirm_query_cancelled(conn) confirm_query_cancelled_impl(__LINE__, conn)
+static void
+confirm_query_cancelled_impl(int line, PGconn *conn)
+{
+	PGresult   *res = NULL;
+
+	res = PQgetResult(conn);
+	if (res == NULL)
+		pg_fatal_impl(line, "PQgetResult returned null: %s",
+					  PQerrorMessage(conn));
+	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_FATAL_ERROR)
+		pg_fatal_impl(line, "query did not fail when it was expected");
+	if (strcmp(PQresultErrorField(res, PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE), "57014") != 0)
+		pg_fatal_impl(line, "query failed with a different error than cancellation: %s",
+					  PQerrorMessage(conn));
+	PQclear(res);
+	while (PQisBusy(conn))
+	{
+		PQconsumeInput(conn);
+	}
+}
+
+#define send_cancellable_query(conn, monitorConn) send_cancellable_query_impl(__LINE__, conn, monitorConn)
+static void
+send_cancellable_query_impl(int line, PGconn *conn, PGconn *monitorConn)
+{
+	const char *env_wait;
+	const Oid	paramTypes[1] = {INT4OID};
+
+	env_wait = getenv("PG_TEST_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT");
+	if (env_wait == NULL)
+		env_wait = "180";
+
+	if (PQsendQueryParams(conn, "SELECT pg_sleep($1)", 1, paramTypes, &env_wait, NULL, NULL, 0) != 1)
+		pg_fatal_impl(line, "failed to send query: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
+
+	/*
+	 * Wait until the query is actually running. Otherwise sending a
+	 * cancellation request might not cancel the query due to race conditions.
+	 */
+	while (true)
+	{
+		char	   *value = NULL;
+		PGresult   *res = PQexec(
+								 monitorConn,
+								 "SELECT count(*) FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE "
+								 "query = 'SELECT pg_sleep($1)' "
+								 "AND state = 'active'");
+
+		if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
+		{
+			pg_fatal("Connection to database failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(monitorConn));
+		}
+		if (PQntuples(res) != 1)
+		{
+			pg_fatal("unexpected number of rows received: %d", PQntuples(res));
+		}
+		if (PQnfields(res) != 1)
+		{
+			pg_fatal("unexpected number of columns received: %d", PQnfields(res));
+		}
+		value = PQgetvalue(res, 0, 0);
+		if (*value != '0')
+		{
+			PQclear(res);
+			break;
+		}
+		PQclear(res);
+
+		/*
+		 * wait 10ms before polling again
+		 */
+		pg_usleep(10000);
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+test_cancel(PGconn *conn, const char *conninfo)
+{
+	PGcancel   *cancel = NULL;
+	PGcancelConn *cancelConn = NULL;
+	PGconn	   *monitorConn = NULL;
+	char		errorbuf[256];
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "test cancellations... ");
+
+	if (PQsetnonblocking(conn, 1) != 0)
+		pg_fatal("failed to set nonblocking mode: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make a connection to the database to monitor the query on the main
+	 * connection.
+	 */
+	monitorConn = PQconnectdb(conninfo);
+	if (PQstatus(conn) != CONNECTION_OK)
+	{
+		pg_fatal("Connection to database failed: %s",
+				 PQerrorMessage(conn));
+	}
+
+	/* test PQcancel */
+	send_cancellable_query(conn, monitorConn);
+	cancel = PQgetCancel(conn);
+	if (!PQcancel(cancel, errorbuf, sizeof(errorbuf)))
+	{
+		pg_fatal("failed to run PQcancel: %s", errorbuf);
+	};
+	confirm_query_cancelled(conn);
+
+	/* PGcancel object can be reused for the next query */
+	send_cancellable_query(conn, monitorConn);
+	if (!PQcancel(cancel, errorbuf, sizeof(errorbuf)))
+	{
+		pg_fatal("failed to run PQcancel: %s", errorbuf);
+	};
+	confirm_query_cancelled(conn);
+
+	PQfreeCancel(cancel);
+
+	/* test PQrequestCancel */
+	send_cancellable_query(conn, monitorConn);
+	if (!PQrequestCancel(conn))
+		pg_fatal("failed to run PQrequestCancel: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
+	confirm_query_cancelled(conn);
+
+	/* test PQcancelSend */
+	send_cancellable_query(conn, monitorConn);
+	cancelConn = PQcancelSend(conn);
+	if (PQcancelStatus(cancelConn) == CONNECTION_BAD)
+		pg_fatal("failed to run PQcancelSend: %s", PQcancelErrorMessage(cancelConn));
+	confirm_query_cancelled(conn);
+	PQcancelFinish(cancelConn);
+
+	/* test PQcancelConn and then polling with PQcancelPoll */
+	send_cancellable_query(conn, monitorConn);
+	cancelConn = PQcancelConn(conn);
+	if (PQcancelStatus(cancelConn) == CONNECTION_BAD)
+		pg_fatal("bad cancel connection: %s", PQcancelErrorMessage(cancelConn));
+	while (true)
+	{
+		struct timeval tv;
+		fd_set		input_mask;
+		fd_set		output_mask;
+		PostgresPollingStatusType pollres = PQcancelPoll(cancelConn);
+		int			sock = PQcancelSocket(cancelConn);
+
+		if (pollres == PGRES_POLLING_OK)
+		{
+			break;
+		}
+
+		FD_ZERO(&input_mask);
+		FD_ZERO(&output_mask);
+		switch (pollres)
+		{
+			case PGRES_POLLING_READING:
+				pg_debug("polling for reads\n");
+				FD_SET(sock, &input_mask);
+				break;
+			case PGRES_POLLING_WRITING:
+				pg_debug("polling for writes\n");
+				FD_SET(sock, &output_mask);
+				break;
+			default:
+				pg_fatal("bad cancel connection: %s", PQcancelErrorMessage(cancelConn));
+		}
+
+		if (sock < 0)
+			pg_fatal("sock did not exist: %s", PQcancelErrorMessage(cancelConn));
+
+		tv.tv_sec = 3;
+		tv.tv_usec = 0;
+
+		while (true)
+		{
+			if (select(sock + 1, &input_mask, &output_mask, NULL, &tv) < 0)
+			{
+				if (errno == EINTR)
+					continue;
+				pg_fatal("select() failed: %m");
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (PQcancelStatus(cancelConn) != CONNECTION_OK)
+		pg_fatal("unexpected cancel connection status: %s", PQcancelErrorMessage(cancelConn));
+	confirm_query_cancelled(conn);
+
+	/*
+	 * test PQcancelReset works on the cancel connection and it can be reused
+	 * after
+	 */
+	PQcancelReset(cancelConn);
+
+	send_cancellable_query(conn, monitorConn);
+	if (PQcancelStatus(cancelConn) == CONNECTION_BAD)
+		pg_fatal("bad cancel connection: %s", PQcancelErrorMessage(cancelConn));
+	while (true)
+	{
+		struct timeval tv;
+		fd_set		input_mask;
+		fd_set		output_mask;
+		PostgresPollingStatusType pollres = PQcancelPoll(cancelConn);
+		int			sock = PQcancelSocket(cancelConn);
+
+		if (pollres == PGRES_POLLING_OK)
+		{
+			break;
+		}
+
+		FD_ZERO(&input_mask);
+		FD_ZERO(&output_mask);
+		switch (pollres)
+		{
+			case PGRES_POLLING_READING:
+				pg_debug("polling for reads\n");
+				FD_SET(sock, &input_mask);
+				break;
+			case PGRES_POLLING_WRITING:
+				pg_debug("polling for writes\n");
+				FD_SET(sock, &output_mask);
+				break;
+			default:
+				pg_fatal("bad cancel connection: %s", PQcancelErrorMessage(cancelConn));
+		}
+
+		if (sock < 0)
+			pg_fatal("sock did not exist: %s", PQcancelErrorMessage(cancelConn));
+
+		tv.tv_sec = 3;
+		tv.tv_usec = 0;
+
+		while (true)
+		{
+			if (select(sock + 1, &input_mask, &output_mask, NULL, &tv) < 0)
+			{
+				if (errno == EINTR)
+					continue;
+				pg_fatal("select() failed: %m");
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (PQcancelStatus(cancelConn) != CONNECTION_OK)
+		pg_fatal("unexpected cancel connection status: %s", PQcancelErrorMessage(cancelConn));
+	confirm_query_cancelled(conn);
+
+	PQcancelFinish(cancelConn);
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "ok\n");
+}
+
 static void
 test_disallowed_in_pipeline(PGconn *conn)
 {
@@ -985,7 +1243,7 @@ test_prepared(PGconn *conn)
 static void
 notice_processor(void *arg, const char *message)
 {
-	int	   *n_notices = (int *) arg;
+	int		   *n_notices = (int *) arg;
 
 	(*n_notices)++;
 	fprintf(stderr, "NOTICE %d: %s", *n_notices, message);
@@ -1681,6 +1939,7 @@ usage(const char *progname)
 static void
 print_test_list(void)
 {
+	printf("cancel\n");
 	printf("disallowed_in_pipeline\n");
 	printf("multi_pipelines\n");
 	printf("nosync\n");
@@ -1782,7 +2041,9 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 						PQTRACE_SUPPRESS_TIMESTAMPS | PQTRACE_REGRESS_MODE);
 	}
 
-	if (strcmp(testname, "disallowed_in_pipeline") == 0)
+	if (strcmp(testname, "cancel") == 0)
+		test_cancel(conn, conninfo);
+	else if (strcmp(testname, "disallowed_in_pipeline") == 0)
 		test_disallowed_in_pipeline(conn);
 	else if (strcmp(testname, "multi_pipelines") == 0)
 		test_multi_pipelines(conn);
-- 
2.34.1



  [application/octet-stream] v11-0005-Start-using-new-libpq-cancel-APIs.patch (9.2K, ../../CAGECzQT3OhV04Zbb5Q7zSUDKKjQ0RxZqN8PkzQdwoOg=3hw6cA@mail.gmail.com/5-v11-0005-Start-using-new-libpq-cancel-APIs.patch)
  download | inline diff:
From e8d1c900e5599d460090b757e7a125d23dcf7bce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>
Date: Wed, 25 Jan 2023 13:32:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v11 5/5] Start using new libpq cancel APIs

A previous commit introduced new APIs to libpq for cancelling queries.
This replaces the usage of the old APIs in the codebase with these newer
ones.
---
 contrib/dblink/dblink.c                       | 30 ++++--
 contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c             | 99 ++++++++++++++++---
 .../postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out    | 15 +++
 contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql     |  7 ++
 src/fe_utils/connect_utils.c                  | 10 +-
 src/test/isolation/isolationtester.c          | 29 +++---
 6 files changed, 139 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)

diff --git a/contrib/dblink/dblink.c b/contrib/dblink/dblink.c
index 8982d623d3..3a5f2d3424 100644
--- a/contrib/dblink/dblink.c
+++ b/contrib/dblink/dblink.c
@@ -1326,22 +1326,32 @@ PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(dblink_cancel_query);
 Datum
 dblink_cancel_query(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-	int			res;
 	PGconn	   *conn;
-	PGcancel   *cancel;
-	char		errbuf[256];
+	PGcancelConn *cancelConn;
+	char	   *msg;
 
 	dblink_init();
 	conn = dblink_get_named_conn(text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0)));
-	cancel = PQgetCancel(conn);
+	cancelConn = PQcancelSend(conn);
 
-	res = PQcancel(cancel, errbuf, 256);
-	PQfreeCancel(cancel);
+	PG_TRY();
+	{
+		if (PQcancelStatus(cancelConn) == CONNECTION_BAD)
+		{
+			msg = pchomp(PQcancelErrorMessage(cancelConn));
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			msg = "OK";
+		}
+	}
+	PG_FINALLY();
+	{
+		PQcancelFinish(cancelConn);
+	}
+	PG_END_TRY();
 
-	if (res == 1)
-		PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text("OK"));
-	else
-		PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text(errbuf));
+	PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text(msg));
 }
 
 
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
index 7760380f00..3630644f5e 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
@@ -1234,35 +1234,104 @@ pgfdw_reset_xact_state(ConnCacheEntry *entry, bool toplevel)
 static bool
 pgfdw_cancel_query(PGconn *conn)
 {
-	PGcancel   *cancel;
-	char		errbuf[256];
 	PGresult   *result = NULL;
-	TimestampTz endtime;
-	bool		timed_out;
 
 	/*
 	 * If it takes too long to cancel the query and discard the result, assume
 	 * the connection is dead.
 	 */
-	endtime = TimestampTzPlusMilliseconds(GetCurrentTimestamp(), 30000);
+	TimestampTz endtime = TimestampTzPlusMilliseconds(GetCurrentTimestamp(), 30000);
+	bool		timed_out = false;
+	bool		failed = false;
+	PGcancelConn *cancel_conn = PQcancelConn(conn);
 
-	/*
-	 * Issue cancel request.  Unfortunately, there's no good way to limit the
-	 * amount of time that we might block inside PQgetCancel().
-	 */
-	if ((cancel = PQgetCancel(conn)))
+
+	if (PQcancelStatus(cancel_conn) == CONNECTION_BAD)
 	{
-		if (!PQcancel(cancel, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf)))
+		PG_TRY();
 		{
 			ereport(WARNING,
 					(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
 					 errmsg("could not send cancel request: %s",
-							errbuf)));
-			PQfreeCancel(cancel);
-			return false;
+							pchomp(PQcancelErrorMessage(cancel_conn)))));
+		}
+		PG_FINALLY();
+		{
+			PQcancelFinish(cancel_conn);
+		}
+		PG_END_TRY();
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/* In what follows, do not leak any PGcancelConn on an error. */
+	PG_TRY();
+	{
+		while (true)
+		{
+			TimestampTz now = GetCurrentTimestamp();
+			long		cur_timeout;
+			PostgresPollingStatusType pollres = PQcancelPoll(cancel_conn);
+			int			waitEvents = WL_LATCH_SET | WL_TIMEOUT | WL_EXIT_ON_PM_DEATH;
+
+			if (pollres == PGRES_POLLING_OK)
+			{
+				break;
+			}
+
+			/* If timeout has expired, give up, else get sleep time. */
+			cur_timeout = TimestampDifferenceMilliseconds(now, endtime);
+			if (cur_timeout <= 0)
+			{
+				timed_out = true;
+				failed = true;
+				goto exit;
+			}
+
+			switch (pollres)
+			{
+				case PGRES_POLLING_READING:
+					waitEvents |= WL_SOCKET_READABLE;
+					break;
+				case PGRES_POLLING_WRITING:
+					waitEvents |= WL_SOCKET_WRITEABLE;
+					break;
+				default:
+					failed = true;
+					goto exit;
+			}
+
+			/* Sleep until there's something to do */
+			WaitLatchOrSocket(MyLatch, waitEvents, PQcancelSocket(cancel_conn),
+							  cur_timeout, PG_WAIT_EXTENSION);
+			ResetLatch(MyLatch);
+
+			CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
+		}
+exit:	;
+		if (failed)
+		{
+			if (timed_out)
+			{
+				ereport(WARNING,
+						(errmsg("could not cancel request due to timeout")));
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				ereport(WARNING,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE),
+						 errmsg("could not send cancel request: %s",
+								pchomp(PQcancelErrorMessage(cancel_conn)))));
+			}
 		}
-		PQfreeCancel(cancel);
 	}
+	PG_FINALLY();
+	{
+		PQcancelFinish(cancel_conn);
+	}
+	PG_END_TRY();
+
+	if (failed)
+		return false;
 
 	/* Get and discard the result of the query. */
 	if (pgfdw_get_cleanup_result(conn, endtime, &result, &timed_out))
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
index 2350cfe148..0e365415d4 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out
@@ -2688,6 +2688,21 @@ SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c
 (10 rows)
 
 ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+-- Make sure this big CROSS JOIN query is pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 CROSS JOIN ft2 CROSS JOIN ft4 CROSS JOIN ft5;
+                                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                                              
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Foreign Scan
+   Output: (count(*))
+   Relations: Aggregate on ((((public.ft1) INNER JOIN (public.ft2)) INNER JOIN (public.ft4)) INNER JOIN (public.ft5))
+   Remote SQL: SELECT count(*) FROM ((("S 1"."T 1" r1 INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 1" r2 ON (TRUE)) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 3" r4 ON (TRUE)) INNER JOIN "S 1"."T 4" r6 ON (TRUE))
+(4 rows)
+
+-- Make sure query cancellation works
+SET statement_timeout = '10ms';
+select count(*) from ft1 CROSS JOIN ft2 CROSS JOIN ft4 CROSS JOIN ft5; -- this takes very long
+ERROR:  canceling statement due to statement timeout
+RESET statement_timeout;
 -- cleanup
 DROP OWNED BY regress_view_owner;
 DROP ROLE regress_view_owner;
diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
index c37aa80383..202ecf0920 100644
--- a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -713,6 +713,13 @@ SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c
 SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
 ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
 
+-- Make sure this big CROSS JOIN query is pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 CROSS JOIN ft2 CROSS JOIN ft4 CROSS JOIN ft5;
+-- Make sure query cancellation works
+SET statement_timeout = '10ms';
+select count(*) from ft1 CROSS JOIN ft2 CROSS JOIN ft4 CROSS JOIN ft5; -- this takes very long
+RESET statement_timeout;
+
 -- cleanup
 DROP OWNED BY regress_view_owner;
 DROP ROLE regress_view_owner;
diff --git a/src/fe_utils/connect_utils.c b/src/fe_utils/connect_utils.c
index 7a1edea7c8..b32448c010 100644
--- a/src/fe_utils/connect_utils.c
+++ b/src/fe_utils/connect_utils.c
@@ -157,19 +157,11 @@ connectMaintenanceDatabase(ConnParams *cparams,
 void
 disconnectDatabase(PGconn *conn)
 {
-	char		errbuf[256];
-
 	Assert(conn != NULL);
 
 	if (PQtransactionStatus(conn) == PQTRANS_ACTIVE)
 	{
-		PGcancel   *cancel;
-
-		if ((cancel = PQgetCancel(conn)))
-		{
-			(void) PQcancel(cancel, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
-			PQfreeCancel(cancel);
-		}
+		PQcancelFinish(PQcancelSend(conn));
 	}
 
 	PQfinish(conn);
diff --git a/src/test/isolation/isolationtester.c b/src/test/isolation/isolationtester.c
index 0a66235153..3781f7982b 100644
--- a/src/test/isolation/isolationtester.c
+++ b/src/test/isolation/isolationtester.c
@@ -946,26 +946,21 @@ try_complete_step(TestSpec *testspec, PermutationStep *pstep, int flags)
 			 */
 			if (td > max_step_wait && !canceled)
 			{
-				PGcancel   *cancel = PQgetCancel(conn);
+				PGcancelConn *cancel_conn = PQcancelSend(conn);
 
-				if (cancel != NULL)
+				if (PQcancelStatus(cancel_conn) == CONNECTION_OK)
 				{
-					char		buf[256];
-
-					if (PQcancel(cancel, buf, sizeof(buf)))
-					{
-						/*
-						 * print to stdout not stderr, as this should appear
-						 * in the test case's results
-						 */
-						printf("isolationtester: canceling step %s after %d seconds\n",
-							   step->name, (int) (td / USECS_PER_SEC));
-						canceled = true;
-					}
-					else
-						fprintf(stderr, "PQcancel failed: %s\n", buf);
-					PQfreeCancel(cancel);
+					/*
+					 * print to stdout not stderr, as this should appear in
+					 * the test case's results
+					 */
+					printf("isolationtester: canceling step %s after %d seconds\n",
+						   step->name, (int) (td / USECS_PER_SEC));
+					canceled = true;
 				}
+				else
+					fprintf(stderr, "PQcancel failed: %s\n", PQcancelErrorMessage(cancel_conn));
+				PQcancelFinish(cancel_conn);
 			}
 
 			/*
-- 
2.34.1



  [application/octet-stream] v11-0001-libpq-Run-pgindent-after-a9e9a9f32b3.patch (39.3K, ../../CAGECzQT3OhV04Zbb5Q7zSUDKKjQ0RxZqN8PkzQdwoOg=3hw6cA@mail.gmail.com/6-v11-0001-libpq-Run-pgindent-after-a9e9a9f32b3.patch)
  download | inline diff:
From 1c9c4c45602115471aa6feabbeef3386e0a2c88b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>
Date: Wed, 30 Nov 2022 10:07:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH v11 1/5] libpq: Run pgindent after a9e9a9f32b3

It seems that pgindent was not run after the error handling refactor in
commit a9e9a9f32b35edf129c88e8b929ef223f8511f59. This fixes that and
also addresses a few other things pgindent wanted to change in libpq.
---
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth-scram.c     |   2 +-
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth.c           |   8 +-
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c        | 124 +++++++++++------------
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-exec.c           |  16 +--
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-lobj.c           |  42 ++++----
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c           |  10 +-
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-protocol3.c      |   2 +-
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-common.c  |   6 +-
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-gssapi.c  |  12 +--
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c |  64 ++++++------
 src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c         |   8 +-
 src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h         |   4 +-
 12 files changed, 149 insertions(+), 149 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth-scram.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth-scram.c
index 9c42ea4f81..12c3d0bc33 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth-scram.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth-scram.c
@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ read_server_final_message(fe_scram_state *state, char *input)
 			return false;
 		}
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "error received from server in SCRAM exchange: %s",
-						   errmsg);
+								errmsg);
 		return false;
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth.c
index 9afc6f19b9..ab454e6cd0 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth.c
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ pg_GSS_continue(PGconn *conn, int payloadlen)
 		if (!ginbuf.value)
 		{
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "out of memory allocating GSSAPI buffer (%d)",
-							  payloadlen);
+									payloadlen);
 			return STATUS_ERROR;
 		}
 		if (pqGetnchar(ginbuf.value, payloadlen, conn))
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ pg_SSPI_continue(PGconn *conn, int payloadlen)
 		if (!inputbuf)
 		{
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "out of memory allocating SSPI buffer (%d)",
-							  payloadlen);
+									payloadlen);
 			return STATUS_ERROR;
 		}
 		if (pqGetnchar(inputbuf, payloadlen, conn))
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ pg_SASL_continue(PGconn *conn, int payloadlen, bool final)
 	if (!challenge)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "out of memory allocating SASL buffer (%d)",
-						  payloadlen);
+								payloadlen);
 		return STATUS_ERROR;
 	}
 
@@ -1277,7 +1277,7 @@ PQencryptPasswordConn(PGconn *conn, const char *passwd, const char *user,
 	else
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "unrecognized password encryption algorithm \"%s\"",
-						  algorithm);
+								algorithm);
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c
index 50b5df3490..773e9e1f3a 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c
@@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ connectOptions2(PGconn *conn)
 		{
 			conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not match %d host names to %d hostaddr values",
-							   count_comma_separated_elems(conn->pghost), conn->nconnhost);
+									count_comma_separated_elems(conn->pghost), conn->nconnhost);
 			return false;
 		}
 	}
@@ -1159,7 +1159,7 @@ connectOptions2(PGconn *conn)
 		{
 			conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not match %d port numbers to %d hosts",
-							   count_comma_separated_elems(conn->pgport), conn->nconnhost);
+									count_comma_separated_elems(conn->pgport), conn->nconnhost);
 			return false;
 		}
 	}
@@ -1248,7 +1248,7 @@ connectOptions2(PGconn *conn)
 		{
 			conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "invalid %s value: \"%s\"",
-							   "channel_binding", conn->channel_binding);
+									"channel_binding", conn->channel_binding);
 			return false;
 		}
 	}
@@ -1273,7 +1273,7 @@ connectOptions2(PGconn *conn)
 		{
 			conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "invalid %s value: \"%s\"",
-							   "sslmode", conn->sslmode);
+									"sslmode", conn->sslmode);
 			return false;
 		}
 
@@ -1293,7 +1293,7 @@ connectOptions2(PGconn *conn)
 			case 'v':			/* "verify-ca" or "verify-full" */
 				conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "sslmode value \"%s\" invalid when SSL support is not compiled in",
-								   conn->sslmode);
+										conn->sslmode);
 				return false;
 		}
 #endif
@@ -1313,16 +1313,16 @@ connectOptions2(PGconn *conn)
 	{
 		conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "invalid %s value: \"%s\"",
-						   "ssl_min_protocol_version",
-						   conn->ssl_min_protocol_version);
+								"ssl_min_protocol_version",
+								conn->ssl_min_protocol_version);
 		return false;
 	}
 	if (!sslVerifyProtocolVersion(conn->ssl_max_protocol_version))
 	{
 		conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "invalid %s value: \"%s\"",
-						   "ssl_max_protocol_version",
-						   conn->ssl_max_protocol_version);
+								"ssl_max_protocol_version",
+								conn->ssl_max_protocol_version);
 		return false;
 	}
 
@@ -1359,7 +1359,7 @@ connectOptions2(PGconn *conn)
 		{
 			conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "gssencmode value \"%s\" invalid when GSSAPI support is not compiled in",
-							   conn->gssencmode);
+									conn->gssencmode);
 			return false;
 		}
 #endif
@@ -1392,8 +1392,8 @@ connectOptions2(PGconn *conn)
 		{
 			conn->status = CONNECTION_BAD;
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "invalid %s value: \"%s\"",
-							   "target_session_attrs",
-							   conn->target_session_attrs);
+									"target_session_attrs",
+									conn->target_session_attrs);
 			return false;
 		}
 	}
@@ -1609,7 +1609,7 @@ connectNoDelay(PGconn *conn)
 		char		sebuf[PG_STRERROR_R_BUFLEN];
 
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not set socket to TCP no delay mode: %s",
-						   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 		return 0;
 	}
 #endif
@@ -1787,7 +1787,7 @@ parse_int_param(const char *value, int *result, PGconn *conn,
 
 error:
 	libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "invalid integer value \"%s\" for connection option \"%s\"",
-					   value, context);
+							value, context);
 	return false;
 }
 
@@ -1816,9 +1816,9 @@ setKeepalivesIdle(PGconn *conn)
 		char		sebuf[PG_STRERROR_R_BUFLEN];
 
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "%s(%s) failed: %s",
-						   "setsockopt",
-						   PG_TCP_KEEPALIVE_IDLE_STR,
-						   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								"setsockopt",
+								PG_TCP_KEEPALIVE_IDLE_STR,
+								SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 		return 0;
 	}
 #endif
@@ -1850,9 +1850,9 @@ setKeepalivesInterval(PGconn *conn)
 		char		sebuf[PG_STRERROR_R_BUFLEN];
 
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "%s(%s) failed: %s",
-						   "setsockopt",
-						   "TCP_KEEPINTVL",
-						   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								"setsockopt",
+								"TCP_KEEPINTVL",
+								SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 		return 0;
 	}
 #endif
@@ -1885,9 +1885,9 @@ setKeepalivesCount(PGconn *conn)
 		char		sebuf[PG_STRERROR_R_BUFLEN];
 
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "%s(%s) failed: %s",
-						   "setsockopt",
-						   "TCP_KEEPCNT",
-						   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								"setsockopt",
+								"TCP_KEEPCNT",
+								SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 		return 0;
 	}
 #endif
@@ -1949,8 +1949,8 @@ prepKeepalivesWin32(PGconn *conn)
 	if (!setKeepalivesWin32(conn->sock, idle, interval))
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "%s(%s) failed: error code %d",
-						  "WSAIoctl", "SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS",
-						  WSAGetLastError());
+								"WSAIoctl", "SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS",
+								WSAGetLastError());
 		return 0;
 	}
 	return 1;
@@ -1983,9 +1983,9 @@ setTCPUserTimeout(PGconn *conn)
 		char		sebuf[256];
 
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "%s(%s) failed: %s",
-						   "setsockopt",
-						   "TCP_USER_TIMEOUT",
-						   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								"setsockopt",
+								"TCP_USER_TIMEOUT",
+								SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 		return 0;
 	}
 #endif
@@ -2354,7 +2354,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				if (ret || !conn->addrlist)
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not translate host name \"%s\" to address: %s",
-									   ch->host, gai_strerror(ret));
+											ch->host, gai_strerror(ret));
 					goto keep_going;
 				}
 				break;
@@ -2366,7 +2366,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				if (ret || !conn->addrlist)
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not parse network address \"%s\": %s",
-									   ch->hostaddr, gai_strerror(ret));
+											ch->hostaddr, gai_strerror(ret));
 					goto keep_going;
 				}
 				break;
@@ -2377,8 +2377,8 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				if (strlen(portstr) >= UNIXSOCK_PATH_BUFLEN)
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "Unix-domain socket path \"%s\" is too long (maximum %d bytes)",
-									   portstr,
-									   (int) (UNIXSOCK_PATH_BUFLEN - 1));
+											portstr,
+											(int) (UNIXSOCK_PATH_BUFLEN - 1));
 					goto keep_going;
 				}
 
@@ -2391,7 +2391,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				if (ret || !conn->addrlist)
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not translate Unix-domain socket path \"%s\" to address: %s",
-									   portstr, gai_strerror(ret));
+											portstr, gai_strerror(ret));
 					goto keep_going;
 				}
 				break;
@@ -2513,7 +2513,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 						}
 						emitHostIdentityInfo(conn, host_addr);
 						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not create socket: %s",
-										   SOCK_STRERROR(errorno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+												SOCK_STRERROR(errorno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 						goto error_return;
 					}
 
@@ -2543,7 +2543,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					if (!pg_set_noblock(conn->sock))
 					{
 						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not set socket to nonblocking mode: %s",
-										   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+												SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 						conn->try_next_addr = true;
 						goto keep_going;
 					}
@@ -2552,7 +2552,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					if (fcntl(conn->sock, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) == -1)
 					{
 						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not set socket to close-on-exec mode: %s",
-										   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+												SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 						conn->try_next_addr = true;
 						goto keep_going;
 					}
@@ -2581,9 +2581,9 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 											(char *) &on, sizeof(on)) < 0)
 						{
 							libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "%s(%s) failed: %s",
-											   "setsockopt",
-											   "SO_KEEPALIVE",
-											   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+													"setsockopt",
+													"SO_KEEPALIVE",
+													SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 							err = 1;
 						}
 						else if (!setKeepalivesIdle(conn)
@@ -2708,7 +2708,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 							   (char *) &optval, &optlen) == -1)
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not get socket error status: %s",
-									   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+											SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 					goto error_return;
 				}
 				else if (optval != 0)
@@ -2735,7 +2735,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 								&conn->laddr.salen) < 0)
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not get client address from socket: %s",
-									   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+											SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 					goto error_return;
 				}
 
@@ -2775,7 +2775,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 							libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "requirepeer parameter is not supported on this platform");
 						else
 							libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not get peer credentials: %s",
-											   strerror_r(errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+													strerror_r(errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 						goto error_return;
 					}
 
@@ -2788,7 +2788,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					if (strcmp(remote_username, conn->requirepeer) != 0)
 					{
 						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "requirepeer specifies \"%s\", but actual peer user name is \"%s\"",
-										   conn->requirepeer, remote_username);
+												conn->requirepeer, remote_username);
 						free(remote_username);
 						goto error_return;
 					}
@@ -2829,7 +2829,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					if (pqPacketSend(conn, 0, &pv, sizeof(pv)) != STATUS_OK)
 					{
 						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not send GSSAPI negotiation packet: %s",
-										   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+												SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 						goto error_return;
 					}
 
@@ -2840,7 +2840,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				else if (!conn->gctx && conn->gssencmode[0] == 'r')
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn,
-									   "GSSAPI encryption required but was impossible (possibly no credential cache, no server support, or using a local socket)");
+											"GSSAPI encryption required but was impossible (possibly no credential cache, no server support, or using a local socket)");
 					goto error_return;
 				}
 #endif
@@ -2882,7 +2882,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					if (pqPacketSend(conn, 0, &pv, sizeof(pv)) != STATUS_OK)
 					{
 						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not send SSL negotiation packet: %s",
-										   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+												SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 						goto error_return;
 					}
 					/* Ok, wait for response */
@@ -2911,7 +2911,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				if (pqPacketSend(conn, 0, startpacket, packetlen) != STATUS_OK)
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not send startup packet: %s",
-									   SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+											SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 					free(startpacket);
 					goto error_return;
 				}
@@ -3012,7 +3012,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					else
 					{
 						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "received invalid response to SSL negotiation: %c",
-										   SSLok);
+												SSLok);
 						goto error_return;
 					}
 				}
@@ -3123,7 +3123,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 					else if (gss_ok != 'G')
 					{
 						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "received invalid response to GSSAPI negotiation: %c",
-										   gss_ok);
+												gss_ok);
 						goto error_return;
 					}
 				}
@@ -3201,7 +3201,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				if (!(beresp == 'R' || beresp == 'v' || beresp == 'E'))
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "expected authentication request from server, but received %c",
-									   beresp);
+											beresp);
 					goto error_return;
 				}
 
@@ -3216,17 +3216,17 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 				 * Try to validate message length before using it.
 				 * Authentication requests can't be very large, although GSS
 				 * auth requests may not be that small.  Same for
-				 * NegotiateProtocolVersion.  Errors can be a
-				 * little larger, but not huge.  If we see a large apparent
-				 * length in an error, it means we're really talking to a
-				 * pre-3.0-protocol server; cope.  (Before version 14, the
-				 * server also used the old protocol for errors that happened
-				 * before processing the startup packet.)
+				 * NegotiateProtocolVersion.  Errors can be a little larger,
+				 * but not huge.  If we see a large apparent length in an
+				 * error, it means we're really talking to a pre-3.0-protocol
+				 * server; cope.  (Before version 14, the server also used the
+				 * old protocol for errors that happened before processing the
+				 * startup packet.)
 				 */
 				if ((beresp == 'R' || beresp == 'v') && (msgLength < 8 || msgLength > 2000))
 				{
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "expected authentication request from server, but received %c",
-									   beresp);
+											beresp);
 					goto error_return;
 				}
 
@@ -3705,7 +3705,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 
 				/* Append error report to conn->errorMessage. */
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "\"%s\" failed",
-								  "SHOW transaction_read_only");
+										"SHOW transaction_read_only");
 
 				/* Close connection politely. */
 				conn->status = CONNECTION_OK;
@@ -3755,7 +3755,7 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 
 				/* Append error report to conn->errorMessage. */
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "\"%s\" failed",
-								  "SELECT pg_is_in_recovery()");
+										"SELECT pg_is_in_recovery()");
 
 				/* Close connection politely. */
 				conn->status = CONNECTION_OK;
@@ -3768,8 +3768,8 @@ keep_going:						/* We will come back to here until there is
 
 		default:
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn,
-							   "invalid connection state %d, probably indicative of memory corruption",
-							  conn->status);
+									"invalid connection state %d, probably indicative of memory corruption",
+									conn->status);
 			goto error_return;
 	}
 
@@ -7148,7 +7148,7 @@ pgpassfileWarning(PGconn *conn)
 
 		if (sqlstate && strcmp(sqlstate, ERRCODE_INVALID_PASSWORD) == 0)
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "password retrieved from file \"%s\"",
-							  conn->pgpassfile);
+									conn->pgpassfile);
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-exec.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-exec.c
index ec62550e38..0c2dae6ed9 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-exec.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-exec.c
@@ -1444,7 +1444,7 @@ PQsendQueryInternal(PGconn *conn, const char *query, bool newQuery)
 	if (conn->pipelineStatus != PQ_PIPELINE_OFF)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "%s not allowed in pipeline mode",
-						  "PQsendQuery");
+								"PQsendQuery");
 		return 0;
 	}
 
@@ -1512,7 +1512,7 @@ PQsendQueryParams(PGconn *conn,
 	if (nParams < 0 || nParams > PQ_QUERY_PARAM_MAX_LIMIT)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "number of parameters must be between 0 and %d",
-						   PQ_QUERY_PARAM_MAX_LIMIT);
+								PQ_QUERY_PARAM_MAX_LIMIT);
 		return 0;
 	}
 
@@ -1558,7 +1558,7 @@ PQsendPrepare(PGconn *conn,
 	if (nParams < 0 || nParams > PQ_QUERY_PARAM_MAX_LIMIT)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "number of parameters must be between 0 and %d",
-						   PQ_QUERY_PARAM_MAX_LIMIT);
+								PQ_QUERY_PARAM_MAX_LIMIT);
 		return 0;
 	}
 
@@ -1652,7 +1652,7 @@ PQsendQueryPrepared(PGconn *conn,
 	if (nParams < 0 || nParams > PQ_QUERY_PARAM_MAX_LIMIT)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "number of parameters must be between 0 and %d",
-						   PQ_QUERY_PARAM_MAX_LIMIT);
+								PQ_QUERY_PARAM_MAX_LIMIT);
 		return 0;
 	}
 
@@ -2099,10 +2099,9 @@ PQgetResult(PGconn *conn)
 
 			/*
 			 * We're about to return the NULL that terminates the round of
-			 * results from the current query; prepare to send the results
-			 * of the next query, if any, when we're called next.  If there's
-			 * no next element in the command queue, this gets us in IDLE
-			 * state.
+			 * results from the current query; prepare to send the results of
+			 * the next query, if any, when we're called next.  If there's no
+			 * next element in the command queue, this gets us in IDLE state.
 			 */
 			pqPipelineProcessQueue(conn);
 			res = NULL;			/* query is complete */
@@ -3047,6 +3046,7 @@ pqPipelineProcessQueue(PGconn *conn)
 			return;
 
 		case PGASYNC_IDLE:
+
 			/*
 			 * If we're in IDLE mode and there's some command in the queue,
 			 * get us into PIPELINE_IDLE mode and process normally.  Otherwise
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-lobj.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-lobj.c
index 4cb6a46859..206266fd04 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-lobj.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-lobj.c
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ lo_truncate(PGconn *conn, int fd, size_t len)
 	if (conn->lobjfuncs->fn_lo_truncate == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_truncate");
+								"lo_truncate");
 		return -1;
 	}
 
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ lo_truncate64(PGconn *conn, int fd, pg_int64 len)
 	if (conn->lobjfuncs->fn_lo_truncate64 == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_truncate64");
+								"lo_truncate64");
 		return -1;
 	}
 
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ lo_lseek64(PGconn *conn, int fd, pg_int64 offset, int whence)
 	if (conn->lobjfuncs->fn_lo_lseek64 == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_lseek64");
+								"lo_lseek64");
 		return -1;
 	}
 
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ lo_create(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId)
 	if (conn->lobjfuncs->fn_lo_create == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_create");
+								"lo_create");
 		return InvalidOid;
 	}
 
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ lo_tell64(PGconn *conn, int fd)
 	if (conn->lobjfuncs->fn_lo_tell64 == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_tell64");
+								"lo_tell64");
 		return -1;
 	}
 
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ lo_import_internal(PGconn *conn, const char *filename, Oid oid)
 	if (fd < 0)
 	{							/* error */
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not open file \"%s\": %s",
-						  filename, strerror_r(errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								filename, strerror_r(errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 		return InvalidOid;
 	}
 
@@ -723,8 +723,8 @@ lo_import_internal(PGconn *conn, const char *filename, Oid oid)
 		/* deliberately overwrite any error from lo_close */
 		pqClearConnErrorState(conn);
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not read from file \"%s\": %s",
-						  filename,
-						  strerror_r(save_errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								filename,
+								strerror_r(save_errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 		return InvalidOid;
 	}
 
@@ -778,8 +778,8 @@ lo_export(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, const char *filename)
 		/* deliberately overwrite any error from lo_close */
 		pqClearConnErrorState(conn);
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not open file \"%s\": %s",
-						  filename,
-						  strerror_r(save_errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								filename,
+								strerror_r(save_errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 		return -1;
 	}
 
@@ -799,8 +799,8 @@ lo_export(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, const char *filename)
 			/* deliberately overwrite any error from lo_close */
 			pqClearConnErrorState(conn);
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not write to file \"%s\": %s",
-							  filename,
-							  strerror_r(save_errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+									filename,
+									strerror_r(save_errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 			return -1;
 		}
 	}
@@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ lo_export(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, const char *filename)
 	if (close(fd) != 0 && result >= 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not write to file \"%s\": %s",
-						  filename, strerror_r(errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								filename, strerror_r(errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 		result = -1;
 	}
 
@@ -954,56 +954,56 @@ lo_initialize(PGconn *conn)
 	if (lobjfuncs->fn_lo_open == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_open");
+								"lo_open");
 		free(lobjfuncs);
 		return -1;
 	}
 	if (lobjfuncs->fn_lo_close == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_close");
+								"lo_close");
 		free(lobjfuncs);
 		return -1;
 	}
 	if (lobjfuncs->fn_lo_creat == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_creat");
+								"lo_creat");
 		free(lobjfuncs);
 		return -1;
 	}
 	if (lobjfuncs->fn_lo_unlink == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_unlink");
+								"lo_unlink");
 		free(lobjfuncs);
 		return -1;
 	}
 	if (lobjfuncs->fn_lo_lseek == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_lseek");
+								"lo_lseek");
 		free(lobjfuncs);
 		return -1;
 	}
 	if (lobjfuncs->fn_lo_tell == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lo_tell");
+								"lo_tell");
 		free(lobjfuncs);
 		return -1;
 	}
 	if (lobjfuncs->fn_lo_read == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "loread");
+								"loread");
 		free(lobjfuncs);
 		return -1;
 	}
 	if (lobjfuncs->fn_lo_write == 0)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "cannot determine OID of function %s",
-						  "lowrite");
+								"lowrite");
 		free(lobjfuncs);
 		return -1;
 	}
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
index 3653a1a8a6..660cdec93c 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
@@ -749,8 +749,8 @@ retry4:
 	 */
 definitelyEOF:
 	libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "server closed the connection unexpectedly\n"
-					   "\tThis probably means the server terminated abnormally\n"
-					   "\tbefore or while processing the request.");
+							"\tThis probably means the server terminated abnormally\n"
+							"\tbefore or while processing the request.");
 
 	/* Come here if lower-level code already set a suitable errorMessage */
 definitelyFailed:
@@ -1067,7 +1067,7 @@ pqSocketCheck(PGconn *conn, int forRead, int forWrite, time_t end_time)
 		char		sebuf[PG_STRERROR_R_BUFLEN];
 
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "%s() failed: %s", "select",
-						  SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 	}
 
 	return result;
@@ -1280,7 +1280,7 @@ libpq_ngettext(const char *msgid, const char *msgid_plural, unsigned long n)
  * newline.
  */
 void
-libpq_append_error(PQExpBuffer errorMessage, const char *fmt, ...)
+libpq_append_error(PQExpBuffer errorMessage, const char *fmt,...)
 {
 	int			save_errno = errno;
 	bool		done;
@@ -1309,7 +1309,7 @@ libpq_append_error(PQExpBuffer errorMessage, const char *fmt, ...)
  * format should not end with a newline.
  */
 void
-libpq_append_conn_error(PGconn *conn, const char *fmt, ...)
+libpq_append_conn_error(PGconn *conn, const char *fmt,...)
 {
 	int			save_errno = errno;
 	bool		done;
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-protocol3.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-protocol3.c
index 8ab6a88416..b79d74f748 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-protocol3.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-protocol3.c
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ static void
 handleSyncLoss(PGconn *conn, char id, int msgLength)
 {
 	libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "lost synchronization with server: got message type \"%c\", length %d",
-					  id, msgLength);
+							id, msgLength);
 	/* build an error result holding the error message */
 	pqSaveErrorResult(conn);
 	conn->asyncStatus = PGASYNC_READY;	/* drop out of PQgetResult wait loop */
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-common.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-common.c
index de115b3764..3ecc7bf615 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-common.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-common.c
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ pq_verify_peer_name_matches_certificate_ip(PGconn *conn,
 		 * wrong given the subject matter.
 		 */
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "certificate contains IP address with invalid length %zu",
-						  iplen);
+								iplen);
 		return -1;
 	}
 
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ pq_verify_peer_name_matches_certificate_ip(PGconn *conn,
 	if (!addrstr)
 	{
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not convert certificate's IP address to string: %s",
-						  strerror_r(errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+								strerror_r(errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 		return -1;
 	}
 
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ pq_verify_peer_name_matches_certificate(PGconn *conn)
 		else if (names_examined == 1)
 		{
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "server certificate for \"%s\" does not match host name \"%s\"",
-							  first_name, host);
+									first_name, host);
 		}
 		else
 		{
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-gssapi.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-gssapi.c
index 6220e4a101..bed6e62435 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-gssapi.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-gssapi.c
@@ -213,8 +213,8 @@ pg_GSS_write(PGconn *conn, const void *ptr, size_t len)
 		if (output.length > PQ_GSS_SEND_BUFFER_SIZE - sizeof(uint32))
 		{
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "client tried to send oversize GSSAPI packet (%zu > %zu)",
-							  (size_t) output.length,
-							  PQ_GSS_SEND_BUFFER_SIZE - sizeof(uint32));
+									(size_t) output.length,
+									PQ_GSS_SEND_BUFFER_SIZE - sizeof(uint32));
 			errno = EIO;		/* for lack of a better idea */
 			goto cleanup;
 		}
@@ -349,8 +349,8 @@ pg_GSS_read(PGconn *conn, void *ptr, size_t len)
 		if (input.length > PQ_GSS_RECV_BUFFER_SIZE - sizeof(uint32))
 		{
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "oversize GSSAPI packet sent by the server (%zu > %zu)",
-							  (size_t) input.length,
-							  PQ_GSS_RECV_BUFFER_SIZE - sizeof(uint32));
+									(size_t) input.length,
+									PQ_GSS_RECV_BUFFER_SIZE - sizeof(uint32));
 			errno = EIO;		/* for lack of a better idea */
 			return -1;
 		}
@@ -588,8 +588,8 @@ pqsecure_open_gss(PGconn *conn)
 		if (input.length > PQ_GSS_RECV_BUFFER_SIZE - sizeof(uint32))
 		{
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "oversize GSSAPI packet sent by the server (%zu > %zu)",
-							  (size_t) input.length,
-							  PQ_GSS_RECV_BUFFER_SIZE - sizeof(uint32));
+									(size_t) input.length,
+									PQ_GSS_RECV_BUFFER_SIZE - sizeof(uint32));
 			return PGRES_POLLING_FAILED;
 		}
 
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c
index 983536de25..ab2cbf045b 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c
@@ -213,12 +213,12 @@ rloop:
 				if (result_errno == EPIPE ||
 					result_errno == ECONNRESET)
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "server closed the connection unexpectedly\n"
-									   "\tThis probably means the server terminated abnormally\n"
-									   "\tbefore or while processing the request.");
+											"\tThis probably means the server terminated abnormally\n"
+											"\tbefore or while processing the request.");
 				else
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "SSL SYSCALL error: %s",
-									  SOCK_STRERROR(result_errno,
-													sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+											SOCK_STRERROR(result_errno,
+														  sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 			}
 			else
 			{
@@ -313,12 +313,12 @@ pgtls_write(PGconn *conn, const void *ptr, size_t len)
 				result_errno = SOCK_ERRNO;
 				if (result_errno == EPIPE || result_errno == ECONNRESET)
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "server closed the connection unexpectedly\n"
-									   "\tThis probably means the server terminated abnormally\n"
-									   "\tbefore or while processing the request.");
+											"\tThis probably means the server terminated abnormally\n"
+											"\tbefore or while processing the request.");
 				else
 					libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "SSL SYSCALL error: %s",
-									  SOCK_STRERROR(result_errno,
-													sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+											SOCK_STRERROR(result_errno,
+														  sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 			}
 			else
 			{
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ pgtls_get_peer_certificate_hash(PGconn *conn, size_t *len)
 			if (algo_type == NULL)
 			{
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not find digest for NID %s",
-								  OBJ_nid2sn(algo_nid));
+										OBJ_nid2sn(algo_nid));
 				return NULL;
 			}
 			break;
@@ -962,7 +962,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 		if (ssl_min_ver == -1)
 		{
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "invalid value \"%s\" for minimum SSL protocol version",
-							  conn->ssl_min_protocol_version);
+									conn->ssl_min_protocol_version);
 			SSL_CTX_free(SSL_context);
 			return -1;
 		}
@@ -988,7 +988,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 		if (ssl_max_ver == -1)
 		{
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "invalid value \"%s\" for maximum SSL protocol version",
-							  conn->ssl_max_protocol_version);
+									conn->ssl_max_protocol_version);
 			SSL_CTX_free(SSL_context);
 			return -1;
 		}
@@ -1032,7 +1032,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 			char	   *err = SSLerrmessage(ERR_get_error());
 
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not read root certificate file \"%s\": %s",
-							  fnbuf, err);
+									fnbuf, err);
 			SSLerrfree(err);
 			SSL_CTX_free(SSL_context);
 			return -1;
@@ -1084,10 +1084,10 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 			 */
 			if (fnbuf[0] == '\0')
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not get home directory to locate root certificate file\n"
-								   "Either provide the file or change sslmode to disable server certificate verification.");
+										"Either provide the file or change sslmode to disable server certificate verification.");
 			else
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "root certificate file \"%s\" does not exist\n"
-								   "Either provide the file or change sslmode to disable server certificate verification.", fnbuf);
+										"Either provide the file or change sslmode to disable server certificate verification.", fnbuf);
 			SSL_CTX_free(SSL_context);
 			return -1;
 		}
@@ -1117,7 +1117,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 		if (errno != ENOENT && errno != ENOTDIR)
 		{
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not open certificate file \"%s\": %s",
-							  fnbuf, strerror_r(errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+									fnbuf, strerror_r(errno, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 			SSL_CTX_free(SSL_context);
 			return -1;
 		}
@@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 			char	   *err = SSLerrmessage(ERR_get_error());
 
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not read certificate file \"%s\": %s",
-							  fnbuf, err);
+									fnbuf, err);
 			SSLerrfree(err);
 			SSL_CTX_free(SSL_context);
 			return -1;
@@ -1234,7 +1234,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 				char	   *err = SSLerrmessage(ERR_get_error());
 
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not load SSL engine \"%s\": %s",
-								  engine_str, err);
+										engine_str, err);
 				SSLerrfree(err);
 				free(engine_str);
 				return -1;
@@ -1245,7 +1245,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 				char	   *err = SSLerrmessage(ERR_get_error());
 
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not initialize SSL engine \"%s\": %s",
-								  engine_str, err);
+										engine_str, err);
 				SSLerrfree(err);
 				ENGINE_free(conn->engine);
 				conn->engine = NULL;
@@ -1260,7 +1260,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 				char	   *err = SSLerrmessage(ERR_get_error());
 
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not read private SSL key \"%s\" from engine \"%s\": %s",
-								  engine_colon, engine_str, err);
+										engine_colon, engine_str, err);
 				SSLerrfree(err);
 				ENGINE_finish(conn->engine);
 				ENGINE_free(conn->engine);
@@ -1273,7 +1273,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 				char	   *err = SSLerrmessage(ERR_get_error());
 
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not load private SSL key \"%s\" from engine \"%s\": %s",
-								  engine_colon, engine_str, err);
+										engine_colon, engine_str, err);
 				SSLerrfree(err);
 				ENGINE_finish(conn->engine);
 				ENGINE_free(conn->engine);
@@ -1310,10 +1310,10 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 		{
 			if (errno == ENOENT)
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "certificate present, but not private key file \"%s\"",
-								  fnbuf);
+										fnbuf);
 			else
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not stat private key file \"%s\": %m",
-								  fnbuf);
+										fnbuf);
 			return -1;
 		}
 
@@ -1321,7 +1321,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 		if (!S_ISREG(buf.st_mode))
 		{
 			libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "private key file \"%s\" is not a regular file",
-							  fnbuf);
+									fnbuf);
 			return -1;
 		}
 
@@ -1378,7 +1378,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 			if (SSL_use_PrivateKey_file(conn->ssl, fnbuf, SSL_FILETYPE_ASN1) != 1)
 			{
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not load private key file \"%s\": %s",
-								  fnbuf, err);
+										fnbuf, err);
 				SSLerrfree(err);
 				return -1;
 			}
@@ -1394,7 +1394,7 @@ initialize_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 		char	   *err = SSLerrmessage(ERR_get_error());
 
 		libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "certificate does not match private key file \"%s\": %s",
-						  fnbuf, err);
+								fnbuf, err);
 		SSLerrfree(err);
 		return -1;
 	}
@@ -1447,7 +1447,7 @@ open_client_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 
 					if (r == -1)
 						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "SSL SYSCALL error: %s",
-										  SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+												SOCK_STRERROR(SOCK_ERRNO, sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 					else
 						libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "SSL SYSCALL error: EOF detected");
 					pgtls_close(conn);
@@ -1489,12 +1489,12 @@ open_client_SSL(PGconn *conn)
 						case SSL_R_VERSION_TOO_LOW:
 #endif
 							libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "This may indicate that the server does not support any SSL protocol version between %s and %s.",
-											  conn->ssl_min_protocol_version ?
-											  conn->ssl_min_protocol_version :
-											  MIN_OPENSSL_TLS_VERSION,
-											  conn->ssl_max_protocol_version ?
-											  conn->ssl_max_protocol_version :
-											  MAX_OPENSSL_TLS_VERSION);
+													conn->ssl_min_protocol_version ?
+													conn->ssl_min_protocol_version :
+													MIN_OPENSSL_TLS_VERSION,
+													conn->ssl_max_protocol_version ?
+													conn->ssl_max_protocol_version :
+													MAX_OPENSSL_TLS_VERSION);
 							break;
 						default:
 							break;
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c
index 66e401bf3d..8069e38142 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c
@@ -255,14 +255,14 @@ pqsecure_raw_read(PGconn *conn, void *ptr, size_t len)
 			case EPIPE:
 			case ECONNRESET:
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "server closed the connection unexpectedly\n"
-								   "\tThis probably means the server terminated abnormally\n"
-								   "\tbefore or while processing the request.");
+										"\tThis probably means the server terminated abnormally\n"
+										"\tbefore or while processing the request.");
 				break;
 
 			default:
 				libpq_append_conn_error(conn, "could not receive data from server: %s",
-								  SOCK_STRERROR(result_errno,
-												sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
+										SOCK_STRERROR(result_errno,
+													  sebuf, sizeof(sebuf)));
 				break;
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h
index d94b648ea5..712d572373 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h
@@ -888,8 +888,8 @@ extern char *libpq_ngettext(const char *msgid, const char *msgid_plural, unsigne
  */
 #undef _
 
-extern void libpq_append_error(PQExpBuffer errorMessage, const char *fmt, ...) pg_attribute_printf(2, 3);
-extern void libpq_append_conn_error(PGconn *conn, const char *fmt, ...) pg_attribute_printf(2, 3);
+extern void libpq_append_error(PQExpBuffer errorMessage, const char *fmt,...) pg_attribute_printf(2, 3);
+extern void libpq_append_conn_error(PGconn *conn, const char *fmt,...) pg_attribute_printf(2, 3);
 
 /*
  * These macros are needed to let error-handling code be portable between
-- 
2.34.1



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* Re: [EXTERNAL] Re: Add non-blocking version of PQcancel
  2023-01-26 16:42 Re: [EXTERNAL] Re: Add non-blocking version of PQcancel Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>
  2023-01-27 11:50 ` Re: [EXTERNAL] Re: Add non-blocking version of PQcancel Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>
@ 2023-02-28 20:59   ` Gregory Stark <[email protected]>
  2023-03-01 19:09     ` Re: [EXTERNAL] Re: Add non-blocking version of PQcancel Greg S <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 1 reply; 86+ messages in thread

From: Gregory Stark @ 2023-02-28 20:59 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>; +Cc: Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>; Daniel Gustafsson <[email protected]>; Peter Eisentraut <[email protected]>; Jacob Champion <[email protected]>; Tom Lane <[email protected]>; Andres Freund <[email protected]>; Justin Pryzby <[email protected]>; Robert Haas <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>

This looks like it needs a rebase.

=== Applying patches on top of PostgreSQL commit ID
71a75626d5271f2bcdbdc43b8c13065c4634fd9f ===
=== applying patch ./v11-0001-libpq-Run-pgindent-after-a9e9a9f32b3.patch
patching file src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth-scram.c
patching file src/interfaces/libpq/fe-auth.c
patching file src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c
Hunk #35 FAILED at 3216.
Hunk #36 succeeded at 3732 (offset 27 lines).
Hunk #37 succeeded at 3782 (offset 27 lines).
Hunk #38 succeeded at 3795 (offset 27 lines).
Hunk #39 succeeded at 7175 (offset 27 lines).
1 out of 39 hunks FAILED -- saving rejects to file
src/interfaces/libpq/fe-connect.c.rej
patching file src/interfaces/libpq/fe-exec.c
patching file src/interfaces/libpq/fe-lobj.c
patching file src/interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
patching file src/interfaces/libpq/fe-protocol3.c
patching file src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-common.c
patching file src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-gssapi.c
Hunk #3 succeeded at 590 (offset 2 lines).
patching file src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c
Hunk #3 succeeded at 415 (offset 5 lines).
Hunk #4 succeeded at 967 (offset 5 lines).
Hunk #5 succeeded at 993 (offset 5 lines).
Hunk #6 succeeded at 1037 (offset 5 lines).
Hunk #7 succeeded at 1089 (offset 5 lines).
Hunk #8 succeeded at 1122 (offset 5 lines).
Hunk #9 succeeded at 1140 (offset 5 lines).
Hunk #10 succeeded at 1239 (offset 5 lines).
Hunk #11 succeeded at 1250 (offset 5 lines).
Hunk #12 succeeded at 1265 (offset 5 lines).
Hunk #13 succeeded at 1278 (offset 5 lines).
Hunk #14 succeeded at 1315 (offset 5 lines).
Hunk #15 succeeded at 1326 (offset 5 lines).
Hunk #16 succeeded at 1383 (offset 5 lines).
Hunk #17 succeeded at 1399 (offset 5 lines).
Hunk #18 succeeded at 1452 (offset 5 lines).
Hunk #19 succeeded at 1494 (offset 5 lines).
patching file src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c
patching file src/interfaces/libpq/libpq-int.h






^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* Re: [EXTERNAL] Re: Add non-blocking version of PQcancel
  2023-01-26 16:42 Re: [EXTERNAL] Re: Add non-blocking version of PQcancel Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>
  2023-01-27 11:50 ` Re: [EXTERNAL] Re: Add non-blocking version of PQcancel Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>
  2023-02-28 20:59   ` Re: [EXTERNAL] Re: Add non-blocking version of PQcancel Gregory Stark <[email protected]>
@ 2023-03-01 19:09     ` Greg S <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Greg S @ 2023-03-01 19:09 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>; +Cc: Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>; Daniel Gustafsson <[email protected]>; Peter Eisentraut <[email protected]>; Jacob Champion <[email protected]>; Tom Lane <[email protected]>; Andres Freund <[email protected]>; Justin Pryzby <[email protected]>; Robert Haas <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>

On Tue, 28 Feb 2023 at 15:59, Gregory Stark <[email protected]> wrote:
>
> This looks like it needs a rebase.

So I'm updating the patch to Waiting on Author






^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v32 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2023-05-31 09:59 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2023-05-31 09:59 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance.

To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and post-state of base
tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER trigger, and pre-update
states can be calculated by removing inserted tuples and appending deleted
tuples. Insterted tuples are filtered using the snapshot taken before
table modiication, and deleted tuples are contained in the old transition
table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c |    5 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c   |  682 ++++++++++++++
 src/backend/commands/matview.c    | 1468 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat   |   10 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h   |    4 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h    |    9 +
 6 files changed, 2143 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index df5a67e4c3..a2d5404912 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2860,6 +2861,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM();
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5198,6 +5200,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 	pgstat_progress_end_command();
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM();
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index afd3dace07..e9846c8d0f 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -29,15 +29,27 @@
 #include "access/tableam.h"
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "optimizer/prep.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
@@ -68,6 +80,12 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -277,6 +295,18 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -353,6 +383,27 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 
 		/* Restore userid and security context */
 		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		if (into->ivm)
+		{
+			Oid matviewOid = address.objectId;
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+			/*
+			 * Mark relisivm field, if it's a matview and into->ivm is true.
+			 */
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+
+			if (!into->skipData)
+			{
+				/* Create an index on incremental maintainable materialized view, if possible */
+				CreateIndexOnIMMV((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewRel);
+
+				/* Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view */
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewOid);
+			}
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+		}
 	}
 
 	return address;
@@ -632,3 +683,634 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid)
+{
+	Relids	relids = NULL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < 1)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, 0);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > 1 || rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	bms_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !bms_is_member(rte->relid, *relids))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, true);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, true);
+
+					*relids = bms_add_member(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_truncate_before" : "IVM_trigger_truncate_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * XXX: When using DELETE or UPDATE, we must use exclusive lock for now
+	 * because apply_old_delta(_with_count) uses ctid to identify the tuple
+	 * to be deleted/deleted, but doesn't work in concurrent situations.
+	 *
+	 * If the view doesn't have aggregate, distinct, or tuple duplicate,
+	 * then it would work even in concurrent situations. However, we don't have
+	 * any way to guarantee the view has a unique key before opening the IMMV
+	 * at the maintenance time because users may drop the unique index.
+	 */
+
+	if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->distinctClause)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_Aggref:
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attritubes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attritubes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+	Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNumber = InvalidRelFileNumber;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilelocatorSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+	key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList);
+	if (key_attnos)
+	{
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+			if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+				iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+				iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+				iparam->expr = NULL;
+				iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+				iparam->collation = NIL;
+				iparam->opclass = NIL;
+				iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+				iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+				iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+				index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+		ereport(NOTICE,
+				(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+						RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+				 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns. "),
+				 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames,
+								false))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  -1,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables's
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_pkey = true;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_pkey = (key_attnos != NULL);
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (!has_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(NULL, query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *key_attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				key_attnos = bms_del_member(key_attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				if (bms_is_empty(key_attnos))
+				{
+					key_attnos_list = list_delete_nth_cell(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+					key_attnos_list = list_insert_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1, NULL);
+				}
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect RTE indexes of relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = get_relids_in_jointree((Node *) query->jointree, false, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index 9ec13d0984..78a5dd1df9 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -23,23 +23,35 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
+#include "parser/parse_relation.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 
 typedef struct
@@ -53,6 +65,52 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	Snapshot	snapshot;	/* Snapshot just before table change */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+
+	Relation	rel;			/* relation of the modified table */
+	TupleTableSlot *slot;		/* for checking visibility in the pre-state table */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+
+static bool in_delta_calculation = false;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -60,7 +118,9 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
-									   const char *queryString);
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
+						 const char *queryString);
 static char *make_temptable_name_n(char *tempname, int n);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -68,6 +128,37 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid);
+static RangeTblEntry *replace_rte_with_delta(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table, bool is_new,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -109,6 +200,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -135,8 +266,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 {
 	Oid			matviewOid;
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -150,6 +279,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	/* Determine strength of lock needed. */
 	concurrent = stmt->concurrent;
@@ -176,6 +306,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	RestrictSearchPath();
 
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
+
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
 		ereport(ERROR,
@@ -196,32 +328,9 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 				 errmsg("%s and %s options cannot be used together",
 						"CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -256,12 +365,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -289,6 +392,74 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete IMMV triggers. */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && stmt->skipData )
+	{
+		Relation	tgRel;
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		tgRel = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* search triggers that depends on IMMV. */
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->classid == TriggerRelationId)
+			{
+				HeapTuple	tgtup;
+				ScanKeyData tgkey[1];
+				SysScanDesc tgscan;
+				Form_pg_trigger tgform;
+
+				/* Find the trigger name. */
+				ScanKeyInit(&tgkey[0],
+							Anum_pg_trigger_oid,
+							BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+							ObjectIdGetDatum(foundDep->objid));
+
+				tgscan = systable_beginscan(tgRel, TriggerOidIndexId, true,
+											NULL, 1, tgkey);
+				tgtup = systable_getnext(tgscan);
+				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tgtup))
+					elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for immv trigger %u", foundDep->objid);
+
+				tgform = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(tgtup);
+
+				/* If trigger is created by IMMV, delete it. */
+				if (strncmp(NameStr(tgform->tgname), "IVM_trigger_", 12) == 0)
+				{
+					obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+					obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+					obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+					add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+				}
+				systable_endscan(tgscan);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		table_close(tgRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -302,7 +473,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 
 	/* Generate the data, if wanted. */
 	if (!stmt->skipData)
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString);
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL, queryString);
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
 	if (concurrent)
@@ -337,6 +508,12 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 			pgstat_count_heap_insert(matviewRel, processed);
 	}
 
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(dataQuery, matviewRel);
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid);
+	}
+
 	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
 
 	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
@@ -371,6 +548,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -407,7 +586,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -417,6 +596,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -952,3 +1134,1219 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Get a snapshot just before the table was modified for checking
+		 * tuple visibility in the pre-update state of the table.
+		 */
+		Snapshot snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(snapshot);
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_maintenance
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		table->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel), table_slot_callbacks(rel));
+		table->rel = table_open(RelationGetRelid(rel), NoLock);
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Get and push the latast snapshot to see any changes which is committed
+	 * during waiting in other transactions at READ COMMITTED level.
+	 */
+	PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/*
+	 * When a base table is truncated, the view content will be empty if the
+	 * view definition query does not contain an aggregate without a GROUP clause.
+	 * Therefore, such views can be truncated.
+	 */
+	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_TRUNCATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+	{
+		ExecuteTruncateGuts(list_make1(matviewRel), list_make1_oid(matviewOid),
+							NIL, DROP_RESTRICT, false, false);
+
+		/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+		clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+		table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+		/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+		AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+		/* Restore userid and security context */
+		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  pstate, matviewOid);
+	/* Rewrite for counting duplicated tuples */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_counting(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				List *securityQuals;
+				List *withCheckOptions;
+				bool  hasRowSecurity;
+				bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+				RangeTblEntry *rte_pre = get_prestate_rte(r, table, pstate->p_queryEnv, matviewid);
+
+				/*
+				 * Set a row security poslicies of the modified table to the subquery RTE which
+				 * represents the pre-update state of the table.
+				 */
+				get_row_security_policies(query, table->original_rte, i,
+										  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+										  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+				if (hasRowSecurity)
+				{
+					query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+					rte_pre->security_barrier = true;
+				}
+				if (hasSubLinks)
+					query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+				rte_pre->securityQuals = securityQuals;
+				lfirst(lc) = rte_pre;
+
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#define DatumGetItemPointer(X)	 ((ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(n) DatumGetItemPointer(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+/*
+ * ivm_visible_in_prestate
+ *
+ * Check visibility of a tuple specified by the tableoid and item pointer
+ * using the snapshot taken just before the table was modified.
+ */
+Datum
+ivm_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Oid			tableoid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
+	ItemPointer itemPtr = PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(1);
+	Oid			matviewOid = PG_GETARG_OID(2);
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table = NULL;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	result;
+
+	if (!in_delta_calculation)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("ivm_visible_in_prestate can be called only in delta calculation")));
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == tableoid)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	Assert (table != NULL);
+
+	result = table_tuple_fetch_row_version(table->rel, itemPtr, entry->snapshot, table->slot);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *subquery;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can use NoLock here since AcquireRewriteLocks should
+	 * have locked the relation already.
+	 */
+	rel = table_open(table->table_id, NoLock);
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(rel));
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Filtering inserted row using the snapshot taken before the table
+	 * is modified. ctid is required for maintaining outer join views.
+	 */
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT t.* FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE pg_catalog.ivm_visible_in_prestate(t.tableoid, t.ctid ,%d::pg_catalog.oid)",
+			relname, matviewid);
+
+	/*
+	 * Append deleted rows contained in old transition tables.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+		appendStringInfo(&str," SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+	}
+
+	/* Get a subquery representing pre-state of the table */
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	subquery = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = subquery;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->perminfoindex = 0;         /* no permission checking for this RTE */
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * replace_rte_with_delta
+ *
+ * Replace RTE of the modified table with a single table delta that combine its
+ * all transition tables.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+replace_rte_with_delta(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table, bool is_new,
+					   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	Oid relid = table->table_id;
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int		num_tuplestores = list_length(is_new ? table->new_tuplestores : table->old_tuplestores);
+	int		i;
+
+	/* the previous RTE must be a subquery which represents "pre-state" table */
+	Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY);
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_tuplestores; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(is_new ? "new" : "old", relid, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the subquery so that it represent the combined transition
+	 * table.  Note that we leave the security_barrier and securityQuals
+	 * fields so that the subquery relation can be protected by the RLS
+	 * policy as same as the modified table.
+	 */
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_counting
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting duplicated tuples.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(SystemFuncName("count"), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	in_delta_calculation = true;
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		replace_rte_with_delta(rte, table, false, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "");
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (list_length(table->new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		replace_rte_with_delta(rte, table, true, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "");
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, attr);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT pg_catalog.row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, pg_catalog.generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\")"
+							" AS __ivm_generate_series__ "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be_qualified(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * transaction abort.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM()
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, true);
+	}
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+		if (!is_abort)
+		{
+			ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(table->slot);
+			table_close(table->rel, NoLock);
+		}
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+
+	if (!is_abort)
+		UnregisterSnapshot(entry->snapshot);
+
+	hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index 134e3b22fd..8b1a87c934 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12195,4 +12195,14 @@
   proargtypes => 'int2',
   prosrc => 'gist_stratnum_identity' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+{ oid => '788', descr => 'ivm filetring ',
+  proname => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate', provolatile => 's', prorettype => 'bool',
+  proargtypes => 'oid tid oid', prosrc => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate' },
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index 94678e3834..396ad1bb4c 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 817b2ba0b6..3257e1adff 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										ParamListInfo params, QueryCompletion *qc);
 
@@ -30,4 +33,10 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid transientoid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(void);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Sun__31_Mar_2024_22_59_31_+0900_msknEviJj08_wgqO
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v32-0007-Add-DISTINCT-support-for-IVM.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v32-0007-Add-DISTINCT-support-for-IVM.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v30 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2023-05-31 09:59 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2023-05-31 09:59 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance.

To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and post-state of base
tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER trigger, and pre-update
states can be calculated by removing inserted tuples and appending deleted
tuples. Insterted tuples are filtered using the snapshot taken before
table modiication, and deleted tuples are contained in the old transition
table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c |    5 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c   |  681 ++++++++++++++
 src/backend/commands/matview.c    | 1466 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat   |   10 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h   |    4 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h    |    9 +
 6 files changed, 2140 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 70ab6e27a1..0de7ab6abe 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2819,6 +2820,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM();
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5097,6 +5099,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 	pgstat_progress_end_command();
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM();
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index 16a2fe65e6..08262100ea 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -32,15 +32,26 @@
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "access/xlog.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "optimizer/prep.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
 #include "parser/parse_clause.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
@@ -73,6 +84,12 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -282,6 +299,18 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -358,6 +387,27 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 
 		/* Restore userid and security context */
 		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		if (into->ivm)
+		{
+			Oid matviewOid = address.objectId;
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+			/*
+			 * Mark relisivm field, if it's a matview and into->ivm is true.
+			 */
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+
+			if (!into->skipData)
+			{
+				/* Create an index on incremental maintainable materialized view, if possible */
+				CreateIndexOnIMMV((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewRel);
+
+				/* Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view */
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewOid);
+			}
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+		}
 	}
 
 	return address;
@@ -635,3 +685,634 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid)
+{
+	Relids	relids = NULL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < 1)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, 0);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > 1 || rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	bms_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !bms_is_member(rte->relid, *relids))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, true);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, true);
+
+					*relids = bms_add_member(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_truncate_before" : "IVM_trigger_truncate_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * XXX: When using DELETE or UPDATE, we must use exclusive lock for now
+	 * because apply_old_delta(_with_count) uses ctid to identify the tuple
+	 * to be deleted/deleted, but doesn't work in concurrent situations.
+	 *
+	 * If the view doesn't have aggregate, distinct, or tuple duplicate,
+	 * then it would work even in concurrent situations. However, we don't have
+	 * any way to guarantee the view has a unique key before opening the IMMV
+	 * at the maintenance time because users may drop the unique index.
+	 */
+
+	if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->distinctClause)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_Aggref:
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attritubes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attritubes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+	Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNumber = InvalidRelFileNumber;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilelocatorSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+	key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList);
+	if (key_attnos)
+	{
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+			if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+				iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+				iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+				iparam->expr = NULL;
+				iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+				iparam->collation = NIL;
+				iparam->opclass = NIL;
+				iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+				iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+				iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+				index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+		ereport(NOTICE,
+				(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+						RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+				 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns. "),
+				 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames,
+								false))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  -1,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables's
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_pkey = true;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_pkey = (key_attnos != NULL);
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (!has_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(NULL, query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *key_attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				key_attnos = bms_del_member(key_attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				if (bms_is_empty(key_attnos))
+				{
+					key_attnos_list = list_delete_nth_cell(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+					key_attnos_list = list_insert_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1, NULL);
+				}
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect RTE indexes of relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = get_relids_in_jointree((Node *) query->jointree, false, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index 59920ced83..a821992a37 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -25,26 +25,37 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_operator.h"
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
 #include "parser/parse_relation.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 
 typedef struct
@@ -58,6 +69,52 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	Snapshot	snapshot;	/* Snapshot just before table change */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+
+	Relation	rel;			/* relation of the modified table */
+	TupleTableSlot *slot;		/* for checking visibility in the pre-state table */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+
+static bool in_delta_calculation = false;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -65,7 +122,9 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
-									   const char *queryString);
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
+						 const char *queryString);
 static char *make_temptable_name_n(char *tempname, int n);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -73,6 +132,37 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid);
+static RangeTblEntry *replace_rte_with_delta(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table, bool is_new,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -114,6 +204,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -140,8 +270,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 {
 	Oid			matviewOid;
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -155,6 +283,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	/* Determine strength of lock needed. */
 	concurrent = stmt->concurrent;
@@ -178,6 +307,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
 						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
 	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
 
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
@@ -199,32 +329,9 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 				 errmsg("%s and %s options cannot be used together",
 						"CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -259,12 +366,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -292,6 +393,74 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete IMMV triggers. */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && stmt->skipData )
+	{
+		Relation	tgRel;
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		tgRel = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* search triggers that depends on IMMV. */
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->classid == TriggerRelationId)
+			{
+				HeapTuple	tgtup;
+				ScanKeyData tgkey[1];
+				SysScanDesc tgscan;
+				Form_pg_trigger tgform;
+
+				/* Find the trigger name. */
+				ScanKeyInit(&tgkey[0],
+							Anum_pg_trigger_oid,
+							BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+							ObjectIdGetDatum(foundDep->objid));
+
+				tgscan = systable_beginscan(tgRel, TriggerOidIndexId, true,
+											NULL, 1, tgkey);
+				tgtup = systable_getnext(tgscan);
+				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tgtup))
+					elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for immv trigger %u", foundDep->objid);
+
+				tgform = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(tgtup);
+
+				/* If trigger is created by IMMV, delete it. */
+				if (strncmp(NameStr(tgform->tgname), "IVM_trigger_", 12) == 0)
+				{
+					obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+					obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+					obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+					add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+				}
+				systable_endscan(tgscan);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		table_close(tgRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -305,7 +474,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 
 	/* Generate the data, if wanted. */
 	if (!stmt->skipData)
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString);
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL, queryString);
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
 	if (concurrent)
@@ -340,6 +509,12 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 			pgstat_count_heap_insert(matviewRel, processed);
 	}
 
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(dataQuery, matviewRel);
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid);
+	}
+
 	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
 
 	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
@@ -374,6 +549,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -410,7 +587,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -420,6 +597,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -953,3 +1133,1219 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Get a snapshot just before the table was modified for checking
+		 * tuple visibility in the pre-update state of the table.
+		 */
+		Snapshot snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(snapshot);
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_maintenance
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		table->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel), table_slot_callbacks(rel));
+		table->rel = table_open(RelationGetRelid(rel), NoLock);
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Get and push the latast snapshot to see any changes which is committed
+	 * during waiting in other transactions at READ COMMITTED level.
+	 */
+	PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/*
+	 * When a base table is truncated, the view content will be empty if the
+	 * view definition query does not contain an aggregate without a GROUP clause.
+	 * Therefore, such views can be truncated.
+	 */
+	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_TRUNCATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+	{
+		ExecuteTruncateGuts(list_make1(matviewRel), list_make1_oid(matviewOid),
+							NIL, DROP_RESTRICT, false, false);
+
+		/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+		clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+		table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+		/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+		AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+		/* Restore userid and security context */
+		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  pstate, matviewOid);
+	/* Rewrite for counting duplicated tuples */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_counting(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				List *securityQuals;
+				List *withCheckOptions;
+				bool  hasRowSecurity;
+				bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+				RangeTblEntry *rte_pre = get_prestate_rte(r, table, pstate->p_queryEnv, matviewid);
+
+				/*
+				 * Set a row security poslicies of the modified table to the subquery RTE which
+				 * represents the pre-update state of the table.
+				 */
+				get_row_security_policies(query, table->original_rte, i,
+										  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+										  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+				if (hasRowSecurity)
+				{
+					query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+					rte_pre->security_barrier = true;
+				}
+				if (hasSubLinks)
+					query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+				rte_pre->securityQuals = securityQuals;
+				lfirst(lc) = rte_pre;
+
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#define DatumGetItemPointer(X)	 ((ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(n) DatumGetItemPointer(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+/*
+ * ivm_visible_in_prestate
+ *
+ * Check visibility of a tuple specified by the tableoid and item pointer
+ * using the snapshot taken just before the table was modified.
+ */
+Datum
+ivm_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Oid			tableoid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
+	ItemPointer itemPtr = PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(1);
+	Oid			matviewOid = PG_GETARG_OID(2);
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table = NULL;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	result;
+
+	if (!in_delta_calculation)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("ivm_visible_in_prestate can be called only in delta calculation")));
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == tableoid)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	Assert (table != NULL);
+
+	result = table_tuple_fetch_row_version(table->rel, itemPtr, entry->snapshot, table->slot);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *subquery;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can use NoLock here since AcquireRewriteLocks should
+	 * have locked the relation already.
+	 */
+	rel = table_open(table->table_id, NoLock);
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(rel));
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Filtering inserted row using the snapshot taken before the table
+	 * is modified. ctid is required for maintaining outer join views.
+	 */
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT t.* FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE pg_catalog.ivm_visible_in_prestate(t.tableoid, t.ctid ,%d::pg_catalog.oid)",
+			relname, matviewid);
+
+	/*
+	 * Append deleted rows contained in old transition tables.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+		appendStringInfo(&str," SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+	}
+
+	/* Get a subquery representing pre-state of the table */
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	subquery = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = subquery;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->perminfoindex = 0;         /* no permission checking for this RTE */
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * replace_rte_with_delta
+ *
+ * Replace RTE of the modified table with a single table delta that combine its
+ * all transition tables.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+replace_rte_with_delta(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table, bool is_new,
+					   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	Oid relid = table->table_id;
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int		num_tuplestores = list_length(is_new ? table->new_tuplestores : table->old_tuplestores);
+	int		i;
+
+	/* the previous RTE must be a subquery which represents "pre-state" table */
+	Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY);
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_tuplestores; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(is_new ? "new" : "old", relid, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the subquery so that it represent the combined transition
+	 * table.  Note that we leave the security_barrier and securityQuals
+	 * fields so that the subquery relation can be protected by the RLS
+	 * policy as same as the modified table.
+	 */
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_counting
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting duplicated tuples.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(SystemFuncName("count"), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	in_delta_calculation = true;
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		replace_rte_with_delta(rte, table, false, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "");
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (list_length(table->new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		replace_rte_with_delta(rte, table, true, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "");
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, attr);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT pg_catalog.row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, pg_catalog.generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\")"
+							" AS __ivm_generate_series__ "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be_qualified(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * transaction abort.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM()
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, true);
+	}
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+		if (!is_abort)
+		{
+			ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(table->slot);
+			table_close(table->rel, NoLock);
+		}
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+
+	if (!is_abort)
+		UnregisterSnapshot(entry->snapshot);
+
+	hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index 9c120fc2b7..e111f11bf5 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12174,4 +12174,14 @@
   proargtypes => 'int2',
   prosrc => 'gist_stratnum_identity' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+{ oid => '788', descr => 'ivm filetring ',
+  proname => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate', provolatile => 's', prorettype => 'bool',
+  proargtypes => 'oid tid oid', prosrc => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate' },
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index 94678e3834..396ad1bb4c 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 817b2ba0b6..3257e1adff 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										ParamListInfo params, QueryCompletion *qc);
 
@@ -30,4 +33,10 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid transientoid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(void);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Mon__4_Mar_2024_11_58_46_+0900_UaponF/qQhQrVCFt
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v30-0007-Add-DISTINCT-support-for-IVM.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v30-0007-Add-DISTINCT-support-for-IVM.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v31 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2023-05-31 09:59 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2023-05-31 09:59 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance.

To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and post-state of base
tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER trigger, and pre-update
states can be calculated by removing inserted tuples and appending deleted
tuples. Insterted tuples are filtered using the snapshot taken before
table modiication, and deleted tuples are contained in the old transition
table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c |    5 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c   |  682 ++++++++++++++
 src/backend/commands/matview.c    | 1468 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat   |   10 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h   |    4 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h    |    9 +
 6 files changed, 2143 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index df5a67e4c3..a2d5404912 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2860,6 +2861,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM();
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5198,6 +5200,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 	pgstat_progress_end_command();
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM();
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index 62050f4dc5..04a5ee9e37 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -29,15 +29,27 @@
 #include "access/tableam.h"
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "optimizer/prep.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
@@ -68,6 +80,12 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -277,6 +295,18 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -353,6 +383,27 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 
 		/* Restore userid and security context */
 		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		if (into->ivm)
+		{
+			Oid matviewOid = address.objectId;
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+			/*
+			 * Mark relisivm field, if it's a matview and into->ivm is true.
+			 */
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+
+			if (!into->skipData)
+			{
+				/* Create an index on incremental maintainable materialized view, if possible */
+				CreateIndexOnIMMV((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewRel);
+
+				/* Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view */
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewOid);
+			}
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+		}
 	}
 
 	return address;
@@ -630,3 +681,634 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid)
+{
+	Relids	relids = NULL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < 1)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, 0);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > 1 || rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	bms_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !bms_is_member(rte->relid, *relids))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, true);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, true);
+
+					*relids = bms_add_member(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_truncate_before" : "IVM_trigger_truncate_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * XXX: When using DELETE or UPDATE, we must use exclusive lock for now
+	 * because apply_old_delta(_with_count) uses ctid to identify the tuple
+	 * to be deleted/deleted, but doesn't work in concurrent situations.
+	 *
+	 * If the view doesn't have aggregate, distinct, or tuple duplicate,
+	 * then it would work even in concurrent situations. However, we don't have
+	 * any way to guarantee the view has a unique key before opening the IMMV
+	 * at the maintenance time because users may drop the unique index.
+	 */
+
+	if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->distinctClause)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_Aggref:
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attritubes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attritubes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+	Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNumber = InvalidRelFileNumber;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilelocatorSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+	key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList);
+	if (key_attnos)
+	{
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+			if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+				iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+				iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+				iparam->expr = NULL;
+				iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+				iparam->collation = NIL;
+				iparam->opclass = NIL;
+				iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+				iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+				iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+				index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+		ereport(NOTICE,
+				(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+						RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+				 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns. "),
+				 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames,
+								false))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  -1,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables's
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_pkey = true;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_pkey = (key_attnos != NULL);
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (!has_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(NULL, query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *key_attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				key_attnos = bms_del_member(key_attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				if (bms_is_empty(key_attnos))
+				{
+					key_attnos_list = list_delete_nth_cell(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+					key_attnos_list = list_insert_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1, NULL);
+				}
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect RTE indexes of relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = get_relids_in_jointree((Node *) query->jointree, false, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index 6d09b75556..1061c37b2c 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -23,23 +23,35 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
+#include "parser/parse_relation.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 
 typedef struct
@@ -53,6 +65,52 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	Snapshot	snapshot;	/* Snapshot just before table change */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+
+	Relation	rel;			/* relation of the modified table */
+	TupleTableSlot *slot;		/* for checking visibility in the pre-state table */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+
+static bool in_delta_calculation = false;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -60,7 +118,9 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
-									   const char *queryString);
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
+						 const char *queryString);
 static char *make_temptable_name_n(char *tempname, int n);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -68,6 +128,37 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid);
+static RangeTblEntry *replace_rte_with_delta(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table, bool is_new,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -109,6 +200,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -135,8 +266,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 {
 	Oid			matviewOid;
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -150,6 +279,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	/* Determine strength of lock needed. */
 	concurrent = stmt->concurrent;
@@ -176,6 +306,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	RestrictSearchPath();
 
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
+
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
 		ereport(ERROR,
@@ -196,32 +328,9 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 				 errmsg("%s and %s options cannot be used together",
 						"CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -256,12 +365,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -289,6 +392,74 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete IMMV triggers. */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && stmt->skipData )
+	{
+		Relation	tgRel;
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		tgRel = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* search triggers that depends on IMMV. */
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->classid == TriggerRelationId)
+			{
+				HeapTuple	tgtup;
+				ScanKeyData tgkey[1];
+				SysScanDesc tgscan;
+				Form_pg_trigger tgform;
+
+				/* Find the trigger name. */
+				ScanKeyInit(&tgkey[0],
+							Anum_pg_trigger_oid,
+							BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+							ObjectIdGetDatum(foundDep->objid));
+
+				tgscan = systable_beginscan(tgRel, TriggerOidIndexId, true,
+											NULL, 1, tgkey);
+				tgtup = systable_getnext(tgscan);
+				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tgtup))
+					elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for immv trigger %u", foundDep->objid);
+
+				tgform = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(tgtup);
+
+				/* If trigger is created by IMMV, delete it. */
+				if (strncmp(NameStr(tgform->tgname), "IVM_trigger_", 12) == 0)
+				{
+					obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+					obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+					obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+					add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+				}
+				systable_endscan(tgscan);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		table_close(tgRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -302,7 +473,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 
 	/* Generate the data, if wanted. */
 	if (!stmt->skipData)
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString);
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL, queryString);
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
 	if (concurrent)
@@ -337,6 +508,12 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 			pgstat_count_heap_insert(matviewRel, processed);
 	}
 
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(dataQuery, matviewRel);
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid);
+	}
+
 	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
 
 	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
@@ -371,6 +548,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -407,7 +586,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -417,6 +596,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -950,3 +1132,1219 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Get a snapshot just before the table was modified for checking
+		 * tuple visibility in the pre-update state of the table.
+		 */
+		Snapshot snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(snapshot);
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_maintenance
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		table->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel), table_slot_callbacks(rel));
+		table->rel = table_open(RelationGetRelid(rel), NoLock);
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Get and push the latast snapshot to see any changes which is committed
+	 * during waiting in other transactions at READ COMMITTED level.
+	 */
+	PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/*
+	 * When a base table is truncated, the view content will be empty if the
+	 * view definition query does not contain an aggregate without a GROUP clause.
+	 * Therefore, such views can be truncated.
+	 */
+	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_TRUNCATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+	{
+		ExecuteTruncateGuts(list_make1(matviewRel), list_make1_oid(matviewOid),
+							NIL, DROP_RESTRICT, false, false);
+
+		/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+		clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+		table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+		/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+		AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+		/* Restore userid and security context */
+		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  pstate, matviewOid);
+	/* Rewrite for counting duplicated tuples */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_counting(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				List *securityQuals;
+				List *withCheckOptions;
+				bool  hasRowSecurity;
+				bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+				RangeTblEntry *rte_pre = get_prestate_rte(r, table, pstate->p_queryEnv, matviewid);
+
+				/*
+				 * Set a row security poslicies of the modified table to the subquery RTE which
+				 * represents the pre-update state of the table.
+				 */
+				get_row_security_policies(query, table->original_rte, i,
+										  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+										  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+				if (hasRowSecurity)
+				{
+					query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+					rte_pre->security_barrier = true;
+				}
+				if (hasSubLinks)
+					query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+				rte_pre->securityQuals = securityQuals;
+				lfirst(lc) = rte_pre;
+
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#define DatumGetItemPointer(X)	 ((ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(n) DatumGetItemPointer(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+/*
+ * ivm_visible_in_prestate
+ *
+ * Check visibility of a tuple specified by the tableoid and item pointer
+ * using the snapshot taken just before the table was modified.
+ */
+Datum
+ivm_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Oid			tableoid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
+	ItemPointer itemPtr = PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(1);
+	Oid			matviewOid = PG_GETARG_OID(2);
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table = NULL;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	result;
+
+	if (!in_delta_calculation)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("ivm_visible_in_prestate can be called only in delta calculation")));
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == tableoid)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	Assert (table != NULL);
+
+	result = table_tuple_fetch_row_version(table->rel, itemPtr, entry->snapshot, table->slot);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *subquery;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can use NoLock here since AcquireRewriteLocks should
+	 * have locked the relation already.
+	 */
+	rel = table_open(table->table_id, NoLock);
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(rel));
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Filtering inserted row using the snapshot taken before the table
+	 * is modified. ctid is required for maintaining outer join views.
+	 */
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT t.* FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE pg_catalog.ivm_visible_in_prestate(t.tableoid, t.ctid ,%d::pg_catalog.oid)",
+			relname, matviewid);
+
+	/*
+	 * Append deleted rows contained in old transition tables.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+		appendStringInfo(&str," SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+	}
+
+	/* Get a subquery representing pre-state of the table */
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	subquery = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = subquery;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->perminfoindex = 0;         /* no permission checking for this RTE */
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * replace_rte_with_delta
+ *
+ * Replace RTE of the modified table with a single table delta that combine its
+ * all transition tables.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+replace_rte_with_delta(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table, bool is_new,
+					   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	Oid relid = table->table_id;
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int		num_tuplestores = list_length(is_new ? table->new_tuplestores : table->old_tuplestores);
+	int		i;
+
+	/* the previous RTE must be a subquery which represents "pre-state" table */
+	Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY);
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_tuplestores; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(is_new ? "new" : "old", relid, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the subquery so that it represent the combined transition
+	 * table.  Note that we leave the security_barrier and securityQuals
+	 * fields so that the subquery relation can be protected by the RLS
+	 * policy as same as the modified table.
+	 */
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_counting
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting duplicated tuples.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(SystemFuncName("count"), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	in_delta_calculation = true;
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		replace_rte_with_delta(rte, table, false, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "");
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (list_length(table->new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		replace_rte_with_delta(rte, table, true, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "");
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, attr);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT pg_catalog.row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, pg_catalog.generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\")"
+							" AS __ivm_generate_series__ "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be_qualified(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * transaction abort.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM()
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, true);
+	}
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+		if (!is_abort)
+		{
+			ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(table->slot);
+			table_close(table->rel, NoLock);
+		}
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+
+	if (!is_abort)
+		UnregisterSnapshot(entry->snapshot);
+
+	hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index 07023ee61d..cae088ede0 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12192,4 +12192,14 @@
   proargtypes => 'int2',
   prosrc => 'gist_stratnum_identity' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+{ oid => '788', descr => 'ivm filetring ',
+  proname => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate', provolatile => 's', prorettype => 'bool',
+  proargtypes => 'oid tid oid', prosrc => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate' },
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index 94678e3834..396ad1bb4c 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 817b2ba0b6..3257e1adff 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										ParamListInfo params, QueryCompletion *qc);
 
@@ -30,4 +33,10 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid transientoid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(void);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Fri__29_Mar_2024_23_47_00_+0900_KGpmmDOIs1266Ib1
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v31-0007-Add-DISTINCT-support-for-IVM.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v31-0007-Add-DISTINCT-support-for-IVM.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v29 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2023-05-31 09:59 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2023-05-31 09:59 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance.

To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and post-state of base
tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER trigger, and pre-update
states can be calculated by removing inserted tuples and appending deleted
tuples. Insterted tuples are filtered using the snapshot taken before
table modiication, and deleted tuples are contained in the old transition
table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c |    5 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c   |  680 +++++++++++++
 src/backend/commands/matview.c    | 1466 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat   |   10 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h   |    4 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h    |    9 +
 6 files changed, 2139 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 8daaa535ed..cd280bdffd 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2803,6 +2804,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM();
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5080,6 +5082,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 	pgstat_progress_end_command();
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM();
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index e91920ca14..415f110516 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -32,15 +32,26 @@
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "access/xlog.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "optimizer/prep.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
 #include "parser/parse_clause.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
@@ -73,6 +84,12 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -282,6 +299,18 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -358,6 +387,27 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 
 		/* Restore userid and security context */
 		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		if (into->ivm)
+		{
+			Oid matviewOid = address.objectId;
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+			/*
+			 * Mark relisivm field, if it's a matview and into->ivm is true.
+			 */
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+
+			if (!into->skipData)
+			{
+				/* Create an index on incremental maintainable materialized view, if possible */
+				CreateIndexOnIMMV((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewRel);
+
+				/* Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view */
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewOid);
+			}
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+		}
 	}
 
 	return address;
@@ -635,3 +685,633 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid)
+{
+	Relids	relids = NULL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < 1)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, 0);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > 1 || rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	bms_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !bms_is_member(rte->relid, *relids))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, true);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, true);
+
+					*relids = bms_add_member(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_truncate_before" : "IVM_trigger_truncate_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * XXX: When using DELETE or UPDATE, we must use exclusive lock for now
+	 * because apply_old_delta(_with_count) uses ctid to identify the tuple
+	 * to be deleted/deleted, but doesn't work in concurrent situations.
+	 *
+	 * If the view doesn't have aggregate, distinct, or tuple duplicate,
+	 * then it would work even in concurrent situations. However, we don't have
+	 * any way to guarantee the view has a unique key before opening the IMMV
+	 * at the maintenance time because users may drop the unique index.
+	 */
+
+	if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->distinctClause)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_Aggref:
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attritubes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attritubes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+	Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNumber = InvalidRelFileNumber;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilelocatorSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+	key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList);
+	if (key_attnos)
+	{
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+			if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+				iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+				iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+				iparam->expr = NULL;
+				iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+				iparam->collation = NIL;
+				iparam->opclass = NIL;
+				iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+				iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+				iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+				index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+		ereport(NOTICE,
+				(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+						RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+				 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns. "),
+				 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  -1,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables's
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_pkey = true;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_pkey = (key_attnos != NULL);
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (!has_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(NULL, query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *key_attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				key_attnos = bms_del_member(key_attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				if (bms_is_empty(key_attnos))
+				{
+					key_attnos_list = list_delete_nth_cell(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+					key_attnos_list = list_insert_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1, NULL);
+				}
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect RTE indexes of relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = get_relids_in_jointree((Node *) query->jointree, false, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index ac2e74fa3f..39305f3c49 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -25,26 +25,37 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_operator.h"
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
 #include "parser/parse_relation.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 
 typedef struct
@@ -58,6 +69,52 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	Snapshot	snapshot;	/* Snapshot just before table change */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+
+	Relation	rel;			/* relation of the modified table */
+	TupleTableSlot *slot;		/* for checking visibility in the pre-state table */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+
+static bool in_delta_calculation = false;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -65,7 +122,9 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
-									   const char *queryString);
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
+						 const char *queryString);
 static char *make_temptable_name_n(char *tempname, int n);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -73,6 +132,37 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid);
+static RangeTblEntry *replace_rte_with_delta(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table, bool is_new,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -114,6 +204,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -140,8 +270,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 {
 	Oid			matviewOid;
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -155,6 +283,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	/* Determine strength of lock needed. */
 	concurrent = stmt->concurrent;
@@ -178,6 +307,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
 						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
 	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
 
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
@@ -199,32 +329,9 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 				 errmsg("%s and %s options cannot be used together",
 						"CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -259,12 +366,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -292,6 +393,74 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete IMMV triggers. */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && stmt->skipData )
+	{
+		Relation	tgRel;
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		tgRel = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* search triggers that depends on IMMV. */
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->classid == TriggerRelationId)
+			{
+				HeapTuple	tgtup;
+				ScanKeyData tgkey[1];
+				SysScanDesc tgscan;
+				Form_pg_trigger tgform;
+
+				/* Find the trigger name. */
+				ScanKeyInit(&tgkey[0],
+							Anum_pg_trigger_oid,
+							BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+							ObjectIdGetDatum(foundDep->objid));
+
+				tgscan = systable_beginscan(tgRel, TriggerOidIndexId, true,
+											NULL, 1, tgkey);
+				tgtup = systable_getnext(tgscan);
+				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tgtup))
+					elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for immv trigger %u", foundDep->objid);
+
+				tgform = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(tgtup);
+
+				/* If trigger is created by IMMV, delete it. */
+				if (strncmp(NameStr(tgform->tgname), "IVM_trigger_", 12) == 0)
+				{
+					obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+					obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+					obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+					add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+				}
+				systable_endscan(tgscan);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		table_close(tgRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -305,7 +474,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 
 	/* Generate the data, if wanted. */
 	if (!stmt->skipData)
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString);
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL, queryString);
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
 	if (concurrent)
@@ -340,6 +509,12 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 			pgstat_count_heap_insert(matviewRel, processed);
 	}
 
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(dataQuery, matviewRel);
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid);
+	}
+
 	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
 
 	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
@@ -374,6 +549,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -410,7 +587,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -420,6 +597,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -931,3 +1111,1219 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Get a snapshot just before the table was modified for checking
+		 * tuple visibility in the pre-update state of the table.
+		 */
+		Snapshot snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(snapshot);
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_maintenance
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		table->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel), table_slot_callbacks(rel));
+		table->rel = table_open(RelationGetRelid(rel), NoLock);
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Get and push the latast snapshot to see any changes which is committed
+	 * during waiting in other transactions at READ COMMITTED level.
+	 */
+	PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/*
+	 * When a base table is truncated, the view content will be empty if the
+	 * view definition query does not contain an aggregate without a GROUP clause.
+	 * Therefore, such views can be truncated.
+	 */
+	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_TRUNCATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+	{
+		ExecuteTruncateGuts(list_make1(matviewRel), list_make1_oid(matviewOid),
+							NIL, DROP_RESTRICT, false, false);
+
+		/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+		clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+		table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+		/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+		AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+		/* Restore userid and security context */
+		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  pstate, matviewOid);
+	/* Rewrite for counting duplicated tuples */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_counting(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				List *securityQuals;
+				List *withCheckOptions;
+				bool  hasRowSecurity;
+				bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+				RangeTblEntry *rte_pre = get_prestate_rte(r, table, pstate->p_queryEnv, matviewid);
+
+				/*
+				 * Set a row security poslicies of the modified table to the subquery RTE which
+				 * represents the pre-update state of the table.
+				 */
+				get_row_security_policies(query, table->original_rte, i,
+										  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+										  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+				if (hasRowSecurity)
+				{
+					query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+					rte_pre->security_barrier = true;
+				}
+				if (hasSubLinks)
+					query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+				rte_pre->securityQuals = securityQuals;
+				lfirst(lc) = rte_pre;
+
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#define DatumGetItemPointer(X)	 ((ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(n) DatumGetItemPointer(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+/*
+ * ivm_visible_in_prestate
+ *
+ * Check visibility of a tuple specified by the tableoid and item pointer
+ * using the snapshot taken just before the table was modified.
+ */
+Datum
+ivm_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Oid			tableoid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
+	ItemPointer itemPtr = PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(1);
+	Oid			matviewOid = PG_GETARG_OID(2);
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table = NULL;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	result;
+
+	if (!in_delta_calculation)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("ivm_visible_in_prestate can be called only in delta calculation")));
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == tableoid)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	Assert (table != NULL);
+
+	result = table_tuple_fetch_row_version(table->rel, itemPtr, entry->snapshot, table->slot);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *subquery;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can use NoLock here since AcquireRewriteLocks should
+	 * have locked the relation already.
+	 */
+	rel = table_open(table->table_id, NoLock);
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(rel));
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Filtering inserted row using the snapshot taken before the table
+	 * is modified. ctid is required for maintaining outer join views.
+	 */
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT t.* FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE pg_catalog.ivm_visible_in_prestate(t.tableoid, t.ctid ,%d::pg_catalog.oid)",
+			relname, matviewid);
+
+	/*
+	 * Append deleted rows contained in old transition tables.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+		appendStringInfo(&str," SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+	}
+
+	/* Get a subquery representing pre-state of the table */
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	subquery = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = subquery;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->perminfoindex = 0;         /* no permission checking for this RTE */
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * replace_rte_with_delta
+ *
+ * Replace RTE of the modified table with a single table delta that combine its
+ * all transition tables.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+replace_rte_with_delta(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table, bool is_new,
+					   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	Oid relid = table->table_id;
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int		num_tuplestores = list_length(is_new ? table->new_tuplestores : table->old_tuplestores);
+	int		i;
+
+	/* the previous RTE must be a subquery which represents "pre-state" table */
+	Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY);
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_tuplestores; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(is_new ? "new" : "old", relid, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the subquery so that it represent the combined transition
+	 * table.  Note that we leave the security_barrier and securityQuals
+	 * fields so that the subquery relation can be protected by the RLS
+	 * policy as same as the modified table.
+	 */
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_counting
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting duplicated tuples.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(SystemFuncName("count"), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	in_delta_calculation = true;
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		replace_rte_with_delta(rte, table, false, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "");
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (list_length(table->new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		replace_rte_with_delta(rte, table, true, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "");
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, attr);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT pg_catalog.row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, pg_catalog.generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\")"
+							" AS __ivm_generate_series__ "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be_qualified(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * transaction abort.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM()
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, true);
+	}
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+		if (!is_abort)
+		{
+			ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(table->slot);
+			table_close(table->rel, NoLock);
+		}
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+
+	if (!is_abort)
+		UnregisterSnapshot(entry->snapshot);
+
+	hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index 9805bc6118..f6896d77b4 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12062,4 +12062,14 @@
   proname => 'any_value_transfn', prorettype => 'anyelement',
   proargtypes => 'anyelement anyelement', prosrc => 'any_value_transfn' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+{ oid => '788', descr => 'ivm filetring ',
+  proname => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate', provolatile => 's', prorettype => 'bool',
+  proargtypes => 'oid tid oid', prosrc => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate' },
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index 3647f96f73..09a64fa2e5 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 9eaa6212a1..504b83a446 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										ParamListInfo params, QueryCompletion *qc);
 
@@ -30,4 +33,10 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid transientoid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(void);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Mon__28_Aug_2023_11_52_52_+0900_hj6L5h176QaSGtg7
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v29-0007-Add-DISTINCT-support-for-IVM.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v29-0007-Add-DISTINCT-support-for-IVM.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v29 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2023-05-31 09:59 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2023-05-31 09:59 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance.

To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and post-state of base
tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER trigger, and pre-update
states can be calculated by removing inserted tuples and appending deleted
tuples. Insterted tuples are filtered using the snapshot taken before
table modiication, and deleted tuples are contained in the old transition
table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c |    5 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c   |  680 +++++++++++++
 src/backend/commands/matview.c    | 1466 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat   |   10 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h   |    4 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h    |    9 +
 6 files changed, 2139 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 8daaa535ed..cd280bdffd 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2803,6 +2804,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM();
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5080,6 +5082,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 	pgstat_progress_end_command();
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM();
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index e91920ca14..415f110516 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -32,15 +32,26 @@
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "access/xlog.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "optimizer/prep.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
 #include "parser/parse_clause.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
@@ -73,6 +84,12 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -282,6 +299,18 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -358,6 +387,27 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 
 		/* Restore userid and security context */
 		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		if (into->ivm)
+		{
+			Oid matviewOid = address.objectId;
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+			/*
+			 * Mark relisivm field, if it's a matview and into->ivm is true.
+			 */
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+
+			if (!into->skipData)
+			{
+				/* Create an index on incremental maintainable materialized view, if possible */
+				CreateIndexOnIMMV((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewRel);
+
+				/* Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view */
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewOid);
+			}
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+		}
 	}
 
 	return address;
@@ -635,3 +685,633 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid)
+{
+	Relids	relids = NULL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < 1)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, 0);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > 1 || rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	bms_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !bms_is_member(rte->relid, *relids))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, true);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, true);
+
+					*relids = bms_add_member(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_truncate_before" : "IVM_trigger_truncate_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * XXX: When using DELETE or UPDATE, we must use exclusive lock for now
+	 * because apply_old_delta(_with_count) uses ctid to identify the tuple
+	 * to be deleted/deleted, but doesn't work in concurrent situations.
+	 *
+	 * If the view doesn't have aggregate, distinct, or tuple duplicate,
+	 * then it would work even in concurrent situations. However, we don't have
+	 * any way to guarantee the view has a unique key before opening the IMMV
+	 * at the maintenance time because users may drop the unique index.
+	 */
+
+	if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->distinctClause)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_Aggref:
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attritubes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attritubes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+	Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNumber = InvalidRelFileNumber;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilelocatorSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+	key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList);
+	if (key_attnos)
+	{
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+			if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+				iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+				iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+				iparam->expr = NULL;
+				iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+				iparam->collation = NIL;
+				iparam->opclass = NIL;
+				iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+				iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+				iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+				index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+		ereport(NOTICE,
+				(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+						RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+				 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns. "),
+				 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  -1,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables's
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_pkey = true;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_pkey = (key_attnos != NULL);
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (!has_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(NULL, query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *key_attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				key_attnos = bms_del_member(key_attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				if (bms_is_empty(key_attnos))
+				{
+					key_attnos_list = list_delete_nth_cell(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+					key_attnos_list = list_insert_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1, NULL);
+				}
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect RTE indexes of relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = get_relids_in_jointree((Node *) query->jointree, false, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index ac2e74fa3f..39305f3c49 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -25,26 +25,37 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_operator.h"
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
 #include "parser/parse_relation.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 
 typedef struct
@@ -58,6 +69,52 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	Snapshot	snapshot;	/* Snapshot just before table change */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+
+	Relation	rel;			/* relation of the modified table */
+	TupleTableSlot *slot;		/* for checking visibility in the pre-state table */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+
+static bool in_delta_calculation = false;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -65,7 +122,9 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
-									   const char *queryString);
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
+						 const char *queryString);
 static char *make_temptable_name_n(char *tempname, int n);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -73,6 +132,37 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid);
+static RangeTblEntry *replace_rte_with_delta(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table, bool is_new,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -114,6 +204,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -140,8 +270,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 {
 	Oid			matviewOid;
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -155,6 +283,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	/* Determine strength of lock needed. */
 	concurrent = stmt->concurrent;
@@ -178,6 +307,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
 						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
 	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
 
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
@@ -199,32 +329,9 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 				 errmsg("%s and %s options cannot be used together",
 						"CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -259,12 +366,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -292,6 +393,74 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete IMMV triggers. */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && stmt->skipData )
+	{
+		Relation	tgRel;
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		tgRel = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* search triggers that depends on IMMV. */
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->classid == TriggerRelationId)
+			{
+				HeapTuple	tgtup;
+				ScanKeyData tgkey[1];
+				SysScanDesc tgscan;
+				Form_pg_trigger tgform;
+
+				/* Find the trigger name. */
+				ScanKeyInit(&tgkey[0],
+							Anum_pg_trigger_oid,
+							BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+							ObjectIdGetDatum(foundDep->objid));
+
+				tgscan = systable_beginscan(tgRel, TriggerOidIndexId, true,
+											NULL, 1, tgkey);
+				tgtup = systable_getnext(tgscan);
+				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tgtup))
+					elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for immv trigger %u", foundDep->objid);
+
+				tgform = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(tgtup);
+
+				/* If trigger is created by IMMV, delete it. */
+				if (strncmp(NameStr(tgform->tgname), "IVM_trigger_", 12) == 0)
+				{
+					obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+					obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+					obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+					add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+				}
+				systable_endscan(tgscan);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		table_close(tgRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -305,7 +474,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 
 	/* Generate the data, if wanted. */
 	if (!stmt->skipData)
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString);
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL, queryString);
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
 	if (concurrent)
@@ -340,6 +509,12 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 			pgstat_count_heap_insert(matviewRel, processed);
 	}
 
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(dataQuery, matviewRel);
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid);
+	}
+
 	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
 
 	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
@@ -374,6 +549,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -410,7 +587,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -420,6 +597,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -931,3 +1111,1219 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Get a snapshot just before the table was modified for checking
+		 * tuple visibility in the pre-update state of the table.
+		 */
+		Snapshot snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(snapshot);
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_maintenance
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		table->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel), table_slot_callbacks(rel));
+		table->rel = table_open(RelationGetRelid(rel), NoLock);
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Get and push the latast snapshot to see any changes which is committed
+	 * during waiting in other transactions at READ COMMITTED level.
+	 */
+	PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/*
+	 * When a base table is truncated, the view content will be empty if the
+	 * view definition query does not contain an aggregate without a GROUP clause.
+	 * Therefore, such views can be truncated.
+	 */
+	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_TRUNCATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+	{
+		ExecuteTruncateGuts(list_make1(matviewRel), list_make1_oid(matviewOid),
+							NIL, DROP_RESTRICT, false, false);
+
+		/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+		clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+		table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+		/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+		AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+		/* Restore userid and security context */
+		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  pstate, matviewOid);
+	/* Rewrite for counting duplicated tuples */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_counting(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				List *securityQuals;
+				List *withCheckOptions;
+				bool  hasRowSecurity;
+				bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+				RangeTblEntry *rte_pre = get_prestate_rte(r, table, pstate->p_queryEnv, matviewid);
+
+				/*
+				 * Set a row security poslicies of the modified table to the subquery RTE which
+				 * represents the pre-update state of the table.
+				 */
+				get_row_security_policies(query, table->original_rte, i,
+										  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+										  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+				if (hasRowSecurity)
+				{
+					query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+					rte_pre->security_barrier = true;
+				}
+				if (hasSubLinks)
+					query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+				rte_pre->securityQuals = securityQuals;
+				lfirst(lc) = rte_pre;
+
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#define DatumGetItemPointer(X)	 ((ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(n) DatumGetItemPointer(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+/*
+ * ivm_visible_in_prestate
+ *
+ * Check visibility of a tuple specified by the tableoid and item pointer
+ * using the snapshot taken just before the table was modified.
+ */
+Datum
+ivm_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Oid			tableoid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
+	ItemPointer itemPtr = PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(1);
+	Oid			matviewOid = PG_GETARG_OID(2);
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table = NULL;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	result;
+
+	if (!in_delta_calculation)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("ivm_visible_in_prestate can be called only in delta calculation")));
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == tableoid)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	Assert (table != NULL);
+
+	result = table_tuple_fetch_row_version(table->rel, itemPtr, entry->snapshot, table->slot);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *subquery;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can use NoLock here since AcquireRewriteLocks should
+	 * have locked the relation already.
+	 */
+	rel = table_open(table->table_id, NoLock);
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(rel));
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Filtering inserted row using the snapshot taken before the table
+	 * is modified. ctid is required for maintaining outer join views.
+	 */
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT t.* FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE pg_catalog.ivm_visible_in_prestate(t.tableoid, t.ctid ,%d::pg_catalog.oid)",
+			relname, matviewid);
+
+	/*
+	 * Append deleted rows contained in old transition tables.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+		appendStringInfo(&str," SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+	}
+
+	/* Get a subquery representing pre-state of the table */
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	subquery = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = subquery;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->perminfoindex = 0;         /* no permission checking for this RTE */
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * replace_rte_with_delta
+ *
+ * Replace RTE of the modified table with a single table delta that combine its
+ * all transition tables.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+replace_rte_with_delta(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table, bool is_new,
+					   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	Oid relid = table->table_id;
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int		num_tuplestores = list_length(is_new ? table->new_tuplestores : table->old_tuplestores);
+	int		i;
+
+	/* the previous RTE must be a subquery which represents "pre-state" table */
+	Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY);
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_tuplestores; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(is_new ? "new" : "old", relid, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the subquery so that it represent the combined transition
+	 * table.  Note that we leave the security_barrier and securityQuals
+	 * fields so that the subquery relation can be protected by the RLS
+	 * policy as same as the modified table.
+	 */
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_counting
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting duplicated tuples.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(SystemFuncName("count"), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	in_delta_calculation = true;
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		replace_rte_with_delta(rte, table, false, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "");
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (list_length(table->new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		replace_rte_with_delta(rte, table, true, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "");
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, attr);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT pg_catalog.row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, pg_catalog.generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\")"
+							" AS __ivm_generate_series__ "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be_qualified(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * transaction abort.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM()
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, true);
+	}
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+		if (!is_abort)
+		{
+			ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(table->slot);
+			table_close(table->rel, NoLock);
+		}
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+
+	if (!is_abort)
+		UnregisterSnapshot(entry->snapshot);
+
+	hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index 9805bc6118..f6896d77b4 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12062,4 +12062,14 @@
   proname => 'any_value_transfn', prorettype => 'anyelement',
   proargtypes => 'anyelement anyelement', prosrc => 'any_value_transfn' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+{ oid => '788', descr => 'ivm filetring ',
+  proname => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate', provolatile => 's', prorettype => 'bool',
+  proargtypes => 'oid tid oid', prosrc => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate' },
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index 3647f96f73..09a64fa2e5 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 9eaa6212a1..504b83a446 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										ParamListInfo params, QueryCompletion *qc);
 
@@ -30,4 +33,10 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid transientoid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(void);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Mon__28_Aug_2023_16_05_30_+0900_b1OvQD_3A3ZMTGvj
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v29-0007-Add-DISTINCT-support-for-IVM.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v29-0007-Add-DISTINCT-support-for-IVM.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v29 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2023-05-31 09:59 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2023-05-31 09:59 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance.

To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and post-state of base
tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER trigger, and pre-update
states can be calculated by removing inserted tuples and appending deleted
tuples. Insterted tuples are filtered using the snapshot taken before
table modiication, and deleted tuples are contained in the old transition
table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c |    5 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c   |  680 +++++++++++++
 src/backend/commands/matview.c    | 1466 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat   |   10 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h   |    4 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h    |    9 +
 6 files changed, 2139 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 8daaa535ed..cd280bdffd 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2803,6 +2804,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM();
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5080,6 +5082,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 	pgstat_progress_end_command();
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM();
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index e91920ca14..415f110516 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -32,15 +32,26 @@
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "access/xlog.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "optimizer/prep.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
 #include "parser/parse_clause.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
@@ -73,6 +84,12 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -282,6 +299,18 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -358,6 +387,27 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 
 		/* Restore userid and security context */
 		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		if (into->ivm)
+		{
+			Oid matviewOid = address.objectId;
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+			/*
+			 * Mark relisivm field, if it's a matview and into->ivm is true.
+			 */
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+
+			if (!into->skipData)
+			{
+				/* Create an index on incremental maintainable materialized view, if possible */
+				CreateIndexOnIMMV((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewRel);
+
+				/* Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view */
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewOid);
+			}
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+		}
 	}
 
 	return address;
@@ -635,3 +685,633 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid)
+{
+	Relids	relids = NULL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < 1)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, 0);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > 1 || rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	bms_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !bms_is_member(rte->relid, *relids))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, true);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, true);
+
+					*relids = bms_add_member(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_truncate_before" : "IVM_trigger_truncate_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * XXX: When using DELETE or UPDATE, we must use exclusive lock for now
+	 * because apply_old_delta(_with_count) uses ctid to identify the tuple
+	 * to be deleted/deleted, but doesn't work in concurrent situations.
+	 *
+	 * If the view doesn't have aggregate, distinct, or tuple duplicate,
+	 * then it would work even in concurrent situations. However, we don't have
+	 * any way to guarantee the view has a unique key before opening the IMMV
+	 * at the maintenance time because users may drop the unique index.
+	 */
+
+	if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->distinctClause)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_Aggref:
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attritubes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attritubes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+	Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNumber = InvalidRelFileNumber;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilelocatorSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+	key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList);
+	if (key_attnos)
+	{
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+			if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+				iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+				iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+				iparam->expr = NULL;
+				iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+				iparam->collation = NIL;
+				iparam->opclass = NIL;
+				iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+				iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+				iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+				index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+		ereport(NOTICE,
+				(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+						RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+				 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns. "),
+				 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  -1,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables's
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_pkey = true;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_pkey = (key_attnos != NULL);
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (!has_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(NULL, query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *key_attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				key_attnos = bms_del_member(key_attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				if (bms_is_empty(key_attnos))
+				{
+					key_attnos_list = list_delete_nth_cell(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+					key_attnos_list = list_insert_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1, NULL);
+				}
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect RTE indexes of relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = get_relids_in_jointree((Node *) query->jointree, false, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index ac2e74fa3f..39305f3c49 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -25,26 +25,37 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_operator.h"
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
 #include "parser/parse_relation.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 
 typedef struct
@@ -58,6 +69,52 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	Snapshot	snapshot;	/* Snapshot just before table change */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+
+	Relation	rel;			/* relation of the modified table */
+	TupleTableSlot *slot;		/* for checking visibility in the pre-state table */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+
+static bool in_delta_calculation = false;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -65,7 +122,9 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
-									   const char *queryString);
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
+						 const char *queryString);
 static char *make_temptable_name_n(char *tempname, int n);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -73,6 +132,37 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid);
+static RangeTblEntry *replace_rte_with_delta(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table, bool is_new,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -114,6 +204,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -140,8 +270,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 {
 	Oid			matviewOid;
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -155,6 +283,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	/* Determine strength of lock needed. */
 	concurrent = stmt->concurrent;
@@ -178,6 +307,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
 						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
 	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
 
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
@@ -199,32 +329,9 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 				 errmsg("%s and %s options cannot be used together",
 						"CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -259,12 +366,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -292,6 +393,74 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete IMMV triggers. */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && stmt->skipData )
+	{
+		Relation	tgRel;
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		tgRel = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* search triggers that depends on IMMV. */
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->classid == TriggerRelationId)
+			{
+				HeapTuple	tgtup;
+				ScanKeyData tgkey[1];
+				SysScanDesc tgscan;
+				Form_pg_trigger tgform;
+
+				/* Find the trigger name. */
+				ScanKeyInit(&tgkey[0],
+							Anum_pg_trigger_oid,
+							BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+							ObjectIdGetDatum(foundDep->objid));
+
+				tgscan = systable_beginscan(tgRel, TriggerOidIndexId, true,
+											NULL, 1, tgkey);
+				tgtup = systable_getnext(tgscan);
+				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tgtup))
+					elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for immv trigger %u", foundDep->objid);
+
+				tgform = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(tgtup);
+
+				/* If trigger is created by IMMV, delete it. */
+				if (strncmp(NameStr(tgform->tgname), "IVM_trigger_", 12) == 0)
+				{
+					obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+					obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+					obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+					add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+				}
+				systable_endscan(tgscan);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		table_close(tgRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -305,7 +474,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 
 	/* Generate the data, if wanted. */
 	if (!stmt->skipData)
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString);
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL, queryString);
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
 	if (concurrent)
@@ -340,6 +509,12 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 			pgstat_count_heap_insert(matviewRel, processed);
 	}
 
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(dataQuery, matviewRel);
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid);
+	}
+
 	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
 
 	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
@@ -374,6 +549,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -410,7 +587,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -420,6 +597,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -931,3 +1111,1219 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Get a snapshot just before the table was modified for checking
+		 * tuple visibility in the pre-update state of the table.
+		 */
+		Snapshot snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(snapshot);
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_maintenance
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		table->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel), table_slot_callbacks(rel));
+		table->rel = table_open(RelationGetRelid(rel), NoLock);
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Get and push the latast snapshot to see any changes which is committed
+	 * during waiting in other transactions at READ COMMITTED level.
+	 */
+	PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/*
+	 * When a base table is truncated, the view content will be empty if the
+	 * view definition query does not contain an aggregate without a GROUP clause.
+	 * Therefore, such views can be truncated.
+	 */
+	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_TRUNCATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+	{
+		ExecuteTruncateGuts(list_make1(matviewRel), list_make1_oid(matviewOid),
+							NIL, DROP_RESTRICT, false, false);
+
+		/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+		clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+		table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+		/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+		AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+		/* Restore userid and security context */
+		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  pstate, matviewOid);
+	/* Rewrite for counting duplicated tuples */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_counting(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				List *securityQuals;
+				List *withCheckOptions;
+				bool  hasRowSecurity;
+				bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+				RangeTblEntry *rte_pre = get_prestate_rte(r, table, pstate->p_queryEnv, matviewid);
+
+				/*
+				 * Set a row security poslicies of the modified table to the subquery RTE which
+				 * represents the pre-update state of the table.
+				 */
+				get_row_security_policies(query, table->original_rte, i,
+										  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+										  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+				if (hasRowSecurity)
+				{
+					query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+					rte_pre->security_barrier = true;
+				}
+				if (hasSubLinks)
+					query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+				rte_pre->securityQuals = securityQuals;
+				lfirst(lc) = rte_pre;
+
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#define DatumGetItemPointer(X)	 ((ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(n) DatumGetItemPointer(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+/*
+ * ivm_visible_in_prestate
+ *
+ * Check visibility of a tuple specified by the tableoid and item pointer
+ * using the snapshot taken just before the table was modified.
+ */
+Datum
+ivm_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Oid			tableoid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
+	ItemPointer itemPtr = PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(1);
+	Oid			matviewOid = PG_GETARG_OID(2);
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table = NULL;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	result;
+
+	if (!in_delta_calculation)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("ivm_visible_in_prestate can be called only in delta calculation")));
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == tableoid)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	Assert (table != NULL);
+
+	result = table_tuple_fetch_row_version(table->rel, itemPtr, entry->snapshot, table->slot);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *subquery;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can use NoLock here since AcquireRewriteLocks should
+	 * have locked the relation already.
+	 */
+	rel = table_open(table->table_id, NoLock);
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(rel));
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Filtering inserted row using the snapshot taken before the table
+	 * is modified. ctid is required for maintaining outer join views.
+	 */
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT t.* FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE pg_catalog.ivm_visible_in_prestate(t.tableoid, t.ctid ,%d::pg_catalog.oid)",
+			relname, matviewid);
+
+	/*
+	 * Append deleted rows contained in old transition tables.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+		appendStringInfo(&str," SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+	}
+
+	/* Get a subquery representing pre-state of the table */
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	subquery = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = subquery;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->perminfoindex = 0;         /* no permission checking for this RTE */
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * replace_rte_with_delta
+ *
+ * Replace RTE of the modified table with a single table delta that combine its
+ * all transition tables.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+replace_rte_with_delta(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table, bool is_new,
+					   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	Oid relid = table->table_id;
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int		num_tuplestores = list_length(is_new ? table->new_tuplestores : table->old_tuplestores);
+	int		i;
+
+	/* the previous RTE must be a subquery which represents "pre-state" table */
+	Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY);
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_tuplestores; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(is_new ? "new" : "old", relid, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the subquery so that it represent the combined transition
+	 * table.  Note that we leave the security_barrier and securityQuals
+	 * fields so that the subquery relation can be protected by the RLS
+	 * policy as same as the modified table.
+	 */
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_counting
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting duplicated tuples.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(SystemFuncName("count"), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	in_delta_calculation = true;
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		replace_rte_with_delta(rte, table, false, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "");
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (list_length(table->new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		replace_rte_with_delta(rte, table, true, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "");
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, attr);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT pg_catalog.row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, pg_catalog.generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\")"
+							" AS __ivm_generate_series__ "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be_qualified(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * transaction abort.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM()
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, true);
+	}
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+		if (!is_abort)
+		{
+			ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(table->slot);
+			table_close(table->rel, NoLock);
+		}
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+
+	if (!is_abort)
+		UnregisterSnapshot(entry->snapshot);
+
+	hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index 9805bc6118..f6896d77b4 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12062,4 +12062,14 @@
   proname => 'any_value_transfn', prorettype => 'anyelement',
   proargtypes => 'anyelement anyelement', prosrc => 'any_value_transfn' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+{ oid => '788', descr => 'ivm filetring ',
+  proname => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate', provolatile => 's', prorettype => 'bool',
+  proargtypes => 'oid tid oid', prosrc => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate' },
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index 3647f96f73..09a64fa2e5 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 9eaa6212a1..504b83a446 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										ParamListInfo params, QueryCompletion *qc);
 
@@ -30,4 +33,10 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid transientoid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(void);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Mon__28_Aug_2023_11_52_52_+0900_hj6L5h176QaSGtg7
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v29-0007-Add-DISTINCT-support-for-IVM.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v29-0007-Add-DISTINCT-support-for-IVM.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v28 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2023-05-31 09:59 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2023-05-31 09:59 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance.

To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and post-state of base
tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER trigger, and pre-update
states can be calculated by removing inserted tuples and appending deleted
tuples. Insterted tuples are filtered using the snapshot taken before
table modiication, and deleted tuples are contained in the old transition
table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c |    5 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c   |  680 +++++++++++++
 src/backend/commands/matview.c    | 1466 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat   |   10 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h   |    4 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h    |    9 +
 6 files changed, 2139 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 8daaa535ed..cd280bdffd 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2803,6 +2804,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM();
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5080,6 +5082,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 	pgstat_progress_end_command();
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM();
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index e91920ca14..415f110516 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -32,15 +32,26 @@
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "access/xlog.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "optimizer/prep.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
 #include "parser/parse_clause.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
@@ -73,6 +84,12 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -282,6 +299,18 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -358,6 +387,27 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 
 		/* Restore userid and security context */
 		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		if (into->ivm)
+		{
+			Oid matviewOid = address.objectId;
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+			/*
+			 * Mark relisivm field, if it's a matview and into->ivm is true.
+			 */
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+
+			if (!into->skipData)
+			{
+				/* Create an index on incremental maintainable materialized view, if possible */
+				CreateIndexOnIMMV((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewRel);
+
+				/* Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view */
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewOid);
+			}
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+		}
 	}
 
 	return address;
@@ -635,3 +685,633 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid)
+{
+	Relids	relids = NULL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < 1)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, 0);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > 1 || rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	bms_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !bms_is_member(rte->relid, *relids))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, true);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, true);
+
+					*relids = bms_add_member(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_truncate_before" : "IVM_trigger_truncate_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * XXX: When using DELETE or UPDATE, we must use exclusive lock for now
+	 * because apply_old_delta(_with_count) uses ctid to identify the tuple
+	 * to be deleted/deleted, but doesn't work in concurrent situations.
+	 *
+	 * If the view doesn't have aggregate, distinct, or tuple duplicate,
+	 * then it would work even in concurrent situations. However, we don't have
+	 * any way to guarantee the view has a unique key before opening the IMMV
+	 * at the maintenance time because users may drop the unique index.
+	 */
+
+	if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->distinctClause)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_Aggref:
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attritubes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attritubes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+	Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNumber = InvalidRelFileNumber;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilelocatorSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+	key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList);
+	if (key_attnos)
+	{
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+			if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+				iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+				iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+				iparam->expr = NULL;
+				iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+				iparam->collation = NIL;
+				iparam->opclass = NIL;
+				iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+				iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+				iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+				index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+		ereport(NOTICE,
+				(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+						RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+				 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns. "),
+				 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  -1,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables's
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_pkey = true;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_pkey = (key_attnos != NULL);
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (!has_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(NULL, query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *key_attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				key_attnos = bms_del_member(key_attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				if (bms_is_empty(key_attnos))
+				{
+					key_attnos_list = list_delete_nth_cell(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+					key_attnos_list = list_insert_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1, NULL);
+				}
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect RTE indexes of relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = get_relids_in_jointree((Node *) query->jointree, false, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index f9a3bdfc3a..fd9d0d99ae 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -25,26 +25,37 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_operator.h"
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
 #include "parser/parse_relation.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 
 typedef struct
@@ -58,6 +69,52 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	Snapshot	snapshot;	/* Snapshot just before table change */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+
+	Relation	rel;			/* relation of the modified table */
+	TupleTableSlot *slot;		/* for checking visibility in the pre-state table */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+
+static bool in_delta_calculation = false;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -65,7 +122,9 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
-									   const char *queryString);
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
+						 const char *queryString);
 static char *make_temptable_name_n(char *tempname, int n);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -73,6 +132,37 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid);
+static RangeTblEntry *replace_rte_with_delta(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table, bool is_new,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -114,6 +204,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -140,8 +270,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 {
 	Oid			matviewOid;
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -155,6 +283,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	/* Determine strength of lock needed. */
 	concurrent = stmt->concurrent;
@@ -179,6 +308,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
 						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
 	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
 
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
@@ -200,32 +330,9 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 				 errmsg("%s and %s options cannot be used together",
 						"CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -260,12 +367,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -293,6 +394,74 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete IMMV triggers. */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && stmt->skipData )
+	{
+		Relation	tgRel;
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		tgRel = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* search triggers that depends on IMMV. */
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->classid == TriggerRelationId)
+			{
+				HeapTuple	tgtup;
+				ScanKeyData tgkey[1];
+				SysScanDesc tgscan;
+				Form_pg_trigger tgform;
+
+				/* Find the trigger name. */
+				ScanKeyInit(&tgkey[0],
+							Anum_pg_trigger_oid,
+							BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+							ObjectIdGetDatum(foundDep->objid));
+
+				tgscan = systable_beginscan(tgRel, TriggerOidIndexId, true,
+											NULL, 1, tgkey);
+				tgtup = systable_getnext(tgscan);
+				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tgtup))
+					elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for immv trigger %u", foundDep->objid);
+
+				tgform = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(tgtup);
+
+				/* If trigger is created by IMMV, delete it. */
+				if (strncmp(NameStr(tgform->tgname), "IVM_trigger_", 12) == 0)
+				{
+					obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+					obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+					obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+					add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+				}
+				systable_endscan(tgscan);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		table_close(tgRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -306,7 +475,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 
 	/* Generate the data, if wanted. */
 	if (!stmt->skipData)
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString);
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL, queryString);
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
 	if (concurrent)
@@ -341,6 +510,12 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 			pgstat_count_heap_insert(matviewRel, processed);
 	}
 
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(dataQuery, matviewRel);
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid);
+	}
+
 	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
 
 	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
@@ -375,6 +550,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -411,7 +588,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -421,6 +598,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -932,3 +1112,1219 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Get a snapshot just before the table was modified for checking
+		 * tuple visibility in the pre-update state of the table.
+		 */
+		Snapshot snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(snapshot);
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_maintenance
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		table->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel), table_slot_callbacks(rel));
+		table->rel = table_open(RelationGetRelid(rel), NoLock);
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Get and push the latast snapshot to see any changes which is committed
+	 * during waiting in other transactions at READ COMMITTED level.
+	 */
+	PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/*
+	 * When a base table is truncated, the view content will be empty if the
+	 * view definition query does not contain an aggregate without a GROUP clause.
+	 * Therefore, such views can be truncated.
+	 */
+	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_TRUNCATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+	{
+		ExecuteTruncateGuts(list_make1(matviewRel), list_make1_oid(matviewOid),
+							NIL, DROP_RESTRICT, false, false);
+
+		/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+		clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+		table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+		/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+		AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+		/* Restore userid and security context */
+		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  pstate, matviewOid);
+	/* Rewrite for counting duplicated tuples */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_counting(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				List *securityQuals;
+				List *withCheckOptions;
+				bool  hasRowSecurity;
+				bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+				RangeTblEntry *rte_pre = get_prestate_rte(r, table, pstate->p_queryEnv, matviewid);
+
+				/*
+				 * Set a row security poslicies of the modified table to the subquery RTE which
+				 * represents the pre-update state of the table.
+				 */
+				get_row_security_policies(query, table->original_rte, i,
+										  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+										  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+				if (hasRowSecurity)
+				{
+					query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+					rte_pre->security_barrier = true;
+				}
+				if (hasSubLinks)
+					query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+				rte_pre->securityQuals = securityQuals;
+				lfirst(lc) = rte_pre;
+
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#define DatumGetItemPointer(X)	 ((ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(n) DatumGetItemPointer(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+/*
+ * ivm_visible_in_prestate
+ *
+ * Check visibility of a tuple specified by the tableoid and item pointer
+ * using the snapshot taken just before the table was modified.
+ */
+Datum
+ivm_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Oid			tableoid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
+	ItemPointer itemPtr = PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(1);
+	Oid			matviewOid = PG_GETARG_OID(2);
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table = NULL;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	result;
+
+	if (!in_delta_calculation)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("ivm_visible_in_prestate can be called only in delta calculation")));
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == tableoid)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	Assert (table != NULL);
+
+	result = table_tuple_fetch_row_version(table->rel, itemPtr, entry->snapshot, table->slot);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *subquery;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can use NoLock here since AcquireRewriteLocks should
+	 * have locked the relation already.
+	 */
+	rel = table_open(table->table_id, NoLock);
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(rel));
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Filtering inserted row using the snapshot taken before the table
+	 * is modified. ctid is required for maintaining outer join views.
+	 */
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT t.* FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE pg_catalog.ivm_visible_in_prestate(t.tableoid, t.ctid ,%d::pg_catalog.oid)",
+			relname, matviewid);
+
+	/*
+	 * Append deleted rows contained in old transition tables.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+		appendStringInfo(&str," SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+	}
+
+	/* Get a subquery representing pre-state of the table */
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	subquery = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = subquery;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->perminfoindex = 0;         /* no permission checking for this RTE */
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * replace_rte_with_delta
+ *
+ * Replace RTE of the modified table with a single table delta that combine its
+ * all transition tables.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+replace_rte_with_delta(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table, bool is_new,
+					   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	Oid relid = table->table_id;
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int		num_tuplestores = list_length(is_new ? table->new_tuplestores : table->old_tuplestores);
+	int		i;
+
+	/* the previous RTE must be a subquery which represents "pre-state" table */
+	Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY);
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_tuplestores; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(is_new ? "new" : "old", relid, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the subquery so that it represent the combined transition
+	 * table.  Note that we leave the security_barrier and securityQuals
+	 * fields so that the subquery relation can be protected by the RLS
+	 * policy as same as the modified table.
+	 */
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_counting
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting duplicated tuples.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(SystemFuncName("count"), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	in_delta_calculation = true;
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		replace_rte_with_delta(rte, table, false, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "");
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (list_length(table->new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		replace_rte_with_delta(rte, table, true, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "");
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, attr);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT pg_catalog.row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, pg_catalog.generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\")"
+							" AS __ivm_generate_series__ "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be_qualified(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * transaction abort.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM()
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, true);
+	}
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+		if (!is_abort)
+		{
+			ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(table->slot);
+			table_close(table->rel, NoLock);
+		}
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+
+	if (!is_abort)
+		UnregisterSnapshot(entry->snapshot);
+
+	hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index 6996073989..1cca12e049 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12043,4 +12043,14 @@
   proname => 'any_value_transfn', prorettype => 'anyelement',
   proargtypes => 'anyelement anyelement', prosrc => 'any_value_transfn' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+{ oid => '788', descr => 'ivm filetring ',
+  proname => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate', provolatile => 's', prorettype => 'bool',
+  proargtypes => 'oid tid oid', prosrc => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate' },
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index 3647f96f73..09a64fa2e5 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 9eaa6212a1..504b83a446 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										ParamListInfo params, QueryCompletion *qc);
 
@@ -30,4 +33,10 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid transientoid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(void);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Thu__1_Jun_2023_23_59_09_+0900_/G5+8nG46.f1T42K
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v28-0007-Add-DISTINCT-support-for-IVM.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v28-0007-Add-DISTINCT-support-for-IVM.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v30 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2023-05-31 09:59 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2023-05-31 09:59 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance.

To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and post-state of base
tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER trigger, and pre-update
states can be calculated by removing inserted tuples and appending deleted
tuples. Insterted tuples are filtered using the snapshot taken before
table modiication, and deleted tuples are contained in the old transition
table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c |    5 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c   |  681 ++++++++++++++
 src/backend/commands/matview.c    | 1466 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat   |   10 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h   |    4 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h    |    9 +
 6 files changed, 2140 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 70ab6e27a1..0de7ab6abe 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2819,6 +2820,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM();
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5097,6 +5099,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 	pgstat_progress_end_command();
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM();
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index 16a2fe65e6..08262100ea 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -32,15 +32,26 @@
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "access/xlog.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "optimizer/prep.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
 #include "parser/parse_clause.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
@@ -73,6 +84,12 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -282,6 +299,18 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -358,6 +387,27 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 
 		/* Restore userid and security context */
 		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		if (into->ivm)
+		{
+			Oid matviewOid = address.objectId;
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+			/*
+			 * Mark relisivm field, if it's a matview and into->ivm is true.
+			 */
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+
+			if (!into->skipData)
+			{
+				/* Create an index on incremental maintainable materialized view, if possible */
+				CreateIndexOnIMMV((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewRel);
+
+				/* Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view */
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewOid);
+			}
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+		}
 	}
 
 	return address;
@@ -635,3 +685,634 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid)
+{
+	Relids	relids = NULL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < 1)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, 0);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > 1 || rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	bms_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !bms_is_member(rte->relid, *relids))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, true);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, true);
+
+					*relids = bms_add_member(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_truncate_before" : "IVM_trigger_truncate_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * XXX: When using DELETE or UPDATE, we must use exclusive lock for now
+	 * because apply_old_delta(_with_count) uses ctid to identify the tuple
+	 * to be deleted/deleted, but doesn't work in concurrent situations.
+	 *
+	 * If the view doesn't have aggregate, distinct, or tuple duplicate,
+	 * then it would work even in concurrent situations. However, we don't have
+	 * any way to guarantee the view has a unique key before opening the IMMV
+	 * at the maintenance time because users may drop the unique index.
+	 */
+
+	if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->distinctClause)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_Aggref:
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attritubes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attritubes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+	Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNumber = InvalidRelFileNumber;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilelocatorSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+	key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList);
+	if (key_attnos)
+	{
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+			if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+				iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+				iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+				iparam->expr = NULL;
+				iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+				iparam->collation = NIL;
+				iparam->opclass = NIL;
+				iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+				iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+				iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+				index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+		ereport(NOTICE,
+				(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+						RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+				 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns. "),
+				 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames,
+								false))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  -1,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables's
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_pkey = true;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_pkey = (key_attnos != NULL);
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (!has_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(NULL, query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *key_attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				key_attnos = bms_del_member(key_attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				if (bms_is_empty(key_attnos))
+				{
+					key_attnos_list = list_delete_nth_cell(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+					key_attnos_list = list_insert_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1, NULL);
+				}
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect RTE indexes of relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = get_relids_in_jointree((Node *) query->jointree, false, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index 59920ced83..a821992a37 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -25,26 +25,37 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_operator.h"
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
 #include "parser/parse_relation.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 
 typedef struct
@@ -58,6 +69,52 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	Snapshot	snapshot;	/* Snapshot just before table change */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+
+	Relation	rel;			/* relation of the modified table */
+	TupleTableSlot *slot;		/* for checking visibility in the pre-state table */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+
+static bool in_delta_calculation = false;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -65,7 +122,9 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
-									   const char *queryString);
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
+						 const char *queryString);
 static char *make_temptable_name_n(char *tempname, int n);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -73,6 +132,37 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid);
+static RangeTblEntry *replace_rte_with_delta(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table, bool is_new,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -114,6 +204,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -140,8 +270,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 {
 	Oid			matviewOid;
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -155,6 +283,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	/* Determine strength of lock needed. */
 	concurrent = stmt->concurrent;
@@ -178,6 +307,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
 						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
 	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
 
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
@@ -199,32 +329,9 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 				 errmsg("%s and %s options cannot be used together",
 						"CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -259,12 +366,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -292,6 +393,74 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete IMMV triggers. */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && stmt->skipData )
+	{
+		Relation	tgRel;
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		tgRel = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* search triggers that depends on IMMV. */
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->classid == TriggerRelationId)
+			{
+				HeapTuple	tgtup;
+				ScanKeyData tgkey[1];
+				SysScanDesc tgscan;
+				Form_pg_trigger tgform;
+
+				/* Find the trigger name. */
+				ScanKeyInit(&tgkey[0],
+							Anum_pg_trigger_oid,
+							BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+							ObjectIdGetDatum(foundDep->objid));
+
+				tgscan = systable_beginscan(tgRel, TriggerOidIndexId, true,
+											NULL, 1, tgkey);
+				tgtup = systable_getnext(tgscan);
+				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tgtup))
+					elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for immv trigger %u", foundDep->objid);
+
+				tgform = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(tgtup);
+
+				/* If trigger is created by IMMV, delete it. */
+				if (strncmp(NameStr(tgform->tgname), "IVM_trigger_", 12) == 0)
+				{
+					obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+					obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+					obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+					add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+				}
+				systable_endscan(tgscan);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		table_close(tgRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -305,7 +474,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 
 	/* Generate the data, if wanted. */
 	if (!stmt->skipData)
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString);
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL, queryString);
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
 	if (concurrent)
@@ -340,6 +509,12 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 			pgstat_count_heap_insert(matviewRel, processed);
 	}
 
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(dataQuery, matviewRel);
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid);
+	}
+
 	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
 
 	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
@@ -374,6 +549,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -410,7 +587,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -420,6 +597,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -953,3 +1133,1219 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Get a snapshot just before the table was modified for checking
+		 * tuple visibility in the pre-update state of the table.
+		 */
+		Snapshot snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(snapshot);
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_maintenance
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		table->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel), table_slot_callbacks(rel));
+		table->rel = table_open(RelationGetRelid(rel), NoLock);
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Get and push the latast snapshot to see any changes which is committed
+	 * during waiting in other transactions at READ COMMITTED level.
+	 */
+	PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/*
+	 * When a base table is truncated, the view content will be empty if the
+	 * view definition query does not contain an aggregate without a GROUP clause.
+	 * Therefore, such views can be truncated.
+	 */
+	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_TRUNCATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+	{
+		ExecuteTruncateGuts(list_make1(matviewRel), list_make1_oid(matviewOid),
+							NIL, DROP_RESTRICT, false, false);
+
+		/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+		clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+		table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+		/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+		AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+		/* Restore userid and security context */
+		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  pstate, matviewOid);
+	/* Rewrite for counting duplicated tuples */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_counting(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				List *securityQuals;
+				List *withCheckOptions;
+				bool  hasRowSecurity;
+				bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+				RangeTblEntry *rte_pre = get_prestate_rte(r, table, pstate->p_queryEnv, matviewid);
+
+				/*
+				 * Set a row security poslicies of the modified table to the subquery RTE which
+				 * represents the pre-update state of the table.
+				 */
+				get_row_security_policies(query, table->original_rte, i,
+										  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+										  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+				if (hasRowSecurity)
+				{
+					query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+					rte_pre->security_barrier = true;
+				}
+				if (hasSubLinks)
+					query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+				rte_pre->securityQuals = securityQuals;
+				lfirst(lc) = rte_pre;
+
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#define DatumGetItemPointer(X)	 ((ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(n) DatumGetItemPointer(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+/*
+ * ivm_visible_in_prestate
+ *
+ * Check visibility of a tuple specified by the tableoid and item pointer
+ * using the snapshot taken just before the table was modified.
+ */
+Datum
+ivm_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Oid			tableoid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
+	ItemPointer itemPtr = PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(1);
+	Oid			matviewOid = PG_GETARG_OID(2);
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table = NULL;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	result;
+
+	if (!in_delta_calculation)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("ivm_visible_in_prestate can be called only in delta calculation")));
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == tableoid)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	Assert (table != NULL);
+
+	result = table_tuple_fetch_row_version(table->rel, itemPtr, entry->snapshot, table->slot);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *subquery;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can use NoLock here since AcquireRewriteLocks should
+	 * have locked the relation already.
+	 */
+	rel = table_open(table->table_id, NoLock);
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(rel));
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Filtering inserted row using the snapshot taken before the table
+	 * is modified. ctid is required for maintaining outer join views.
+	 */
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT t.* FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE pg_catalog.ivm_visible_in_prestate(t.tableoid, t.ctid ,%d::pg_catalog.oid)",
+			relname, matviewid);
+
+	/*
+	 * Append deleted rows contained in old transition tables.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+		appendStringInfo(&str," SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+	}
+
+	/* Get a subquery representing pre-state of the table */
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	subquery = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = subquery;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->perminfoindex = 0;         /* no permission checking for this RTE */
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * replace_rte_with_delta
+ *
+ * Replace RTE of the modified table with a single table delta that combine its
+ * all transition tables.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+replace_rte_with_delta(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table, bool is_new,
+					   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	Oid relid = table->table_id;
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int		num_tuplestores = list_length(is_new ? table->new_tuplestores : table->old_tuplestores);
+	int		i;
+
+	/* the previous RTE must be a subquery which represents "pre-state" table */
+	Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY);
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_tuplestores; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(is_new ? "new" : "old", relid, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the subquery so that it represent the combined transition
+	 * table.  Note that we leave the security_barrier and securityQuals
+	 * fields so that the subquery relation can be protected by the RLS
+	 * policy as same as the modified table.
+	 */
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_counting
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting duplicated tuples.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(SystemFuncName("count"), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	in_delta_calculation = true;
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		replace_rte_with_delta(rte, table, false, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "");
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (list_length(table->new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		replace_rte_with_delta(rte, table, true, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "");
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, attr);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT pg_catalog.row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, pg_catalog.generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\")"
+							" AS __ivm_generate_series__ "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be_qualified(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * transaction abort.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM()
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, true);
+	}
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+		if (!is_abort)
+		{
+			ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(table->slot);
+			table_close(table->rel, NoLock);
+		}
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+
+	if (!is_abort)
+		UnregisterSnapshot(entry->snapshot);
+
+	hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index 9c120fc2b7..e111f11bf5 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12174,4 +12174,14 @@
   proargtypes => 'int2',
   prosrc => 'gist_stratnum_identity' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+{ oid => '788', descr => 'ivm filetring ',
+  proname => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate', provolatile => 's', prorettype => 'bool',
+  proargtypes => 'oid tid oid', prosrc => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate' },
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index 94678e3834..396ad1bb4c 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 817b2ba0b6..3257e1adff 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										ParamListInfo params, QueryCompletion *qc);
 
@@ -30,4 +33,10 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid transientoid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(void);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Mon__4_Mar_2024_11_58_46_+0900_UaponF/qQhQrVCFt
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v30-0007-Add-DISTINCT-support-for-IVM.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v30-0007-Add-DISTINCT-support-for-IVM.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v30 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2023-05-31 09:59 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2023-05-31 09:59 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance.

To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and post-state of base
tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER trigger, and pre-update
states can be calculated by removing inserted tuples and appending deleted
tuples. Insterted tuples are filtered using the snapshot taken before
table modiication, and deleted tuples are contained in the old transition
table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c |    5 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c   |  681 ++++++++++++++
 src/backend/commands/matview.c    | 1466 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat   |   10 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h   |    4 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h    |    9 +
 6 files changed, 2140 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 70ab6e27a1..0de7ab6abe 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2819,6 +2820,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM();
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5097,6 +5099,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 	pgstat_progress_end_command();
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM();
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index 16a2fe65e6..08262100ea 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -32,15 +32,26 @@
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "access/xlog.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "optimizer/prep.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
 #include "parser/parse_clause.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
@@ -73,6 +84,12 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -282,6 +299,18 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -358,6 +387,27 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 
 		/* Restore userid and security context */
 		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		if (into->ivm)
+		{
+			Oid matviewOid = address.objectId;
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+			/*
+			 * Mark relisivm field, if it's a matview and into->ivm is true.
+			 */
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+
+			if (!into->skipData)
+			{
+				/* Create an index on incremental maintainable materialized view, if possible */
+				CreateIndexOnIMMV((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewRel);
+
+				/* Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view */
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewOid);
+			}
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+		}
 	}
 
 	return address;
@@ -635,3 +685,634 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid)
+{
+	Relids	relids = NULL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < 1)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, 0);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > 1 || rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	bms_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !bms_is_member(rte->relid, *relids))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, true);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, true);
+
+					*relids = bms_add_member(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_truncate_before" : "IVM_trigger_truncate_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * XXX: When using DELETE or UPDATE, we must use exclusive lock for now
+	 * because apply_old_delta(_with_count) uses ctid to identify the tuple
+	 * to be deleted/deleted, but doesn't work in concurrent situations.
+	 *
+	 * If the view doesn't have aggregate, distinct, or tuple duplicate,
+	 * then it would work even in concurrent situations. However, we don't have
+	 * any way to guarantee the view has a unique key before opening the IMMV
+	 * at the maintenance time because users may drop the unique index.
+	 */
+
+	if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->distinctClause)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_Aggref:
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attritubes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attritubes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+	Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNumber = InvalidRelFileNumber;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilelocatorSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+	key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList);
+	if (key_attnos)
+	{
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+			if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+				iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+				iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+				iparam->expr = NULL;
+				iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+				iparam->collation = NIL;
+				iparam->opclass = NIL;
+				iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+				iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+				iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+				index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+		ereport(NOTICE,
+				(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+						RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+				 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns. "),
+				 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames,
+								false))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  -1,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables's
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_pkey = true;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_pkey = (key_attnos != NULL);
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (!has_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(NULL, query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *key_attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				key_attnos = bms_del_member(key_attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				if (bms_is_empty(key_attnos))
+				{
+					key_attnos_list = list_delete_nth_cell(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+					key_attnos_list = list_insert_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1, NULL);
+				}
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect RTE indexes of relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = get_relids_in_jointree((Node *) query->jointree, false, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index 59920ced83..a821992a37 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -25,26 +25,37 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_operator.h"
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
 #include "parser/parse_relation.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 
 typedef struct
@@ -58,6 +69,52 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	Snapshot	snapshot;	/* Snapshot just before table change */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+
+	Relation	rel;			/* relation of the modified table */
+	TupleTableSlot *slot;		/* for checking visibility in the pre-state table */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+
+static bool in_delta_calculation = false;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -65,7 +122,9 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
-									   const char *queryString);
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
+						 const char *queryString);
 static char *make_temptable_name_n(char *tempname, int n);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -73,6 +132,37 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid);
+static RangeTblEntry *replace_rte_with_delta(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table, bool is_new,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -114,6 +204,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -140,8 +270,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 {
 	Oid			matviewOid;
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -155,6 +283,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	/* Determine strength of lock needed. */
 	concurrent = stmt->concurrent;
@@ -178,6 +307,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
 						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
 	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
 
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
@@ -199,32 +329,9 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 				 errmsg("%s and %s options cannot be used together",
 						"CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -259,12 +366,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -292,6 +393,74 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete IMMV triggers. */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && stmt->skipData )
+	{
+		Relation	tgRel;
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		tgRel = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* search triggers that depends on IMMV. */
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->classid == TriggerRelationId)
+			{
+				HeapTuple	tgtup;
+				ScanKeyData tgkey[1];
+				SysScanDesc tgscan;
+				Form_pg_trigger tgform;
+
+				/* Find the trigger name. */
+				ScanKeyInit(&tgkey[0],
+							Anum_pg_trigger_oid,
+							BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+							ObjectIdGetDatum(foundDep->objid));
+
+				tgscan = systable_beginscan(tgRel, TriggerOidIndexId, true,
+											NULL, 1, tgkey);
+				tgtup = systable_getnext(tgscan);
+				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tgtup))
+					elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for immv trigger %u", foundDep->objid);
+
+				tgform = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(tgtup);
+
+				/* If trigger is created by IMMV, delete it. */
+				if (strncmp(NameStr(tgform->tgname), "IVM_trigger_", 12) == 0)
+				{
+					obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+					obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+					obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+					add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+				}
+				systable_endscan(tgscan);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		table_close(tgRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -305,7 +474,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 
 	/* Generate the data, if wanted. */
 	if (!stmt->skipData)
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString);
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL, queryString);
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
 	if (concurrent)
@@ -340,6 +509,12 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 			pgstat_count_heap_insert(matviewRel, processed);
 	}
 
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(dataQuery, matviewRel);
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid);
+	}
+
 	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
 
 	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
@@ -374,6 +549,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -410,7 +587,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -420,6 +597,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -953,3 +1133,1219 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Get a snapshot just before the table was modified for checking
+		 * tuple visibility in the pre-update state of the table.
+		 */
+		Snapshot snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(snapshot);
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_maintenance
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		table->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel), table_slot_callbacks(rel));
+		table->rel = table_open(RelationGetRelid(rel), NoLock);
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Get and push the latast snapshot to see any changes which is committed
+	 * during waiting in other transactions at READ COMMITTED level.
+	 */
+	PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/*
+	 * When a base table is truncated, the view content will be empty if the
+	 * view definition query does not contain an aggregate without a GROUP clause.
+	 * Therefore, such views can be truncated.
+	 */
+	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_TRUNCATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+	{
+		ExecuteTruncateGuts(list_make1(matviewRel), list_make1_oid(matviewOid),
+							NIL, DROP_RESTRICT, false, false);
+
+		/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+		clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+		table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+		/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+		AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+		/* Restore userid and security context */
+		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  pstate, matviewOid);
+	/* Rewrite for counting duplicated tuples */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_counting(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				List *securityQuals;
+				List *withCheckOptions;
+				bool  hasRowSecurity;
+				bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+				RangeTblEntry *rte_pre = get_prestate_rte(r, table, pstate->p_queryEnv, matviewid);
+
+				/*
+				 * Set a row security poslicies of the modified table to the subquery RTE which
+				 * represents the pre-update state of the table.
+				 */
+				get_row_security_policies(query, table->original_rte, i,
+										  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+										  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+				if (hasRowSecurity)
+				{
+					query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+					rte_pre->security_barrier = true;
+				}
+				if (hasSubLinks)
+					query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+				rte_pre->securityQuals = securityQuals;
+				lfirst(lc) = rte_pre;
+
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#define DatumGetItemPointer(X)	 ((ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(n) DatumGetItemPointer(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+/*
+ * ivm_visible_in_prestate
+ *
+ * Check visibility of a tuple specified by the tableoid and item pointer
+ * using the snapshot taken just before the table was modified.
+ */
+Datum
+ivm_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Oid			tableoid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
+	ItemPointer itemPtr = PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(1);
+	Oid			matviewOid = PG_GETARG_OID(2);
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table = NULL;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	result;
+
+	if (!in_delta_calculation)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("ivm_visible_in_prestate can be called only in delta calculation")));
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == tableoid)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	Assert (table != NULL);
+
+	result = table_tuple_fetch_row_version(table->rel, itemPtr, entry->snapshot, table->slot);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *subquery;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can use NoLock here since AcquireRewriteLocks should
+	 * have locked the relation already.
+	 */
+	rel = table_open(table->table_id, NoLock);
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(rel));
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Filtering inserted row using the snapshot taken before the table
+	 * is modified. ctid is required for maintaining outer join views.
+	 */
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT t.* FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE pg_catalog.ivm_visible_in_prestate(t.tableoid, t.ctid ,%d::pg_catalog.oid)",
+			relname, matviewid);
+
+	/*
+	 * Append deleted rows contained in old transition tables.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+		appendStringInfo(&str," SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+	}
+
+	/* Get a subquery representing pre-state of the table */
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	subquery = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = subquery;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->perminfoindex = 0;         /* no permission checking for this RTE */
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * replace_rte_with_delta
+ *
+ * Replace RTE of the modified table with a single table delta that combine its
+ * all transition tables.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+replace_rte_with_delta(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table, bool is_new,
+					   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	Oid relid = table->table_id;
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int		num_tuplestores = list_length(is_new ? table->new_tuplestores : table->old_tuplestores);
+	int		i;
+
+	/* the previous RTE must be a subquery which represents "pre-state" table */
+	Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY);
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_tuplestores; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(is_new ? "new" : "old", relid, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the subquery so that it represent the combined transition
+	 * table.  Note that we leave the security_barrier and securityQuals
+	 * fields so that the subquery relation can be protected by the RLS
+	 * policy as same as the modified table.
+	 */
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_counting
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting duplicated tuples.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(SystemFuncName("count"), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	in_delta_calculation = true;
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		replace_rte_with_delta(rte, table, false, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "");
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (list_length(table->new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		replace_rte_with_delta(rte, table, true, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "");
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, attr);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT pg_catalog.row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, pg_catalog.generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\")"
+							" AS __ivm_generate_series__ "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be_qualified(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * transaction abort.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM()
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, true);
+	}
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+		if (!is_abort)
+		{
+			ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(table->slot);
+			table_close(table->rel, NoLock);
+		}
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+
+	if (!is_abort)
+		UnregisterSnapshot(entry->snapshot);
+
+	hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index 9c120fc2b7..e111f11bf5 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12174,4 +12174,14 @@
   proargtypes => 'int2',
   prosrc => 'gist_stratnum_identity' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+{ oid => '788', descr => 'ivm filetring ',
+  proname => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate', provolatile => 's', prorettype => 'bool',
+  proargtypes => 'oid tid oid', prosrc => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate' },
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index 94678e3834..396ad1bb4c 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 817b2ba0b6..3257e1adff 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										ParamListInfo params, QueryCompletion *qc);
 
@@ -30,4 +33,10 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid transientoid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(void);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Mon__4_Mar_2024_11_58_46_+0900_UaponF/qQhQrVCFt
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v30-0007-Add-DISTINCT-support-for-IVM.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v30-0007-Add-DISTINCT-support-for-IVM.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v30 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2023-05-31 09:59 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2023-05-31 09:59 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance.

To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and post-state of base
tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER trigger, and pre-update
states can be calculated by removing inserted tuples and appending deleted
tuples. Insterted tuples are filtered using the snapshot taken before
table modiication, and deleted tuples are contained in the old transition
table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c |    5 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c   |  681 ++++++++++++++
 src/backend/commands/matview.c    | 1466 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat   |   10 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h   |    4 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h    |    9 +
 6 files changed, 2140 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 70ab6e27a1..0de7ab6abe 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2819,6 +2820,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM();
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5097,6 +5099,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 	pgstat_progress_end_command();
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM();
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index 16a2fe65e6..08262100ea 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -32,15 +32,26 @@
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "access/xlog.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "optimizer/prep.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
 #include "parser/parse_clause.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
@@ -73,6 +84,12 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -282,6 +299,18 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -358,6 +387,27 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 
 		/* Restore userid and security context */
 		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		if (into->ivm)
+		{
+			Oid matviewOid = address.objectId;
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+			/*
+			 * Mark relisivm field, if it's a matview and into->ivm is true.
+			 */
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+
+			if (!into->skipData)
+			{
+				/* Create an index on incremental maintainable materialized view, if possible */
+				CreateIndexOnIMMV((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewRel);
+
+				/* Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view */
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables((Query *) into->viewQuery, matviewOid);
+			}
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+		}
 	}
 
 	return address;
@@ -635,3 +685,634 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid)
+{
+	Relids	relids = NULL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < 1)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, 0);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > 1 || rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	bms_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 Relids *relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !bms_is_member(rte->relid, *relids))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, true);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, true);
+
+					*relids = bms_add_member(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_truncate_before" : "IVM_trigger_truncate_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * XXX: When using DELETE or UPDATE, we must use exclusive lock for now
+	 * because apply_old_delta(_with_count) uses ctid to identify the tuple
+	 * to be deleted/deleted, but doesn't work in concurrent situations.
+	 *
+	 * If the view doesn't have aggregate, distinct, or tuple duplicate,
+	 * then it would work even in concurrent situations. However, we don't have
+	 * any way to guarantee the view has a unique key before opening the IMMV
+	 * at the maintenance time because users may drop the unique index.
+	 */
+
+	if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->distinctClause)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_Aggref:
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attritubes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attritubes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+	Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNumber = InvalidRelFileNumber;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilelocatorSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+	key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList);
+	if (key_attnos)
+	{
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+			if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+				iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+				iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+				iparam->expr = NULL;
+				iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+				iparam->collation = NIL;
+				iparam->opclass = NIL;
+				iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+				iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+				iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+				index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+		ereport(NOTICE,
+				(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+						RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+				 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns. "),
+				 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames,
+								false))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  -1,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables's
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_pkey = true;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_pkey = (key_attnos != NULL);
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (!has_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(NULL, query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *key_attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				key_attnos = bms_del_member(key_attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				if (bms_is_empty(key_attnos))
+				{
+					key_attnos_list = list_delete_nth_cell(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+					key_attnos_list = list_insert_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1, NULL);
+				}
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect RTE indexes of relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = get_relids_in_jointree((Node *) query->jointree, false, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index 59920ced83..a821992a37 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -25,26 +25,37 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_operator.h"
 #include "commands/cluster.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
 #include "parser/parse_relation.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
 #include "storage/smgr.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 
 typedef struct
@@ -58,6 +69,52 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	Snapshot	snapshot;	/* Snapshot just before table change */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+
+	Relation	rel;			/* relation of the modified table */
+	TupleTableSlot *slot;		/* for checking visibility in the pre-state table */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+
+static bool in_delta_calculation = false;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -65,7 +122,9 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
-									   const char *queryString);
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
+						 const char *queryString);
 static char *make_temptable_name_n(char *tempname, int n);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -73,6 +132,37 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid);
+static RangeTblEntry *replace_rte_with_delta(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table, bool is_new,
+		   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -114,6 +204,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -140,8 +270,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 {
 	Oid			matviewOid;
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -155,6 +283,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	/* Determine strength of lock needed. */
 	concurrent = stmt->concurrent;
@@ -178,6 +307,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
 						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
 	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
 
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
@@ -199,32 +329,9 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 				 errmsg("%s and %s options cannot be used together",
 						"CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -259,12 +366,6 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -292,6 +393,74 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete IMMV triggers. */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && stmt->skipData )
+	{
+		Relation	tgRel;
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		tgRel = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* search triggers that depends on IMMV. */
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->classid == TriggerRelationId)
+			{
+				HeapTuple	tgtup;
+				ScanKeyData tgkey[1];
+				SysScanDesc tgscan;
+				Form_pg_trigger tgform;
+
+				/* Find the trigger name. */
+				ScanKeyInit(&tgkey[0],
+							Anum_pg_trigger_oid,
+							BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+							ObjectIdGetDatum(foundDep->objid));
+
+				tgscan = systable_beginscan(tgRel, TriggerOidIndexId, true,
+											NULL, 1, tgkey);
+				tgtup = systable_getnext(tgscan);
+				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tgtup))
+					elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for immv trigger %u", foundDep->objid);
+
+				tgform = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(tgtup);
+
+				/* If trigger is created by IMMV, delete it. */
+				if (strncmp(NameStr(tgform->tgname), "IVM_trigger_", 12) == 0)
+				{
+					obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+					obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+					obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+					add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+				}
+				systable_endscan(tgscan);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		table_close(tgRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -305,7 +474,7 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 
 	/* Generate the data, if wanted. */
 	if (!stmt->skipData)
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString);
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL, queryString);
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
 	if (concurrent)
@@ -340,6 +509,12 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 			pgstat_count_heap_insert(matviewRel, processed);
 	}
 
+	if (!stmt->skipData && RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(dataQuery, matviewRel);
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid);
+	}
+
 	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
 
 	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
@@ -374,6 +549,8 @@ ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -410,7 +587,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -420,6 +597,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -953,3 +1133,1219 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Get a snapshot just before the table was modified for checking
+		 * tuple visibility in the pre-update state of the table.
+		 */
+		Snapshot snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(snapshot);
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_maintenance
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		table->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel), table_slot_callbacks(rel));
+		table->rel = table_open(RelationGetRelid(rel), NoLock);
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Get and push the latast snapshot to see any changes which is committed
+	 * during waiting in other transactions at READ COMMITTED level.
+	 */
+	PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/*
+	 * When a base table is truncated, the view content will be empty if the
+	 * view definition query does not contain an aggregate without a GROUP clause.
+	 * Therefore, such views can be truncated.
+	 */
+	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_TRUNCATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+	{
+		ExecuteTruncateGuts(list_make1(matviewRel), list_make1_oid(matviewOid),
+							NIL, DROP_RESTRICT, false, false);
+
+		/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+		clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+		table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+		/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+		AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+		/* Restore userid and security context */
+		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  pstate, matviewOid);
+	/* Rewrite for counting duplicated tuples */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_counting(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				List *securityQuals;
+				List *withCheckOptions;
+				bool  hasRowSecurity;
+				bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+				RangeTblEntry *rte_pre = get_prestate_rte(r, table, pstate->p_queryEnv, matviewid);
+
+				/*
+				 * Set a row security poslicies of the modified table to the subquery RTE which
+				 * represents the pre-update state of the table.
+				 */
+				get_row_security_policies(query, table->original_rte, i,
+										  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+										  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+				if (hasRowSecurity)
+				{
+					query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+					rte_pre->security_barrier = true;
+				}
+				if (hasSubLinks)
+					query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+				rte_pre->securityQuals = securityQuals;
+				lfirst(lc) = rte_pre;
+
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#define DatumGetItemPointer(X)	 ((ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(n) DatumGetItemPointer(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+/*
+ * ivm_visible_in_prestate
+ *
+ * Check visibility of a tuple specified by the tableoid and item pointer
+ * using the snapshot taken just before the table was modified.
+ */
+Datum
+ivm_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Oid			tableoid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
+	ItemPointer itemPtr = PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(1);
+	Oid			matviewOid = PG_GETARG_OID(2);
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table = NULL;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	result;
+
+	if (!in_delta_calculation)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("ivm_visible_in_prestate can be called only in delta calculation")));
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == tableoid)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	Assert (table != NULL);
+
+	result = table_tuple_fetch_row_version(table->rel, itemPtr, entry->snapshot, table->slot);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *subquery;
+	Relation rel;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	/*
+	 * We can use NoLock here since AcquireRewriteLocks should
+	 * have locked the relation already.
+	 */
+	rel = table_open(table->table_id, NoLock);
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(rel));
+	table_close(rel, NoLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Filtering inserted row using the snapshot taken before the table
+	 * is modified. ctid is required for maintaining outer join views.
+	 */
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT t.* FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE pg_catalog.ivm_visible_in_prestate(t.tableoid, t.ctid ,%d::pg_catalog.oid)",
+			relname, matviewid);
+
+	/*
+	 * Append deleted rows contained in old transition tables.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+		appendStringInfo(&str," SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+	}
+
+	/* Get a subquery representing pre-state of the table */
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	subquery = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = subquery;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->perminfoindex = 0;         /* no permission checking for this RTE */
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * replace_rte_with_delta
+ *
+ * Replace RTE of the modified table with a single table delta that combine its
+ * all transition tables.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+replace_rte_with_delta(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table, bool is_new,
+					   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	Oid relid = table->table_id;
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int		num_tuplestores = list_length(is_new ? table->new_tuplestores : table->old_tuplestores);
+	int		i;
+
+	/* the previous RTE must be a subquery which represents "pre-state" table */
+	Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY);
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_tuplestores; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" SELECT * FROM %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(is_new ? "new" : "old", relid, i));
+	}
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the subquery so that it represent the combined transition
+	 * table.  Note that we leave the security_barrier and securityQuals
+	 * fields so that the subquery relation can be protected by the RLS
+	 * policy as same as the modified table.
+	 */
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_counting
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting duplicated tuples.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(SystemFuncName("count"), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	in_delta_calculation = true;
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		replace_rte_with_delta(rte, table, false, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "");
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (list_length(table->new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		replace_rte_with_delta(rte, table, true, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "");
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, attr);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT pg_catalog.row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, pg_catalog.generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\")"
+							" AS __ivm_generate_series__ "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be_qualified(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * transaction abort.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM()
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, true);
+	}
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+		if (!is_abort)
+		{
+			ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(table->slot);
+			table_close(table->rel, NoLock);
+		}
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+
+	if (!is_abort)
+		UnregisterSnapshot(entry->snapshot);
+
+	hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index 9c120fc2b7..e111f11bf5 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12174,4 +12174,14 @@
   proargtypes => 'int2',
   prosrc => 'gist_stratnum_identity' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+{ oid => '788', descr => 'ivm filetring ',
+  proname => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate', provolatile => 's', prorettype => 'bool',
+  proargtypes => 'oid tid oid', prosrc => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate' },
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index 94678e3834..396ad1bb4c 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 817b2ba0b6..3257e1adff 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										ParamListInfo params, QueryCompletion *qc);
 
@@ -30,4 +33,10 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid transientoid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(void);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
-- 
2.25.1


--Multipart=_Mon__4_Mar_2024_11_58_46_+0900_UaponF/qQhQrVCFt
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v30-0007-Add-DISTINCT-support-for-IVM.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v30-0007-Add-DISTINCT-support-for-IVM.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v39 5/8] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2026-05-29 09:05 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2026-05-29 09:05 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c        | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c | 30 ++++++++++++++++++------------
 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index fef86b4cca3..5b7bf626c32 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1580,6 +1580,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1594,7 +1595,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	/* Get general table info */
 	printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, "/* %s */\n",
 					  _("Get general information about one relation"));
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 200000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		appendPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1662,6 +1682,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 200000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3670,6 +3694,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
index e4bc2c93145..6dfad8a8102 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
@@ -1320,6 +1320,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -4242,28 +4243,33 @@ match_previous_words(int pattern_id,
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS or USING */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
-		COMPLETE_WITH("AS", "USING");
 
+	/* Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS or USING */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+		COMPLETE_WITH("AS", "USING");
 	/*
-	 * Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING with list of access
-	 * methods
+	 * Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING with list
+	 * of access methods
 	 */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH_QUERY(Query_for_list_of_table_access_methods);
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING <access method> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING <am> with AS */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
-
 	/*
-	 * Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> [USING <access method> ] AS
+	 * Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> [USING <am>] AS
 	 * with "SELECT"
 	 */
 	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
-			 Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS"))
+			 Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Fri__3_Jul_2026_19_11_16_+0900_CskxSIu_iGcDMEyM
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v39-0004-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v39-0004-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v39 5/8] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2026-05-29 09:05 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2026-05-29 09:05 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c        | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c | 30 ++++++++++++++++++------------
 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index fef86b4cca3..5b7bf626c32 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1580,6 +1580,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1594,7 +1595,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	/* Get general table info */
 	printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, "/* %s */\n",
 					  _("Get general information about one relation"));
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 200000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		appendPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1662,6 +1682,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 200000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3670,6 +3694,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
index e4bc2c93145..6dfad8a8102 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
@@ -1320,6 +1320,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -4242,28 +4243,33 @@ match_previous_words(int pattern_id,
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS or USING */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
-		COMPLETE_WITH("AS", "USING");
 
+	/* Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS or USING */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+		COMPLETE_WITH("AS", "USING");
 	/*
-	 * Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING with list of access
-	 * methods
+	 * Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING with list
+	 * of access methods
 	 */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH_QUERY(Query_for_list_of_table_access_methods);
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING <access method> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING <am> with AS */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
-
 	/*
-	 * Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> [USING <access method> ] AS
+	 * Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> [USING <am>] AS
 	 * with "SELECT"
 	 */
 	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
-			 Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS"))
+			 Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Fri__3_Jul_2026_19_11_16_+0900_CskxSIu_iGcDMEyM
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v39-0004-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v39-0004-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v37 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2026-05-29 09:05 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2026-05-29 09:05 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c        | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c | 30 ++++++++++++++++++------------
 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index e1449654f96..2321f66d871 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1634,6 +1634,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1648,7 +1649,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	/* Get general table info */
 	printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, "/* %s */\n",
 					  _("Get general information about one relation"));
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 200000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		appendPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1768,6 +1788,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 200000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3830,6 +3854,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
index de547a8cb37..590e33833f2 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
@@ -1334,6 +1334,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -4254,28 +4255,33 @@ match_previous_words(int pattern_id,
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS or USING */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
-		COMPLETE_WITH("AS", "USING");
 
+	/* Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS or USING */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+		COMPLETE_WITH("AS", "USING");
 	/*
-	 * Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING with list of access
-	 * methods
+	 * Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING with list
+	 * of access methods
 	 */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH_QUERY(Query_for_list_of_table_access_methods);
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING <access method> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING <am> with AS */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
-
 	/*
-	 * Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> [USING <access method> ] AS
+	 * Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> [USING <am>] AS
 	 * with "SELECT"
 	 */
 	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
-			 Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS"))
+			 Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Fri__29_May_2026_23_14_17_+0900_Te0o73X2VqYK57Gd
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v37-0004-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v37-0004-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v38 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2026-05-29 09:05 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2026-05-29 09:05 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c        | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c | 30 ++++++++++++++++++------------
 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index af3935b0078..ad5c8274af0 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1634,6 +1634,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1648,7 +1649,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	/* Get general table info */
 	printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, "/* %s */\n",
 					  _("Get general information about one relation"));
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 200000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		appendPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1768,6 +1788,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 200000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3830,6 +3854,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
index 46b9add0604..e5ef41710a0 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
@@ -1334,6 +1334,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -4256,28 +4257,33 @@ match_previous_words(int pattern_id,
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS or USING */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
-		COMPLETE_WITH("AS", "USING");
 
+	/* Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS or USING */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+		COMPLETE_WITH("AS", "USING");
 	/*
-	 * Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING with list of access
-	 * methods
+	 * Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING with list
+	 * of access methods
 	 */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH_QUERY(Query_for_list_of_table_access_methods);
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING <access method> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING <am> with AS */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
-
 	/*
-	 * Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> [USING <access method> ] AS
+	 * Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> [USING <am>] AS
 	 * with "SELECT"
 	 */
 	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
-			 Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS"))
+			 Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Wed__1_Jul_2026_00_04_01_+0900_OVSy2WWK_9aByzDJ
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v38-0004-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v38-0004-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v39 5/8] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2026-05-29 09:05 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2026-05-29 09:05 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c        | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c | 30 ++++++++++++++++++------------
 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index fef86b4cca3..5b7bf626c32 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1580,6 +1580,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1594,7 +1595,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	/* Get general table info */
 	printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, "/* %s */\n",
 					  _("Get general information about one relation"));
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 200000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		appendPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1662,6 +1682,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 200000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3670,6 +3694,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
index e4bc2c93145..6dfad8a8102 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
@@ -1320,6 +1320,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -4242,28 +4243,33 @@ match_previous_words(int pattern_id,
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS or USING */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
-		COMPLETE_WITH("AS", "USING");
 
+	/* Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS or USING */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+		COMPLETE_WITH("AS", "USING");
 	/*
-	 * Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING with list of access
-	 * methods
+	 * Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING with list
+	 * of access methods
 	 */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH_QUERY(Query_for_list_of_table_access_methods);
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING <access method> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING <am> with AS */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
-
 	/*
-	 * Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> [USING <access method> ] AS
+	 * Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> [USING <am>] AS
 	 * with "SELECT"
 	 */
 	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
-			 Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS"))
+			 Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Fri__3_Jul_2026_19_11_16_+0900_CskxSIu_iGcDMEyM
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v39-0004-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v39-0004-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v37 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2026-05-29 09:05 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2026-05-29 09:05 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c        | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c | 30 ++++++++++++++++++------------
 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index e1449654f96..2321f66d871 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1634,6 +1634,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1648,7 +1649,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	/* Get general table info */
 	printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, "/* %s */\n",
 					  _("Get general information about one relation"));
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 200000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		appendPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1768,6 +1788,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 200000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3830,6 +3854,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
index de547a8cb37..590e33833f2 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
@@ -1334,6 +1334,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -4254,28 +4255,33 @@ match_previous_words(int pattern_id,
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS or USING */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
-		COMPLETE_WITH("AS", "USING");
 
+	/* Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS or USING */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+		COMPLETE_WITH("AS", "USING");
 	/*
-	 * Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING with list of access
-	 * methods
+	 * Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING with list
+	 * of access methods
 	 */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH_QUERY(Query_for_list_of_table_access_methods);
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING <access method> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING <am> with AS */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
-
 	/*
-	 * Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> [USING <access method> ] AS
+	 * Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> [USING <am>] AS
 	 * with "SELECT"
 	 */
 	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
-			 Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS"))
+			 Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Fri__29_May_2026_23_14_17_+0900_Te0o73X2VqYK57Gd
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v37-0004-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v37-0004-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v38 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2026-05-29 09:05 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2026-05-29 09:05 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c        | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c | 30 ++++++++++++++++++------------
 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index af3935b0078..ad5c8274af0 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1634,6 +1634,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1648,7 +1649,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	/* Get general table info */
 	printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, "/* %s */\n",
 					  _("Get general information about one relation"));
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 200000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		appendPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1768,6 +1788,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 200000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3830,6 +3854,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
index 46b9add0604..e5ef41710a0 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
@@ -1334,6 +1334,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -4256,28 +4257,33 @@ match_previous_words(int pattern_id,
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS or USING */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
-		COMPLETE_WITH("AS", "USING");
 
+	/* Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS or USING */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+		COMPLETE_WITH("AS", "USING");
 	/*
-	 * Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING with list of access
-	 * methods
+	 * Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING with list
+	 * of access methods
 	 */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH_QUERY(Query_for_list_of_table_access_methods);
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING <access method> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING <am> with AS */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
-
 	/*
-	 * Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> [USING <access method> ] AS
+	 * Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> [USING <am>] AS
 	 * with "SELECT"
 	 */
 	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
-			 Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS"))
+			 Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Wed__1_Jul_2026_00_04_01_+0900_OVSy2WWK_9aByzDJ
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v38-0004-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v38-0004-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v37 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2026-05-29 09:05 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2026-05-29 09:05 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c        | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c | 30 ++++++++++++++++++------------
 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index e1449654f96..2321f66d871 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1634,6 +1634,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1648,7 +1649,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	/* Get general table info */
 	printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, "/* %s */\n",
 					  _("Get general information about one relation"));
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 200000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		appendPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1768,6 +1788,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 200000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3830,6 +3854,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
index de547a8cb37..590e33833f2 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
@@ -1334,6 +1334,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -4254,28 +4255,33 @@ match_previous_words(int pattern_id,
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS or USING */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
-		COMPLETE_WITH("AS", "USING");
 
+	/* Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS or USING */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+		COMPLETE_WITH("AS", "USING");
 	/*
-	 * Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING with list of access
-	 * methods
+	 * Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING with list
+	 * of access methods
 	 */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH_QUERY(Query_for_list_of_table_access_methods);
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING <access method> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING <am> with AS */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
-
 	/*
-	 * Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> [USING <access method> ] AS
+	 * Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> [USING <am>] AS
 	 * with "SELECT"
 	 */
 	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
-			 Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS"))
+			 Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Fri__29_May_2026_23_14_17_+0900_Te0o73X2VqYK57Gd
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v37-0004-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v37-0004-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v38 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql
@ 2026-05-29 09:05 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2026-05-29 09:05 UTC (permalink / raw)

Add tab completion and meta-command output for IVM.
---
 src/bin/psql/describe.c        | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c | 30 ++++++++++++++++++------------
 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bin/psql/describe.c b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
index af3935b0078..ad5c8274af0 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/describe.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/describe.c
@@ -1634,6 +1634,7 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 		char		relpersistence;
 		char		relreplident;
 		char	   *relam;
+		bool		isivm;
 	}			tableinfo;
 	bool		show_column_details = false;
 
@@ -1648,7 +1649,26 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 	/* Get general table info */
 	printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, "/* %s */\n",
 					  _("Get general information about one relation"));
-	if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
+	if (pset.sversion >= 200000)
+	{
+		printfPQExpBuffer(&buf,
+						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
+						  "c.relhastriggers, c.relrowsecurity, c.relforcerowsecurity, "
+						  "false AS relhasoids, c.relispartition, %s, c.reltablespace, "
+						  "CASE WHEN c.reloftype = 0 THEN '' ELSE c.reloftype::pg_catalog.regtype::pg_catalog.text END, "
+						  "c.relpersistence, c.relreplident, am.amname, "
+						  "c.relisivm\n"
+						  "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c\n "
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class tc ON (c.reltoastrelid = tc.oid)\n"
+						  "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (c.relam = am.oid)\n"
+						  "WHERE c.oid = '%s';",
+						  (verbose ?
+						   "pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.reloptions || "
+						   "array(select 'toast.' || x from pg_catalog.unnest(tc.reloptions) x), ', ')\n"
+						   : "''"),
+						  oid);
+	}
+	else if (pset.sversion >= 120000)
 	{
 		appendPQExpBuffer(&buf,
 						  "SELECT c.relchecks, c.relkind, c.relhasindex, c.relhasrules, "
@@ -1768,6 +1788,10 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			NULL : pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 14));
 	else
 		tableinfo.relam = NULL;
+	if (pset.sversion >= 200000)
+		tableinfo.isivm = strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 15), "t") == 0;
+	else
+		tableinfo.isivm = false;
 	PQclear(res);
 	res = NULL;
 
@@ -3830,6 +3854,12 @@ describeOneTableDetails(const char *schemaname,
 			printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, _("Access method: %s"), tableinfo.relam);
 			printTableAddFooter(&cont, buf.data);
 		}
+
+		/* Incremental view maintance info */
+		if (verbose && tableinfo.relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && tableinfo.isivm)
+		{
+			printTableAddFooter(&cont, _("Incremental view maintenance: yes"));
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* reloptions, if verbose */
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
index 46b9add0604..e5ef41710a0 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
@@ -1334,6 +1334,7 @@ static const pgsql_thing_t words_after_create[] = {
 	{"FOREIGN TABLE", NULL, NULL, NULL},
 	{"FUNCTION", NULL, NULL, Query_for_list_of_functions},
 	{"GROUP", Query_for_list_of_roles},
+	{"INCREMENTAL MATERIALIZED VIEW", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_matviews, NULL, THING_NO_DROP | THING_NO_ALTER},
 	{"INDEX", NULL, NULL, &Query_for_list_of_indexes},
 	{"LANGUAGE", Query_for_list_of_languages},
 	{"LARGE OBJECT", NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, THING_NO_CREATE | THING_NO_DROP},
@@ -4256,28 +4257,33 @@ match_previous_words(int pattern_id,
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("VIEW");
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS or USING */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
-		COMPLETE_WITH("AS", "USING");
 
+	/* Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> with AS or USING */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny))
+		COMPLETE_WITH("AS", "USING");
 	/*
-	 * Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING with list of access
-	 * methods
+	 * Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING with list
+	 * of access methods
 	 */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING"))
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH_QUERY(Query_for_list_of_table_access_methods);
-	/* Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING <access method> with AS */
-	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny))
+	/* Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> USING <am> with AS */
+	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny) ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("AS");
-
 	/*
-	 * Complete CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> [USING <access method> ] AS
+	 * Complete CREATE [INCREMENTAL] MATERIALIZED VIEW <name> [USING <am>] AS
 	 * with "SELECT"
 	 */
 	else if (Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
-			 Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS"))
+			 Matches("CREATE", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "AS") ||
+			 Matches("CREATE", "INCREMENTAL", "MATERIALIZED", "VIEW", MatchAny, "USING", MatchAny, "AS"))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("SELECT");
 
 /* CREATE EVENT TRIGGER */
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Wed__1_Jul_2026_00_04_01_+0900_OVSy2WWK_9aByzDJ
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v38-0004-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v38-0004-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-pg_d.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v38 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2026-05-29 09:06 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2026-05-29 09:06 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance.

To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and post-state of base
tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER trigger, and pre-update
states can be calculated by removing inserted tuples and appending deleted
tuples. Insterted tuples are filtered using the snapshot taken before
table modification, and deleted tuples are contained in the old transition
table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c             |    8 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c               |  709 +++++++
 src/backend/commands/matview.c                | 1835 ++++++++++++++++-
 src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c              |    4 +
 .../utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt       |    1 +
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat               |   10 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h               |    4 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h                |   11 +
 src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h              |    1 +
 src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h           |    3 +
 10 files changed, 2548 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 3a89149016f..0e6cb5493d2 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2322,6 +2323,9 @@ CommitTransaction(void)
 	CallXactCallbacks(is_parallel_worker ? XACT_EVENT_PARALLEL_PRE_COMMIT
 					  : XACT_EVENT_PRE_COMMIT);
 
+	/* Store the transaction ID that updated the view incrementally */
+	AtPreCommit_IVM();
+
 	/*
 	 * If this xact has started any unfinished parallel operation, clean up
 	 * its workers, warning about leaked resources.  (But we don't actually
@@ -2973,6 +2977,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM(InvalidSubTransactionId);
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5304,6 +5309,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM(s->subTransactionId);
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index 6dbb831ca89..a499688b79d 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -29,18 +29,32 @@
 #include "access/tableam.h"
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_am_d.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "executor/execdesc.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
+#include "miscadmin.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/queryjumble.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "optimizer/prep.h"
 #include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
@@ -70,6 +84,12 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 List **relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -277,6 +297,18 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		into->skipData = true;
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -287,15 +319,36 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		 */
 		address = create_ctas_nodata(query->targetList, into);
 
+		/*
+		 * For IVM, mark the matview before refresh so RelationIsIVM()
+		 * returns true inside RefreshMatViewByOid.
+		 */
+		if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+		{
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(address.objectId, NoLock);
+
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+			CommandCounterIncrement();
+		}
+
 		/*
 		 * For materialized views, reuse the REFRESH logic, which locks down
 		 * security-restricted operations and restricts the search_path.  This
 		 * reduces the chance that a subsequent refresh will fail.
 		 */
 		if (do_refresh)
+		{
 			RefreshMatViewByOid(address.objectId, true, false, false,
 								pstate->p_sourcetext, qc);
 
+			if (is_matview && into->ivm && IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+				ereport(WARNING,
+						(errmsg("inconsistent view can be created in isolation level SERIALIZABLE or REPEATABLE READ"),
+						 errdetail("The view may not include effects of a concurrent transaction."),
+						 errhint("The view with incremental maintenance should be created in isolation level READ COMMITTED, "
+								 "or refreshed manually to make sure the view is consistent.")));
+		}
 	}
 	else
 	{
@@ -635,3 +688,659 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid)
+{
+	List   *relids = NIL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < 1)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, 0);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > 1 || rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	list_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 List **relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !list_member_oid(*relids, rte->relid))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, true);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, true);
+
+					*relids = lappend_oid(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_truncate_before" : "IVM_trigger_truncate_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * XXX: When using DELETE or UPDATE, we must use exclusive lock for now
+	 * because apply_old_delta(_with_count) uses ctid to identify the tuple
+	 * to be deleted/deleted, but doesn't work in concurrent situations.
+	 *
+	 * If the view doesn't have aggregate, distinct, or tuple duplicate,
+	 * then it would work even in concurrent situations. However, we don't have
+	 * any way to guarantee the view has a unique key before opening the IMMV
+	 * at the maintenance time because users may drop the unique index.
+	 */
+
+	if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->distinctClause)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* check if type in the target list had an equality operator */
+				foreach(lc, qry->targetList)
+				{
+					TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+					Oid             atttype = exprType((Node *) tle->expr);
+					Oid             opclass;
+
+					opclass = GetDefaultOpClass(atttype, BTREE_AM_OID);
+					if (!OidIsValid(opclass))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
+								 errmsg("data type %s has no default operator class for access method \"%s\"",
+									format_type_be(atttype), "btree")));
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_Aggref:
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attributes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attributes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+	Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNumber = InvalidRelFileNumber;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilelocatorSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+	key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList);
+	if (key_attnos)
+	{
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+			if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+				iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+				iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+				iparam->expr = NULL;
+				iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+				iparam->collation = NIL;
+				iparam->opclass = NIL;
+				iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+				iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+				iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+				index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+		ereport(NOTICE,
+				(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+						RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+				 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns. "),
+				 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames,
+								false))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(NULL,
+						  RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  -1,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables'
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_no_pkey = false;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_no_pkey = (key_attnos == NULL);
+		}
+		/*
+		 * Ignore join rels, because they are flatten later by
+		 * flatten_join_alias_vars(). Store NULL into key_attnos_list
+		 * as a dummy.
+		 */
+		 else if (r->rtekind == RTE_JOIN)
+		 {
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			has_no_pkey = true;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (has_no_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(NULL, query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *key_attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				key_attnos = bms_del_member(key_attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				if (bms_is_empty(key_attnos))
+				{
+					key_attnos_list = list_delete_nth_cell(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+					key_attnos_list = list_insert_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1, NULL);
+				}
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect RTE indexes of relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = get_relids_in_jointree((Node *) query->jointree, false, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index f7d8007f796..eaf39f80cd3 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -23,24 +23,36 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/repack.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
+#include "parser/parse_relation.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
+#include "storage/lwlock.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
-
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 typedef struct
 {
@@ -53,6 +65,97 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	Snapshot	snapshot;	/* Snapshot just before table change */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+
+	/*
+	 * List of sub-transaction IDs that incrementally updated the view.
+	 * This list is maintained through a transaction, and an ID is removed
+	 * when a sub-transaction is aborted. If any ID is left when the
+	 * transaction is committed, this means the view is incrementally
+	 * updated in this transaction.
+	 */
+	List   *subxids;
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+
+	Relation	rel;			/* relation of the modified table */
+	TupleTableSlot *slot;		/* for checking visibility in the pre-state table */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+typedef struct DroppedImmvInfo
+{
+	Oid					immv_oid;
+	SubTransactionId	subxid;
+} DroppedImmvInfo;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+static HTAB *dropped_immv = NULL;
+
+static HTAB *LastIvmUpdateHash;
+
+#define LAST_IVM_UPDATE_HASH_SIZE 256
+
+static void IvmShmemRequest(void *arg);
+
+/* hash table entries */
+typedef struct LastIvmUpdateEntry
+{
+	Oid		oid;	/* hash key */
+	FullTransactionId	last_ivm_update;
+} LastIvmUpdateEntry;
+
+const ShmemCallbacks IvmShmemCallbacks = {
+	.request_fn = IvmShmemRequest,
+};
+
+static void
+IvmShmemRequest(void *arg)
+{
+	ShmemRequestHash(.name = "LastIvmUpdate hash",
+					 .nelems = LAST_IVM_UPDATE_HASH_SIZE,
+					 .ptr = &LastIvmUpdateHash,
+					 .hash_info.keysize = sizeof(Oid),
+					 .hash_info.entrysize = sizeof(LastIvmUpdateEntry),
+					 .hash_flags = HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS,
+		);
+}
+
+static bool in_delta_calculation = false;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -60,6 +163,8 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+									   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+									   TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 									   const char *queryString, bool is_create);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -67,6 +172,41 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(MV_TriggerTable *table);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid);
+static RangeTblEntry *makeDeltaTable(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+									 bool is_new, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort,
+									SubTransactionId subxid);
+static void setLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid, FullTransactionId xid);
+static FullTransactionId getLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -108,6 +248,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -166,8 +346,6 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 					QueryCompletion *qc)
 {
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -178,6 +356,7 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
 	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
@@ -193,6 +372,8 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	RestrictSearchPath();
 
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
+
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
 		ereport(ERROR,
@@ -213,32 +394,7 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 				 errmsg("%s options %s and %s cannot be used together",
 						"REFRESH", "CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -275,12 +431,6 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -310,6 +460,90 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete IMMV triggers. */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && skipData)
+	{
+		Relation	tgRel;
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		tgRel = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* search triggers that depends on IMMV. */
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->classid == TriggerRelationId)
+			{
+				HeapTuple	tgtup;
+				ScanKeyData tgkey[1];
+				SysScanDesc tgscan;
+				Form_pg_trigger tgform;
+
+				/* Find the trigger name. */
+				ScanKeyInit(&tgkey[0],
+							Anum_pg_trigger_oid,
+							BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+							ObjectIdGetDatum(foundDep->objid));
+
+				tgscan = systable_beginscan(tgRel, TriggerOidIndexId, true,
+											NULL, 1, tgkey);
+				tgtup = systable_getnext(tgscan);
+				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tgtup))
+					elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for immv trigger %u", foundDep->objid);
+
+				tgform = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(tgtup);
+
+				/* If trigger is created by IMMV, delete it. */
+				if (strncmp(NameStr(tgform->tgname), "IVM_trigger_", 12) == 0)
+				{
+					obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+					obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+					obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+					add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+				}
+				systable_endscan(tgscan);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		table_close(tgRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view
+	 * This argument should use 'dataQuery'. This needs to use a rewritten query,
+	 * because a sublink in jointree is not supported by this function.
+	 *
+	 * This is performed before generating data because we have to wait
+	 * concurrent transactions modifying a base table and then take a snapshot
+	 * to see changes by these transactions to make sure a consistent view
+	 * is created.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !skipData && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid);
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(dataQuery, matviewRel);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -326,8 +560,43 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 		DestReceiver *dest;
 
 		dest = CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(OIDNewHeap);
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString,
-											 is_create);
+
+		if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel))
+		{
+			/*
+			 * In READ COMMITTED, get and push the latest snapshot again to see the
+			 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+			 * transaction started.
+			 */
+			if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+				PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+			/*
+			 * If a concurrent transaction updated the view incrementally and was
+			 * committed before we acquired the lock, the results of refresh_immv could
+			 * be inconsistent. Therefore, we have to check the transaction ID of the
+			 * most recent update of the view, and if this was in progress at the
+			 * transaction start, raise an error to prevent anomalies.
+			 */
+			if (!is_create)
+			{
+				FullTransactionId xid;
+
+				xid = getLastUpdateXid(matviewOid);
+				if (XidInMVCCSnapshot(XidFromFullTransactionId(xid), GetActiveSnapshot()))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
+							 errmsg("the materialized view is incrementally updated in concurrent transaction"),
+							 errhint("The transaction might succeed if retried.")));
+			}
+		}
+
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL,
+											 queryString, is_create);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			PopActiveSnapshot();
 	}
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
@@ -402,6 +671,8 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString, bool is_create)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -439,7 +710,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -449,6 +720,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -967,3 +1241,1488 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		FullTransactionId xid;
+
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Even if we can acquire an lock, a concurrent transaction could have
+		 * updated the view incrementally and been committed before we acquired
+		 * the lock. Therefore, we have to check the transaction ID of the most
+		 * recent update of the view, and if this was in progress at the
+		 * transaction start, raise an error to prevent anomalies.
+		 */
+		xid = getLastUpdateXid(matviewOid);
+		if (XidInMVCCSnapshot(XidFromFullTransactionId(xid), GetTransactionSnapshot()))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
+					 errmsg("the materialized view is incrementally updated in concurrent transaction"),
+					 errhint("The transaction might succeed if retried.")));
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found || entry->snapshot == InvalidSnapshot)
+	{
+		Snapshot snapshot;
+
+		/*
+		 * Get a snapshot just before the table was modified for checking
+		 * tuple visibility in the pre-update state of the table.
+		 *
+		 * In READ COMMITTED, use the latest snapshot again to see the
+		 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+		 * transaction started.
+		 */
+		if (IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+		else
+			snapshot = GetTransactionSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(snapshot);
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+
+		/*
+		 * If this is the first table modifying query in the transaction,
+		 * initialize the list of subxids.
+		 */
+		if (!found)
+			entry->subxids = NIL;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_maintenance
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+	SubTransactionId subxid;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		table->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel), table_slot_callbacks(rel));
+		/* We assume we have at least RowExclusiveLock on modified tables. */
+		table->rel = table_open(RelationGetRelid(rel), NoLock);
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/* record the subxid that updated the view incrementally */
+	subxid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
+	if (!list_member_xid(entry->subxids, subxid))
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		entry->subxids = lappend_xid(entry->subxids, subxid);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table rows locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * In READ COMMITTED, get and push the latest snapshot again to see the
+	 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+	 * transaction started.
+	 */
+	if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+		PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/*
+	 * When a base table is truncated, the view content will be empty if the
+	 * view definition query does not contain an aggregate without a GROUP clause.
+	 * Therefore, such views can be truncated.
+	 */
+	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_TRUNCATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+	{
+		ExecuteTruncateGuts(list_make1(matviewRel), list_make1_oid(matviewOid),
+							NIL, DROP_RESTRICT, false, false);
+
+		/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+		clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false, InvalidSubTransactionId);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+		table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+		/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+		AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+		/* Restore userid and security context */
+		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  pstate, matviewOid);
+	/* Rewrite for counting duplicated tuples */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_counting(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false, InvalidSubTransactionId);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+		PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				List *securityQuals;
+				List *withCheckOptions;
+				bool  hasRowSecurity;
+				bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+				RangeTblEntry *rte_pre = get_prestate_rte(r, table, pstate->p_queryEnv, matviewid);
+
+				/*
+				 * Set a row security poslicies of the modified table to the subquery RTE which
+				 * represents the pre-update state of the table.
+				 */
+				get_row_security_policies(query, table->original_rte, i,
+										  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+										  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+				if (hasRowSecurity)
+				{
+					query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+					rte_pre->security_barrier = true;
+				}
+				if (hasSubLinks)
+					query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+				rte_pre->securityQuals = securityQuals;
+				lfirst(lc) = rte_pre;
+
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#define DatumGetItemPointer(X)	 ((ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(n) DatumGetItemPointer(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+/*
+ * ivm_visible_in_prestate
+ *
+ * Check visibility of a tuple specified by the tableoid and item pointer
+ * using the snapshot taken just before the table was modified.
+ */
+Datum
+ivm_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Oid			tableoid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
+	ItemPointer itemPtr = PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(1);
+	Oid			matviewOid = PG_GETARG_OID(2);
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table = NULL;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	result;
+
+	if (!in_delta_calculation)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("ivm_visible_in_prestate can be called only in delta calculation")));
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == tableoid)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	Assert (table != NULL);
+
+	result = table_tuple_fetch_row_version(table->rel, itemPtr, entry->snapshot, table->slot);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *subquery;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	static char *subquery_tl;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(table->rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(table->rel));
+
+	subquery_tl = make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(table);
+
+	/*
+	 * Filtering inserted row using the snapshot taken before the table
+	 * is modified. ctid is required for maintaining outer join views.
+	 */
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT %s FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE pg_catalog.ivm_visible_in_prestate(t.tableoid, t.ctid ,%d::pg_catalog.oid)",
+			subquery_tl, relname, matviewid);
+
+	/*
+	 * Re-add rows deleted from the old transition tables, excluding those
+	 * also present in the new transition tables.
+	 */
+	if (list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str," UNION ALL SELECT %s  FROM (",
+			subquery_tl);
+
+		for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+		{
+			if (i != 0)
+				appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+			appendStringInfo(&str," TABLE %s",
+				make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+		}
+		for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->new_tuplestores); i++)
+		{
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " EXCEPT ALL ");
+			appendStringInfo(&str," TABLE %s",
+				make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, i));
+		}
+		appendStringInfo(&str,")");
+	}
+
+	/* Get a subquery representing pre-state of the table */
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	subquery = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = subquery;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->perminfoindex = 0;         /* no permission checking for this RTE */
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_subquery_targetlist_from_table
+ *
+ * Make a targetlist string of a subquery representing a delta table or a
+ * pre-update state table. This subquery substitutes a modified table RTE
+ * in the view definition query during view maintenance. In the targetlist,
+ * column names appear in order of the table definition. However, for
+ * attribute numbers of vars in the query tree to reference columns of the
+ * subquery  correctly even though the table has a dropped column, put "null"
+ * as a dummy value at the position of a dropped column.
+ *
+ * We would also able to walk the query tree to rewrite varattnos, but
+ * crafting targetlist is more simple and reasonable.
+ */
+static char*
+make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(MV_TriggerTable *table)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
+	int			i;
+
+	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(table->rel);
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	for (i = 0; i < tupdesc->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(tupdesc, i);
+
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+		if (attr->attisdropped)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, "null");
+		else
+			appendStringInfo(&str, "%s", quote_identifier(NameStr(attr->attname)));
+	}
+
+	return str.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * makeDeltaTable
+ *
+ * Make a RTE representing a delta of the specified table.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+makeDeltaTable(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+		   bool is_new, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int		i;
+
+	const char *prefix_union = is_new ? "new" : "old";
+	const char *prefix_except = is_new ? "old" : "new";
+	int num_union = is_new ? list_length(table->new_tuplestores) : list_length(table->old_tuplestores);
+	int num_except = is_new ? list_length(table->old_tuplestores) : list_length(table->new_tuplestores);
+
+	/* the previous RTE must be a subquery which represents "pre-state" table */
+	Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY);
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_NONE;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		" SELECT %s FROM ( ",
+		make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(table));
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_union; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" TABLE  %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix_union, table->table_id, i));
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < num_except; i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " EXCEPT ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" TABLE  %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix_except, table->table_id, i));
+	}
+	appendStringInfo(&str,")");
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the subquery so that it represent the combined transition
+	 * table.  Note that we leave the security_barrier and securityQuals
+	 * fields so that the subquery relation can be protected by the RLS
+	 * policy as same as the modified table.
+	 */
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_counting
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting duplicated tuples.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(SystemFuncName("count"), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	in_delta_calculation = true;
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (dest_old && list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		lfirst(lc) = makeDeltaTable(rte, table, false, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "", false);
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (dest_new && list_length(table->new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		lfirst(lc) = makeDeltaTable(rte, table, true, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "", false);
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, attr);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT pg_catalog.row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, pg_catalog.generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\")"
+							" AS __ivm_generate_series__ "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be_qualified(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(DroppedImmvInfo);
+	dropped_immv = hash_create("Dropped IMMVs", 16,
+							   &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * (sub-)transaction abort. When the top-level transaction is aborted,
+ * InvalidSubTransactionId is set to subxid.
+ *
+ * Also, remove dropped IMMV information if it is aborted.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM(SubTransactionId subxid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, true, subxid);
+	}
+
+	if (dropped_immv)
+	{
+		DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, dropped_immv);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			if (subxid == InvalidSubTransactionId || subxid == entry->subxid)
+				hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtPreCommit_IVM
+ *
+ * Record the transaction ID that updated the view incrementally.
+ * Also, remove the entry for dropped IMMVs.
+ */
+void
+AtPreCommit_IVM(void)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+		/*
+		 * Record the transaction ID that udpate the view incrementally,
+		 * and perform the final clean up of the entry.
+		 */
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			setLastUpdateXid(entry->matview_id, GetTopFullTransactionId());
+			hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (dropped_immv)
+	{
+		DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+
+		LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, dropped_immv);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+			hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+		LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished. This is called at the end of table modifying query
+ * or (sub-)transaction abort. When the top-level transaction is aborted,
+ * InvalidSubTransactionId is set to subxid.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort,
+						SubTransactionId subxid)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* clean up tuple stores */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+		if (!is_abort)
+		{
+			ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(table->slot);
+			table_close(table->rel, NoLock);
+		}
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+	entry->tables = NIL;
+
+	if (is_abort)
+	{
+		bool	remove_entry = false;
+
+		/*
+		 * When the top-level transaction is aborted, remove all subxids.
+		 * When a sub-transaction is aborted, remove only its subxid.
+		 */
+		if (subxid == InvalidSubTransactionId)
+			remove_entry = true;
+		else
+		{
+			foreach(lc, entry->subxids)
+			{
+				if (lfirst_xid(lc) == subxid)
+				{
+					entry->subxids = list_delete_cell(entry->subxids, lc);
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			/*
+			 * If all the subxid are removed, it means that the view was not
+			 * updated at all in this transaction.
+			 */
+			if (list_length(entry->subxids) == 0)
+				remove_entry = true;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Remove entries of not updated views from the hash table.
+		 */
+		if (remove_entry)
+			hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* When the query sucsessully finished, unregister the snapshot */
+		UnregisterSnapshot(entry->snapshot);
+	}
+
+	entry->snapshot = InvalidSnapshot;
+}
+
+/*
+ * setLastUpdateXid
+ *
+ * Store the transaction ID that updated the view incremenally.
+ */
+static void
+setLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid, FullTransactionId xid)
+{
+	LastIvmUpdateEntry *entry;
+
+	LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+	entry = (LastIvmUpdateEntry *) hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_ENTER, NULL);
+	entry->oid = immv_oid;
+	entry->last_ivm_update = xid;
+	LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+}
+
+/*
+ * getLastUpdateXid
+ *
+ * Get the most recent transaction ID that updated the view incrementally.
+ */
+static FullTransactionId
+getLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid)
+{
+	FullTransactionId xid = InvalidFullTransactionId;
+	LastIvmUpdateEntry *entry;
+	bool found;
+
+	LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_SHARED);
+	entry = (LastIvmUpdateEntry *) hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_FIND, &found);
+	LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+	if (found)
+		xid = entry->last_ivm_update;
+
+	return xid;
+}
+
+void
+removeImmv(Oid immv_oid)
+{
+	DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+
+	if (!dropped_immv)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (DroppedImmvInfo *) hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_ENTER, NULL);
+	entry->subxid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
index 472db112fa7..920b62d254d 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
 #include "commands/extension.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/repack.h"
 #include "commands/sequence.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
@@ -1811,6 +1812,9 @@ RangeVarCallbackForDropRelation(const RangeVar *rel, Oid relOid, Oid oldRelOid,
 	state->actual_relkind = classform->relkind;
 	state->actual_relpersistence = classform->relpersistence;
 
+	if (classform->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && classform->relisivm)
+		removeImmv(relOid);
+
 	/*
 	 * Both RELKIND_RELATION and RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE are OBJECT_TABLE,
 	 * but RemoveRelations() can only pass one relkind for a given relation.
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt b/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
index 560659f9568..d97c35eeef0 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
@@ -370,6 +370,7 @@ WaitLSN	"Waiting to read or update shared Wait-for-LSN state."
 LogicalDecodingControl	"Waiting to read or update logical decoding status information."
 DataChecksumsWorker	"Waiting for data checksums worker."
 AioWorkerControl	"Waiting to update AIO worker information."
+IvmControl	"Waiting for read or update IMMV information.."
 
 #
 # END OF PREDEFINED LWLOCKS (DO NOT CHANGE THIS LINE)
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index 73bb7fbb430..88399513f87 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12698,4 +12698,14 @@
   proname => 'hashoid8extended', prorettype => 'int8',
   proargtypes => 'oid8 int8', prosrc => 'hashoid8extended' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+{ oid => '788', descr => 'ivm filetring ',
+  proname => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate', provolatile => 's', prorettype => 'bool',
+  proargtypes => 'oid tid oid', prosrc => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate' },
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index f895c67c0c2..c286ebcd70e 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 738c731c1a9..f1dbfc052c5 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										QueryCompletion *qc);
 extern ObjectAddress RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
@@ -33,4 +36,12 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid transientoid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(SubTransactionId subtxid);
+extern void AtPreCommit_IVM(void);
+extern void removeImmv(Oid immv_oid);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
diff --git a/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h b/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
index d7eb648bd27..756c63baf97 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ PG_LWLOCK(54, WaitLSN)
 PG_LWLOCK(55, LogicalDecodingControl)
 PG_LWLOCK(56, DataChecksumsWorker)
 PG_LWLOCK(57, AioWorkerControl)
+PG_LWLOCK(58, IvmControl)
 
 /*
  * There also exist several built-in LWLock tranches.  As with the predefined
diff --git a/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h b/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
index 9ad619080be..481e15d00a1 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
@@ -88,3 +88,6 @@ PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(DataChecksumsShmemCallbacks)
 
 /* AIO subsystem. This delegates to the method-specific callbacks */
 PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(AioShmemCallbacks)
+
+/* Incremental View Maintenance */
+PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(IvmShmemCallbacks)
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Wed__1_Jul_2026_00_04_01_+0900_OVSy2WWK_9aByzDJ
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v38-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v38-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v38 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2026-05-29 09:06 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2026-05-29 09:06 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance.

To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and post-state of base
tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER trigger, and pre-update
states can be calculated by removing inserted tuples and appending deleted
tuples. Insterted tuples are filtered using the snapshot taken before
table modification, and deleted tuples are contained in the old transition
table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c             |    8 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c               |  709 +++++++
 src/backend/commands/matview.c                | 1835 ++++++++++++++++-
 src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c              |    4 +
 .../utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt       |    1 +
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat               |   10 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h               |    4 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h                |   11 +
 src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h              |    1 +
 src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h           |    3 +
 10 files changed, 2548 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 3a89149016f..0e6cb5493d2 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2322,6 +2323,9 @@ CommitTransaction(void)
 	CallXactCallbacks(is_parallel_worker ? XACT_EVENT_PARALLEL_PRE_COMMIT
 					  : XACT_EVENT_PRE_COMMIT);
 
+	/* Store the transaction ID that updated the view incrementally */
+	AtPreCommit_IVM();
+
 	/*
 	 * If this xact has started any unfinished parallel operation, clean up
 	 * its workers, warning about leaked resources.  (But we don't actually
@@ -2973,6 +2977,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM(InvalidSubTransactionId);
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5304,6 +5309,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM(s->subTransactionId);
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index 6dbb831ca89..a499688b79d 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -29,18 +29,32 @@
 #include "access/tableam.h"
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_am_d.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "executor/execdesc.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
+#include "miscadmin.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/queryjumble.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "optimizer/prep.h"
 #include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
@@ -70,6 +84,12 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 List **relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -277,6 +297,18 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		into->skipData = true;
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -287,15 +319,36 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		 */
 		address = create_ctas_nodata(query->targetList, into);
 
+		/*
+		 * For IVM, mark the matview before refresh so RelationIsIVM()
+		 * returns true inside RefreshMatViewByOid.
+		 */
+		if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+		{
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(address.objectId, NoLock);
+
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+			CommandCounterIncrement();
+		}
+
 		/*
 		 * For materialized views, reuse the REFRESH logic, which locks down
 		 * security-restricted operations and restricts the search_path.  This
 		 * reduces the chance that a subsequent refresh will fail.
 		 */
 		if (do_refresh)
+		{
 			RefreshMatViewByOid(address.objectId, true, false, false,
 								pstate->p_sourcetext, qc);
 
+			if (is_matview && into->ivm && IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+				ereport(WARNING,
+						(errmsg("inconsistent view can be created in isolation level SERIALIZABLE or REPEATABLE READ"),
+						 errdetail("The view may not include effects of a concurrent transaction."),
+						 errhint("The view with incremental maintenance should be created in isolation level READ COMMITTED, "
+								 "or refreshed manually to make sure the view is consistent.")));
+		}
 	}
 	else
 	{
@@ -635,3 +688,659 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid)
+{
+	List   *relids = NIL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < 1)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, 0);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > 1 || rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	list_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 List **relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !list_member_oid(*relids, rte->relid))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, true);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, true);
+
+					*relids = lappend_oid(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_truncate_before" : "IVM_trigger_truncate_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * XXX: When using DELETE or UPDATE, we must use exclusive lock for now
+	 * because apply_old_delta(_with_count) uses ctid to identify the tuple
+	 * to be deleted/deleted, but doesn't work in concurrent situations.
+	 *
+	 * If the view doesn't have aggregate, distinct, or tuple duplicate,
+	 * then it would work even in concurrent situations. However, we don't have
+	 * any way to guarantee the view has a unique key before opening the IMMV
+	 * at the maintenance time because users may drop the unique index.
+	 */
+
+	if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->distinctClause)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* check if type in the target list had an equality operator */
+				foreach(lc, qry->targetList)
+				{
+					TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+					Oid             atttype = exprType((Node *) tle->expr);
+					Oid             opclass;
+
+					opclass = GetDefaultOpClass(atttype, BTREE_AM_OID);
+					if (!OidIsValid(opclass))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
+								 errmsg("data type %s has no default operator class for access method \"%s\"",
+									format_type_be(atttype), "btree")));
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_Aggref:
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attributes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attributes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+	Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNumber = InvalidRelFileNumber;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilelocatorSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+	key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList);
+	if (key_attnos)
+	{
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+			if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+				iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+				iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+				iparam->expr = NULL;
+				iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+				iparam->collation = NIL;
+				iparam->opclass = NIL;
+				iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+				iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+				iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+				index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+		ereport(NOTICE,
+				(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+						RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+				 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns. "),
+				 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames,
+								false))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(NULL,
+						  RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  -1,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables'
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_no_pkey = false;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_no_pkey = (key_attnos == NULL);
+		}
+		/*
+		 * Ignore join rels, because they are flatten later by
+		 * flatten_join_alias_vars(). Store NULL into key_attnos_list
+		 * as a dummy.
+		 */
+		 else if (r->rtekind == RTE_JOIN)
+		 {
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			has_no_pkey = true;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (has_no_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(NULL, query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *key_attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				key_attnos = bms_del_member(key_attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				if (bms_is_empty(key_attnos))
+				{
+					key_attnos_list = list_delete_nth_cell(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+					key_attnos_list = list_insert_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1, NULL);
+				}
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect RTE indexes of relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = get_relids_in_jointree((Node *) query->jointree, false, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index f7d8007f796..eaf39f80cd3 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -23,24 +23,36 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/repack.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
+#include "parser/parse_relation.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
+#include "storage/lwlock.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
-
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 typedef struct
 {
@@ -53,6 +65,97 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	Snapshot	snapshot;	/* Snapshot just before table change */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+
+	/*
+	 * List of sub-transaction IDs that incrementally updated the view.
+	 * This list is maintained through a transaction, and an ID is removed
+	 * when a sub-transaction is aborted. If any ID is left when the
+	 * transaction is committed, this means the view is incrementally
+	 * updated in this transaction.
+	 */
+	List   *subxids;
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+
+	Relation	rel;			/* relation of the modified table */
+	TupleTableSlot *slot;		/* for checking visibility in the pre-state table */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+typedef struct DroppedImmvInfo
+{
+	Oid					immv_oid;
+	SubTransactionId	subxid;
+} DroppedImmvInfo;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+static HTAB *dropped_immv = NULL;
+
+static HTAB *LastIvmUpdateHash;
+
+#define LAST_IVM_UPDATE_HASH_SIZE 256
+
+static void IvmShmemRequest(void *arg);
+
+/* hash table entries */
+typedef struct LastIvmUpdateEntry
+{
+	Oid		oid;	/* hash key */
+	FullTransactionId	last_ivm_update;
+} LastIvmUpdateEntry;
+
+const ShmemCallbacks IvmShmemCallbacks = {
+	.request_fn = IvmShmemRequest,
+};
+
+static void
+IvmShmemRequest(void *arg)
+{
+	ShmemRequestHash(.name = "LastIvmUpdate hash",
+					 .nelems = LAST_IVM_UPDATE_HASH_SIZE,
+					 .ptr = &LastIvmUpdateHash,
+					 .hash_info.keysize = sizeof(Oid),
+					 .hash_info.entrysize = sizeof(LastIvmUpdateEntry),
+					 .hash_flags = HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS,
+		);
+}
+
+static bool in_delta_calculation = false;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -60,6 +163,8 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+									   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+									   TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 									   const char *queryString, bool is_create);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -67,6 +172,41 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(MV_TriggerTable *table);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid);
+static RangeTblEntry *makeDeltaTable(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+									 bool is_new, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort,
+									SubTransactionId subxid);
+static void setLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid, FullTransactionId xid);
+static FullTransactionId getLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -108,6 +248,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -166,8 +346,6 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 					QueryCompletion *qc)
 {
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -178,6 +356,7 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
 	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
@@ -193,6 +372,8 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	RestrictSearchPath();
 
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
+
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
 		ereport(ERROR,
@@ -213,32 +394,7 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 				 errmsg("%s options %s and %s cannot be used together",
 						"REFRESH", "CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -275,12 +431,6 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -310,6 +460,90 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete IMMV triggers. */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && skipData)
+	{
+		Relation	tgRel;
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		tgRel = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* search triggers that depends on IMMV. */
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->classid == TriggerRelationId)
+			{
+				HeapTuple	tgtup;
+				ScanKeyData tgkey[1];
+				SysScanDesc tgscan;
+				Form_pg_trigger tgform;
+
+				/* Find the trigger name. */
+				ScanKeyInit(&tgkey[0],
+							Anum_pg_trigger_oid,
+							BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+							ObjectIdGetDatum(foundDep->objid));
+
+				tgscan = systable_beginscan(tgRel, TriggerOidIndexId, true,
+											NULL, 1, tgkey);
+				tgtup = systable_getnext(tgscan);
+				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tgtup))
+					elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for immv trigger %u", foundDep->objid);
+
+				tgform = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(tgtup);
+
+				/* If trigger is created by IMMV, delete it. */
+				if (strncmp(NameStr(tgform->tgname), "IVM_trigger_", 12) == 0)
+				{
+					obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+					obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+					obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+					add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+				}
+				systable_endscan(tgscan);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		table_close(tgRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view
+	 * This argument should use 'dataQuery'. This needs to use a rewritten query,
+	 * because a sublink in jointree is not supported by this function.
+	 *
+	 * This is performed before generating data because we have to wait
+	 * concurrent transactions modifying a base table and then take a snapshot
+	 * to see changes by these transactions to make sure a consistent view
+	 * is created.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !skipData && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid);
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(dataQuery, matviewRel);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -326,8 +560,43 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 		DestReceiver *dest;
 
 		dest = CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(OIDNewHeap);
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString,
-											 is_create);
+
+		if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel))
+		{
+			/*
+			 * In READ COMMITTED, get and push the latest snapshot again to see the
+			 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+			 * transaction started.
+			 */
+			if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+				PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+			/*
+			 * If a concurrent transaction updated the view incrementally and was
+			 * committed before we acquired the lock, the results of refresh_immv could
+			 * be inconsistent. Therefore, we have to check the transaction ID of the
+			 * most recent update of the view, and if this was in progress at the
+			 * transaction start, raise an error to prevent anomalies.
+			 */
+			if (!is_create)
+			{
+				FullTransactionId xid;
+
+				xid = getLastUpdateXid(matviewOid);
+				if (XidInMVCCSnapshot(XidFromFullTransactionId(xid), GetActiveSnapshot()))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
+							 errmsg("the materialized view is incrementally updated in concurrent transaction"),
+							 errhint("The transaction might succeed if retried.")));
+			}
+		}
+
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL,
+											 queryString, is_create);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			PopActiveSnapshot();
 	}
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
@@ -402,6 +671,8 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString, bool is_create)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -439,7 +710,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -449,6 +720,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -967,3 +1241,1488 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		FullTransactionId xid;
+
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Even if we can acquire an lock, a concurrent transaction could have
+		 * updated the view incrementally and been committed before we acquired
+		 * the lock. Therefore, we have to check the transaction ID of the most
+		 * recent update of the view, and if this was in progress at the
+		 * transaction start, raise an error to prevent anomalies.
+		 */
+		xid = getLastUpdateXid(matviewOid);
+		if (XidInMVCCSnapshot(XidFromFullTransactionId(xid), GetTransactionSnapshot()))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
+					 errmsg("the materialized view is incrementally updated in concurrent transaction"),
+					 errhint("The transaction might succeed if retried.")));
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found || entry->snapshot == InvalidSnapshot)
+	{
+		Snapshot snapshot;
+
+		/*
+		 * Get a snapshot just before the table was modified for checking
+		 * tuple visibility in the pre-update state of the table.
+		 *
+		 * In READ COMMITTED, use the latest snapshot again to see the
+		 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+		 * transaction started.
+		 */
+		if (IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+		else
+			snapshot = GetTransactionSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(snapshot);
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+
+		/*
+		 * If this is the first table modifying query in the transaction,
+		 * initialize the list of subxids.
+		 */
+		if (!found)
+			entry->subxids = NIL;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_maintenance
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+	SubTransactionId subxid;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		table->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel), table_slot_callbacks(rel));
+		/* We assume we have at least RowExclusiveLock on modified tables. */
+		table->rel = table_open(RelationGetRelid(rel), NoLock);
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/* record the subxid that updated the view incrementally */
+	subxid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
+	if (!list_member_xid(entry->subxids, subxid))
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		entry->subxids = lappend_xid(entry->subxids, subxid);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table rows locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * In READ COMMITTED, get and push the latest snapshot again to see the
+	 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+	 * transaction started.
+	 */
+	if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+		PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/*
+	 * When a base table is truncated, the view content will be empty if the
+	 * view definition query does not contain an aggregate without a GROUP clause.
+	 * Therefore, such views can be truncated.
+	 */
+	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_TRUNCATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+	{
+		ExecuteTruncateGuts(list_make1(matviewRel), list_make1_oid(matviewOid),
+							NIL, DROP_RESTRICT, false, false);
+
+		/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+		clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false, InvalidSubTransactionId);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+		table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+		/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+		AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+		/* Restore userid and security context */
+		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  pstate, matviewOid);
+	/* Rewrite for counting duplicated tuples */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_counting(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false, InvalidSubTransactionId);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+		PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				List *securityQuals;
+				List *withCheckOptions;
+				bool  hasRowSecurity;
+				bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+				RangeTblEntry *rte_pre = get_prestate_rte(r, table, pstate->p_queryEnv, matviewid);
+
+				/*
+				 * Set a row security poslicies of the modified table to the subquery RTE which
+				 * represents the pre-update state of the table.
+				 */
+				get_row_security_policies(query, table->original_rte, i,
+										  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+										  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+				if (hasRowSecurity)
+				{
+					query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+					rte_pre->security_barrier = true;
+				}
+				if (hasSubLinks)
+					query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+				rte_pre->securityQuals = securityQuals;
+				lfirst(lc) = rte_pre;
+
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#define DatumGetItemPointer(X)	 ((ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(n) DatumGetItemPointer(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+/*
+ * ivm_visible_in_prestate
+ *
+ * Check visibility of a tuple specified by the tableoid and item pointer
+ * using the snapshot taken just before the table was modified.
+ */
+Datum
+ivm_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Oid			tableoid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
+	ItemPointer itemPtr = PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(1);
+	Oid			matviewOid = PG_GETARG_OID(2);
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table = NULL;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	result;
+
+	if (!in_delta_calculation)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("ivm_visible_in_prestate can be called only in delta calculation")));
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == tableoid)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	Assert (table != NULL);
+
+	result = table_tuple_fetch_row_version(table->rel, itemPtr, entry->snapshot, table->slot);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *subquery;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	static char *subquery_tl;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(table->rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(table->rel));
+
+	subquery_tl = make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(table);
+
+	/*
+	 * Filtering inserted row using the snapshot taken before the table
+	 * is modified. ctid is required for maintaining outer join views.
+	 */
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT %s FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE pg_catalog.ivm_visible_in_prestate(t.tableoid, t.ctid ,%d::pg_catalog.oid)",
+			subquery_tl, relname, matviewid);
+
+	/*
+	 * Re-add rows deleted from the old transition tables, excluding those
+	 * also present in the new transition tables.
+	 */
+	if (list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str," UNION ALL SELECT %s  FROM (",
+			subquery_tl);
+
+		for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+		{
+			if (i != 0)
+				appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+			appendStringInfo(&str," TABLE %s",
+				make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+		}
+		for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->new_tuplestores); i++)
+		{
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " EXCEPT ALL ");
+			appendStringInfo(&str," TABLE %s",
+				make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, i));
+		}
+		appendStringInfo(&str,")");
+	}
+
+	/* Get a subquery representing pre-state of the table */
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	subquery = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = subquery;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->perminfoindex = 0;         /* no permission checking for this RTE */
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_subquery_targetlist_from_table
+ *
+ * Make a targetlist string of a subquery representing a delta table or a
+ * pre-update state table. This subquery substitutes a modified table RTE
+ * in the view definition query during view maintenance. In the targetlist,
+ * column names appear in order of the table definition. However, for
+ * attribute numbers of vars in the query tree to reference columns of the
+ * subquery  correctly even though the table has a dropped column, put "null"
+ * as a dummy value at the position of a dropped column.
+ *
+ * We would also able to walk the query tree to rewrite varattnos, but
+ * crafting targetlist is more simple and reasonable.
+ */
+static char*
+make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(MV_TriggerTable *table)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
+	int			i;
+
+	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(table->rel);
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	for (i = 0; i < tupdesc->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(tupdesc, i);
+
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+		if (attr->attisdropped)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, "null");
+		else
+			appendStringInfo(&str, "%s", quote_identifier(NameStr(attr->attname)));
+	}
+
+	return str.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * makeDeltaTable
+ *
+ * Make a RTE representing a delta of the specified table.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+makeDeltaTable(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+		   bool is_new, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int		i;
+
+	const char *prefix_union = is_new ? "new" : "old";
+	const char *prefix_except = is_new ? "old" : "new";
+	int num_union = is_new ? list_length(table->new_tuplestores) : list_length(table->old_tuplestores);
+	int num_except = is_new ? list_length(table->old_tuplestores) : list_length(table->new_tuplestores);
+
+	/* the previous RTE must be a subquery which represents "pre-state" table */
+	Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY);
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_NONE;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		" SELECT %s FROM ( ",
+		make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(table));
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_union; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" TABLE  %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix_union, table->table_id, i));
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < num_except; i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " EXCEPT ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" TABLE  %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix_except, table->table_id, i));
+	}
+	appendStringInfo(&str,")");
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the subquery so that it represent the combined transition
+	 * table.  Note that we leave the security_barrier and securityQuals
+	 * fields so that the subquery relation can be protected by the RLS
+	 * policy as same as the modified table.
+	 */
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_counting
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting duplicated tuples.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(SystemFuncName("count"), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	in_delta_calculation = true;
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (dest_old && list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		lfirst(lc) = makeDeltaTable(rte, table, false, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "", false);
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (dest_new && list_length(table->new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		lfirst(lc) = makeDeltaTable(rte, table, true, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "", false);
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, attr);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT pg_catalog.row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, pg_catalog.generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\")"
+							" AS __ivm_generate_series__ "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be_qualified(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(DroppedImmvInfo);
+	dropped_immv = hash_create("Dropped IMMVs", 16,
+							   &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * (sub-)transaction abort. When the top-level transaction is aborted,
+ * InvalidSubTransactionId is set to subxid.
+ *
+ * Also, remove dropped IMMV information if it is aborted.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM(SubTransactionId subxid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, true, subxid);
+	}
+
+	if (dropped_immv)
+	{
+		DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, dropped_immv);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			if (subxid == InvalidSubTransactionId || subxid == entry->subxid)
+				hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtPreCommit_IVM
+ *
+ * Record the transaction ID that updated the view incrementally.
+ * Also, remove the entry for dropped IMMVs.
+ */
+void
+AtPreCommit_IVM(void)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+		/*
+		 * Record the transaction ID that udpate the view incrementally,
+		 * and perform the final clean up of the entry.
+		 */
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			setLastUpdateXid(entry->matview_id, GetTopFullTransactionId());
+			hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (dropped_immv)
+	{
+		DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+
+		LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, dropped_immv);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+			hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+		LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished. This is called at the end of table modifying query
+ * or (sub-)transaction abort. When the top-level transaction is aborted,
+ * InvalidSubTransactionId is set to subxid.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort,
+						SubTransactionId subxid)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* clean up tuple stores */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+		if (!is_abort)
+		{
+			ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(table->slot);
+			table_close(table->rel, NoLock);
+		}
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+	entry->tables = NIL;
+
+	if (is_abort)
+	{
+		bool	remove_entry = false;
+
+		/*
+		 * When the top-level transaction is aborted, remove all subxids.
+		 * When a sub-transaction is aborted, remove only its subxid.
+		 */
+		if (subxid == InvalidSubTransactionId)
+			remove_entry = true;
+		else
+		{
+			foreach(lc, entry->subxids)
+			{
+				if (lfirst_xid(lc) == subxid)
+				{
+					entry->subxids = list_delete_cell(entry->subxids, lc);
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			/*
+			 * If all the subxid are removed, it means that the view was not
+			 * updated at all in this transaction.
+			 */
+			if (list_length(entry->subxids) == 0)
+				remove_entry = true;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Remove entries of not updated views from the hash table.
+		 */
+		if (remove_entry)
+			hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* When the query sucsessully finished, unregister the snapshot */
+		UnregisterSnapshot(entry->snapshot);
+	}
+
+	entry->snapshot = InvalidSnapshot;
+}
+
+/*
+ * setLastUpdateXid
+ *
+ * Store the transaction ID that updated the view incremenally.
+ */
+static void
+setLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid, FullTransactionId xid)
+{
+	LastIvmUpdateEntry *entry;
+
+	LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+	entry = (LastIvmUpdateEntry *) hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_ENTER, NULL);
+	entry->oid = immv_oid;
+	entry->last_ivm_update = xid;
+	LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+}
+
+/*
+ * getLastUpdateXid
+ *
+ * Get the most recent transaction ID that updated the view incrementally.
+ */
+static FullTransactionId
+getLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid)
+{
+	FullTransactionId xid = InvalidFullTransactionId;
+	LastIvmUpdateEntry *entry;
+	bool found;
+
+	LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_SHARED);
+	entry = (LastIvmUpdateEntry *) hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_FIND, &found);
+	LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+	if (found)
+		xid = entry->last_ivm_update;
+
+	return xid;
+}
+
+void
+removeImmv(Oid immv_oid)
+{
+	DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+
+	if (!dropped_immv)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (DroppedImmvInfo *) hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_ENTER, NULL);
+	entry->subxid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
index 472db112fa7..920b62d254d 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
 #include "commands/extension.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/repack.h"
 #include "commands/sequence.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
@@ -1811,6 +1812,9 @@ RangeVarCallbackForDropRelation(const RangeVar *rel, Oid relOid, Oid oldRelOid,
 	state->actual_relkind = classform->relkind;
 	state->actual_relpersistence = classform->relpersistence;
 
+	if (classform->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && classform->relisivm)
+		removeImmv(relOid);
+
 	/*
 	 * Both RELKIND_RELATION and RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE are OBJECT_TABLE,
 	 * but RemoveRelations() can only pass one relkind for a given relation.
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt b/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
index 560659f9568..d97c35eeef0 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
@@ -370,6 +370,7 @@ WaitLSN	"Waiting to read or update shared Wait-for-LSN state."
 LogicalDecodingControl	"Waiting to read or update logical decoding status information."
 DataChecksumsWorker	"Waiting for data checksums worker."
 AioWorkerControl	"Waiting to update AIO worker information."
+IvmControl	"Waiting for read or update IMMV information.."
 
 #
 # END OF PREDEFINED LWLOCKS (DO NOT CHANGE THIS LINE)
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index 73bb7fbb430..88399513f87 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12698,4 +12698,14 @@
   proname => 'hashoid8extended', prorettype => 'int8',
   proargtypes => 'oid8 int8', prosrc => 'hashoid8extended' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+{ oid => '788', descr => 'ivm filetring ',
+  proname => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate', provolatile => 's', prorettype => 'bool',
+  proargtypes => 'oid tid oid', prosrc => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate' },
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index f895c67c0c2..c286ebcd70e 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 738c731c1a9..f1dbfc052c5 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										QueryCompletion *qc);
 extern ObjectAddress RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
@@ -33,4 +36,12 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid transientoid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(SubTransactionId subtxid);
+extern void AtPreCommit_IVM(void);
+extern void removeImmv(Oid immv_oid);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
diff --git a/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h b/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
index d7eb648bd27..756c63baf97 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ PG_LWLOCK(54, WaitLSN)
 PG_LWLOCK(55, LogicalDecodingControl)
 PG_LWLOCK(56, DataChecksumsWorker)
 PG_LWLOCK(57, AioWorkerControl)
+PG_LWLOCK(58, IvmControl)
 
 /*
  * There also exist several built-in LWLock tranches.  As with the predefined
diff --git a/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h b/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
index 9ad619080be..481e15d00a1 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
@@ -88,3 +88,6 @@ PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(DataChecksumsShmemCallbacks)
 
 /* AIO subsystem. This delegates to the method-specific callbacks */
 PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(AioShmemCallbacks)
+
+/* Incremental View Maintenance */
+PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(IvmShmemCallbacks)
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Wed__1_Jul_2026_00_04_01_+0900_OVSy2WWK_9aByzDJ
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v38-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v38-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v39 6/8] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2026-05-29 09:06 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2026-05-29 09:06 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance.

To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and post-state of base
tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER trigger, and pre-update
states can be calculated by removing inserted tuples and appending deleted
tuples. Insterted tuples are filtered using the snapshot taken before
table modification, and deleted tuples are contained in the old transition
table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c             |    8 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c               |  709 +++++++
 src/backend/commands/matview.c                | 1835 ++++++++++++++++-
 src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c              |    4 +
 .../utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt       |    1 +
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat               |   10 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h               |    4 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h                |   11 +
 src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h              |    1 +
 src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h           |    3 +
 10 files changed, 2548 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 3a89149016f..0e6cb5493d2 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2322,6 +2323,9 @@ CommitTransaction(void)
 	CallXactCallbacks(is_parallel_worker ? XACT_EVENT_PARALLEL_PRE_COMMIT
 					  : XACT_EVENT_PRE_COMMIT);
 
+	/* Store the transaction ID that updated the view incrementally */
+	AtPreCommit_IVM();
+
 	/*
 	 * If this xact has started any unfinished parallel operation, clean up
 	 * its workers, warning about leaked resources.  (But we don't actually
@@ -2973,6 +2977,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM(InvalidSubTransactionId);
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5304,6 +5309,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM(s->subTransactionId);
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index 6dbb831ca89..a499688b79d 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -29,18 +29,32 @@
 #include "access/tableam.h"
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_am_d.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "executor/execdesc.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
+#include "miscadmin.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/queryjumble.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "optimizer/prep.h"
 #include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
@@ -70,6 +84,12 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 List **relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -277,6 +297,18 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		into->skipData = true;
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -287,15 +319,36 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		 */
 		address = create_ctas_nodata(query->targetList, into);
 
+		/*
+		 * For IVM, mark the matview before refresh so RelationIsIVM()
+		 * returns true inside RefreshMatViewByOid.
+		 */
+		if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+		{
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(address.objectId, NoLock);
+
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+			CommandCounterIncrement();
+		}
+
 		/*
 		 * For materialized views, reuse the REFRESH logic, which locks down
 		 * security-restricted operations and restricts the search_path.  This
 		 * reduces the chance that a subsequent refresh will fail.
 		 */
 		if (do_refresh)
+		{
 			RefreshMatViewByOid(address.objectId, true, false, false,
 								pstate->p_sourcetext, qc);
 
+			if (is_matview && into->ivm && IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+				ereport(WARNING,
+						(errmsg("inconsistent view can be created in isolation level SERIALIZABLE or REPEATABLE READ"),
+						 errdetail("The view may not include effects of a concurrent transaction."),
+						 errhint("The view with incremental maintenance should be created in isolation level READ COMMITTED, "
+								 "or refreshed manually to make sure the view is consistent.")));
+		}
 	}
 	else
 	{
@@ -635,3 +688,659 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid)
+{
+	List   *relids = NIL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < 1)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, 0);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > 1 || rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	list_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 List **relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !list_member_oid(*relids, rte->relid))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, true);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, true);
+
+					*relids = lappend_oid(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_truncate_before" : "IVM_trigger_truncate_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * XXX: When using DELETE or UPDATE, we must use exclusive lock for now
+	 * because apply_old_delta(_with_count) uses ctid to identify the tuple
+	 * to be deleted/deleted, but doesn't work in concurrent situations.
+	 *
+	 * If the view doesn't have aggregate, distinct, or tuple duplicate,
+	 * then it would work even in concurrent situations. However, we don't have
+	 * any way to guarantee the view has a unique key before opening the IMMV
+	 * at the maintenance time because users may drop the unique index.
+	 */
+
+	if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->distinctClause)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* check if type in the target list had an equality operator */
+				foreach(lc, qry->targetList)
+				{
+					TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+					Oid             atttype = exprType((Node *) tle->expr);
+					Oid             opclass;
+
+					opclass = GetDefaultOpClass(atttype, BTREE_AM_OID);
+					if (!OidIsValid(opclass))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
+								 errmsg("data type %s has no default operator class for access method \"%s\"",
+									format_type_be(atttype), "btree")));
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_Aggref:
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attributes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attributes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+	Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNumber = InvalidRelFileNumber;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilelocatorSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+	key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList);
+	if (key_attnos)
+	{
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+			if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+				iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+				iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+				iparam->expr = NULL;
+				iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+				iparam->collation = NIL;
+				iparam->opclass = NIL;
+				iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+				iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+				iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+				index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+		ereport(NOTICE,
+				(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+						RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+				 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns. "),
+				 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames,
+								false))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(NULL,
+						  RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  -1,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables'
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_no_pkey = false;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_no_pkey = (key_attnos == NULL);
+		}
+		/*
+		 * Ignore join rels, because they are flatten later by
+		 * flatten_join_alias_vars(). Store NULL into key_attnos_list
+		 * as a dummy.
+		 */
+		 else if (r->rtekind == RTE_JOIN)
+		 {
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			has_no_pkey = true;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (has_no_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(NULL, query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *key_attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				key_attnos = bms_del_member(key_attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				if (bms_is_empty(key_attnos))
+				{
+					key_attnos_list = list_delete_nth_cell(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+					key_attnos_list = list_insert_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1, NULL);
+				}
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect RTE indexes of relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = get_relids_in_jointree((Node *) query->jointree, false, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index f7d8007f796..eaf39f80cd3 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -23,24 +23,36 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/repack.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
+#include "parser/parse_relation.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
+#include "storage/lwlock.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
-
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 typedef struct
 {
@@ -53,6 +65,97 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	Snapshot	snapshot;	/* Snapshot just before table change */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+
+	/*
+	 * List of sub-transaction IDs that incrementally updated the view.
+	 * This list is maintained through a transaction, and an ID is removed
+	 * when a sub-transaction is aborted. If any ID is left when the
+	 * transaction is committed, this means the view is incrementally
+	 * updated in this transaction.
+	 */
+	List   *subxids;
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+
+	Relation	rel;			/* relation of the modified table */
+	TupleTableSlot *slot;		/* for checking visibility in the pre-state table */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+typedef struct DroppedImmvInfo
+{
+	Oid					immv_oid;
+	SubTransactionId	subxid;
+} DroppedImmvInfo;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+static HTAB *dropped_immv = NULL;
+
+static HTAB *LastIvmUpdateHash;
+
+#define LAST_IVM_UPDATE_HASH_SIZE 256
+
+static void IvmShmemRequest(void *arg);
+
+/* hash table entries */
+typedef struct LastIvmUpdateEntry
+{
+	Oid		oid;	/* hash key */
+	FullTransactionId	last_ivm_update;
+} LastIvmUpdateEntry;
+
+const ShmemCallbacks IvmShmemCallbacks = {
+	.request_fn = IvmShmemRequest,
+};
+
+static void
+IvmShmemRequest(void *arg)
+{
+	ShmemRequestHash(.name = "LastIvmUpdate hash",
+					 .nelems = LAST_IVM_UPDATE_HASH_SIZE,
+					 .ptr = &LastIvmUpdateHash,
+					 .hash_info.keysize = sizeof(Oid),
+					 .hash_info.entrysize = sizeof(LastIvmUpdateEntry),
+					 .hash_flags = HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS,
+		);
+}
+
+static bool in_delta_calculation = false;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -60,6 +163,8 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+									   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+									   TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 									   const char *queryString, bool is_create);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -67,6 +172,41 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(MV_TriggerTable *table);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid);
+static RangeTblEntry *makeDeltaTable(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+									 bool is_new, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort,
+									SubTransactionId subxid);
+static void setLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid, FullTransactionId xid);
+static FullTransactionId getLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -108,6 +248,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -166,8 +346,6 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 					QueryCompletion *qc)
 {
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -178,6 +356,7 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
 	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
@@ -193,6 +372,8 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	RestrictSearchPath();
 
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
+
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
 		ereport(ERROR,
@@ -213,32 +394,7 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 				 errmsg("%s options %s and %s cannot be used together",
 						"REFRESH", "CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -275,12 +431,6 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -310,6 +460,90 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete IMMV triggers. */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && skipData)
+	{
+		Relation	tgRel;
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		tgRel = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* search triggers that depends on IMMV. */
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->classid == TriggerRelationId)
+			{
+				HeapTuple	tgtup;
+				ScanKeyData tgkey[1];
+				SysScanDesc tgscan;
+				Form_pg_trigger tgform;
+
+				/* Find the trigger name. */
+				ScanKeyInit(&tgkey[0],
+							Anum_pg_trigger_oid,
+							BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+							ObjectIdGetDatum(foundDep->objid));
+
+				tgscan = systable_beginscan(tgRel, TriggerOidIndexId, true,
+											NULL, 1, tgkey);
+				tgtup = systable_getnext(tgscan);
+				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tgtup))
+					elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for immv trigger %u", foundDep->objid);
+
+				tgform = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(tgtup);
+
+				/* If trigger is created by IMMV, delete it. */
+				if (strncmp(NameStr(tgform->tgname), "IVM_trigger_", 12) == 0)
+				{
+					obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+					obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+					obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+					add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+				}
+				systable_endscan(tgscan);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		table_close(tgRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view
+	 * This argument should use 'dataQuery'. This needs to use a rewritten query,
+	 * because a sublink in jointree is not supported by this function.
+	 *
+	 * This is performed before generating data because we have to wait
+	 * concurrent transactions modifying a base table and then take a snapshot
+	 * to see changes by these transactions to make sure a consistent view
+	 * is created.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !skipData && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid);
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(dataQuery, matviewRel);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -326,8 +560,43 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 		DestReceiver *dest;
 
 		dest = CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(OIDNewHeap);
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString,
-											 is_create);
+
+		if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel))
+		{
+			/*
+			 * In READ COMMITTED, get and push the latest snapshot again to see the
+			 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+			 * transaction started.
+			 */
+			if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+				PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+			/*
+			 * If a concurrent transaction updated the view incrementally and was
+			 * committed before we acquired the lock, the results of refresh_immv could
+			 * be inconsistent. Therefore, we have to check the transaction ID of the
+			 * most recent update of the view, and if this was in progress at the
+			 * transaction start, raise an error to prevent anomalies.
+			 */
+			if (!is_create)
+			{
+				FullTransactionId xid;
+
+				xid = getLastUpdateXid(matviewOid);
+				if (XidInMVCCSnapshot(XidFromFullTransactionId(xid), GetActiveSnapshot()))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
+							 errmsg("the materialized view is incrementally updated in concurrent transaction"),
+							 errhint("The transaction might succeed if retried.")));
+			}
+		}
+
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL,
+											 queryString, is_create);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			PopActiveSnapshot();
 	}
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
@@ -402,6 +671,8 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString, bool is_create)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -439,7 +710,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -449,6 +720,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -967,3 +1241,1488 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		FullTransactionId xid;
+
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Even if we can acquire an lock, a concurrent transaction could have
+		 * updated the view incrementally and been committed before we acquired
+		 * the lock. Therefore, we have to check the transaction ID of the most
+		 * recent update of the view, and if this was in progress at the
+		 * transaction start, raise an error to prevent anomalies.
+		 */
+		xid = getLastUpdateXid(matviewOid);
+		if (XidInMVCCSnapshot(XidFromFullTransactionId(xid), GetTransactionSnapshot()))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
+					 errmsg("the materialized view is incrementally updated in concurrent transaction"),
+					 errhint("The transaction might succeed if retried.")));
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found || entry->snapshot == InvalidSnapshot)
+	{
+		Snapshot snapshot;
+
+		/*
+		 * Get a snapshot just before the table was modified for checking
+		 * tuple visibility in the pre-update state of the table.
+		 *
+		 * In READ COMMITTED, use the latest snapshot again to see the
+		 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+		 * transaction started.
+		 */
+		if (IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+		else
+			snapshot = GetTransactionSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(snapshot);
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+
+		/*
+		 * If this is the first table modifying query in the transaction,
+		 * initialize the list of subxids.
+		 */
+		if (!found)
+			entry->subxids = NIL;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_maintenance
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+	SubTransactionId subxid;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		table->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel), table_slot_callbacks(rel));
+		/* We assume we have at least RowExclusiveLock on modified tables. */
+		table->rel = table_open(RelationGetRelid(rel), NoLock);
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/* record the subxid that updated the view incrementally */
+	subxid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
+	if (!list_member_xid(entry->subxids, subxid))
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		entry->subxids = lappend_xid(entry->subxids, subxid);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table rows locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * In READ COMMITTED, get and push the latest snapshot again to see the
+	 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+	 * transaction started.
+	 */
+	if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+		PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/*
+	 * When a base table is truncated, the view content will be empty if the
+	 * view definition query does not contain an aggregate without a GROUP clause.
+	 * Therefore, such views can be truncated.
+	 */
+	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_TRUNCATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+	{
+		ExecuteTruncateGuts(list_make1(matviewRel), list_make1_oid(matviewOid),
+							NIL, DROP_RESTRICT, false, false);
+
+		/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+		clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false, InvalidSubTransactionId);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+		table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+		/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+		AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+		/* Restore userid and security context */
+		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  pstate, matviewOid);
+	/* Rewrite for counting duplicated tuples */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_counting(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false, InvalidSubTransactionId);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+		PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				List *securityQuals;
+				List *withCheckOptions;
+				bool  hasRowSecurity;
+				bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+				RangeTblEntry *rte_pre = get_prestate_rte(r, table, pstate->p_queryEnv, matviewid);
+
+				/*
+				 * Set a row security poslicies of the modified table to the subquery RTE which
+				 * represents the pre-update state of the table.
+				 */
+				get_row_security_policies(query, table->original_rte, i,
+										  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+										  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+				if (hasRowSecurity)
+				{
+					query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+					rte_pre->security_barrier = true;
+				}
+				if (hasSubLinks)
+					query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+				rte_pre->securityQuals = securityQuals;
+				lfirst(lc) = rte_pre;
+
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#define DatumGetItemPointer(X)	 ((ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(n) DatumGetItemPointer(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+/*
+ * ivm_visible_in_prestate
+ *
+ * Check visibility of a tuple specified by the tableoid and item pointer
+ * using the snapshot taken just before the table was modified.
+ */
+Datum
+ivm_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Oid			tableoid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
+	ItemPointer itemPtr = PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(1);
+	Oid			matviewOid = PG_GETARG_OID(2);
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table = NULL;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	result;
+
+	if (!in_delta_calculation)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("ivm_visible_in_prestate can be called only in delta calculation")));
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == tableoid)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	Assert (table != NULL);
+
+	result = table_tuple_fetch_row_version(table->rel, itemPtr, entry->snapshot, table->slot);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *subquery;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	static char *subquery_tl;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(table->rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(table->rel));
+
+	subquery_tl = make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(table);
+
+	/*
+	 * Filtering inserted row using the snapshot taken before the table
+	 * is modified. ctid is required for maintaining outer join views.
+	 */
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT %s FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE pg_catalog.ivm_visible_in_prestate(t.tableoid, t.ctid ,%d::pg_catalog.oid)",
+			subquery_tl, relname, matviewid);
+
+	/*
+	 * Re-add rows deleted from the old transition tables, excluding those
+	 * also present in the new transition tables.
+	 */
+	if (list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str," UNION ALL SELECT %s  FROM (",
+			subquery_tl);
+
+		for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+		{
+			if (i != 0)
+				appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+			appendStringInfo(&str," TABLE %s",
+				make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+		}
+		for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->new_tuplestores); i++)
+		{
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " EXCEPT ALL ");
+			appendStringInfo(&str," TABLE %s",
+				make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, i));
+		}
+		appendStringInfo(&str,")");
+	}
+
+	/* Get a subquery representing pre-state of the table */
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	subquery = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = subquery;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->perminfoindex = 0;         /* no permission checking for this RTE */
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_subquery_targetlist_from_table
+ *
+ * Make a targetlist string of a subquery representing a delta table or a
+ * pre-update state table. This subquery substitutes a modified table RTE
+ * in the view definition query during view maintenance. In the targetlist,
+ * column names appear in order of the table definition. However, for
+ * attribute numbers of vars in the query tree to reference columns of the
+ * subquery  correctly even though the table has a dropped column, put "null"
+ * as a dummy value at the position of a dropped column.
+ *
+ * We would also able to walk the query tree to rewrite varattnos, but
+ * crafting targetlist is more simple and reasonable.
+ */
+static char*
+make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(MV_TriggerTable *table)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
+	int			i;
+
+	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(table->rel);
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	for (i = 0; i < tupdesc->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(tupdesc, i);
+
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+		if (attr->attisdropped)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, "null");
+		else
+			appendStringInfo(&str, "%s", quote_identifier(NameStr(attr->attname)));
+	}
+
+	return str.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * makeDeltaTable
+ *
+ * Make a RTE representing a delta of the specified table.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+makeDeltaTable(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+		   bool is_new, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int		i;
+
+	const char *prefix_union = is_new ? "new" : "old";
+	const char *prefix_except = is_new ? "old" : "new";
+	int num_union = is_new ? list_length(table->new_tuplestores) : list_length(table->old_tuplestores);
+	int num_except = is_new ? list_length(table->old_tuplestores) : list_length(table->new_tuplestores);
+
+	/* the previous RTE must be a subquery which represents "pre-state" table */
+	Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY);
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_NONE;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		" SELECT %s FROM ( ",
+		make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(table));
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_union; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" TABLE  %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix_union, table->table_id, i));
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < num_except; i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " EXCEPT ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" TABLE  %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix_except, table->table_id, i));
+	}
+	appendStringInfo(&str,")");
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the subquery so that it represent the combined transition
+	 * table.  Note that we leave the security_barrier and securityQuals
+	 * fields so that the subquery relation can be protected by the RLS
+	 * policy as same as the modified table.
+	 */
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_counting
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting duplicated tuples.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(SystemFuncName("count"), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	in_delta_calculation = true;
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (dest_old && list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		lfirst(lc) = makeDeltaTable(rte, table, false, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "", false);
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (dest_new && list_length(table->new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		lfirst(lc) = makeDeltaTable(rte, table, true, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "", false);
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, attr);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT pg_catalog.row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, pg_catalog.generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\")"
+							" AS __ivm_generate_series__ "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be_qualified(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(DroppedImmvInfo);
+	dropped_immv = hash_create("Dropped IMMVs", 16,
+							   &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * (sub-)transaction abort. When the top-level transaction is aborted,
+ * InvalidSubTransactionId is set to subxid.
+ *
+ * Also, remove dropped IMMV information if it is aborted.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM(SubTransactionId subxid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, true, subxid);
+	}
+
+	if (dropped_immv)
+	{
+		DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, dropped_immv);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			if (subxid == InvalidSubTransactionId || subxid == entry->subxid)
+				hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtPreCommit_IVM
+ *
+ * Record the transaction ID that updated the view incrementally.
+ * Also, remove the entry for dropped IMMVs.
+ */
+void
+AtPreCommit_IVM(void)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+		/*
+		 * Record the transaction ID that udpate the view incrementally,
+		 * and perform the final clean up of the entry.
+		 */
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			setLastUpdateXid(entry->matview_id, GetTopFullTransactionId());
+			hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (dropped_immv)
+	{
+		DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+
+		LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, dropped_immv);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+			hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+		LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished. This is called at the end of table modifying query
+ * or (sub-)transaction abort. When the top-level transaction is aborted,
+ * InvalidSubTransactionId is set to subxid.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort,
+						SubTransactionId subxid)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* clean up tuple stores */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+		if (!is_abort)
+		{
+			ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(table->slot);
+			table_close(table->rel, NoLock);
+		}
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+	entry->tables = NIL;
+
+	if (is_abort)
+	{
+		bool	remove_entry = false;
+
+		/*
+		 * When the top-level transaction is aborted, remove all subxids.
+		 * When a sub-transaction is aborted, remove only its subxid.
+		 */
+		if (subxid == InvalidSubTransactionId)
+			remove_entry = true;
+		else
+		{
+			foreach(lc, entry->subxids)
+			{
+				if (lfirst_xid(lc) == subxid)
+				{
+					entry->subxids = list_delete_cell(entry->subxids, lc);
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			/*
+			 * If all the subxid are removed, it means that the view was not
+			 * updated at all in this transaction.
+			 */
+			if (list_length(entry->subxids) == 0)
+				remove_entry = true;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Remove entries of not updated views from the hash table.
+		 */
+		if (remove_entry)
+			hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* When the query sucsessully finished, unregister the snapshot */
+		UnregisterSnapshot(entry->snapshot);
+	}
+
+	entry->snapshot = InvalidSnapshot;
+}
+
+/*
+ * setLastUpdateXid
+ *
+ * Store the transaction ID that updated the view incremenally.
+ */
+static void
+setLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid, FullTransactionId xid)
+{
+	LastIvmUpdateEntry *entry;
+
+	LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+	entry = (LastIvmUpdateEntry *) hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_ENTER, NULL);
+	entry->oid = immv_oid;
+	entry->last_ivm_update = xid;
+	LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+}
+
+/*
+ * getLastUpdateXid
+ *
+ * Get the most recent transaction ID that updated the view incrementally.
+ */
+static FullTransactionId
+getLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid)
+{
+	FullTransactionId xid = InvalidFullTransactionId;
+	LastIvmUpdateEntry *entry;
+	bool found;
+
+	LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_SHARED);
+	entry = (LastIvmUpdateEntry *) hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_FIND, &found);
+	LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+	if (found)
+		xid = entry->last_ivm_update;
+
+	return xid;
+}
+
+void
+removeImmv(Oid immv_oid)
+{
+	DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+
+	if (!dropped_immv)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (DroppedImmvInfo *) hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_ENTER, NULL);
+	entry->subxid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
index 95abaf4890c..95e974e1138 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
 #include "commands/extension.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/repack.h"
 #include "commands/sequence.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
@@ -1811,6 +1812,9 @@ RangeVarCallbackForDropRelation(const RangeVar *rel, Oid relOid, Oid oldRelOid,
 	state->actual_relkind = classform->relkind;
 	state->actual_relpersistence = classform->relpersistence;
 
+	if (classform->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && classform->relisivm)
+		removeImmv(relOid);
+
 	/*
 	 * Both RELKIND_RELATION and RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE are OBJECT_TABLE,
 	 * but RemoveRelations() can only pass one relkind for a given relation.
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt b/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
index 560659f9568..d97c35eeef0 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
@@ -370,6 +370,7 @@ WaitLSN	"Waiting to read or update shared Wait-for-LSN state."
 LogicalDecodingControl	"Waiting to read or update logical decoding status information."
 DataChecksumsWorker	"Waiting for data checksums worker."
 AioWorkerControl	"Waiting to update AIO worker information."
+IvmControl	"Waiting for read or update IMMV information.."
 
 #
 # END OF PREDEFINED LWLOCKS (DO NOT CHANGE THIS LINE)
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index 3cb84359adf..65a739af22a 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12718,4 +12718,14 @@
   proname => 'hashoid8extended', prorettype => 'int8',
   proargtypes => 'oid8 int8', prosrc => 'hashoid8extended' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+{ oid => '788', descr => 'ivm filetring ',
+  proname => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate', provolatile => 's', prorettype => 'bool',
+  proargtypes => 'oid tid oid', prosrc => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate' },
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index f895c67c0c2..c286ebcd70e 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 738c731c1a9..f1dbfc052c5 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										QueryCompletion *qc);
 extern ObjectAddress RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
@@ -33,4 +36,12 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid transientoid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(SubTransactionId subtxid);
+extern void AtPreCommit_IVM(void);
+extern void removeImmv(Oid immv_oid);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
diff --git a/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h b/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
index d7eb648bd27..756c63baf97 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ PG_LWLOCK(54, WaitLSN)
 PG_LWLOCK(55, LogicalDecodingControl)
 PG_LWLOCK(56, DataChecksumsWorker)
 PG_LWLOCK(57, AioWorkerControl)
+PG_LWLOCK(58, IvmControl)
 
 /*
  * There also exist several built-in LWLock tranches.  As with the predefined
diff --git a/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h b/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
index 9ad619080be..481e15d00a1 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
@@ -88,3 +88,6 @@ PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(DataChecksumsShmemCallbacks)
 
 /* AIO subsystem. This delegates to the method-specific callbacks */
 PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(AioShmemCallbacks)
+
+/* Incremental View Maintenance */
+PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(IvmShmemCallbacks)
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Fri__3_Jul_2026_19_11_16_+0900_CskxSIu_iGcDMEyM
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v39-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v39-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v37 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2026-05-29 09:06 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2026-05-29 09:06 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance.

To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and post-state of base
tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER trigger, and pre-update
states can be calculated by removing inserted tuples and appending deleted
tuples. Insterted tuples are filtered using the snapshot taken before
table modification, and deleted tuples are contained in the old transition
table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c             |    8 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c               |  709 +++++++
 src/backend/commands/matview.c                | 1835 ++++++++++++++++-
 src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c              |    4 +
 .../utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt       |    1 +
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat               |   10 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h               |    4 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h                |   11 +
 src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h              |    1 +
 src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h           |    3 +
 10 files changed, 2548 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 5586fbe5b07..302a4822d50 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2322,6 +2323,9 @@ CommitTransaction(void)
 	CallXactCallbacks(is_parallel_worker ? XACT_EVENT_PARALLEL_PRE_COMMIT
 					  : XACT_EVENT_PRE_COMMIT);
 
+	/* Store the transaction ID that updated the view incrementally */
+	AtPreCommit_IVM();
+
 	/*
 	 * If this xact has started any unfinished parallel operation, clean up
 	 * its workers, warning about leaked resources.  (But we don't actually
@@ -2971,6 +2975,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM(InvalidSubTransactionId);
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5301,6 +5306,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM(s->subTransactionId);
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index 6dbb831ca89..a499688b79d 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -29,18 +29,32 @@
 #include "access/tableam.h"
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_am_d.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "executor/execdesc.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
+#include "miscadmin.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/queryjumble.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "optimizer/prep.h"
 #include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
@@ -70,6 +84,12 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 List **relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -277,6 +297,18 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		into->skipData = true;
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -287,15 +319,36 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		 */
 		address = create_ctas_nodata(query->targetList, into);
 
+		/*
+		 * For IVM, mark the matview before refresh so RelationIsIVM()
+		 * returns true inside RefreshMatViewByOid.
+		 */
+		if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+		{
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(address.objectId, NoLock);
+
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+			CommandCounterIncrement();
+		}
+
 		/*
 		 * For materialized views, reuse the REFRESH logic, which locks down
 		 * security-restricted operations and restricts the search_path.  This
 		 * reduces the chance that a subsequent refresh will fail.
 		 */
 		if (do_refresh)
+		{
 			RefreshMatViewByOid(address.objectId, true, false, false,
 								pstate->p_sourcetext, qc);
 
+			if (is_matview && into->ivm && IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+				ereport(WARNING,
+						(errmsg("inconsistent view can be created in isolation level SERIALIZABLE or REPEATABLE READ"),
+						 errdetail("The view may not include effects of a concurrent transaction."),
+						 errhint("The view with incremental maintenance should be created in isolation level READ COMMITTED, "
+								 "or refreshed manually to make sure the view is consistent.")));
+		}
 	}
 	else
 	{
@@ -635,3 +688,659 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid)
+{
+	List   *relids = NIL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < 1)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, 0);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > 1 || rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	list_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 List **relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !list_member_oid(*relids, rte->relid))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, true);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, true);
+
+					*relids = lappend_oid(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_truncate_before" : "IVM_trigger_truncate_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * XXX: When using DELETE or UPDATE, we must use exclusive lock for now
+	 * because apply_old_delta(_with_count) uses ctid to identify the tuple
+	 * to be deleted/deleted, but doesn't work in concurrent situations.
+	 *
+	 * If the view doesn't have aggregate, distinct, or tuple duplicate,
+	 * then it would work even in concurrent situations. However, we don't have
+	 * any way to guarantee the view has a unique key before opening the IMMV
+	 * at the maintenance time because users may drop the unique index.
+	 */
+
+	if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->distinctClause)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* check if type in the target list had an equality operator */
+				foreach(lc, qry->targetList)
+				{
+					TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+					Oid             atttype = exprType((Node *) tle->expr);
+					Oid             opclass;
+
+					opclass = GetDefaultOpClass(atttype, BTREE_AM_OID);
+					if (!OidIsValid(opclass))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
+								 errmsg("data type %s has no default operator class for access method \"%s\"",
+									format_type_be(atttype), "btree")));
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_Aggref:
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attributes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attributes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+	Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNumber = InvalidRelFileNumber;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilelocatorSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+	key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList);
+	if (key_attnos)
+	{
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+			if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+				iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+				iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+				iparam->expr = NULL;
+				iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+				iparam->collation = NIL;
+				iparam->opclass = NIL;
+				iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+				iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+				iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+				index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+		ereport(NOTICE,
+				(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+						RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+				 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns. "),
+				 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames,
+								false))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(NULL,
+						  RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  -1,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables'
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_no_pkey = false;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_no_pkey = (key_attnos == NULL);
+		}
+		/*
+		 * Ignore join rels, because they are flatten later by
+		 * flatten_join_alias_vars(). Store NULL into key_attnos_list
+		 * as a dummy.
+		 */
+		 else if (r->rtekind == RTE_JOIN)
+		 {
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			has_no_pkey = true;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (has_no_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(NULL, query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *key_attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				key_attnos = bms_del_member(key_attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				if (bms_is_empty(key_attnos))
+				{
+					key_attnos_list = list_delete_nth_cell(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+					key_attnos_list = list_insert_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1, NULL);
+				}
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect RTE indexes of relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = get_relids_in_jointree((Node *) query->jointree, false, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index f7d8007f796..eaf39f80cd3 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -23,24 +23,36 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/repack.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
+#include "parser/parse_relation.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
+#include "storage/lwlock.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
-
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 typedef struct
 {
@@ -53,6 +65,97 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	Snapshot	snapshot;	/* Snapshot just before table change */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+
+	/*
+	 * List of sub-transaction IDs that incrementally updated the view.
+	 * This list is maintained through a transaction, and an ID is removed
+	 * when a sub-transaction is aborted. If any ID is left when the
+	 * transaction is committed, this means the view is incrementally
+	 * updated in this transaction.
+	 */
+	List   *subxids;
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+
+	Relation	rel;			/* relation of the modified table */
+	TupleTableSlot *slot;		/* for checking visibility in the pre-state table */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+typedef struct DroppedImmvInfo
+{
+	Oid					immv_oid;
+	SubTransactionId	subxid;
+} DroppedImmvInfo;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+static HTAB *dropped_immv = NULL;
+
+static HTAB *LastIvmUpdateHash;
+
+#define LAST_IVM_UPDATE_HASH_SIZE 256
+
+static void IvmShmemRequest(void *arg);
+
+/* hash table entries */
+typedef struct LastIvmUpdateEntry
+{
+	Oid		oid;	/* hash key */
+	FullTransactionId	last_ivm_update;
+} LastIvmUpdateEntry;
+
+const ShmemCallbacks IvmShmemCallbacks = {
+	.request_fn = IvmShmemRequest,
+};
+
+static void
+IvmShmemRequest(void *arg)
+{
+	ShmemRequestHash(.name = "LastIvmUpdate hash",
+					 .nelems = LAST_IVM_UPDATE_HASH_SIZE,
+					 .ptr = &LastIvmUpdateHash,
+					 .hash_info.keysize = sizeof(Oid),
+					 .hash_info.entrysize = sizeof(LastIvmUpdateEntry),
+					 .hash_flags = HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS,
+		);
+}
+
+static bool in_delta_calculation = false;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -60,6 +163,8 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+									   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+									   TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 									   const char *queryString, bool is_create);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -67,6 +172,41 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(MV_TriggerTable *table);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid);
+static RangeTblEntry *makeDeltaTable(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+									 bool is_new, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort,
+									SubTransactionId subxid);
+static void setLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid, FullTransactionId xid);
+static FullTransactionId getLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -108,6 +248,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -166,8 +346,6 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 					QueryCompletion *qc)
 {
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -178,6 +356,7 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
 	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
@@ -193,6 +372,8 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	RestrictSearchPath();
 
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
+
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
 		ereport(ERROR,
@@ -213,32 +394,7 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 				 errmsg("%s options %s and %s cannot be used together",
 						"REFRESH", "CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -275,12 +431,6 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -310,6 +460,90 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete IMMV triggers. */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && skipData)
+	{
+		Relation	tgRel;
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		tgRel = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* search triggers that depends on IMMV. */
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->classid == TriggerRelationId)
+			{
+				HeapTuple	tgtup;
+				ScanKeyData tgkey[1];
+				SysScanDesc tgscan;
+				Form_pg_trigger tgform;
+
+				/* Find the trigger name. */
+				ScanKeyInit(&tgkey[0],
+							Anum_pg_trigger_oid,
+							BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+							ObjectIdGetDatum(foundDep->objid));
+
+				tgscan = systable_beginscan(tgRel, TriggerOidIndexId, true,
+											NULL, 1, tgkey);
+				tgtup = systable_getnext(tgscan);
+				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tgtup))
+					elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for immv trigger %u", foundDep->objid);
+
+				tgform = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(tgtup);
+
+				/* If trigger is created by IMMV, delete it. */
+				if (strncmp(NameStr(tgform->tgname), "IVM_trigger_", 12) == 0)
+				{
+					obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+					obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+					obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+					add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+				}
+				systable_endscan(tgscan);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		table_close(tgRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view
+	 * This argument should use 'dataQuery'. This needs to use a rewritten query,
+	 * because a sublink in jointree is not supported by this function.
+	 *
+	 * This is performed before generating data because we have to wait
+	 * concurrent transactions modifying a base table and then take a snapshot
+	 * to see changes by these transactions to make sure a consistent view
+	 * is created.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !skipData && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid);
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(dataQuery, matviewRel);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -326,8 +560,43 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 		DestReceiver *dest;
 
 		dest = CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(OIDNewHeap);
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString,
-											 is_create);
+
+		if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel))
+		{
+			/*
+			 * In READ COMMITTED, get and push the latest snapshot again to see the
+			 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+			 * transaction started.
+			 */
+			if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+				PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+			/*
+			 * If a concurrent transaction updated the view incrementally and was
+			 * committed before we acquired the lock, the results of refresh_immv could
+			 * be inconsistent. Therefore, we have to check the transaction ID of the
+			 * most recent update of the view, and if this was in progress at the
+			 * transaction start, raise an error to prevent anomalies.
+			 */
+			if (!is_create)
+			{
+				FullTransactionId xid;
+
+				xid = getLastUpdateXid(matviewOid);
+				if (XidInMVCCSnapshot(XidFromFullTransactionId(xid), GetActiveSnapshot()))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
+							 errmsg("the materialized view is incrementally updated in concurrent transaction"),
+							 errhint("The transaction might succeed if retried.")));
+			}
+		}
+
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL,
+											 queryString, is_create);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			PopActiveSnapshot();
 	}
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
@@ -402,6 +671,8 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString, bool is_create)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -439,7 +710,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -449,6 +720,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -967,3 +1241,1488 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		FullTransactionId xid;
+
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Even if we can acquire an lock, a concurrent transaction could have
+		 * updated the view incrementally and been committed before we acquired
+		 * the lock. Therefore, we have to check the transaction ID of the most
+		 * recent update of the view, and if this was in progress at the
+		 * transaction start, raise an error to prevent anomalies.
+		 */
+		xid = getLastUpdateXid(matviewOid);
+		if (XidInMVCCSnapshot(XidFromFullTransactionId(xid), GetTransactionSnapshot()))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
+					 errmsg("the materialized view is incrementally updated in concurrent transaction"),
+					 errhint("The transaction might succeed if retried.")));
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found || entry->snapshot == InvalidSnapshot)
+	{
+		Snapshot snapshot;
+
+		/*
+		 * Get a snapshot just before the table was modified for checking
+		 * tuple visibility in the pre-update state of the table.
+		 *
+		 * In READ COMMITTED, use the latest snapshot again to see the
+		 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+		 * transaction started.
+		 */
+		if (IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+		else
+			snapshot = GetTransactionSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(snapshot);
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+
+		/*
+		 * If this is the first table modifying query in the transaction,
+		 * initialize the list of subxids.
+		 */
+		if (!found)
+			entry->subxids = NIL;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_maintenance
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+	SubTransactionId subxid;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		table->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel), table_slot_callbacks(rel));
+		/* We assume we have at least RowExclusiveLock on modified tables. */
+		table->rel = table_open(RelationGetRelid(rel), NoLock);
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/* record the subxid that updated the view incrementally */
+	subxid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
+	if (!list_member_xid(entry->subxids, subxid))
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		entry->subxids = lappend_xid(entry->subxids, subxid);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table rows locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * In READ COMMITTED, get and push the latest snapshot again to see the
+	 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+	 * transaction started.
+	 */
+	if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+		PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/*
+	 * When a base table is truncated, the view content will be empty if the
+	 * view definition query does not contain an aggregate without a GROUP clause.
+	 * Therefore, such views can be truncated.
+	 */
+	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_TRUNCATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+	{
+		ExecuteTruncateGuts(list_make1(matviewRel), list_make1_oid(matviewOid),
+							NIL, DROP_RESTRICT, false, false);
+
+		/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+		clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false, InvalidSubTransactionId);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+		table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+		/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+		AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+		/* Restore userid and security context */
+		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  pstate, matviewOid);
+	/* Rewrite for counting duplicated tuples */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_counting(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false, InvalidSubTransactionId);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+		PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				List *securityQuals;
+				List *withCheckOptions;
+				bool  hasRowSecurity;
+				bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+				RangeTblEntry *rte_pre = get_prestate_rte(r, table, pstate->p_queryEnv, matviewid);
+
+				/*
+				 * Set a row security poslicies of the modified table to the subquery RTE which
+				 * represents the pre-update state of the table.
+				 */
+				get_row_security_policies(query, table->original_rte, i,
+										  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+										  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+				if (hasRowSecurity)
+				{
+					query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+					rte_pre->security_barrier = true;
+				}
+				if (hasSubLinks)
+					query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+				rte_pre->securityQuals = securityQuals;
+				lfirst(lc) = rte_pre;
+
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#define DatumGetItemPointer(X)	 ((ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(n) DatumGetItemPointer(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+/*
+ * ivm_visible_in_prestate
+ *
+ * Check visibility of a tuple specified by the tableoid and item pointer
+ * using the snapshot taken just before the table was modified.
+ */
+Datum
+ivm_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Oid			tableoid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
+	ItemPointer itemPtr = PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(1);
+	Oid			matviewOid = PG_GETARG_OID(2);
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table = NULL;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	result;
+
+	if (!in_delta_calculation)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("ivm_visible_in_prestate can be called only in delta calculation")));
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == tableoid)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	Assert (table != NULL);
+
+	result = table_tuple_fetch_row_version(table->rel, itemPtr, entry->snapshot, table->slot);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *subquery;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	static char *subquery_tl;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(table->rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(table->rel));
+
+	subquery_tl = make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(table);
+
+	/*
+	 * Filtering inserted row using the snapshot taken before the table
+	 * is modified. ctid is required for maintaining outer join views.
+	 */
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT %s FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE pg_catalog.ivm_visible_in_prestate(t.tableoid, t.ctid ,%d::pg_catalog.oid)",
+			subquery_tl, relname, matviewid);
+
+	/*
+	 * Re-add rows deleted from the old transition tables, excluding those
+	 * also present in the new transition tables.
+	 */
+	if (list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str," UNION ALL SELECT %s  FROM (",
+			subquery_tl);
+
+		for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+		{
+			if (i != 0)
+				appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+			appendStringInfo(&str," TABLE %s",
+				make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+		}
+		for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->new_tuplestores); i++)
+		{
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " EXCEPT ALL ");
+			appendStringInfo(&str," TABLE %s",
+				make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, i));
+		}
+		appendStringInfo(&str,")");
+	}
+
+	/* Get a subquery representing pre-state of the table */
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	subquery = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = subquery;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->perminfoindex = 0;         /* no permission checking for this RTE */
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_subquery_targetlist_from_table
+ *
+ * Make a targetlist string of a subquery representing a delta table or a
+ * pre-update state table. This subquery substitutes a modified table RTE
+ * in the view definition query during view maintenance. In the targetlist,
+ * column names appear in order of the table definition. However, for
+ * attribute numbers of vars in the query tree to reference columns of the
+ * subquery  correctly even though the table has a dropped column, put "null"
+ * as a dummy value at the position of a dropped column.
+ *
+ * We would also able to walk the query tree to rewrite varattnos, but
+ * crafting targetlist is more simple and reasonable.
+ */
+static char*
+make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(MV_TriggerTable *table)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
+	int			i;
+
+	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(table->rel);
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	for (i = 0; i < tupdesc->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(tupdesc, i);
+
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+		if (attr->attisdropped)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, "null");
+		else
+			appendStringInfo(&str, "%s", quote_identifier(NameStr(attr->attname)));
+	}
+
+	return str.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * makeDeltaTable
+ *
+ * Make a RTE representing a delta of the specified table.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+makeDeltaTable(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+		   bool is_new, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int		i;
+
+	const char *prefix_union = is_new ? "new" : "old";
+	const char *prefix_except = is_new ? "old" : "new";
+	int num_union = is_new ? list_length(table->new_tuplestores) : list_length(table->old_tuplestores);
+	int num_except = is_new ? list_length(table->old_tuplestores) : list_length(table->new_tuplestores);
+
+	/* the previous RTE must be a subquery which represents "pre-state" table */
+	Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY);
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_NONE;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		" SELECT %s FROM ( ",
+		make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(table));
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_union; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" TABLE  %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix_union, table->table_id, i));
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < num_except; i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " EXCEPT ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" TABLE  %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix_except, table->table_id, i));
+	}
+	appendStringInfo(&str,")");
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the subquery so that it represent the combined transition
+	 * table.  Note that we leave the security_barrier and securityQuals
+	 * fields so that the subquery relation can be protected by the RLS
+	 * policy as same as the modified table.
+	 */
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_counting
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting duplicated tuples.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(SystemFuncName("count"), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	in_delta_calculation = true;
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (dest_old && list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		lfirst(lc) = makeDeltaTable(rte, table, false, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "", false);
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (dest_new && list_length(table->new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		lfirst(lc) = makeDeltaTable(rte, table, true, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "", false);
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, attr);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT pg_catalog.row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, pg_catalog.generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\")"
+							" AS __ivm_generate_series__ "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be_qualified(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(DroppedImmvInfo);
+	dropped_immv = hash_create("Dropped IMMVs", 16,
+							   &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * (sub-)transaction abort. When the top-level transaction is aborted,
+ * InvalidSubTransactionId is set to subxid.
+ *
+ * Also, remove dropped IMMV information if it is aborted.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM(SubTransactionId subxid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, true, subxid);
+	}
+
+	if (dropped_immv)
+	{
+		DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, dropped_immv);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			if (subxid == InvalidSubTransactionId || subxid == entry->subxid)
+				hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtPreCommit_IVM
+ *
+ * Record the transaction ID that updated the view incrementally.
+ * Also, remove the entry for dropped IMMVs.
+ */
+void
+AtPreCommit_IVM(void)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+		/*
+		 * Record the transaction ID that udpate the view incrementally,
+		 * and perform the final clean up of the entry.
+		 */
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			setLastUpdateXid(entry->matview_id, GetTopFullTransactionId());
+			hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (dropped_immv)
+	{
+		DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+
+		LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, dropped_immv);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+			hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+		LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished. This is called at the end of table modifying query
+ * or (sub-)transaction abort. When the top-level transaction is aborted,
+ * InvalidSubTransactionId is set to subxid.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort,
+						SubTransactionId subxid)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* clean up tuple stores */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+		if (!is_abort)
+		{
+			ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(table->slot);
+			table_close(table->rel, NoLock);
+		}
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+	entry->tables = NIL;
+
+	if (is_abort)
+	{
+		bool	remove_entry = false;
+
+		/*
+		 * When the top-level transaction is aborted, remove all subxids.
+		 * When a sub-transaction is aborted, remove only its subxid.
+		 */
+		if (subxid == InvalidSubTransactionId)
+			remove_entry = true;
+		else
+		{
+			foreach(lc, entry->subxids)
+			{
+				if (lfirst_xid(lc) == subxid)
+				{
+					entry->subxids = list_delete_cell(entry->subxids, lc);
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			/*
+			 * If all the subxid are removed, it means that the view was not
+			 * updated at all in this transaction.
+			 */
+			if (list_length(entry->subxids) == 0)
+				remove_entry = true;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Remove entries of not updated views from the hash table.
+		 */
+		if (remove_entry)
+			hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* When the query sucsessully finished, unregister the snapshot */
+		UnregisterSnapshot(entry->snapshot);
+	}
+
+	entry->snapshot = InvalidSnapshot;
+}
+
+/*
+ * setLastUpdateXid
+ *
+ * Store the transaction ID that updated the view incremenally.
+ */
+static void
+setLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid, FullTransactionId xid)
+{
+	LastIvmUpdateEntry *entry;
+
+	LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+	entry = (LastIvmUpdateEntry *) hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_ENTER, NULL);
+	entry->oid = immv_oid;
+	entry->last_ivm_update = xid;
+	LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+}
+
+/*
+ * getLastUpdateXid
+ *
+ * Get the most recent transaction ID that updated the view incrementally.
+ */
+static FullTransactionId
+getLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid)
+{
+	FullTransactionId xid = InvalidFullTransactionId;
+	LastIvmUpdateEntry *entry;
+	bool found;
+
+	LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_SHARED);
+	entry = (LastIvmUpdateEntry *) hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_FIND, &found);
+	LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+	if (found)
+		xid = entry->last_ivm_update;
+
+	return xid;
+}
+
+void
+removeImmv(Oid immv_oid)
+{
+	DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+
+	if (!dropped_immv)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (DroppedImmvInfo *) hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_ENTER, NULL);
+	entry->subxid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
index a1845240a98..99bc709959a 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
 #include "commands/extension.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/repack.h"
 #include "commands/sequence.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
@@ -1804,6 +1805,9 @@ RangeVarCallbackForDropRelation(const RangeVar *rel, Oid relOid, Oid oldRelOid,
 	state->actual_relkind = classform->relkind;
 	state->actual_relpersistence = classform->relpersistence;
 
+	if (classform->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && classform->relisivm)
+		removeImmv(relOid);
+
 	/*
 	 * Both RELKIND_RELATION and RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE are OBJECT_TABLE,
 	 * but RemoveRelations() can only pass one relkind for a given relation.
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt b/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
index 560659f9568..d97c35eeef0 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
@@ -370,6 +370,7 @@ WaitLSN	"Waiting to read or update shared Wait-for-LSN state."
 LogicalDecodingControl	"Waiting to read or update logical decoding status information."
 DataChecksumsWorker	"Waiting for data checksums worker."
 AioWorkerControl	"Waiting to update AIO worker information."
+IvmControl	"Waiting for read or update IMMV information.."
 
 #
 # END OF PREDEFINED LWLOCKS (DO NOT CHANGE THIS LINE)
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index be157a5fbe9..b8722eea7a4 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12693,4 +12693,14 @@
   proname => 'hashoid8extended', prorettype => 'int8',
   proargtypes => 'oid8 int8', prosrc => 'hashoid8extended' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+{ oid => '788', descr => 'ivm filetring ',
+  proname => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate', provolatile => 's', prorettype => 'bool',
+  proargtypes => 'oid tid oid', prosrc => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate' },
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index f895c67c0c2..c286ebcd70e 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 738c731c1a9..f1dbfc052c5 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										QueryCompletion *qc);
 extern ObjectAddress RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
@@ -33,4 +36,12 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid transientoid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(SubTransactionId subtxid);
+extern void AtPreCommit_IVM(void);
+extern void removeImmv(Oid immv_oid);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
diff --git a/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h b/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
index d7eb648bd27..756c63baf97 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ PG_LWLOCK(54, WaitLSN)
 PG_LWLOCK(55, LogicalDecodingControl)
 PG_LWLOCK(56, DataChecksumsWorker)
 PG_LWLOCK(57, AioWorkerControl)
+PG_LWLOCK(58, IvmControl)
 
 /*
  * There also exist several built-in LWLock tranches.  As with the predefined
diff --git a/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h b/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
index 9ad619080be..481e15d00a1 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
@@ -88,3 +88,6 @@ PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(DataChecksumsShmemCallbacks)
 
 /* AIO subsystem. This delegates to the method-specific callbacks */
 PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(AioShmemCallbacks)
+
+/* Incremental View Maintenance */
+PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(IvmShmemCallbacks)
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Fri__29_May_2026_23_14_17_+0900_Te0o73X2VqYK57Gd
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v37-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v37-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v37 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2026-05-29 09:06 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2026-05-29 09:06 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance.

To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and post-state of base
tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER trigger, and pre-update
states can be calculated by removing inserted tuples and appending deleted
tuples. Insterted tuples are filtered using the snapshot taken before
table modification, and deleted tuples are contained in the old transition
table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c             |    8 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c               |  709 +++++++
 src/backend/commands/matview.c                | 1835 ++++++++++++++++-
 src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c              |    4 +
 .../utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt       |    1 +
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat               |   10 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h               |    4 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h                |   11 +
 src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h              |    1 +
 src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h           |    3 +
 10 files changed, 2548 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 5586fbe5b07..302a4822d50 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2322,6 +2323,9 @@ CommitTransaction(void)
 	CallXactCallbacks(is_parallel_worker ? XACT_EVENT_PARALLEL_PRE_COMMIT
 					  : XACT_EVENT_PRE_COMMIT);
 
+	/* Store the transaction ID that updated the view incrementally */
+	AtPreCommit_IVM();
+
 	/*
 	 * If this xact has started any unfinished parallel operation, clean up
 	 * its workers, warning about leaked resources.  (But we don't actually
@@ -2971,6 +2975,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM(InvalidSubTransactionId);
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5301,6 +5306,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM(s->subTransactionId);
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index 6dbb831ca89..a499688b79d 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -29,18 +29,32 @@
 #include "access/tableam.h"
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_am_d.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "executor/execdesc.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
+#include "miscadmin.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/queryjumble.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "optimizer/prep.h"
 #include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
@@ -70,6 +84,12 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 List **relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -277,6 +297,18 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		into->skipData = true;
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -287,15 +319,36 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		 */
 		address = create_ctas_nodata(query->targetList, into);
 
+		/*
+		 * For IVM, mark the matview before refresh so RelationIsIVM()
+		 * returns true inside RefreshMatViewByOid.
+		 */
+		if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+		{
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(address.objectId, NoLock);
+
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+			CommandCounterIncrement();
+		}
+
 		/*
 		 * For materialized views, reuse the REFRESH logic, which locks down
 		 * security-restricted operations and restricts the search_path.  This
 		 * reduces the chance that a subsequent refresh will fail.
 		 */
 		if (do_refresh)
+		{
 			RefreshMatViewByOid(address.objectId, true, false, false,
 								pstate->p_sourcetext, qc);
 
+			if (is_matview && into->ivm && IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+				ereport(WARNING,
+						(errmsg("inconsistent view can be created in isolation level SERIALIZABLE or REPEATABLE READ"),
+						 errdetail("The view may not include effects of a concurrent transaction."),
+						 errhint("The view with incremental maintenance should be created in isolation level READ COMMITTED, "
+								 "or refreshed manually to make sure the view is consistent.")));
+		}
 	}
 	else
 	{
@@ -635,3 +688,659 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid)
+{
+	List   *relids = NIL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < 1)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, 0);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > 1 || rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	list_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 List **relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !list_member_oid(*relids, rte->relid))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, true);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, true);
+
+					*relids = lappend_oid(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_truncate_before" : "IVM_trigger_truncate_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * XXX: When using DELETE or UPDATE, we must use exclusive lock for now
+	 * because apply_old_delta(_with_count) uses ctid to identify the tuple
+	 * to be deleted/deleted, but doesn't work in concurrent situations.
+	 *
+	 * If the view doesn't have aggregate, distinct, or tuple duplicate,
+	 * then it would work even in concurrent situations. However, we don't have
+	 * any way to guarantee the view has a unique key before opening the IMMV
+	 * at the maintenance time because users may drop the unique index.
+	 */
+
+	if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->distinctClause)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* check if type in the target list had an equality operator */
+				foreach(lc, qry->targetList)
+				{
+					TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+					Oid             atttype = exprType((Node *) tle->expr);
+					Oid             opclass;
+
+					opclass = GetDefaultOpClass(atttype, BTREE_AM_OID);
+					if (!OidIsValid(opclass))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
+								 errmsg("data type %s has no default operator class for access method \"%s\"",
+									format_type_be(atttype), "btree")));
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_Aggref:
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attributes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attributes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+	Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNumber = InvalidRelFileNumber;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilelocatorSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+	key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList);
+	if (key_attnos)
+	{
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+			if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+				iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+				iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+				iparam->expr = NULL;
+				iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+				iparam->collation = NIL;
+				iparam->opclass = NIL;
+				iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+				iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+				iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+				index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+		ereport(NOTICE,
+				(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+						RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+				 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns. "),
+				 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames,
+								false))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(NULL,
+						  RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  -1,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables'
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_no_pkey = false;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_no_pkey = (key_attnos == NULL);
+		}
+		/*
+		 * Ignore join rels, because they are flatten later by
+		 * flatten_join_alias_vars(). Store NULL into key_attnos_list
+		 * as a dummy.
+		 */
+		 else if (r->rtekind == RTE_JOIN)
+		 {
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			has_no_pkey = true;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (has_no_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(NULL, query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *key_attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				key_attnos = bms_del_member(key_attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				if (bms_is_empty(key_attnos))
+				{
+					key_attnos_list = list_delete_nth_cell(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+					key_attnos_list = list_insert_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1, NULL);
+				}
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect RTE indexes of relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = get_relids_in_jointree((Node *) query->jointree, false, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index f7d8007f796..eaf39f80cd3 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -23,24 +23,36 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/repack.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
+#include "parser/parse_relation.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
+#include "storage/lwlock.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
-
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 typedef struct
 {
@@ -53,6 +65,97 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	Snapshot	snapshot;	/* Snapshot just before table change */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+
+	/*
+	 * List of sub-transaction IDs that incrementally updated the view.
+	 * This list is maintained through a transaction, and an ID is removed
+	 * when a sub-transaction is aborted. If any ID is left when the
+	 * transaction is committed, this means the view is incrementally
+	 * updated in this transaction.
+	 */
+	List   *subxids;
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+
+	Relation	rel;			/* relation of the modified table */
+	TupleTableSlot *slot;		/* for checking visibility in the pre-state table */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+typedef struct DroppedImmvInfo
+{
+	Oid					immv_oid;
+	SubTransactionId	subxid;
+} DroppedImmvInfo;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+static HTAB *dropped_immv = NULL;
+
+static HTAB *LastIvmUpdateHash;
+
+#define LAST_IVM_UPDATE_HASH_SIZE 256
+
+static void IvmShmemRequest(void *arg);
+
+/* hash table entries */
+typedef struct LastIvmUpdateEntry
+{
+	Oid		oid;	/* hash key */
+	FullTransactionId	last_ivm_update;
+} LastIvmUpdateEntry;
+
+const ShmemCallbacks IvmShmemCallbacks = {
+	.request_fn = IvmShmemRequest,
+};
+
+static void
+IvmShmemRequest(void *arg)
+{
+	ShmemRequestHash(.name = "LastIvmUpdate hash",
+					 .nelems = LAST_IVM_UPDATE_HASH_SIZE,
+					 .ptr = &LastIvmUpdateHash,
+					 .hash_info.keysize = sizeof(Oid),
+					 .hash_info.entrysize = sizeof(LastIvmUpdateEntry),
+					 .hash_flags = HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS,
+		);
+}
+
+static bool in_delta_calculation = false;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -60,6 +163,8 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+									   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+									   TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 									   const char *queryString, bool is_create);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -67,6 +172,41 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(MV_TriggerTable *table);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid);
+static RangeTblEntry *makeDeltaTable(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+									 bool is_new, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort,
+									SubTransactionId subxid);
+static void setLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid, FullTransactionId xid);
+static FullTransactionId getLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -108,6 +248,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -166,8 +346,6 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 					QueryCompletion *qc)
 {
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -178,6 +356,7 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
 	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
@@ -193,6 +372,8 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	RestrictSearchPath();
 
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
+
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
 		ereport(ERROR,
@@ -213,32 +394,7 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 				 errmsg("%s options %s and %s cannot be used together",
 						"REFRESH", "CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -275,12 +431,6 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -310,6 +460,90 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete IMMV triggers. */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && skipData)
+	{
+		Relation	tgRel;
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		tgRel = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* search triggers that depends on IMMV. */
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->classid == TriggerRelationId)
+			{
+				HeapTuple	tgtup;
+				ScanKeyData tgkey[1];
+				SysScanDesc tgscan;
+				Form_pg_trigger tgform;
+
+				/* Find the trigger name. */
+				ScanKeyInit(&tgkey[0],
+							Anum_pg_trigger_oid,
+							BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+							ObjectIdGetDatum(foundDep->objid));
+
+				tgscan = systable_beginscan(tgRel, TriggerOidIndexId, true,
+											NULL, 1, tgkey);
+				tgtup = systable_getnext(tgscan);
+				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tgtup))
+					elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for immv trigger %u", foundDep->objid);
+
+				tgform = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(tgtup);
+
+				/* If trigger is created by IMMV, delete it. */
+				if (strncmp(NameStr(tgform->tgname), "IVM_trigger_", 12) == 0)
+				{
+					obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+					obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+					obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+					add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+				}
+				systable_endscan(tgscan);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		table_close(tgRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view
+	 * This argument should use 'dataQuery'. This needs to use a rewritten query,
+	 * because a sublink in jointree is not supported by this function.
+	 *
+	 * This is performed before generating data because we have to wait
+	 * concurrent transactions modifying a base table and then take a snapshot
+	 * to see changes by these transactions to make sure a consistent view
+	 * is created.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !skipData && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid);
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(dataQuery, matviewRel);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -326,8 +560,43 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 		DestReceiver *dest;
 
 		dest = CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(OIDNewHeap);
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString,
-											 is_create);
+
+		if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel))
+		{
+			/*
+			 * In READ COMMITTED, get and push the latest snapshot again to see the
+			 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+			 * transaction started.
+			 */
+			if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+				PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+			/*
+			 * If a concurrent transaction updated the view incrementally and was
+			 * committed before we acquired the lock, the results of refresh_immv could
+			 * be inconsistent. Therefore, we have to check the transaction ID of the
+			 * most recent update of the view, and if this was in progress at the
+			 * transaction start, raise an error to prevent anomalies.
+			 */
+			if (!is_create)
+			{
+				FullTransactionId xid;
+
+				xid = getLastUpdateXid(matviewOid);
+				if (XidInMVCCSnapshot(XidFromFullTransactionId(xid), GetActiveSnapshot()))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
+							 errmsg("the materialized view is incrementally updated in concurrent transaction"),
+							 errhint("The transaction might succeed if retried.")));
+			}
+		}
+
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL,
+											 queryString, is_create);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			PopActiveSnapshot();
 	}
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
@@ -402,6 +671,8 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString, bool is_create)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -439,7 +710,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -449,6 +720,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -967,3 +1241,1488 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		FullTransactionId xid;
+
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Even if we can acquire an lock, a concurrent transaction could have
+		 * updated the view incrementally and been committed before we acquired
+		 * the lock. Therefore, we have to check the transaction ID of the most
+		 * recent update of the view, and if this was in progress at the
+		 * transaction start, raise an error to prevent anomalies.
+		 */
+		xid = getLastUpdateXid(matviewOid);
+		if (XidInMVCCSnapshot(XidFromFullTransactionId(xid), GetTransactionSnapshot()))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
+					 errmsg("the materialized view is incrementally updated in concurrent transaction"),
+					 errhint("The transaction might succeed if retried.")));
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found || entry->snapshot == InvalidSnapshot)
+	{
+		Snapshot snapshot;
+
+		/*
+		 * Get a snapshot just before the table was modified for checking
+		 * tuple visibility in the pre-update state of the table.
+		 *
+		 * In READ COMMITTED, use the latest snapshot again to see the
+		 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+		 * transaction started.
+		 */
+		if (IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+		else
+			snapshot = GetTransactionSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(snapshot);
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+
+		/*
+		 * If this is the first table modifying query in the transaction,
+		 * initialize the list of subxids.
+		 */
+		if (!found)
+			entry->subxids = NIL;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_maintenance
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+	SubTransactionId subxid;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		table->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel), table_slot_callbacks(rel));
+		/* We assume we have at least RowExclusiveLock on modified tables. */
+		table->rel = table_open(RelationGetRelid(rel), NoLock);
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/* record the subxid that updated the view incrementally */
+	subxid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
+	if (!list_member_xid(entry->subxids, subxid))
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		entry->subxids = lappend_xid(entry->subxids, subxid);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table rows locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * In READ COMMITTED, get and push the latest snapshot again to see the
+	 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+	 * transaction started.
+	 */
+	if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+		PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/*
+	 * When a base table is truncated, the view content will be empty if the
+	 * view definition query does not contain an aggregate without a GROUP clause.
+	 * Therefore, such views can be truncated.
+	 */
+	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_TRUNCATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+	{
+		ExecuteTruncateGuts(list_make1(matviewRel), list_make1_oid(matviewOid),
+							NIL, DROP_RESTRICT, false, false);
+
+		/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+		clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false, InvalidSubTransactionId);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+		table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+		/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+		AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+		/* Restore userid and security context */
+		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  pstate, matviewOid);
+	/* Rewrite for counting duplicated tuples */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_counting(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false, InvalidSubTransactionId);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+		PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				List *securityQuals;
+				List *withCheckOptions;
+				bool  hasRowSecurity;
+				bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+				RangeTblEntry *rte_pre = get_prestate_rte(r, table, pstate->p_queryEnv, matviewid);
+
+				/*
+				 * Set a row security poslicies of the modified table to the subquery RTE which
+				 * represents the pre-update state of the table.
+				 */
+				get_row_security_policies(query, table->original_rte, i,
+										  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+										  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+				if (hasRowSecurity)
+				{
+					query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+					rte_pre->security_barrier = true;
+				}
+				if (hasSubLinks)
+					query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+				rte_pre->securityQuals = securityQuals;
+				lfirst(lc) = rte_pre;
+
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#define DatumGetItemPointer(X)	 ((ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(n) DatumGetItemPointer(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+/*
+ * ivm_visible_in_prestate
+ *
+ * Check visibility of a tuple specified by the tableoid and item pointer
+ * using the snapshot taken just before the table was modified.
+ */
+Datum
+ivm_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Oid			tableoid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
+	ItemPointer itemPtr = PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(1);
+	Oid			matviewOid = PG_GETARG_OID(2);
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table = NULL;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	result;
+
+	if (!in_delta_calculation)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("ivm_visible_in_prestate can be called only in delta calculation")));
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == tableoid)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	Assert (table != NULL);
+
+	result = table_tuple_fetch_row_version(table->rel, itemPtr, entry->snapshot, table->slot);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *subquery;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	static char *subquery_tl;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(table->rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(table->rel));
+
+	subquery_tl = make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(table);
+
+	/*
+	 * Filtering inserted row using the snapshot taken before the table
+	 * is modified. ctid is required for maintaining outer join views.
+	 */
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT %s FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE pg_catalog.ivm_visible_in_prestate(t.tableoid, t.ctid ,%d::pg_catalog.oid)",
+			subquery_tl, relname, matviewid);
+
+	/*
+	 * Re-add rows deleted from the old transition tables, excluding those
+	 * also present in the new transition tables.
+	 */
+	if (list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str," UNION ALL SELECT %s  FROM (",
+			subquery_tl);
+
+		for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+		{
+			if (i != 0)
+				appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+			appendStringInfo(&str," TABLE %s",
+				make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+		}
+		for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->new_tuplestores); i++)
+		{
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " EXCEPT ALL ");
+			appendStringInfo(&str," TABLE %s",
+				make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, i));
+		}
+		appendStringInfo(&str,")");
+	}
+
+	/* Get a subquery representing pre-state of the table */
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	subquery = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = subquery;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->perminfoindex = 0;         /* no permission checking for this RTE */
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_subquery_targetlist_from_table
+ *
+ * Make a targetlist string of a subquery representing a delta table or a
+ * pre-update state table. This subquery substitutes a modified table RTE
+ * in the view definition query during view maintenance. In the targetlist,
+ * column names appear in order of the table definition. However, for
+ * attribute numbers of vars in the query tree to reference columns of the
+ * subquery  correctly even though the table has a dropped column, put "null"
+ * as a dummy value at the position of a dropped column.
+ *
+ * We would also able to walk the query tree to rewrite varattnos, but
+ * crafting targetlist is more simple and reasonable.
+ */
+static char*
+make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(MV_TriggerTable *table)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
+	int			i;
+
+	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(table->rel);
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	for (i = 0; i < tupdesc->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(tupdesc, i);
+
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+		if (attr->attisdropped)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, "null");
+		else
+			appendStringInfo(&str, "%s", quote_identifier(NameStr(attr->attname)));
+	}
+
+	return str.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * makeDeltaTable
+ *
+ * Make a RTE representing a delta of the specified table.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+makeDeltaTable(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+		   bool is_new, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int		i;
+
+	const char *prefix_union = is_new ? "new" : "old";
+	const char *prefix_except = is_new ? "old" : "new";
+	int num_union = is_new ? list_length(table->new_tuplestores) : list_length(table->old_tuplestores);
+	int num_except = is_new ? list_length(table->old_tuplestores) : list_length(table->new_tuplestores);
+
+	/* the previous RTE must be a subquery which represents "pre-state" table */
+	Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY);
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_NONE;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		" SELECT %s FROM ( ",
+		make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(table));
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_union; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" TABLE  %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix_union, table->table_id, i));
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < num_except; i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " EXCEPT ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" TABLE  %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix_except, table->table_id, i));
+	}
+	appendStringInfo(&str,")");
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the subquery so that it represent the combined transition
+	 * table.  Note that we leave the security_barrier and securityQuals
+	 * fields so that the subquery relation can be protected by the RLS
+	 * policy as same as the modified table.
+	 */
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_counting
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting duplicated tuples.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(SystemFuncName("count"), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	in_delta_calculation = true;
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (dest_old && list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		lfirst(lc) = makeDeltaTable(rte, table, false, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "", false);
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (dest_new && list_length(table->new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		lfirst(lc) = makeDeltaTable(rte, table, true, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "", false);
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, attr);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT pg_catalog.row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, pg_catalog.generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\")"
+							" AS __ivm_generate_series__ "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be_qualified(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(DroppedImmvInfo);
+	dropped_immv = hash_create("Dropped IMMVs", 16,
+							   &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * (sub-)transaction abort. When the top-level transaction is aborted,
+ * InvalidSubTransactionId is set to subxid.
+ *
+ * Also, remove dropped IMMV information if it is aborted.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM(SubTransactionId subxid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, true, subxid);
+	}
+
+	if (dropped_immv)
+	{
+		DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, dropped_immv);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			if (subxid == InvalidSubTransactionId || subxid == entry->subxid)
+				hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtPreCommit_IVM
+ *
+ * Record the transaction ID that updated the view incrementally.
+ * Also, remove the entry for dropped IMMVs.
+ */
+void
+AtPreCommit_IVM(void)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+		/*
+		 * Record the transaction ID that udpate the view incrementally,
+		 * and perform the final clean up of the entry.
+		 */
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			setLastUpdateXid(entry->matview_id, GetTopFullTransactionId());
+			hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (dropped_immv)
+	{
+		DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+
+		LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, dropped_immv);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+			hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+		LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished. This is called at the end of table modifying query
+ * or (sub-)transaction abort. When the top-level transaction is aborted,
+ * InvalidSubTransactionId is set to subxid.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort,
+						SubTransactionId subxid)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* clean up tuple stores */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+		if (!is_abort)
+		{
+			ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(table->slot);
+			table_close(table->rel, NoLock);
+		}
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+	entry->tables = NIL;
+
+	if (is_abort)
+	{
+		bool	remove_entry = false;
+
+		/*
+		 * When the top-level transaction is aborted, remove all subxids.
+		 * When a sub-transaction is aborted, remove only its subxid.
+		 */
+		if (subxid == InvalidSubTransactionId)
+			remove_entry = true;
+		else
+		{
+			foreach(lc, entry->subxids)
+			{
+				if (lfirst_xid(lc) == subxid)
+				{
+					entry->subxids = list_delete_cell(entry->subxids, lc);
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			/*
+			 * If all the subxid are removed, it means that the view was not
+			 * updated at all in this transaction.
+			 */
+			if (list_length(entry->subxids) == 0)
+				remove_entry = true;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Remove entries of not updated views from the hash table.
+		 */
+		if (remove_entry)
+			hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* When the query sucsessully finished, unregister the snapshot */
+		UnregisterSnapshot(entry->snapshot);
+	}
+
+	entry->snapshot = InvalidSnapshot;
+}
+
+/*
+ * setLastUpdateXid
+ *
+ * Store the transaction ID that updated the view incremenally.
+ */
+static void
+setLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid, FullTransactionId xid)
+{
+	LastIvmUpdateEntry *entry;
+
+	LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+	entry = (LastIvmUpdateEntry *) hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_ENTER, NULL);
+	entry->oid = immv_oid;
+	entry->last_ivm_update = xid;
+	LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+}
+
+/*
+ * getLastUpdateXid
+ *
+ * Get the most recent transaction ID that updated the view incrementally.
+ */
+static FullTransactionId
+getLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid)
+{
+	FullTransactionId xid = InvalidFullTransactionId;
+	LastIvmUpdateEntry *entry;
+	bool found;
+
+	LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_SHARED);
+	entry = (LastIvmUpdateEntry *) hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_FIND, &found);
+	LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+	if (found)
+		xid = entry->last_ivm_update;
+
+	return xid;
+}
+
+void
+removeImmv(Oid immv_oid)
+{
+	DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+
+	if (!dropped_immv)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (DroppedImmvInfo *) hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_ENTER, NULL);
+	entry->subxid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
index a1845240a98..99bc709959a 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
 #include "commands/extension.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/repack.h"
 #include "commands/sequence.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
@@ -1804,6 +1805,9 @@ RangeVarCallbackForDropRelation(const RangeVar *rel, Oid relOid, Oid oldRelOid,
 	state->actual_relkind = classform->relkind;
 	state->actual_relpersistence = classform->relpersistence;
 
+	if (classform->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && classform->relisivm)
+		removeImmv(relOid);
+
 	/*
 	 * Both RELKIND_RELATION and RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE are OBJECT_TABLE,
 	 * but RemoveRelations() can only pass one relkind for a given relation.
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt b/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
index 560659f9568..d97c35eeef0 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
@@ -370,6 +370,7 @@ WaitLSN	"Waiting to read or update shared Wait-for-LSN state."
 LogicalDecodingControl	"Waiting to read or update logical decoding status information."
 DataChecksumsWorker	"Waiting for data checksums worker."
 AioWorkerControl	"Waiting to update AIO worker information."
+IvmControl	"Waiting for read or update IMMV information.."
 
 #
 # END OF PREDEFINED LWLOCKS (DO NOT CHANGE THIS LINE)
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index be157a5fbe9..b8722eea7a4 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12693,4 +12693,14 @@
   proname => 'hashoid8extended', prorettype => 'int8',
   proargtypes => 'oid8 int8', prosrc => 'hashoid8extended' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+{ oid => '788', descr => 'ivm filetring ',
+  proname => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate', provolatile => 's', prorettype => 'bool',
+  proargtypes => 'oid tid oid', prosrc => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate' },
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index f895c67c0c2..c286ebcd70e 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 738c731c1a9..f1dbfc052c5 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										QueryCompletion *qc);
 extern ObjectAddress RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
@@ -33,4 +36,12 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid transientoid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(SubTransactionId subtxid);
+extern void AtPreCommit_IVM(void);
+extern void removeImmv(Oid immv_oid);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
diff --git a/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h b/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
index d7eb648bd27..756c63baf97 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ PG_LWLOCK(54, WaitLSN)
 PG_LWLOCK(55, LogicalDecodingControl)
 PG_LWLOCK(56, DataChecksumsWorker)
 PG_LWLOCK(57, AioWorkerControl)
+PG_LWLOCK(58, IvmControl)
 
 /*
  * There also exist several built-in LWLock tranches.  As with the predefined
diff --git a/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h b/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
index 9ad619080be..481e15d00a1 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
@@ -88,3 +88,6 @@ PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(DataChecksumsShmemCallbacks)
 
 /* AIO subsystem. This delegates to the method-specific callbacks */
 PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(AioShmemCallbacks)
+
+/* Incremental View Maintenance */
+PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(IvmShmemCallbacks)
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Fri__29_May_2026_23_14_17_+0900_Te0o73X2VqYK57Gd
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v37-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v37-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v37 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2026-05-29 09:06 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2026-05-29 09:06 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance.

To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and post-state of base
tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER trigger, and pre-update
states can be calculated by removing inserted tuples and appending deleted
tuples. Insterted tuples are filtered using the snapshot taken before
table modification, and deleted tuples are contained in the old transition
table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c             |    8 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c               |  709 +++++++
 src/backend/commands/matview.c                | 1835 ++++++++++++++++-
 src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c              |    4 +
 .../utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt       |    1 +
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat               |   10 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h               |    4 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h                |   11 +
 src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h              |    1 +
 src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h           |    3 +
 10 files changed, 2548 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 5586fbe5b07..302a4822d50 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2322,6 +2323,9 @@ CommitTransaction(void)
 	CallXactCallbacks(is_parallel_worker ? XACT_EVENT_PARALLEL_PRE_COMMIT
 					  : XACT_EVENT_PRE_COMMIT);
 
+	/* Store the transaction ID that updated the view incrementally */
+	AtPreCommit_IVM();
+
 	/*
 	 * If this xact has started any unfinished parallel operation, clean up
 	 * its workers, warning about leaked resources.  (But we don't actually
@@ -2971,6 +2975,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM(InvalidSubTransactionId);
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5301,6 +5306,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM(s->subTransactionId);
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index 6dbb831ca89..a499688b79d 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -29,18 +29,32 @@
 #include "access/tableam.h"
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_am_d.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "executor/execdesc.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
+#include "miscadmin.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/queryjumble.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "optimizer/prep.h"
 #include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
@@ -70,6 +84,12 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 List **relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -277,6 +297,18 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		into->skipData = true;
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -287,15 +319,36 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		 */
 		address = create_ctas_nodata(query->targetList, into);
 
+		/*
+		 * For IVM, mark the matview before refresh so RelationIsIVM()
+		 * returns true inside RefreshMatViewByOid.
+		 */
+		if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+		{
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(address.objectId, NoLock);
+
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+			CommandCounterIncrement();
+		}
+
 		/*
 		 * For materialized views, reuse the REFRESH logic, which locks down
 		 * security-restricted operations and restricts the search_path.  This
 		 * reduces the chance that a subsequent refresh will fail.
 		 */
 		if (do_refresh)
+		{
 			RefreshMatViewByOid(address.objectId, true, false, false,
 								pstate->p_sourcetext, qc);
 
+			if (is_matview && into->ivm && IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+				ereport(WARNING,
+						(errmsg("inconsistent view can be created in isolation level SERIALIZABLE or REPEATABLE READ"),
+						 errdetail("The view may not include effects of a concurrent transaction."),
+						 errhint("The view with incremental maintenance should be created in isolation level READ COMMITTED, "
+								 "or refreshed manually to make sure the view is consistent.")));
+		}
 	}
 	else
 	{
@@ -635,3 +688,659 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid)
+{
+	List   *relids = NIL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < 1)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, 0);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > 1 || rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	list_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 List **relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !list_member_oid(*relids, rte->relid))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, true);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, true);
+
+					*relids = lappend_oid(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_truncate_before" : "IVM_trigger_truncate_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * XXX: When using DELETE or UPDATE, we must use exclusive lock for now
+	 * because apply_old_delta(_with_count) uses ctid to identify the tuple
+	 * to be deleted/deleted, but doesn't work in concurrent situations.
+	 *
+	 * If the view doesn't have aggregate, distinct, or tuple duplicate,
+	 * then it would work even in concurrent situations. However, we don't have
+	 * any way to guarantee the view has a unique key before opening the IMMV
+	 * at the maintenance time because users may drop the unique index.
+	 */
+
+	if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->distinctClause)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* check if type in the target list had an equality operator */
+				foreach(lc, qry->targetList)
+				{
+					TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+					Oid             atttype = exprType((Node *) tle->expr);
+					Oid             opclass;
+
+					opclass = GetDefaultOpClass(atttype, BTREE_AM_OID);
+					if (!OidIsValid(opclass))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
+								 errmsg("data type %s has no default operator class for access method \"%s\"",
+									format_type_be(atttype), "btree")));
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_Aggref:
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attributes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attributes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+	Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNumber = InvalidRelFileNumber;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilelocatorSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+	key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList);
+	if (key_attnos)
+	{
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+			if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+				iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+				iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+				iparam->expr = NULL;
+				iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+				iparam->collation = NIL;
+				iparam->opclass = NIL;
+				iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+				iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+				iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+				index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+		ereport(NOTICE,
+				(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+						RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+				 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns. "),
+				 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames,
+								false))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(NULL,
+						  RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  -1,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables'
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_no_pkey = false;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_no_pkey = (key_attnos == NULL);
+		}
+		/*
+		 * Ignore join rels, because they are flatten later by
+		 * flatten_join_alias_vars(). Store NULL into key_attnos_list
+		 * as a dummy.
+		 */
+		 else if (r->rtekind == RTE_JOIN)
+		 {
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			has_no_pkey = true;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (has_no_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(NULL, query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *key_attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				key_attnos = bms_del_member(key_attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				if (bms_is_empty(key_attnos))
+				{
+					key_attnos_list = list_delete_nth_cell(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+					key_attnos_list = list_insert_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1, NULL);
+				}
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect RTE indexes of relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = get_relids_in_jointree((Node *) query->jointree, false, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index f7d8007f796..eaf39f80cd3 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -23,24 +23,36 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/repack.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
+#include "parser/parse_relation.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
+#include "storage/lwlock.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
-
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 typedef struct
 {
@@ -53,6 +65,97 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	Snapshot	snapshot;	/* Snapshot just before table change */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+
+	/*
+	 * List of sub-transaction IDs that incrementally updated the view.
+	 * This list is maintained through a transaction, and an ID is removed
+	 * when a sub-transaction is aborted. If any ID is left when the
+	 * transaction is committed, this means the view is incrementally
+	 * updated in this transaction.
+	 */
+	List   *subxids;
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+
+	Relation	rel;			/* relation of the modified table */
+	TupleTableSlot *slot;		/* for checking visibility in the pre-state table */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+typedef struct DroppedImmvInfo
+{
+	Oid					immv_oid;
+	SubTransactionId	subxid;
+} DroppedImmvInfo;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+static HTAB *dropped_immv = NULL;
+
+static HTAB *LastIvmUpdateHash;
+
+#define LAST_IVM_UPDATE_HASH_SIZE 256
+
+static void IvmShmemRequest(void *arg);
+
+/* hash table entries */
+typedef struct LastIvmUpdateEntry
+{
+	Oid		oid;	/* hash key */
+	FullTransactionId	last_ivm_update;
+} LastIvmUpdateEntry;
+
+const ShmemCallbacks IvmShmemCallbacks = {
+	.request_fn = IvmShmemRequest,
+};
+
+static void
+IvmShmemRequest(void *arg)
+{
+	ShmemRequestHash(.name = "LastIvmUpdate hash",
+					 .nelems = LAST_IVM_UPDATE_HASH_SIZE,
+					 .ptr = &LastIvmUpdateHash,
+					 .hash_info.keysize = sizeof(Oid),
+					 .hash_info.entrysize = sizeof(LastIvmUpdateEntry),
+					 .hash_flags = HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS,
+		);
+}
+
+static bool in_delta_calculation = false;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -60,6 +163,8 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+									   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+									   TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 									   const char *queryString, bool is_create);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -67,6 +172,41 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(MV_TriggerTable *table);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid);
+static RangeTblEntry *makeDeltaTable(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+									 bool is_new, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort,
+									SubTransactionId subxid);
+static void setLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid, FullTransactionId xid);
+static FullTransactionId getLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -108,6 +248,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -166,8 +346,6 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 					QueryCompletion *qc)
 {
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -178,6 +356,7 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
 	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
@@ -193,6 +372,8 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	RestrictSearchPath();
 
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
+
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
 		ereport(ERROR,
@@ -213,32 +394,7 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 				 errmsg("%s options %s and %s cannot be used together",
 						"REFRESH", "CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -275,12 +431,6 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -310,6 +460,90 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete IMMV triggers. */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && skipData)
+	{
+		Relation	tgRel;
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		tgRel = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* search triggers that depends on IMMV. */
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->classid == TriggerRelationId)
+			{
+				HeapTuple	tgtup;
+				ScanKeyData tgkey[1];
+				SysScanDesc tgscan;
+				Form_pg_trigger tgform;
+
+				/* Find the trigger name. */
+				ScanKeyInit(&tgkey[0],
+							Anum_pg_trigger_oid,
+							BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+							ObjectIdGetDatum(foundDep->objid));
+
+				tgscan = systable_beginscan(tgRel, TriggerOidIndexId, true,
+											NULL, 1, tgkey);
+				tgtup = systable_getnext(tgscan);
+				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tgtup))
+					elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for immv trigger %u", foundDep->objid);
+
+				tgform = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(tgtup);
+
+				/* If trigger is created by IMMV, delete it. */
+				if (strncmp(NameStr(tgform->tgname), "IVM_trigger_", 12) == 0)
+				{
+					obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+					obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+					obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+					add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+				}
+				systable_endscan(tgscan);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		table_close(tgRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view
+	 * This argument should use 'dataQuery'. This needs to use a rewritten query,
+	 * because a sublink in jointree is not supported by this function.
+	 *
+	 * This is performed before generating data because we have to wait
+	 * concurrent transactions modifying a base table and then take a snapshot
+	 * to see changes by these transactions to make sure a consistent view
+	 * is created.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !skipData && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid);
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(dataQuery, matviewRel);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -326,8 +560,43 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 		DestReceiver *dest;
 
 		dest = CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(OIDNewHeap);
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString,
-											 is_create);
+
+		if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel))
+		{
+			/*
+			 * In READ COMMITTED, get and push the latest snapshot again to see the
+			 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+			 * transaction started.
+			 */
+			if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+				PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+			/*
+			 * If a concurrent transaction updated the view incrementally and was
+			 * committed before we acquired the lock, the results of refresh_immv could
+			 * be inconsistent. Therefore, we have to check the transaction ID of the
+			 * most recent update of the view, and if this was in progress at the
+			 * transaction start, raise an error to prevent anomalies.
+			 */
+			if (!is_create)
+			{
+				FullTransactionId xid;
+
+				xid = getLastUpdateXid(matviewOid);
+				if (XidInMVCCSnapshot(XidFromFullTransactionId(xid), GetActiveSnapshot()))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
+							 errmsg("the materialized view is incrementally updated in concurrent transaction"),
+							 errhint("The transaction might succeed if retried.")));
+			}
+		}
+
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL,
+											 queryString, is_create);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			PopActiveSnapshot();
 	}
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
@@ -402,6 +671,8 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString, bool is_create)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -439,7 +710,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -449,6 +720,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -967,3 +1241,1488 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		FullTransactionId xid;
+
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Even if we can acquire an lock, a concurrent transaction could have
+		 * updated the view incrementally and been committed before we acquired
+		 * the lock. Therefore, we have to check the transaction ID of the most
+		 * recent update of the view, and if this was in progress at the
+		 * transaction start, raise an error to prevent anomalies.
+		 */
+		xid = getLastUpdateXid(matviewOid);
+		if (XidInMVCCSnapshot(XidFromFullTransactionId(xid), GetTransactionSnapshot()))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
+					 errmsg("the materialized view is incrementally updated in concurrent transaction"),
+					 errhint("The transaction might succeed if retried.")));
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found || entry->snapshot == InvalidSnapshot)
+	{
+		Snapshot snapshot;
+
+		/*
+		 * Get a snapshot just before the table was modified for checking
+		 * tuple visibility in the pre-update state of the table.
+		 *
+		 * In READ COMMITTED, use the latest snapshot again to see the
+		 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+		 * transaction started.
+		 */
+		if (IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+		else
+			snapshot = GetTransactionSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(snapshot);
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+
+		/*
+		 * If this is the first table modifying query in the transaction,
+		 * initialize the list of subxids.
+		 */
+		if (!found)
+			entry->subxids = NIL;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_maintenance
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+	SubTransactionId subxid;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		table->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel), table_slot_callbacks(rel));
+		/* We assume we have at least RowExclusiveLock on modified tables. */
+		table->rel = table_open(RelationGetRelid(rel), NoLock);
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/* record the subxid that updated the view incrementally */
+	subxid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
+	if (!list_member_xid(entry->subxids, subxid))
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		entry->subxids = lappend_xid(entry->subxids, subxid);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table rows locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * In READ COMMITTED, get and push the latest snapshot again to see the
+	 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+	 * transaction started.
+	 */
+	if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+		PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/*
+	 * When a base table is truncated, the view content will be empty if the
+	 * view definition query does not contain an aggregate without a GROUP clause.
+	 * Therefore, such views can be truncated.
+	 */
+	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_TRUNCATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+	{
+		ExecuteTruncateGuts(list_make1(matviewRel), list_make1_oid(matviewOid),
+							NIL, DROP_RESTRICT, false, false);
+
+		/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+		clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false, InvalidSubTransactionId);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+		table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+		/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+		AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+		/* Restore userid and security context */
+		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  pstate, matviewOid);
+	/* Rewrite for counting duplicated tuples */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_counting(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false, InvalidSubTransactionId);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+		PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				List *securityQuals;
+				List *withCheckOptions;
+				bool  hasRowSecurity;
+				bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+				RangeTblEntry *rte_pre = get_prestate_rte(r, table, pstate->p_queryEnv, matviewid);
+
+				/*
+				 * Set a row security poslicies of the modified table to the subquery RTE which
+				 * represents the pre-update state of the table.
+				 */
+				get_row_security_policies(query, table->original_rte, i,
+										  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+										  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+				if (hasRowSecurity)
+				{
+					query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+					rte_pre->security_barrier = true;
+				}
+				if (hasSubLinks)
+					query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+				rte_pre->securityQuals = securityQuals;
+				lfirst(lc) = rte_pre;
+
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#define DatumGetItemPointer(X)	 ((ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(n) DatumGetItemPointer(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+/*
+ * ivm_visible_in_prestate
+ *
+ * Check visibility of a tuple specified by the tableoid and item pointer
+ * using the snapshot taken just before the table was modified.
+ */
+Datum
+ivm_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Oid			tableoid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
+	ItemPointer itemPtr = PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(1);
+	Oid			matviewOid = PG_GETARG_OID(2);
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table = NULL;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	result;
+
+	if (!in_delta_calculation)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("ivm_visible_in_prestate can be called only in delta calculation")));
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == tableoid)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	Assert (table != NULL);
+
+	result = table_tuple_fetch_row_version(table->rel, itemPtr, entry->snapshot, table->slot);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *subquery;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	static char *subquery_tl;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(table->rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(table->rel));
+
+	subquery_tl = make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(table);
+
+	/*
+	 * Filtering inserted row using the snapshot taken before the table
+	 * is modified. ctid is required for maintaining outer join views.
+	 */
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT %s FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE pg_catalog.ivm_visible_in_prestate(t.tableoid, t.ctid ,%d::pg_catalog.oid)",
+			subquery_tl, relname, matviewid);
+
+	/*
+	 * Re-add rows deleted from the old transition tables, excluding those
+	 * also present in the new transition tables.
+	 */
+	if (list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str," UNION ALL SELECT %s  FROM (",
+			subquery_tl);
+
+		for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+		{
+			if (i != 0)
+				appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+			appendStringInfo(&str," TABLE %s",
+				make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+		}
+		for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->new_tuplestores); i++)
+		{
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " EXCEPT ALL ");
+			appendStringInfo(&str," TABLE %s",
+				make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, i));
+		}
+		appendStringInfo(&str,")");
+	}
+
+	/* Get a subquery representing pre-state of the table */
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	subquery = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = subquery;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->perminfoindex = 0;         /* no permission checking for this RTE */
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_subquery_targetlist_from_table
+ *
+ * Make a targetlist string of a subquery representing a delta table or a
+ * pre-update state table. This subquery substitutes a modified table RTE
+ * in the view definition query during view maintenance. In the targetlist,
+ * column names appear in order of the table definition. However, for
+ * attribute numbers of vars in the query tree to reference columns of the
+ * subquery  correctly even though the table has a dropped column, put "null"
+ * as a dummy value at the position of a dropped column.
+ *
+ * We would also able to walk the query tree to rewrite varattnos, but
+ * crafting targetlist is more simple and reasonable.
+ */
+static char*
+make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(MV_TriggerTable *table)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
+	int			i;
+
+	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(table->rel);
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	for (i = 0; i < tupdesc->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(tupdesc, i);
+
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+		if (attr->attisdropped)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, "null");
+		else
+			appendStringInfo(&str, "%s", quote_identifier(NameStr(attr->attname)));
+	}
+
+	return str.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * makeDeltaTable
+ *
+ * Make a RTE representing a delta of the specified table.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+makeDeltaTable(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+		   bool is_new, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int		i;
+
+	const char *prefix_union = is_new ? "new" : "old";
+	const char *prefix_except = is_new ? "old" : "new";
+	int num_union = is_new ? list_length(table->new_tuplestores) : list_length(table->old_tuplestores);
+	int num_except = is_new ? list_length(table->old_tuplestores) : list_length(table->new_tuplestores);
+
+	/* the previous RTE must be a subquery which represents "pre-state" table */
+	Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY);
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_NONE;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		" SELECT %s FROM ( ",
+		make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(table));
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_union; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" TABLE  %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix_union, table->table_id, i));
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < num_except; i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " EXCEPT ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" TABLE  %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix_except, table->table_id, i));
+	}
+	appendStringInfo(&str,")");
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the subquery so that it represent the combined transition
+	 * table.  Note that we leave the security_barrier and securityQuals
+	 * fields so that the subquery relation can be protected by the RLS
+	 * policy as same as the modified table.
+	 */
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_counting
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting duplicated tuples.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(SystemFuncName("count"), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	in_delta_calculation = true;
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (dest_old && list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		lfirst(lc) = makeDeltaTable(rte, table, false, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "", false);
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (dest_new && list_length(table->new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		lfirst(lc) = makeDeltaTable(rte, table, true, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "", false);
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, attr);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT pg_catalog.row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, pg_catalog.generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\")"
+							" AS __ivm_generate_series__ "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be_qualified(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(DroppedImmvInfo);
+	dropped_immv = hash_create("Dropped IMMVs", 16,
+							   &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * (sub-)transaction abort. When the top-level transaction is aborted,
+ * InvalidSubTransactionId is set to subxid.
+ *
+ * Also, remove dropped IMMV information if it is aborted.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM(SubTransactionId subxid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, true, subxid);
+	}
+
+	if (dropped_immv)
+	{
+		DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, dropped_immv);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			if (subxid == InvalidSubTransactionId || subxid == entry->subxid)
+				hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtPreCommit_IVM
+ *
+ * Record the transaction ID that updated the view incrementally.
+ * Also, remove the entry for dropped IMMVs.
+ */
+void
+AtPreCommit_IVM(void)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+		/*
+		 * Record the transaction ID that udpate the view incrementally,
+		 * and perform the final clean up of the entry.
+		 */
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			setLastUpdateXid(entry->matview_id, GetTopFullTransactionId());
+			hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (dropped_immv)
+	{
+		DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+
+		LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, dropped_immv);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+			hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+		LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished. This is called at the end of table modifying query
+ * or (sub-)transaction abort. When the top-level transaction is aborted,
+ * InvalidSubTransactionId is set to subxid.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort,
+						SubTransactionId subxid)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* clean up tuple stores */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+		if (!is_abort)
+		{
+			ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(table->slot);
+			table_close(table->rel, NoLock);
+		}
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+	entry->tables = NIL;
+
+	if (is_abort)
+	{
+		bool	remove_entry = false;
+
+		/*
+		 * When the top-level transaction is aborted, remove all subxids.
+		 * When a sub-transaction is aborted, remove only its subxid.
+		 */
+		if (subxid == InvalidSubTransactionId)
+			remove_entry = true;
+		else
+		{
+			foreach(lc, entry->subxids)
+			{
+				if (lfirst_xid(lc) == subxid)
+				{
+					entry->subxids = list_delete_cell(entry->subxids, lc);
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			/*
+			 * If all the subxid are removed, it means that the view was not
+			 * updated at all in this transaction.
+			 */
+			if (list_length(entry->subxids) == 0)
+				remove_entry = true;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Remove entries of not updated views from the hash table.
+		 */
+		if (remove_entry)
+			hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* When the query sucsessully finished, unregister the snapshot */
+		UnregisterSnapshot(entry->snapshot);
+	}
+
+	entry->snapshot = InvalidSnapshot;
+}
+
+/*
+ * setLastUpdateXid
+ *
+ * Store the transaction ID that updated the view incremenally.
+ */
+static void
+setLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid, FullTransactionId xid)
+{
+	LastIvmUpdateEntry *entry;
+
+	LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+	entry = (LastIvmUpdateEntry *) hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_ENTER, NULL);
+	entry->oid = immv_oid;
+	entry->last_ivm_update = xid;
+	LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+}
+
+/*
+ * getLastUpdateXid
+ *
+ * Get the most recent transaction ID that updated the view incrementally.
+ */
+static FullTransactionId
+getLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid)
+{
+	FullTransactionId xid = InvalidFullTransactionId;
+	LastIvmUpdateEntry *entry;
+	bool found;
+
+	LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_SHARED);
+	entry = (LastIvmUpdateEntry *) hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_FIND, &found);
+	LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+	if (found)
+		xid = entry->last_ivm_update;
+
+	return xid;
+}
+
+void
+removeImmv(Oid immv_oid)
+{
+	DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+
+	if (!dropped_immv)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (DroppedImmvInfo *) hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_ENTER, NULL);
+	entry->subxid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
index a1845240a98..99bc709959a 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
 #include "commands/extension.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/repack.h"
 #include "commands/sequence.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
@@ -1804,6 +1805,9 @@ RangeVarCallbackForDropRelation(const RangeVar *rel, Oid relOid, Oid oldRelOid,
 	state->actual_relkind = classform->relkind;
 	state->actual_relpersistence = classform->relpersistence;
 
+	if (classform->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && classform->relisivm)
+		removeImmv(relOid);
+
 	/*
 	 * Both RELKIND_RELATION and RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE are OBJECT_TABLE,
 	 * but RemoveRelations() can only pass one relkind for a given relation.
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt b/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
index 560659f9568..d97c35eeef0 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
@@ -370,6 +370,7 @@ WaitLSN	"Waiting to read or update shared Wait-for-LSN state."
 LogicalDecodingControl	"Waiting to read or update logical decoding status information."
 DataChecksumsWorker	"Waiting for data checksums worker."
 AioWorkerControl	"Waiting to update AIO worker information."
+IvmControl	"Waiting for read or update IMMV information.."
 
 #
 # END OF PREDEFINED LWLOCKS (DO NOT CHANGE THIS LINE)
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index be157a5fbe9..b8722eea7a4 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12693,4 +12693,14 @@
   proname => 'hashoid8extended', prorettype => 'int8',
   proargtypes => 'oid8 int8', prosrc => 'hashoid8extended' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+{ oid => '788', descr => 'ivm filetring ',
+  proname => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate', provolatile => 's', prorettype => 'bool',
+  proargtypes => 'oid tid oid', prosrc => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate' },
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index f895c67c0c2..c286ebcd70e 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 738c731c1a9..f1dbfc052c5 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										QueryCompletion *qc);
 extern ObjectAddress RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
@@ -33,4 +36,12 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid transientoid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(SubTransactionId subtxid);
+extern void AtPreCommit_IVM(void);
+extern void removeImmv(Oid immv_oid);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
diff --git a/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h b/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
index d7eb648bd27..756c63baf97 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ PG_LWLOCK(54, WaitLSN)
 PG_LWLOCK(55, LogicalDecodingControl)
 PG_LWLOCK(56, DataChecksumsWorker)
 PG_LWLOCK(57, AioWorkerControl)
+PG_LWLOCK(58, IvmControl)
 
 /*
  * There also exist several built-in LWLock tranches.  As with the predefined
diff --git a/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h b/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
index 9ad619080be..481e15d00a1 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
@@ -88,3 +88,6 @@ PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(DataChecksumsShmemCallbacks)
 
 /* AIO subsystem. This delegates to the method-specific callbacks */
 PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(AioShmemCallbacks)
+
+/* Incremental View Maintenance */
+PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(IvmShmemCallbacks)
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Fri__29_May_2026_23_14_17_+0900_Te0o73X2VqYK57Gd
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v37-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v37-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v38 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2026-05-29 09:06 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2026-05-29 09:06 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance.

To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and post-state of base
tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER trigger, and pre-update
states can be calculated by removing inserted tuples and appending deleted
tuples. Insterted tuples are filtered using the snapshot taken before
table modification, and deleted tuples are contained in the old transition
table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c             |    8 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c               |  709 +++++++
 src/backend/commands/matview.c                | 1835 ++++++++++++++++-
 src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c              |    4 +
 .../utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt       |    1 +
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat               |   10 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h               |    4 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h                |   11 +
 src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h              |    1 +
 src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h           |    3 +
 10 files changed, 2548 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 3a89149016f..0e6cb5493d2 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2322,6 +2323,9 @@ CommitTransaction(void)
 	CallXactCallbacks(is_parallel_worker ? XACT_EVENT_PARALLEL_PRE_COMMIT
 					  : XACT_EVENT_PRE_COMMIT);
 
+	/* Store the transaction ID that updated the view incrementally */
+	AtPreCommit_IVM();
+
 	/*
 	 * If this xact has started any unfinished parallel operation, clean up
 	 * its workers, warning about leaked resources.  (But we don't actually
@@ -2973,6 +2977,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM(InvalidSubTransactionId);
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5304,6 +5309,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM(s->subTransactionId);
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index 6dbb831ca89..a499688b79d 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -29,18 +29,32 @@
 #include "access/tableam.h"
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_am_d.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "executor/execdesc.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
+#include "miscadmin.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/queryjumble.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "optimizer/prep.h"
 #include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
@@ -70,6 +84,12 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 List **relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -277,6 +297,18 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		into->skipData = true;
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -287,15 +319,36 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		 */
 		address = create_ctas_nodata(query->targetList, into);
 
+		/*
+		 * For IVM, mark the matview before refresh so RelationIsIVM()
+		 * returns true inside RefreshMatViewByOid.
+		 */
+		if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+		{
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(address.objectId, NoLock);
+
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+			CommandCounterIncrement();
+		}
+
 		/*
 		 * For materialized views, reuse the REFRESH logic, which locks down
 		 * security-restricted operations and restricts the search_path.  This
 		 * reduces the chance that a subsequent refresh will fail.
 		 */
 		if (do_refresh)
+		{
 			RefreshMatViewByOid(address.objectId, true, false, false,
 								pstate->p_sourcetext, qc);
 
+			if (is_matview && into->ivm && IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+				ereport(WARNING,
+						(errmsg("inconsistent view can be created in isolation level SERIALIZABLE or REPEATABLE READ"),
+						 errdetail("The view may not include effects of a concurrent transaction."),
+						 errhint("The view with incremental maintenance should be created in isolation level READ COMMITTED, "
+								 "or refreshed manually to make sure the view is consistent.")));
+		}
 	}
 	else
 	{
@@ -635,3 +688,659 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid)
+{
+	List   *relids = NIL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < 1)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, 0);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > 1 || rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	list_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 List **relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !list_member_oid(*relids, rte->relid))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, true);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, true);
+
+					*relids = lappend_oid(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_truncate_before" : "IVM_trigger_truncate_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * XXX: When using DELETE or UPDATE, we must use exclusive lock for now
+	 * because apply_old_delta(_with_count) uses ctid to identify the tuple
+	 * to be deleted/deleted, but doesn't work in concurrent situations.
+	 *
+	 * If the view doesn't have aggregate, distinct, or tuple duplicate,
+	 * then it would work even in concurrent situations. However, we don't have
+	 * any way to guarantee the view has a unique key before opening the IMMV
+	 * at the maintenance time because users may drop the unique index.
+	 */
+
+	if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->distinctClause)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* check if type in the target list had an equality operator */
+				foreach(lc, qry->targetList)
+				{
+					TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+					Oid             atttype = exprType((Node *) tle->expr);
+					Oid             opclass;
+
+					opclass = GetDefaultOpClass(atttype, BTREE_AM_OID);
+					if (!OidIsValid(opclass))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
+								 errmsg("data type %s has no default operator class for access method \"%s\"",
+									format_type_be(atttype), "btree")));
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_Aggref:
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attributes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attributes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+	Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNumber = InvalidRelFileNumber;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilelocatorSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+	key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList);
+	if (key_attnos)
+	{
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+			if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+				iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+				iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+				iparam->expr = NULL;
+				iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+				iparam->collation = NIL;
+				iparam->opclass = NIL;
+				iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+				iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+				iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+				index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+		ereport(NOTICE,
+				(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+						RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+				 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns. "),
+				 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames,
+								false))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(NULL,
+						  RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  -1,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables'
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_no_pkey = false;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_no_pkey = (key_attnos == NULL);
+		}
+		/*
+		 * Ignore join rels, because they are flatten later by
+		 * flatten_join_alias_vars(). Store NULL into key_attnos_list
+		 * as a dummy.
+		 */
+		 else if (r->rtekind == RTE_JOIN)
+		 {
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			has_no_pkey = true;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (has_no_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(NULL, query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *key_attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				key_attnos = bms_del_member(key_attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				if (bms_is_empty(key_attnos))
+				{
+					key_attnos_list = list_delete_nth_cell(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+					key_attnos_list = list_insert_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1, NULL);
+				}
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect RTE indexes of relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = get_relids_in_jointree((Node *) query->jointree, false, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index f7d8007f796..eaf39f80cd3 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -23,24 +23,36 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/repack.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
+#include "parser/parse_relation.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
+#include "storage/lwlock.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
-
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 typedef struct
 {
@@ -53,6 +65,97 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	Snapshot	snapshot;	/* Snapshot just before table change */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+
+	/*
+	 * List of sub-transaction IDs that incrementally updated the view.
+	 * This list is maintained through a transaction, and an ID is removed
+	 * when a sub-transaction is aborted. If any ID is left when the
+	 * transaction is committed, this means the view is incrementally
+	 * updated in this transaction.
+	 */
+	List   *subxids;
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+
+	Relation	rel;			/* relation of the modified table */
+	TupleTableSlot *slot;		/* for checking visibility in the pre-state table */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+typedef struct DroppedImmvInfo
+{
+	Oid					immv_oid;
+	SubTransactionId	subxid;
+} DroppedImmvInfo;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+static HTAB *dropped_immv = NULL;
+
+static HTAB *LastIvmUpdateHash;
+
+#define LAST_IVM_UPDATE_HASH_SIZE 256
+
+static void IvmShmemRequest(void *arg);
+
+/* hash table entries */
+typedef struct LastIvmUpdateEntry
+{
+	Oid		oid;	/* hash key */
+	FullTransactionId	last_ivm_update;
+} LastIvmUpdateEntry;
+
+const ShmemCallbacks IvmShmemCallbacks = {
+	.request_fn = IvmShmemRequest,
+};
+
+static void
+IvmShmemRequest(void *arg)
+{
+	ShmemRequestHash(.name = "LastIvmUpdate hash",
+					 .nelems = LAST_IVM_UPDATE_HASH_SIZE,
+					 .ptr = &LastIvmUpdateHash,
+					 .hash_info.keysize = sizeof(Oid),
+					 .hash_info.entrysize = sizeof(LastIvmUpdateEntry),
+					 .hash_flags = HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS,
+		);
+}
+
+static bool in_delta_calculation = false;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -60,6 +163,8 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+									   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+									   TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 									   const char *queryString, bool is_create);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -67,6 +172,41 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(MV_TriggerTable *table);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid);
+static RangeTblEntry *makeDeltaTable(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+									 bool is_new, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort,
+									SubTransactionId subxid);
+static void setLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid, FullTransactionId xid);
+static FullTransactionId getLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -108,6 +248,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -166,8 +346,6 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 					QueryCompletion *qc)
 {
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -178,6 +356,7 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
 	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
@@ -193,6 +372,8 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	RestrictSearchPath();
 
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
+
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
 		ereport(ERROR,
@@ -213,32 +394,7 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 				 errmsg("%s options %s and %s cannot be used together",
 						"REFRESH", "CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -275,12 +431,6 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -310,6 +460,90 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete IMMV triggers. */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && skipData)
+	{
+		Relation	tgRel;
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		tgRel = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* search triggers that depends on IMMV. */
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->classid == TriggerRelationId)
+			{
+				HeapTuple	tgtup;
+				ScanKeyData tgkey[1];
+				SysScanDesc tgscan;
+				Form_pg_trigger tgform;
+
+				/* Find the trigger name. */
+				ScanKeyInit(&tgkey[0],
+							Anum_pg_trigger_oid,
+							BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+							ObjectIdGetDatum(foundDep->objid));
+
+				tgscan = systable_beginscan(tgRel, TriggerOidIndexId, true,
+											NULL, 1, tgkey);
+				tgtup = systable_getnext(tgscan);
+				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tgtup))
+					elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for immv trigger %u", foundDep->objid);
+
+				tgform = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(tgtup);
+
+				/* If trigger is created by IMMV, delete it. */
+				if (strncmp(NameStr(tgform->tgname), "IVM_trigger_", 12) == 0)
+				{
+					obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+					obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+					obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+					add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+				}
+				systable_endscan(tgscan);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		table_close(tgRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view
+	 * This argument should use 'dataQuery'. This needs to use a rewritten query,
+	 * because a sublink in jointree is not supported by this function.
+	 *
+	 * This is performed before generating data because we have to wait
+	 * concurrent transactions modifying a base table and then take a snapshot
+	 * to see changes by these transactions to make sure a consistent view
+	 * is created.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !skipData && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid);
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(dataQuery, matviewRel);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -326,8 +560,43 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 		DestReceiver *dest;
 
 		dest = CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(OIDNewHeap);
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString,
-											 is_create);
+
+		if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel))
+		{
+			/*
+			 * In READ COMMITTED, get and push the latest snapshot again to see the
+			 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+			 * transaction started.
+			 */
+			if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+				PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+			/*
+			 * If a concurrent transaction updated the view incrementally and was
+			 * committed before we acquired the lock, the results of refresh_immv could
+			 * be inconsistent. Therefore, we have to check the transaction ID of the
+			 * most recent update of the view, and if this was in progress at the
+			 * transaction start, raise an error to prevent anomalies.
+			 */
+			if (!is_create)
+			{
+				FullTransactionId xid;
+
+				xid = getLastUpdateXid(matviewOid);
+				if (XidInMVCCSnapshot(XidFromFullTransactionId(xid), GetActiveSnapshot()))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
+							 errmsg("the materialized view is incrementally updated in concurrent transaction"),
+							 errhint("The transaction might succeed if retried.")));
+			}
+		}
+
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL,
+											 queryString, is_create);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			PopActiveSnapshot();
 	}
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
@@ -402,6 +671,8 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString, bool is_create)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -439,7 +710,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -449,6 +720,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -967,3 +1241,1488 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		FullTransactionId xid;
+
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Even if we can acquire an lock, a concurrent transaction could have
+		 * updated the view incrementally and been committed before we acquired
+		 * the lock. Therefore, we have to check the transaction ID of the most
+		 * recent update of the view, and if this was in progress at the
+		 * transaction start, raise an error to prevent anomalies.
+		 */
+		xid = getLastUpdateXid(matviewOid);
+		if (XidInMVCCSnapshot(XidFromFullTransactionId(xid), GetTransactionSnapshot()))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
+					 errmsg("the materialized view is incrementally updated in concurrent transaction"),
+					 errhint("The transaction might succeed if retried.")));
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found || entry->snapshot == InvalidSnapshot)
+	{
+		Snapshot snapshot;
+
+		/*
+		 * Get a snapshot just before the table was modified for checking
+		 * tuple visibility in the pre-update state of the table.
+		 *
+		 * In READ COMMITTED, use the latest snapshot again to see the
+		 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+		 * transaction started.
+		 */
+		if (IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+		else
+			snapshot = GetTransactionSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(snapshot);
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+
+		/*
+		 * If this is the first table modifying query in the transaction,
+		 * initialize the list of subxids.
+		 */
+		if (!found)
+			entry->subxids = NIL;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_maintenance
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+	SubTransactionId subxid;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		table->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel), table_slot_callbacks(rel));
+		/* We assume we have at least RowExclusiveLock on modified tables. */
+		table->rel = table_open(RelationGetRelid(rel), NoLock);
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/* record the subxid that updated the view incrementally */
+	subxid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
+	if (!list_member_xid(entry->subxids, subxid))
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		entry->subxids = lappend_xid(entry->subxids, subxid);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table rows locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * In READ COMMITTED, get and push the latest snapshot again to see the
+	 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+	 * transaction started.
+	 */
+	if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+		PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/*
+	 * When a base table is truncated, the view content will be empty if the
+	 * view definition query does not contain an aggregate without a GROUP clause.
+	 * Therefore, such views can be truncated.
+	 */
+	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_TRUNCATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+	{
+		ExecuteTruncateGuts(list_make1(matviewRel), list_make1_oid(matviewOid),
+							NIL, DROP_RESTRICT, false, false);
+
+		/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+		clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false, InvalidSubTransactionId);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+		table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+		/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+		AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+		/* Restore userid and security context */
+		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  pstate, matviewOid);
+	/* Rewrite for counting duplicated tuples */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_counting(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false, InvalidSubTransactionId);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+		PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				List *securityQuals;
+				List *withCheckOptions;
+				bool  hasRowSecurity;
+				bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+				RangeTblEntry *rte_pre = get_prestate_rte(r, table, pstate->p_queryEnv, matviewid);
+
+				/*
+				 * Set a row security poslicies of the modified table to the subquery RTE which
+				 * represents the pre-update state of the table.
+				 */
+				get_row_security_policies(query, table->original_rte, i,
+										  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+										  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+				if (hasRowSecurity)
+				{
+					query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+					rte_pre->security_barrier = true;
+				}
+				if (hasSubLinks)
+					query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+				rte_pre->securityQuals = securityQuals;
+				lfirst(lc) = rte_pre;
+
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#define DatumGetItemPointer(X)	 ((ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(n) DatumGetItemPointer(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+/*
+ * ivm_visible_in_prestate
+ *
+ * Check visibility of a tuple specified by the tableoid and item pointer
+ * using the snapshot taken just before the table was modified.
+ */
+Datum
+ivm_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Oid			tableoid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
+	ItemPointer itemPtr = PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(1);
+	Oid			matviewOid = PG_GETARG_OID(2);
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table = NULL;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	result;
+
+	if (!in_delta_calculation)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("ivm_visible_in_prestate can be called only in delta calculation")));
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == tableoid)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	Assert (table != NULL);
+
+	result = table_tuple_fetch_row_version(table->rel, itemPtr, entry->snapshot, table->slot);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *subquery;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	static char *subquery_tl;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(table->rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(table->rel));
+
+	subquery_tl = make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(table);
+
+	/*
+	 * Filtering inserted row using the snapshot taken before the table
+	 * is modified. ctid is required for maintaining outer join views.
+	 */
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT %s FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE pg_catalog.ivm_visible_in_prestate(t.tableoid, t.ctid ,%d::pg_catalog.oid)",
+			subquery_tl, relname, matviewid);
+
+	/*
+	 * Re-add rows deleted from the old transition tables, excluding those
+	 * also present in the new transition tables.
+	 */
+	if (list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str," UNION ALL SELECT %s  FROM (",
+			subquery_tl);
+
+		for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+		{
+			if (i != 0)
+				appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+			appendStringInfo(&str," TABLE %s",
+				make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+		}
+		for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->new_tuplestores); i++)
+		{
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " EXCEPT ALL ");
+			appendStringInfo(&str," TABLE %s",
+				make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, i));
+		}
+		appendStringInfo(&str,")");
+	}
+
+	/* Get a subquery representing pre-state of the table */
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	subquery = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = subquery;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->perminfoindex = 0;         /* no permission checking for this RTE */
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_subquery_targetlist_from_table
+ *
+ * Make a targetlist string of a subquery representing a delta table or a
+ * pre-update state table. This subquery substitutes a modified table RTE
+ * in the view definition query during view maintenance. In the targetlist,
+ * column names appear in order of the table definition. However, for
+ * attribute numbers of vars in the query tree to reference columns of the
+ * subquery  correctly even though the table has a dropped column, put "null"
+ * as a dummy value at the position of a dropped column.
+ *
+ * We would also able to walk the query tree to rewrite varattnos, but
+ * crafting targetlist is more simple and reasonable.
+ */
+static char*
+make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(MV_TriggerTable *table)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
+	int			i;
+
+	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(table->rel);
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	for (i = 0; i < tupdesc->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(tupdesc, i);
+
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+		if (attr->attisdropped)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, "null");
+		else
+			appendStringInfo(&str, "%s", quote_identifier(NameStr(attr->attname)));
+	}
+
+	return str.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * makeDeltaTable
+ *
+ * Make a RTE representing a delta of the specified table.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+makeDeltaTable(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+		   bool is_new, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int		i;
+
+	const char *prefix_union = is_new ? "new" : "old";
+	const char *prefix_except = is_new ? "old" : "new";
+	int num_union = is_new ? list_length(table->new_tuplestores) : list_length(table->old_tuplestores);
+	int num_except = is_new ? list_length(table->old_tuplestores) : list_length(table->new_tuplestores);
+
+	/* the previous RTE must be a subquery which represents "pre-state" table */
+	Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY);
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_NONE;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		" SELECT %s FROM ( ",
+		make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(table));
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_union; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" TABLE  %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix_union, table->table_id, i));
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < num_except; i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " EXCEPT ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" TABLE  %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix_except, table->table_id, i));
+	}
+	appendStringInfo(&str,")");
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the subquery so that it represent the combined transition
+	 * table.  Note that we leave the security_barrier and securityQuals
+	 * fields so that the subquery relation can be protected by the RLS
+	 * policy as same as the modified table.
+	 */
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_counting
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting duplicated tuples.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(SystemFuncName("count"), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	in_delta_calculation = true;
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (dest_old && list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		lfirst(lc) = makeDeltaTable(rte, table, false, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "", false);
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (dest_new && list_length(table->new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		lfirst(lc) = makeDeltaTable(rte, table, true, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "", false);
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, attr);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT pg_catalog.row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, pg_catalog.generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\")"
+							" AS __ivm_generate_series__ "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be_qualified(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(DroppedImmvInfo);
+	dropped_immv = hash_create("Dropped IMMVs", 16,
+							   &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * (sub-)transaction abort. When the top-level transaction is aborted,
+ * InvalidSubTransactionId is set to subxid.
+ *
+ * Also, remove dropped IMMV information if it is aborted.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM(SubTransactionId subxid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, true, subxid);
+	}
+
+	if (dropped_immv)
+	{
+		DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, dropped_immv);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			if (subxid == InvalidSubTransactionId || subxid == entry->subxid)
+				hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtPreCommit_IVM
+ *
+ * Record the transaction ID that updated the view incrementally.
+ * Also, remove the entry for dropped IMMVs.
+ */
+void
+AtPreCommit_IVM(void)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+		/*
+		 * Record the transaction ID that udpate the view incrementally,
+		 * and perform the final clean up of the entry.
+		 */
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			setLastUpdateXid(entry->matview_id, GetTopFullTransactionId());
+			hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (dropped_immv)
+	{
+		DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+
+		LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, dropped_immv);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+			hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+		LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished. This is called at the end of table modifying query
+ * or (sub-)transaction abort. When the top-level transaction is aborted,
+ * InvalidSubTransactionId is set to subxid.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort,
+						SubTransactionId subxid)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* clean up tuple stores */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+		if (!is_abort)
+		{
+			ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(table->slot);
+			table_close(table->rel, NoLock);
+		}
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+	entry->tables = NIL;
+
+	if (is_abort)
+	{
+		bool	remove_entry = false;
+
+		/*
+		 * When the top-level transaction is aborted, remove all subxids.
+		 * When a sub-transaction is aborted, remove only its subxid.
+		 */
+		if (subxid == InvalidSubTransactionId)
+			remove_entry = true;
+		else
+		{
+			foreach(lc, entry->subxids)
+			{
+				if (lfirst_xid(lc) == subxid)
+				{
+					entry->subxids = list_delete_cell(entry->subxids, lc);
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			/*
+			 * If all the subxid are removed, it means that the view was not
+			 * updated at all in this transaction.
+			 */
+			if (list_length(entry->subxids) == 0)
+				remove_entry = true;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Remove entries of not updated views from the hash table.
+		 */
+		if (remove_entry)
+			hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* When the query sucsessully finished, unregister the snapshot */
+		UnregisterSnapshot(entry->snapshot);
+	}
+
+	entry->snapshot = InvalidSnapshot;
+}
+
+/*
+ * setLastUpdateXid
+ *
+ * Store the transaction ID that updated the view incremenally.
+ */
+static void
+setLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid, FullTransactionId xid)
+{
+	LastIvmUpdateEntry *entry;
+
+	LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+	entry = (LastIvmUpdateEntry *) hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_ENTER, NULL);
+	entry->oid = immv_oid;
+	entry->last_ivm_update = xid;
+	LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+}
+
+/*
+ * getLastUpdateXid
+ *
+ * Get the most recent transaction ID that updated the view incrementally.
+ */
+static FullTransactionId
+getLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid)
+{
+	FullTransactionId xid = InvalidFullTransactionId;
+	LastIvmUpdateEntry *entry;
+	bool found;
+
+	LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_SHARED);
+	entry = (LastIvmUpdateEntry *) hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_FIND, &found);
+	LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+	if (found)
+		xid = entry->last_ivm_update;
+
+	return xid;
+}
+
+void
+removeImmv(Oid immv_oid)
+{
+	DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+
+	if (!dropped_immv)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (DroppedImmvInfo *) hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_ENTER, NULL);
+	entry->subxid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
index 472db112fa7..920b62d254d 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
 #include "commands/extension.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/repack.h"
 #include "commands/sequence.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
@@ -1811,6 +1812,9 @@ RangeVarCallbackForDropRelation(const RangeVar *rel, Oid relOid, Oid oldRelOid,
 	state->actual_relkind = classform->relkind;
 	state->actual_relpersistence = classform->relpersistence;
 
+	if (classform->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && classform->relisivm)
+		removeImmv(relOid);
+
 	/*
 	 * Both RELKIND_RELATION and RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE are OBJECT_TABLE,
 	 * but RemoveRelations() can only pass one relkind for a given relation.
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt b/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
index 560659f9568..d97c35eeef0 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
@@ -370,6 +370,7 @@ WaitLSN	"Waiting to read or update shared Wait-for-LSN state."
 LogicalDecodingControl	"Waiting to read or update logical decoding status information."
 DataChecksumsWorker	"Waiting for data checksums worker."
 AioWorkerControl	"Waiting to update AIO worker information."
+IvmControl	"Waiting for read or update IMMV information.."
 
 #
 # END OF PREDEFINED LWLOCKS (DO NOT CHANGE THIS LINE)
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index 73bb7fbb430..88399513f87 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12698,4 +12698,14 @@
   proname => 'hashoid8extended', prorettype => 'int8',
   proargtypes => 'oid8 int8', prosrc => 'hashoid8extended' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+{ oid => '788', descr => 'ivm filetring ',
+  proname => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate', provolatile => 's', prorettype => 'bool',
+  proargtypes => 'oid tid oid', prosrc => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate' },
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index f895c67c0c2..c286ebcd70e 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 738c731c1a9..f1dbfc052c5 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										QueryCompletion *qc);
 extern ObjectAddress RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
@@ -33,4 +36,12 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid transientoid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(SubTransactionId subtxid);
+extern void AtPreCommit_IVM(void);
+extern void removeImmv(Oid immv_oid);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
diff --git a/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h b/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
index d7eb648bd27..756c63baf97 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ PG_LWLOCK(54, WaitLSN)
 PG_LWLOCK(55, LogicalDecodingControl)
 PG_LWLOCK(56, DataChecksumsWorker)
 PG_LWLOCK(57, AioWorkerControl)
+PG_LWLOCK(58, IvmControl)
 
 /*
  * There also exist several built-in LWLock tranches.  As with the predefined
diff --git a/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h b/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
index 9ad619080be..481e15d00a1 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
@@ -88,3 +88,6 @@ PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(DataChecksumsShmemCallbacks)
 
 /* AIO subsystem. This delegates to the method-specific callbacks */
 PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(AioShmemCallbacks)
+
+/* Incremental View Maintenance */
+PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(IvmShmemCallbacks)
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Wed__1_Jul_2026_00_04_01_+0900_OVSy2WWK_9aByzDJ
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v38-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v38-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v39 6/8] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2026-05-29 09:06 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2026-05-29 09:06 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance.

To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and post-state of base
tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER trigger, and pre-update
states can be calculated by removing inserted tuples and appending deleted
tuples. Insterted tuples are filtered using the snapshot taken before
table modification, and deleted tuples are contained in the old transition
table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c             |    8 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c               |  709 +++++++
 src/backend/commands/matview.c                | 1835 ++++++++++++++++-
 src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c              |    4 +
 .../utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt       |    1 +
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat               |   10 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h               |    4 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h                |   11 +
 src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h              |    1 +
 src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h           |    3 +
 10 files changed, 2548 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 3a89149016f..0e6cb5493d2 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2322,6 +2323,9 @@ CommitTransaction(void)
 	CallXactCallbacks(is_parallel_worker ? XACT_EVENT_PARALLEL_PRE_COMMIT
 					  : XACT_EVENT_PRE_COMMIT);
 
+	/* Store the transaction ID that updated the view incrementally */
+	AtPreCommit_IVM();
+
 	/*
 	 * If this xact has started any unfinished parallel operation, clean up
 	 * its workers, warning about leaked resources.  (But we don't actually
@@ -2973,6 +2977,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM(InvalidSubTransactionId);
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5304,6 +5309,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM(s->subTransactionId);
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index 6dbb831ca89..a499688b79d 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -29,18 +29,32 @@
 #include "access/tableam.h"
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_am_d.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "executor/execdesc.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
+#include "miscadmin.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/queryjumble.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "optimizer/prep.h"
 #include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
@@ -70,6 +84,12 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 List **relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -277,6 +297,18 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		into->skipData = true;
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -287,15 +319,36 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		 */
 		address = create_ctas_nodata(query->targetList, into);
 
+		/*
+		 * For IVM, mark the matview before refresh so RelationIsIVM()
+		 * returns true inside RefreshMatViewByOid.
+		 */
+		if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+		{
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(address.objectId, NoLock);
+
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+			CommandCounterIncrement();
+		}
+
 		/*
 		 * For materialized views, reuse the REFRESH logic, which locks down
 		 * security-restricted operations and restricts the search_path.  This
 		 * reduces the chance that a subsequent refresh will fail.
 		 */
 		if (do_refresh)
+		{
 			RefreshMatViewByOid(address.objectId, true, false, false,
 								pstate->p_sourcetext, qc);
 
+			if (is_matview && into->ivm && IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+				ereport(WARNING,
+						(errmsg("inconsistent view can be created in isolation level SERIALIZABLE or REPEATABLE READ"),
+						 errdetail("The view may not include effects of a concurrent transaction."),
+						 errhint("The view with incremental maintenance should be created in isolation level READ COMMITTED, "
+								 "or refreshed manually to make sure the view is consistent.")));
+		}
 	}
 	else
 	{
@@ -635,3 +688,659 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid)
+{
+	List   *relids = NIL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < 1)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, 0);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > 1 || rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	list_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 List **relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !list_member_oid(*relids, rte->relid))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, true);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, true);
+
+					*relids = lappend_oid(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_truncate_before" : "IVM_trigger_truncate_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * XXX: When using DELETE or UPDATE, we must use exclusive lock for now
+	 * because apply_old_delta(_with_count) uses ctid to identify the tuple
+	 * to be deleted/deleted, but doesn't work in concurrent situations.
+	 *
+	 * If the view doesn't have aggregate, distinct, or tuple duplicate,
+	 * then it would work even in concurrent situations. However, we don't have
+	 * any way to guarantee the view has a unique key before opening the IMMV
+	 * at the maintenance time because users may drop the unique index.
+	 */
+
+	if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->distinctClause)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* check if type in the target list had an equality operator */
+				foreach(lc, qry->targetList)
+				{
+					TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+					Oid             atttype = exprType((Node *) tle->expr);
+					Oid             opclass;
+
+					opclass = GetDefaultOpClass(atttype, BTREE_AM_OID);
+					if (!OidIsValid(opclass))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
+								 errmsg("data type %s has no default operator class for access method \"%s\"",
+									format_type_be(atttype), "btree")));
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_Aggref:
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attributes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attributes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+	Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNumber = InvalidRelFileNumber;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilelocatorSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+	key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList);
+	if (key_attnos)
+	{
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+			if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+				iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+				iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+				iparam->expr = NULL;
+				iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+				iparam->collation = NIL;
+				iparam->opclass = NIL;
+				iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+				iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+				iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+				index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+		ereport(NOTICE,
+				(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+						RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+				 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns. "),
+				 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames,
+								false))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(NULL,
+						  RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  -1,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables'
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_no_pkey = false;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_no_pkey = (key_attnos == NULL);
+		}
+		/*
+		 * Ignore join rels, because they are flatten later by
+		 * flatten_join_alias_vars(). Store NULL into key_attnos_list
+		 * as a dummy.
+		 */
+		 else if (r->rtekind == RTE_JOIN)
+		 {
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			has_no_pkey = true;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (has_no_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(NULL, query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *key_attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				key_attnos = bms_del_member(key_attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				if (bms_is_empty(key_attnos))
+				{
+					key_attnos_list = list_delete_nth_cell(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+					key_attnos_list = list_insert_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1, NULL);
+				}
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect RTE indexes of relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = get_relids_in_jointree((Node *) query->jointree, false, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index f7d8007f796..eaf39f80cd3 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -23,24 +23,36 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/repack.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
+#include "parser/parse_relation.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
+#include "storage/lwlock.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
-
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 typedef struct
 {
@@ -53,6 +65,97 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	Snapshot	snapshot;	/* Snapshot just before table change */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+
+	/*
+	 * List of sub-transaction IDs that incrementally updated the view.
+	 * This list is maintained through a transaction, and an ID is removed
+	 * when a sub-transaction is aborted. If any ID is left when the
+	 * transaction is committed, this means the view is incrementally
+	 * updated in this transaction.
+	 */
+	List   *subxids;
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+
+	Relation	rel;			/* relation of the modified table */
+	TupleTableSlot *slot;		/* for checking visibility in the pre-state table */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+typedef struct DroppedImmvInfo
+{
+	Oid					immv_oid;
+	SubTransactionId	subxid;
+} DroppedImmvInfo;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+static HTAB *dropped_immv = NULL;
+
+static HTAB *LastIvmUpdateHash;
+
+#define LAST_IVM_UPDATE_HASH_SIZE 256
+
+static void IvmShmemRequest(void *arg);
+
+/* hash table entries */
+typedef struct LastIvmUpdateEntry
+{
+	Oid		oid;	/* hash key */
+	FullTransactionId	last_ivm_update;
+} LastIvmUpdateEntry;
+
+const ShmemCallbacks IvmShmemCallbacks = {
+	.request_fn = IvmShmemRequest,
+};
+
+static void
+IvmShmemRequest(void *arg)
+{
+	ShmemRequestHash(.name = "LastIvmUpdate hash",
+					 .nelems = LAST_IVM_UPDATE_HASH_SIZE,
+					 .ptr = &LastIvmUpdateHash,
+					 .hash_info.keysize = sizeof(Oid),
+					 .hash_info.entrysize = sizeof(LastIvmUpdateEntry),
+					 .hash_flags = HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS,
+		);
+}
+
+static bool in_delta_calculation = false;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -60,6 +163,8 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+									   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+									   TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 									   const char *queryString, bool is_create);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -67,6 +172,41 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(MV_TriggerTable *table);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid);
+static RangeTblEntry *makeDeltaTable(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+									 bool is_new, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort,
+									SubTransactionId subxid);
+static void setLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid, FullTransactionId xid);
+static FullTransactionId getLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -108,6 +248,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -166,8 +346,6 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 					QueryCompletion *qc)
 {
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -178,6 +356,7 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
 	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
@@ -193,6 +372,8 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	RestrictSearchPath();
 
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
+
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
 		ereport(ERROR,
@@ -213,32 +394,7 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 				 errmsg("%s options %s and %s cannot be used together",
 						"REFRESH", "CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -275,12 +431,6 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -310,6 +460,90 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete IMMV triggers. */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && skipData)
+	{
+		Relation	tgRel;
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		tgRel = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* search triggers that depends on IMMV. */
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->classid == TriggerRelationId)
+			{
+				HeapTuple	tgtup;
+				ScanKeyData tgkey[1];
+				SysScanDesc tgscan;
+				Form_pg_trigger tgform;
+
+				/* Find the trigger name. */
+				ScanKeyInit(&tgkey[0],
+							Anum_pg_trigger_oid,
+							BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+							ObjectIdGetDatum(foundDep->objid));
+
+				tgscan = systable_beginscan(tgRel, TriggerOidIndexId, true,
+											NULL, 1, tgkey);
+				tgtup = systable_getnext(tgscan);
+				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tgtup))
+					elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for immv trigger %u", foundDep->objid);
+
+				tgform = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(tgtup);
+
+				/* If trigger is created by IMMV, delete it. */
+				if (strncmp(NameStr(tgform->tgname), "IVM_trigger_", 12) == 0)
+				{
+					obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+					obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+					obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+					add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+				}
+				systable_endscan(tgscan);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		table_close(tgRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view
+	 * This argument should use 'dataQuery'. This needs to use a rewritten query,
+	 * because a sublink in jointree is not supported by this function.
+	 *
+	 * This is performed before generating data because we have to wait
+	 * concurrent transactions modifying a base table and then take a snapshot
+	 * to see changes by these transactions to make sure a consistent view
+	 * is created.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !skipData && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid);
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(dataQuery, matviewRel);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -326,8 +560,43 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 		DestReceiver *dest;
 
 		dest = CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(OIDNewHeap);
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString,
-											 is_create);
+
+		if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel))
+		{
+			/*
+			 * In READ COMMITTED, get and push the latest snapshot again to see the
+			 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+			 * transaction started.
+			 */
+			if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+				PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+			/*
+			 * If a concurrent transaction updated the view incrementally and was
+			 * committed before we acquired the lock, the results of refresh_immv could
+			 * be inconsistent. Therefore, we have to check the transaction ID of the
+			 * most recent update of the view, and if this was in progress at the
+			 * transaction start, raise an error to prevent anomalies.
+			 */
+			if (!is_create)
+			{
+				FullTransactionId xid;
+
+				xid = getLastUpdateXid(matviewOid);
+				if (XidInMVCCSnapshot(XidFromFullTransactionId(xid), GetActiveSnapshot()))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
+							 errmsg("the materialized view is incrementally updated in concurrent transaction"),
+							 errhint("The transaction might succeed if retried.")));
+			}
+		}
+
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL,
+											 queryString, is_create);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			PopActiveSnapshot();
 	}
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
@@ -402,6 +671,8 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString, bool is_create)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -439,7 +710,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -449,6 +720,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -967,3 +1241,1488 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		FullTransactionId xid;
+
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Even if we can acquire an lock, a concurrent transaction could have
+		 * updated the view incrementally and been committed before we acquired
+		 * the lock. Therefore, we have to check the transaction ID of the most
+		 * recent update of the view, and if this was in progress at the
+		 * transaction start, raise an error to prevent anomalies.
+		 */
+		xid = getLastUpdateXid(matviewOid);
+		if (XidInMVCCSnapshot(XidFromFullTransactionId(xid), GetTransactionSnapshot()))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
+					 errmsg("the materialized view is incrementally updated in concurrent transaction"),
+					 errhint("The transaction might succeed if retried.")));
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found || entry->snapshot == InvalidSnapshot)
+	{
+		Snapshot snapshot;
+
+		/*
+		 * Get a snapshot just before the table was modified for checking
+		 * tuple visibility in the pre-update state of the table.
+		 *
+		 * In READ COMMITTED, use the latest snapshot again to see the
+		 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+		 * transaction started.
+		 */
+		if (IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+		else
+			snapshot = GetTransactionSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(snapshot);
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+
+		/*
+		 * If this is the first table modifying query in the transaction,
+		 * initialize the list of subxids.
+		 */
+		if (!found)
+			entry->subxids = NIL;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_maintenance
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+	SubTransactionId subxid;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		table->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel), table_slot_callbacks(rel));
+		/* We assume we have at least RowExclusiveLock on modified tables. */
+		table->rel = table_open(RelationGetRelid(rel), NoLock);
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/* record the subxid that updated the view incrementally */
+	subxid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
+	if (!list_member_xid(entry->subxids, subxid))
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		entry->subxids = lappend_xid(entry->subxids, subxid);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table rows locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * In READ COMMITTED, get and push the latest snapshot again to see the
+	 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+	 * transaction started.
+	 */
+	if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+		PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/*
+	 * When a base table is truncated, the view content will be empty if the
+	 * view definition query does not contain an aggregate without a GROUP clause.
+	 * Therefore, such views can be truncated.
+	 */
+	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_TRUNCATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+	{
+		ExecuteTruncateGuts(list_make1(matviewRel), list_make1_oid(matviewOid),
+							NIL, DROP_RESTRICT, false, false);
+
+		/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+		clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false, InvalidSubTransactionId);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+		table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+		/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+		AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+		/* Restore userid and security context */
+		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  pstate, matviewOid);
+	/* Rewrite for counting duplicated tuples */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_counting(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false, InvalidSubTransactionId);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+		PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				List *securityQuals;
+				List *withCheckOptions;
+				bool  hasRowSecurity;
+				bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+				RangeTblEntry *rte_pre = get_prestate_rte(r, table, pstate->p_queryEnv, matviewid);
+
+				/*
+				 * Set a row security poslicies of the modified table to the subquery RTE which
+				 * represents the pre-update state of the table.
+				 */
+				get_row_security_policies(query, table->original_rte, i,
+										  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+										  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+				if (hasRowSecurity)
+				{
+					query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+					rte_pre->security_barrier = true;
+				}
+				if (hasSubLinks)
+					query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+				rte_pre->securityQuals = securityQuals;
+				lfirst(lc) = rte_pre;
+
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#define DatumGetItemPointer(X)	 ((ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(n) DatumGetItemPointer(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+/*
+ * ivm_visible_in_prestate
+ *
+ * Check visibility of a tuple specified by the tableoid and item pointer
+ * using the snapshot taken just before the table was modified.
+ */
+Datum
+ivm_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Oid			tableoid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
+	ItemPointer itemPtr = PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(1);
+	Oid			matviewOid = PG_GETARG_OID(2);
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table = NULL;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	result;
+
+	if (!in_delta_calculation)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("ivm_visible_in_prestate can be called only in delta calculation")));
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == tableoid)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	Assert (table != NULL);
+
+	result = table_tuple_fetch_row_version(table->rel, itemPtr, entry->snapshot, table->slot);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *subquery;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	static char *subquery_tl;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(table->rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(table->rel));
+
+	subquery_tl = make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(table);
+
+	/*
+	 * Filtering inserted row using the snapshot taken before the table
+	 * is modified. ctid is required for maintaining outer join views.
+	 */
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT %s FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE pg_catalog.ivm_visible_in_prestate(t.tableoid, t.ctid ,%d::pg_catalog.oid)",
+			subquery_tl, relname, matviewid);
+
+	/*
+	 * Re-add rows deleted from the old transition tables, excluding those
+	 * also present in the new transition tables.
+	 */
+	if (list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str," UNION ALL SELECT %s  FROM (",
+			subquery_tl);
+
+		for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+		{
+			if (i != 0)
+				appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+			appendStringInfo(&str," TABLE %s",
+				make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+		}
+		for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->new_tuplestores); i++)
+		{
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " EXCEPT ALL ");
+			appendStringInfo(&str," TABLE %s",
+				make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, i));
+		}
+		appendStringInfo(&str,")");
+	}
+
+	/* Get a subquery representing pre-state of the table */
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	subquery = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = subquery;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->perminfoindex = 0;         /* no permission checking for this RTE */
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_subquery_targetlist_from_table
+ *
+ * Make a targetlist string of a subquery representing a delta table or a
+ * pre-update state table. This subquery substitutes a modified table RTE
+ * in the view definition query during view maintenance. In the targetlist,
+ * column names appear in order of the table definition. However, for
+ * attribute numbers of vars in the query tree to reference columns of the
+ * subquery  correctly even though the table has a dropped column, put "null"
+ * as a dummy value at the position of a dropped column.
+ *
+ * We would also able to walk the query tree to rewrite varattnos, but
+ * crafting targetlist is more simple and reasonable.
+ */
+static char*
+make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(MV_TriggerTable *table)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
+	int			i;
+
+	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(table->rel);
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	for (i = 0; i < tupdesc->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(tupdesc, i);
+
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+		if (attr->attisdropped)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, "null");
+		else
+			appendStringInfo(&str, "%s", quote_identifier(NameStr(attr->attname)));
+	}
+
+	return str.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * makeDeltaTable
+ *
+ * Make a RTE representing a delta of the specified table.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+makeDeltaTable(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+		   bool is_new, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int		i;
+
+	const char *prefix_union = is_new ? "new" : "old";
+	const char *prefix_except = is_new ? "old" : "new";
+	int num_union = is_new ? list_length(table->new_tuplestores) : list_length(table->old_tuplestores);
+	int num_except = is_new ? list_length(table->old_tuplestores) : list_length(table->new_tuplestores);
+
+	/* the previous RTE must be a subquery which represents "pre-state" table */
+	Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY);
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_NONE;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		" SELECT %s FROM ( ",
+		make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(table));
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_union; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" TABLE  %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix_union, table->table_id, i));
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < num_except; i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " EXCEPT ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" TABLE  %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix_except, table->table_id, i));
+	}
+	appendStringInfo(&str,")");
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the subquery so that it represent the combined transition
+	 * table.  Note that we leave the security_barrier and securityQuals
+	 * fields so that the subquery relation can be protected by the RLS
+	 * policy as same as the modified table.
+	 */
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_counting
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting duplicated tuples.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(SystemFuncName("count"), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	in_delta_calculation = true;
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (dest_old && list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		lfirst(lc) = makeDeltaTable(rte, table, false, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "", false);
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (dest_new && list_length(table->new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		lfirst(lc) = makeDeltaTable(rte, table, true, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "", false);
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, attr);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT pg_catalog.row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, pg_catalog.generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\")"
+							" AS __ivm_generate_series__ "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be_qualified(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(DroppedImmvInfo);
+	dropped_immv = hash_create("Dropped IMMVs", 16,
+							   &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * (sub-)transaction abort. When the top-level transaction is aborted,
+ * InvalidSubTransactionId is set to subxid.
+ *
+ * Also, remove dropped IMMV information if it is aborted.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM(SubTransactionId subxid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, true, subxid);
+	}
+
+	if (dropped_immv)
+	{
+		DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, dropped_immv);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			if (subxid == InvalidSubTransactionId || subxid == entry->subxid)
+				hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtPreCommit_IVM
+ *
+ * Record the transaction ID that updated the view incrementally.
+ * Also, remove the entry for dropped IMMVs.
+ */
+void
+AtPreCommit_IVM(void)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+		/*
+		 * Record the transaction ID that udpate the view incrementally,
+		 * and perform the final clean up of the entry.
+		 */
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			setLastUpdateXid(entry->matview_id, GetTopFullTransactionId());
+			hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (dropped_immv)
+	{
+		DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+
+		LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, dropped_immv);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+			hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+		LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished. This is called at the end of table modifying query
+ * or (sub-)transaction abort. When the top-level transaction is aborted,
+ * InvalidSubTransactionId is set to subxid.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort,
+						SubTransactionId subxid)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* clean up tuple stores */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+		if (!is_abort)
+		{
+			ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(table->slot);
+			table_close(table->rel, NoLock);
+		}
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+	entry->tables = NIL;
+
+	if (is_abort)
+	{
+		bool	remove_entry = false;
+
+		/*
+		 * When the top-level transaction is aborted, remove all subxids.
+		 * When a sub-transaction is aborted, remove only its subxid.
+		 */
+		if (subxid == InvalidSubTransactionId)
+			remove_entry = true;
+		else
+		{
+			foreach(lc, entry->subxids)
+			{
+				if (lfirst_xid(lc) == subxid)
+				{
+					entry->subxids = list_delete_cell(entry->subxids, lc);
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			/*
+			 * If all the subxid are removed, it means that the view was not
+			 * updated at all in this transaction.
+			 */
+			if (list_length(entry->subxids) == 0)
+				remove_entry = true;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Remove entries of not updated views from the hash table.
+		 */
+		if (remove_entry)
+			hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* When the query sucsessully finished, unregister the snapshot */
+		UnregisterSnapshot(entry->snapshot);
+	}
+
+	entry->snapshot = InvalidSnapshot;
+}
+
+/*
+ * setLastUpdateXid
+ *
+ * Store the transaction ID that updated the view incremenally.
+ */
+static void
+setLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid, FullTransactionId xid)
+{
+	LastIvmUpdateEntry *entry;
+
+	LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+	entry = (LastIvmUpdateEntry *) hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_ENTER, NULL);
+	entry->oid = immv_oid;
+	entry->last_ivm_update = xid;
+	LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+}
+
+/*
+ * getLastUpdateXid
+ *
+ * Get the most recent transaction ID that updated the view incrementally.
+ */
+static FullTransactionId
+getLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid)
+{
+	FullTransactionId xid = InvalidFullTransactionId;
+	LastIvmUpdateEntry *entry;
+	bool found;
+
+	LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_SHARED);
+	entry = (LastIvmUpdateEntry *) hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_FIND, &found);
+	LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+	if (found)
+		xid = entry->last_ivm_update;
+
+	return xid;
+}
+
+void
+removeImmv(Oid immv_oid)
+{
+	DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+
+	if (!dropped_immv)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (DroppedImmvInfo *) hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_ENTER, NULL);
+	entry->subxid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
index 95abaf4890c..95e974e1138 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
 #include "commands/extension.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/repack.h"
 #include "commands/sequence.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
@@ -1811,6 +1812,9 @@ RangeVarCallbackForDropRelation(const RangeVar *rel, Oid relOid, Oid oldRelOid,
 	state->actual_relkind = classform->relkind;
 	state->actual_relpersistence = classform->relpersistence;
 
+	if (classform->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && classform->relisivm)
+		removeImmv(relOid);
+
 	/*
 	 * Both RELKIND_RELATION and RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE are OBJECT_TABLE,
 	 * but RemoveRelations() can only pass one relkind for a given relation.
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt b/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
index 560659f9568..d97c35eeef0 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
@@ -370,6 +370,7 @@ WaitLSN	"Waiting to read or update shared Wait-for-LSN state."
 LogicalDecodingControl	"Waiting to read or update logical decoding status information."
 DataChecksumsWorker	"Waiting for data checksums worker."
 AioWorkerControl	"Waiting to update AIO worker information."
+IvmControl	"Waiting for read or update IMMV information.."
 
 #
 # END OF PREDEFINED LWLOCKS (DO NOT CHANGE THIS LINE)
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index 3cb84359adf..65a739af22a 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12718,4 +12718,14 @@
   proname => 'hashoid8extended', prorettype => 'int8',
   proargtypes => 'oid8 int8', prosrc => 'hashoid8extended' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+{ oid => '788', descr => 'ivm filetring ',
+  proname => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate', provolatile => 's', prorettype => 'bool',
+  proargtypes => 'oid tid oid', prosrc => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate' },
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index f895c67c0c2..c286ebcd70e 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 738c731c1a9..f1dbfc052c5 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										QueryCompletion *qc);
 extern ObjectAddress RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
@@ -33,4 +36,12 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid transientoid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(SubTransactionId subtxid);
+extern void AtPreCommit_IVM(void);
+extern void removeImmv(Oid immv_oid);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
diff --git a/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h b/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
index d7eb648bd27..756c63baf97 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ PG_LWLOCK(54, WaitLSN)
 PG_LWLOCK(55, LogicalDecodingControl)
 PG_LWLOCK(56, DataChecksumsWorker)
 PG_LWLOCK(57, AioWorkerControl)
+PG_LWLOCK(58, IvmControl)
 
 /*
  * There also exist several built-in LWLock tranches.  As with the predefined
diff --git a/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h b/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
index 9ad619080be..481e15d00a1 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
@@ -88,3 +88,6 @@ PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(DataChecksumsShmemCallbacks)
 
 /* AIO subsystem. This delegates to the method-specific callbacks */
 PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(AioShmemCallbacks)
+
+/* Incremental View Maintenance */
+PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(IvmShmemCallbacks)
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Fri__3_Jul_2026_19_11_16_+0900_CskxSIu_iGcDMEyM
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v39-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v39-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v39 6/8] Add Incremental View Maintenance support
@ 2026-05-29 09:06 Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 86+ messages in thread

From: Yugo Nagata @ 2026-05-29 09:06 UTC (permalink / raw)

In this implementation, AFTER triggers are used to collect
tuplestores containing transition table contents. When multiple tables
are changed, multiple AFTER triggers are invoked, then the final AFTER
trigger performs actual update of the matview. In addition, BEFORE
triggers are also used to handle global information for view
maintenance.

To calculate view deltas, we need both pre-state and post-state of base
tables. Post-update states are available in AFTER trigger, and pre-update
states can be calculated by removing inserted tuples and appending deleted
tuples. Insterted tuples are filtered using the snapshot taken before
table modification, and deleted tuples are contained in the old transition
table.

Incrementally Maintainable Materialized Views (IMMV) can contain
duplicated tuples.

This patch also allows self-join, simultaneous updates of more than
one base table, and multiple updates of the same base table.
---
 src/backend/access/transam/xact.c             |    8 +
 src/backend/commands/createas.c               |  709 +++++++
 src/backend/commands/matview.c                | 1835 ++++++++++++++++-
 src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c              |    4 +
 .../utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt       |    1 +
 src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat               |   10 +
 src/include/commands/createas.h               |    4 +
 src/include/commands/matview.h                |   11 +
 src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h              |    1 +
 src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h           |    3 +
 10 files changed, 2548 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
index 3a89149016f..0e6cb5493d2 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
 #include "catalog/storage.h"
 #include "commands/async.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "common/pg_prng.h"
@@ -2322,6 +2323,9 @@ CommitTransaction(void)
 	CallXactCallbacks(is_parallel_worker ? XACT_EVENT_PARALLEL_PRE_COMMIT
 					  : XACT_EVENT_PRE_COMMIT);
 
+	/* Store the transaction ID that updated the view incrementally */
+	AtPreCommit_IVM();
+
 	/*
 	 * If this xact has started any unfinished parallel operation, clean up
 	 * its workers, warning about leaked resources.  (But we don't actually
@@ -2973,6 +2977,7 @@ AbortTransaction(void)
 	AtAbort_Notify();
 	AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
 	AtAbort_Twophase();
+	AtAbort_IVM(InvalidSubTransactionId);
 
 	/*
 	 * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
@@ -5304,6 +5309,9 @@ AbortSubTransaction(void)
 
 	UnlockBuffers();
 
+	/* Clean up hash entries for incremental view maintenance */
+	AtAbort_IVM(s->subTransactionId);
+
 	/* Reset WAL record construction state */
 	XLogResetInsertion();
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/createas.c b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
index 6dbb831ca89..a499688b79d 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/createas.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/createas.c
@@ -29,18 +29,32 @@
 #include "access/tableam.h"
 #include "access/xact.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
+#include "catalog/index.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_am_d.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_inherits.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/toasting.h"
 #include "commands/createas.h"
+#include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/prepare.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
+#include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/trigger.h"
 #include "commands/view.h"
 #include "executor/execdesc.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
+#include "miscadmin.h"
 #include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
 #include "nodes/queryjumble.h"
+#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
+#include "optimizer/prep.h"
 #include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "parser/parsetree.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
@@ -70,6 +84,12 @@ static bool intorel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 
+static void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 List **relids, bool ex_lock);
+static void CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock);
+static void check_ivm_restriction(Node *node);
+static bool check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context);
+static Bitmapset *get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList);
 
 /*
  * create_ctas_internal
@@ -277,6 +297,18 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		into->skipData = true;
 	}
 
+	if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+	{
+		/* check if the query is supported in IMMV definition */
+		if (contain_mutable_functions((Node *) query))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("mutable function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view"),
+					 errhint("functions must be marked IMMUTABLE")));
+
+		check_ivm_restriction((Node *) query);
+	}
+
 	if (into->skipData)
 	{
 		/*
@@ -287,15 +319,36 @@ ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt,
 		 */
 		address = create_ctas_nodata(query->targetList, into);
 
+		/*
+		 * For IVM, mark the matview before refresh so RelationIsIVM()
+		 * returns true inside RefreshMatViewByOid.
+		 */
+		if (is_matview && into->ivm)
+		{
+			Relation matviewRel = table_open(address.objectId, NoLock);
+
+			SetMatViewIVMState(matviewRel, true);
+			table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+			CommandCounterIncrement();
+		}
+
 		/*
 		 * For materialized views, reuse the REFRESH logic, which locks down
 		 * security-restricted operations and restricts the search_path.  This
 		 * reduces the chance that a subsequent refresh will fail.
 		 */
 		if (do_refresh)
+		{
 			RefreshMatViewByOid(address.objectId, true, false, false,
 								pstate->p_sourcetext, qc);
 
+			if (is_matview && into->ivm && IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+				ereport(WARNING,
+						(errmsg("inconsistent view can be created in isolation level SERIALIZABLE or REPEATABLE READ"),
+						 errdetail("The view may not include effects of a concurrent transaction."),
+						 errhint("The view with incremental maintenance should be created in isolation level READ COMMITTED, "
+								 "or refreshed manually to make sure the view is consistent.")));
+		}
 	}
 	else
 	{
@@ -635,3 +688,659 @@ intorel_destroy(DestReceiver *self)
 {
 	pfree(self);
 }
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables -- create IVM triggers on all base tables
+ */
+void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid)
+{
+	List   *relids = NIL;
+	bool	ex_lock = false;
+	RangeTblEntry *rte;
+
+	/* Immediately return if we don't have any base tables. */
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) < 1)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the view has more than one base tables, we need an exclusive lock
+	 * on the view so that the view would be maintained serially to avoid
+	 * the inconsistency that occurs when two base tables are modified in
+	 * concurrent transactions. However, if the view has only one table,
+	 * we can use a weaker lock.
+	 *
+	 * The type of lock should be determined here, because if we check the
+	 * view definition at maintenance time, we need to acquire a weaker lock,
+	 * and upgrading the lock level after this increases probability of
+	 * deadlock.
+	 */
+
+	rte = list_nth(qry->rtable, 0);
+	if (list_length(qry->rtable) > 1 || rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)qry, matviewOid, &relids, ex_lock);
+
+	list_free(relids);
+}
+
+static void
+CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(Query *qry, Node *node, Oid matviewOid,
+									 List **relids, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *query = (Query *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, (Node *)query->jointree, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_RangeTblRef:
+			{
+				int			rti = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
+				RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rti, qry->rtable);
+
+				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION && !list_member_oid(*relids, rte->relid))
+				{
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE, true);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, ex_lock);
+					CreateIvmTrigger(rte->relid, matviewOid, TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE, TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER, true);
+
+					*relids = lappend_oid(*relids, rte->relid);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_FromExpr:
+			{
+				FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) node;
+				ListCell   *l;
+
+				foreach(l, f->fromlist)
+					CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, lfirst(l), matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) node;
+
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->larg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+				CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTablesRecurse(qry, j->rarg, matviewOid, relids, ex_lock);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", (int) nodeTag(node));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIvmTrigger -- create IVM trigger on a base table
+ */
+static void
+CreateIvmTrigger(Oid relOid, Oid viewOid, int16 type, int16 timing, bool ex_lock)
+{
+	ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+	ObjectAddress	address;
+	CreateTrigStmt *ivm_trigger;
+	List *transitionRels = NIL;
+
+	Assert(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE || timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER);
+
+	refaddr.classId = RelationRelationId;
+	refaddr.objectId = viewOid;
+	refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+	ivm_trigger = makeNode(CreateTrigStmt);
+	ivm_trigger->relation = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->row = false;
+
+	ivm_trigger->timing = timing;
+	ivm_trigger->events = type;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_ins_before" : "IVM_trigger_ins_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_del_before" : "IVM_trigger_del_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_upd_before" : "IVM_trigger_upd_after");
+			break;
+		case TRIGGER_TYPE_TRUNCATE:
+			ivm_trigger->trigname = (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? "IVM_trigger_truncate_before" : "IVM_trigger_truncate_after");
+			break;
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "unsupported trigger type");
+	}
+
+	if (timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_AFTER)
+	{
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_INSERT || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_newtable";
+			n->isNew = true;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+		if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		{
+			TriggerTransition *n = makeNode(TriggerTransition);
+			n->name = "__ivm_oldtable";
+			n->isNew = false;
+			n->isTable = true;
+
+			transitionRels = lappend(transitionRels, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * XXX: When using DELETE or UPDATE, we must use exclusive lock for now
+	 * because apply_old_delta(_with_count) uses ctid to identify the tuple
+	 * to be deleted/deleted, but doesn't work in concurrent situations.
+	 *
+	 * If the view doesn't have aggregate, distinct, or tuple duplicate,
+	 * then it would work even in concurrent situations. However, we don't have
+	 * any way to guarantee the view has a unique key before opening the IMMV
+	 * at the maintenance time because users may drop the unique index.
+	 */
+
+	if (type == TRIGGER_TYPE_DELETE || type == TRIGGER_TYPE_UPDATE)
+		ex_lock = true;
+
+	ivm_trigger->funcname =
+		(timing == TRIGGER_TYPE_BEFORE ? SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_before") : SystemFuncName("IVM_immediate_maintenance"));
+
+	ivm_trigger->columns = NIL;
+	ivm_trigger->transitionRels = transitionRels;
+	ivm_trigger->whenClause = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->isconstraint = false;
+	ivm_trigger->deferrable = false;
+	ivm_trigger->initdeferred = false;
+	ivm_trigger->constrrel = NULL;
+	ivm_trigger->args = list_make2(
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout, ObjectIdGetDatum(viewOid)))),
+		makeString(DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(boolout, BoolGetDatum(ex_lock))))
+		);
+
+	address = CreateTrigger(ivm_trigger, NULL, relOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid,
+						 InvalidOid, InvalidOid, InvalidOid, NULL, true, false);
+
+	recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_AUTO);
+
+	/* Make changes-so-far visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check_ivm_restriction --- look for specify nodes in the query tree
+ */
+static void
+check_ivm_restriction(Node *node)
+{
+	check_ivm_restriction_walker(node, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool
+check_ivm_restriction_walker(Node *node, void *context)
+{
+	if (node == NULL)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * We currently don't support Sub-Query.
+	 */
+	if (IsA(node, SubPlan) || IsA(node, SubLink))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+	/* This can recurse, so check for excessive recursion */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	switch (nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Query:
+			{
+				Query *qry = (Query *)node;
+				ListCell   *lc;
+				List       *vars;
+
+				/* if contained CTE, return error */
+				if (qry->cteList != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("CTE is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg(" HAVING clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->sortClause != NIL)	/* There is a possibility that we don't need to return an error */
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("ORDER BY clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->limitOffset != NULL || qry->limitCount != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("LIMIT/OFFSET clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->distinctClause)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasDistinctOn)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("DISTINCT ON is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("window functions are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->groupingSets != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, or CUBE clauses is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->setOperations != NULL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT statements are not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (list_length(qry->targetList) == 0)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("empty target list is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+				if (qry->rowMarks != NIL)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("FOR UPDATE/SHARE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				/* system column restrictions */
+				vars = pull_vars_of_level((Node *) qry, 0);
+				foreach(lc, vars)
+				{
+					if (IsA(lfirst(lc), Var))
+					{
+						Var *var = (Var *) lfirst(lc);
+						/* if system column, return error */
+						if (var->varattno < 0)
+							ereport(ERROR,
+									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+									 errmsg("system column is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+					}
+				}
+
+				/* check if type in the target list had an equality operator */
+				foreach(lc, qry->targetList)
+				{
+					TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+					Oid             atttype = exprType((Node *) tle->expr);
+					Oid             opclass;
+
+					opclass = GetDefaultOpClass(atttype, BTREE_AM_OID);
+					if (!OidIsValid(opclass))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
+								 errmsg("data type %s has no default operator class for access method \"%s\"",
+									format_type_be(atttype), "btree")));
+				}
+
+				/* restrictions for rtable */
+				foreach(lc, qry->rtable)
+				{
+					RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+					if (rte->subquery)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("subquery is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->tablesample != NULL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("TABLESAMPLE clause is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitioned table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && has_superclass(rte->relid))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("partitions is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION && find_inheritance_children(rte->relid, NoLock) != NIL)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("inheritance parent is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("foreign table is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_VIEW ||
+						rte->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VIEW or MATERIALIZED VIEW is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+					if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("VALUES is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				}
+
+				query_tree_walker(qry, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL, QTW_IGNORE_RANGE_TABLE);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_TargetEntry:
+			{
+				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *)node;
+				if (isIvmName(tle->resname))
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("column name %s is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view", tle->resname)));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+				break;
+			}
+		case T_JoinExpr:
+			{
+				JoinExpr *joinexpr = (JoinExpr *)node;
+
+				if (joinexpr->jointype > JOIN_INNER)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+								 errmsg("OUTER JOIN is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+
+				expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, NULL);
+			}
+			break;
+		case T_Aggref:
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+					 errmsg("aggregate function is not supported on incrementally maintainable materialized view")));
+			break;
+		default:
+			expression_tree_walker(node, check_ivm_restriction_walker, (void *) context);
+			break;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * CreateIndexOnIMMV
+ *
+ * Create a unique index on incremental maintainable materialized view.
+ * If the view definition query has a GROUP BY clause, the index is created
+ * on the columns of GROUP BY expressions. Otherwise, if the view contains
+ * all primary key attributes of its base tables in the target list, the index
+ * is created on these attributes. In other cases, no index is created.
+ */
+void
+CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	IndexStmt  *index;
+	ObjectAddress address;
+	List *constraintList = NIL;
+	char		idxname[NAMEDATALEN];
+	List	   *indexoidlist = RelationGetIndexList(matviewRel);
+	ListCell   *indexoidscan;
+	Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+
+	snprintf(idxname, sizeof(idxname), "%s_index", RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	index = makeNode(IndexStmt);
+
+	index->unique = true;
+	index->primary = false;
+	index->isconstraint = false;
+	index->deferrable = false;
+	index->initdeferred = false;
+	index->idxname = idxname;
+	index->relation =
+		makeRangeVar(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+					 pstrdup(RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+					 -1);
+	index->accessMethod = DEFAULT_INDEX_TYPE;
+	index->options = NIL;
+	index->tableSpace = get_tablespace_name(matviewRel->rd_rel->reltablespace);
+	index->whereClause = NULL;
+	index->indexParams = NIL;
+	index->indexIncludingParams = NIL;
+	index->excludeOpNames = NIL;
+	index->idxcomment = NULL;
+	index->indexOid = InvalidOid;
+	index->oldNumber = InvalidRelFileNumber;
+	index->oldCreateSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->oldFirstRelfilelocatorSubid = InvalidSubTransactionId;
+	index->transformed = true;
+	index->concurrent = false;
+	index->if_not_exists = false;
+
+	/* create index on the base tables' primary key columns */
+	key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(query, &constraintList);
+	if (key_attnos)
+	{
+		foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+		{
+			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+			Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, tle->resno - 1);
+
+			if (bms_is_member(tle->resno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				IndexElem  *iparam;
+
+				iparam = makeNode(IndexElem);
+				iparam->name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
+				iparam->expr = NULL;
+				iparam->indexcolname = NULL;
+				iparam->collation = NIL;
+				iparam->opclass = NIL;
+				iparam->opclassopts = NIL;
+				iparam->ordering = SORTBY_DEFAULT;
+				iparam->nulls_ordering = SORTBY_NULLS_DEFAULT;
+				index->indexParams = lappend(index->indexParams, iparam);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* create no index, just notice that an appropriate index is necessary for efficient IVM */
+		ereport(NOTICE,
+				(errmsg("could not create an index on materialized view \"%s\" automatically",
+						RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel)),
+				 errdetail("This target list does not have all the primary key columns. "),
+				 errhint("Create an index on the materialized view for efficient incremental maintenance.")));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* If we have a compatible index, we don't need to create another. */
+	foreach(indexoidscan, indexoidlist)
+	{
+		Oid			indexoid = lfirst_oid(indexoidscan);
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		bool		hasCompatibleIndex = false;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indexoid, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (CheckIndexCompatible(indexRel->rd_id,
+								index->accessMethod,
+								index->indexParams,
+								index->excludeOpNames,
+								false))
+			hasCompatibleIndex = true;
+
+		index_close(indexRel, AccessShareLock);
+
+		if (hasCompatibleIndex)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	address = DefineIndex(NULL,
+						  RelationGetRelid(matviewRel),
+						  index,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  InvalidOid,
+						  -1,
+						  false, true, false, false, true);
+
+	ereport(NOTICE,
+			(errmsg("created index \"%s\" on materialized view \"%s\"",
+					idxname, RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel))));
+
+	/*
+	 * Make dependencies so that the index is dropped if any base tables'
+	 * primary key is dropped.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, constraintList)
+	{
+		Oid constraintOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		ObjectAddress	refaddr;
+
+		refaddr.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+		refaddr.objectId = constraintOid;
+		refaddr.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		recordDependencyOn(&address, &refaddr, DEPENDENCY_NORMAL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * get_primary_key_attnos_from_query
+ *
+ * Identify the columns in base tables' primary keys in the target list.
+ *
+ * Returns a Bitmapset of the column attnos of the primary key's columns of
+ * tables that used in the query.  The attnos are offset by
+ * FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber as same as get_primary_key_attnos.
+ *
+ * If any table has no primary key or any primary key's columns is not in
+ * the target list, return NULL.  We also return NULL if any pkey constraint
+ * is deferrable.
+ *
+ * constraintList is set to a list of the OIDs of the pkey constraints.
+ */
+static Bitmapset *
+get_primary_key_attnos_from_query(Query *query, List **constraintList)
+{
+	List *key_attnos_list = NIL;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int i;
+	Bitmapset *keys = NULL;
+	Relids	rels_in_from;
+
+	/*
+	 * Collect primary key attributes from all tables used in query. The key attributes
+	 * sets for each table are stored in key_attnos_list in order by RTE index.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+		Bitmapset *key_attnos;
+		bool	has_no_pkey = false;
+
+		/* for tables, call get_primary_key_attnos */
+		if (r->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
+		{
+			Oid constraintOid;
+			key_attnos = get_primary_key_attnos(r->relid, false, &constraintOid);
+			*constraintList = lappend_oid(*constraintList, constraintOid);
+			has_no_pkey = (key_attnos == NULL);
+		}
+		/*
+		 * Ignore join rels, because they are flatten later by
+		 * flatten_join_alias_vars(). Store NULL into key_attnos_list
+		 * as a dummy.
+		 */
+		 else if (r->rtekind == RTE_JOIN)
+		 {
+			key_attnos = NULL;
+		}
+		/* for other RTEs, store NULL into key_attnos_list */
+		else
+			has_no_pkey = true;
+
+		/*
+		 * If any table or subquery has no primary key or its pkey constraint is deferrable,
+		 * we cannot get key attributes for this query, so return NULL.
+		 */
+		if (has_no_pkey)
+			return NULL;
+
+		key_attnos_list = lappend(key_attnos_list, key_attnos);
+	}
+
+	/* Collect key attributes appearing in the target list */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) flatten_join_alias_vars(NULL, query, lfirst(lc));
+
+		if (IsA(tle->expr, Var))
+		{
+			Var *var = (Var*) tle->expr;
+			Bitmapset *key_attnos = list_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+
+			/* check if this attribute is from a base table's primary key */
+			if (bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber, key_attnos))
+			{
+				/*
+				 * Remove found key attributes from key_attnos_list, and add this
+				 * to the result list.
+				 */
+				key_attnos = bms_del_member(key_attnos, var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+				if (bms_is_empty(key_attnos))
+				{
+					key_attnos_list = list_delete_nth_cell(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1);
+					key_attnos_list = list_insert_nth(key_attnos_list, var->varno - 1, NULL);
+				}
+				keys = bms_add_member(keys, i - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
+			}
+		}
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Collect RTE indexes of relations appearing in the FROM clause */
+	rels_in_from = get_relids_in_jointree((Node *) query->jointree, false, false);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if all key attributes of relations in FROM are appearing in the target
+	 * list.  If an attribute remains in key_attnos_list in spite of the table is used
+	 * in FROM clause, the target is missing this key attribute, so we return NULL.
+	 */
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, key_attnos_list)
+	{
+		Bitmapset *bms = (Bitmapset *)lfirst(lc);
+		if (!bms_is_empty(bms) && bms_is_member(i, rels_in_from))
+			return NULL;
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	return keys;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/matview.c b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
index f7d8007f796..eaf39f80cd3 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/matview.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/matview.c
@@ -23,24 +23,36 @@
 #include "catalog/indexing.h"
 #include "catalog/namespace.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_am.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_depend.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_trigger.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_opclass.h"
 #include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/repack.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
 #include "commands/tablespace.h"
+#include "commands/createas.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/spi.h"
+#include "executor/tstoreReceiver.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
+#include "parser/analyze.h"
+#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
+#include "parser/parse_func.h"
+#include "parser/parse_relation.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "rewrite/rewriteHandler.h"
+#include "rewrite/rowsecurity.h"
 #include "storage/lmgr.h"
+#include "storage/lwlock.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
 #include "utils/snapmgr.h"
 #include "utils/syscache.h"
-
+#include "utils/typcache.h"
 
 typedef struct
 {
@@ -53,6 +65,97 @@ typedef struct
 	BulkInsertState bistate;	/* bulk insert state */
 } DR_transientrel;
 
+#define MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE	16
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerHashEntry
+ *
+ * Hash entry for base tables on which IVM trigger is invoked
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerHashEntry
+{
+	Oid	matview_id;			/* OID of the materialized view */
+	int	before_trig_count;	/* count of before triggers invoked */
+	int	after_trig_count;	/* count of after triggers invoked */
+
+	Snapshot	snapshot;	/* Snapshot just before table change */
+
+	List   *tables;		/* List of MV_TriggerTable */
+	bool	has_old;	/* tuples are deleted from any table? */
+	bool	has_new;	/* tuples are inserted into any table? */
+
+	/*
+	 * List of sub-transaction IDs that incrementally updated the view.
+	 * This list is maintained through a transaction, and an ID is removed
+	 * when a sub-transaction is aborted. If any ID is left when the
+	 * transaction is committed, this means the view is incrementally
+	 * updated in this transaction.
+	 */
+	List   *subxids;
+} MV_TriggerHashEntry;
+
+/*
+ * MV_TriggerTable
+ *
+ * IVM related data for tables on which the trigger is invoked.
+ */
+typedef struct MV_TriggerTable
+{
+	Oid		table_id;			/* OID of the modified table */
+	List   *old_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for deleted tuples */
+	List   *new_tuplestores;	/* tuplestores for inserted tuples */
+
+	List   *rte_indexes;		/* List of RTE index of the modified table */
+	RangeTblEntry *original_rte;	/* the original RTE saved before rewriting query */
+
+	Relation	rel;			/* relation of the modified table */
+	TupleTableSlot *slot;		/* for checking visibility in the pre-state table */
+} MV_TriggerTable;
+
+typedef struct DroppedImmvInfo
+{
+	Oid					immv_oid;
+	SubTransactionId	subxid;
+} DroppedImmvInfo;
+
+static HTAB *mv_trigger_info = NULL;
+static HTAB *dropped_immv = NULL;
+
+static HTAB *LastIvmUpdateHash;
+
+#define LAST_IVM_UPDATE_HASH_SIZE 256
+
+static void IvmShmemRequest(void *arg);
+
+/* hash table entries */
+typedef struct LastIvmUpdateEntry
+{
+	Oid		oid;	/* hash key */
+	FullTransactionId	last_ivm_update;
+} LastIvmUpdateEntry;
+
+const ShmemCallbacks IvmShmemCallbacks = {
+	.request_fn = IvmShmemRequest,
+};
+
+static void
+IvmShmemRequest(void *arg)
+{
+	ShmemRequestHash(.name = "LastIvmUpdate hash",
+					 .nelems = LAST_IVM_UPDATE_HASH_SIZE,
+					 .ptr = &LastIvmUpdateHash,
+					 .hash_info.keysize = sizeof(Oid),
+					 .hash_info.entrysize = sizeof(LastIvmUpdateEntry),
+					 .hash_flags = HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS,
+		);
+}
+
+static bool in_delta_calculation = false;
+
+/* ENR name for materialized view delta */
+#define NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME "new_delta"
+#define OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME "old_delta"
+
 static int	matview_maintenance_depth = 0;
 
 static void transientrel_startup(DestReceiver *self, int operation, TupleDesc typeinfo);
@@ -60,6 +163,8 @@ static bool transientrel_receive(TupleTableSlot *slot, DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_shutdown(DestReceiver *self);
 static void transientrel_destroy(DestReceiver *self);
 static uint64 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+									   QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+									   TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 									   const char *queryString, bool is_create);
 static void refresh_by_match_merge(Oid matviewOid, Oid tempOid, Oid relowner,
 								   int save_sec_context);
@@ -67,6 +172,41 @@ static void refresh_by_heap_swap(Oid matviewOid, Oid OIDNewHeap, char relpersist
 static bool is_usable_unique_index(Relation indexRel);
 static void OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
 static void CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void);
+static Query *get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel);
+
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid);
+static void register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables);
+static char *make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(MV_TriggerTable *table);
+static char *make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count);
+static RangeTblEntry *get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid);
+static RangeTblEntry *makeDeltaTable(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+									 bool is_new, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate);
+
+static void calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv);
+static Query *rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index);
+
+static void apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query);
+static void apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys);
+static void apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list);
+static char *get_matching_condition_string(List *keys);
+static void generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop);
+
+static void mv_InitHashTables(void);
+static void clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort,
+									SubTransactionId subxid);
+static void setLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid, FullTransactionId xid);
+static FullTransactionId getLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid);
 
 /*
  * SetMatViewPopulatedState
@@ -108,6 +248,46 @@ SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
 	CommandCounterIncrement();
 }
 
+/*
+ * SetMatViewIVMState
+ *		Mark a materialized view as IVM, or not.
+ *
+ * NOTE: caller must be holding an appropriate lock on the relation.
+ */
+void
+SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate)
+{
+	Relation	pgrel;
+	HeapTuple	tuple;
+
+	Assert(relation->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update relation's pg_class entry.  Crucial side-effect: other backends
+	 * (and this one too!) are sent SI message to make them rebuild relcache
+	 * entries.
+	 */
+	pgrel = table_open(RelationRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+	tuple = SearchSysCacheCopy1(RELOID,
+								ObjectIdGetDatum(RelationGetRelid(relation)));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u",
+			 RelationGetRelid(relation));
+
+	((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relisivm = newstate;
+
+	CatalogTupleUpdate(pgrel, &tuple->t_self, tuple);
+
+	heap_freetuple(tuple);
+	table_close(pgrel, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated pg_class row locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
 /*
  * ExecRefreshMatView -- execute a REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command
  *
@@ -166,8 +346,6 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 					QueryCompletion *qc)
 {
 	Relation	matviewRel;
-	RewriteRule *rule;
-	List	   *actions;
 	Query	   *dataQuery;
 	Oid			tableSpace;
 	Oid			relowner;
@@ -178,6 +356,7 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 	int			save_sec_context;
 	int			save_nestlevel;
 	ObjectAddress address;
+	bool oldPopulated;
 
 	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
 	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
@@ -193,6 +372,8 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
 	RestrictSearchPath();
 
+	oldPopulated = RelationIsPopulated(matviewRel);
+
 	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
 	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_MATVIEW)
 		ereport(ERROR,
@@ -213,32 +394,7 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 				 errmsg("%s options %s and %s cannot be used together",
 						"REFRESH", "CONCURRENTLY", "WITH NO DATA")));
 
-	/*
-	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
-	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
-	 */
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
-		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
-	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
-
-	actions = rule->actions;
-	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
-		elog(ERROR,
-			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
-			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+	dataQuery = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
 
 	/*
 	 * Check that there is a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more
@@ -275,12 +431,6 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 					 errhint("Create a unique index with no WHERE clause on one or more columns of the materialized view.")));
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
-	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
-	 */
-	dataQuery = linitial_node(Query, actions);
-
 	/*
 	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
 	 * as open scans.
@@ -310,6 +460,90 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 		relpersistence = matviewRel->rd_rel->relpersistence;
 	}
 
+	/* delete IMMV triggers. */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && skipData)
+	{
+		Relation	tgRel;
+		Relation	depRel;
+		ScanKeyData key;
+		SysScanDesc scan;
+		HeapTuple	tup;
+		ObjectAddresses *immv_triggers;
+
+		immv_triggers = new_object_addresses();
+
+		tgRel = table_open(TriggerRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+		depRel = table_open(DependRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* search triggers that depends on IMMV. */
+		ScanKeyInit(&key,
+					Anum_pg_depend_refobjid,
+					BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+					ObjectIdGetDatum(matviewOid));
+		scan = systable_beginscan(depRel, DependReferenceIndexId, true,
+								  NULL, 1, &key);
+		while ((tup = systable_getnext(scan)) != NULL)
+		{
+			ObjectAddress obj;
+			Form_pg_depend foundDep = (Form_pg_depend) GETSTRUCT(tup);
+
+			if (foundDep->classid == TriggerRelationId)
+			{
+				HeapTuple	tgtup;
+				ScanKeyData tgkey[1];
+				SysScanDesc tgscan;
+				Form_pg_trigger tgform;
+
+				/* Find the trigger name. */
+				ScanKeyInit(&tgkey[0],
+							Anum_pg_trigger_oid,
+							BTEqualStrategyNumber, F_OIDEQ,
+							ObjectIdGetDatum(foundDep->objid));
+
+				tgscan = systable_beginscan(tgRel, TriggerOidIndexId, true,
+											NULL, 1, tgkey);
+				tgtup = systable_getnext(tgscan);
+				if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tgtup))
+					elog(ERROR, "could not find tuple for immv trigger %u", foundDep->objid);
+
+				tgform = (Form_pg_trigger) GETSTRUCT(tgtup);
+
+				/* If trigger is created by IMMV, delete it. */
+				if (strncmp(NameStr(tgform->tgname), "IVM_trigger_", 12) == 0)
+				{
+					obj.classId = foundDep->classid;
+					obj.objectId = foundDep->objid;
+					obj.objectSubId = foundDep->refobjsubid;
+					add_exact_object_address(&obj, immv_triggers);
+				}
+				systable_endscan(tgscan);
+			}
+		}
+		systable_endscan(scan);
+
+		performMultipleDeletions(immv_triggers, DROP_RESTRICT, PERFORM_DELETION_INTERNAL);
+
+		table_close(depRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		table_close(tgRel, RowExclusiveLock);
+		free_object_addresses(immv_triggers);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Create triggers on incremental maintainable materialized view
+	 * This argument should use 'dataQuery'. This needs to use a rewritten query,
+	 * because a sublink in jointree is not supported by this function.
+	 *
+	 * This is performed before generating data because we have to wait
+	 * concurrent transactions modifying a base table and then take a snapshot
+	 * to see changes by these transactions to make sure a consistent view
+	 * is created.
+	 */
+	if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !skipData && !oldPopulated)
+	{
+		CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(dataQuery, matviewOid);
+		CreateIndexOnIMMV(dataQuery, matviewRel);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Create the transient table that will receive the regenerated data. Lock
 	 * it against access by any other process until commit (by which time it
@@ -326,8 +560,43 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
 		DestReceiver *dest;
 
 		dest = CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(OIDNewHeap);
-		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, queryString,
-											 is_create);
+
+		if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel))
+		{
+			/*
+			 * In READ COMMITTED, get and push the latest snapshot again to see the
+			 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+			 * transaction started.
+			 */
+			if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+				PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+			/*
+			 * If a concurrent transaction updated the view incrementally and was
+			 * committed before we acquired the lock, the results of refresh_immv could
+			 * be inconsistent. Therefore, we have to check the transaction ID of the
+			 * most recent update of the view, and if this was in progress at the
+			 * transaction start, raise an error to prevent anomalies.
+			 */
+			if (!is_create)
+			{
+				FullTransactionId xid;
+
+				xid = getLastUpdateXid(matviewOid);
+				if (XidInMVCCSnapshot(XidFromFullTransactionId(xid), GetActiveSnapshot()))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
+							 errmsg("the materialized view is incrementally updated in concurrent transaction"),
+							 errhint("The transaction might succeed if retried.")));
+			}
+		}
+
+		processed = refresh_matview_datafill(dest, dataQuery, NULL, NULL,
+											 queryString, is_create);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		if (RelationIsIVM(matviewRel) && !IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			PopActiveSnapshot();
 	}
 
 	/* Make the matview match the newly generated data. */
@@ -402,6 +671,8 @@ RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
  */
 static uint64
 refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
+						 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
+						 TupleDesc *resultTupleDesc,
 						 const char *queryString, bool is_create)
 {
 	List	   *rewritten;
@@ -439,7 +710,7 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 	/* Create a QueryDesc, redirecting output to our tuple receiver */
 	queryDesc = CreateQueryDesc(plan, queryString,
 								GetActiveSnapshot(), InvalidSnapshot,
-								dest, NULL, NULL, 0);
+								dest, NULL, queryEnv ? queryEnv: NULL, 0);
 
 	/* call ExecutorStart to prepare the plan for execution */
 	ExecutorStart(queryDesc, 0);
@@ -449,6 +720,9 @@ refresh_matview_datafill(DestReceiver *dest, Query *query,
 
 	processed = queryDesc->estate->es_processed;
 
+	if (resultTupleDesc)
+		*resultTupleDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(queryDesc->tupDesc);
+
 	/* and clean up */
 	ExecutorFinish(queryDesc);
 	ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
@@ -967,3 +1241,1488 @@ CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance(void)
 	matview_maintenance_depth--;
 	Assert(matview_maintenance_depth >= 0);
 }
+
+/*
+ * get_matview_query - get the Query from a matview's _RETURN rule.
+ */
+static Query *
+get_matview_query(Relation matviewRel)
+{
+	RewriteRule *rule;
+	List * actions;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check that everything is correct for a refresh. Problems at this point
+	 * are internal errors, so elog is sufficient.
+	 */
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rel->relhasrules == false ||
+		matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks < 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" is missing rewrite information",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	if (matviewRel->rd_rules->numLocks > 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "materialized view \"%s\" has too many rules",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	rule = matviewRel->rd_rules->rules[0];
+	if (rule->event != CMD_SELECT || !(rule->isInstead))
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a SELECT INSTEAD OF rule",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	actions = rule->actions;
+	if (list_length(actions) != 1)
+		elog(ERROR,
+			 "the rule for materialized view \"%s\" is not a single action",
+			 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * The stored query was rewritten at the time of the MV definition, but
+	 * has not been scribbled on by the planner.
+	 */
+	return linitial_node(Query, actions);
+}
+
+
+/* ----------------------------------------------------
+ *		Incremental View Maintenance routines
+ * ---------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_before
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked before base table is modified. If this is
+ * invoked firstly in the same statement, we save the transaction id and the
+ * command id at that time.
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	char	   *ex_lock_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[1];
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	ex_lock;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+	ex_lock = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall1(boolin, CStringGetDatum(ex_lock_text)));
+
+	/* If the view has more than one tables, we have to use an exclusive lock. */
+	if (ex_lock)
+	{
+		FullTransactionId xid;
+
+		/*
+		 * Wait for concurrent transactions which update this materialized view at
+		 * READ COMMITED. This is needed to see changes committed in other
+		 * transactions. No wait and raise an error at REPEATABLE READ or
+		 * SERIALIZABLE to prevent update anomalies of matviews.
+		 * XXX: dead-lock is possible here.
+		 */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			LockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock);
+		else if (!ConditionalLockRelationOid(matviewOid, ExclusiveLock))
+		{
+			/* try to throw error by name; relation could be deleted... */
+			char	   *relname = get_rel_name(matviewOid);
+
+			if (!relname)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+						errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view during incremental maintenance")));
+
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE),
+					errmsg("could not obtain lock on materialized view \"%s\" during incremental maintenance",
+							relname)));
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Even if we can acquire an lock, a concurrent transaction could have
+		 * updated the view incrementally and been committed before we acquired
+		 * the lock. Therefore, we have to check the transaction ID of the most
+		 * recent update of the view, and if this was in progress at the
+		 * transaction start, raise an error to prevent anomalies.
+		 */
+		xid = getLastUpdateXid(matviewOid);
+		if (XidInMVCCSnapshot(XidFromFullTransactionId(xid), GetTransactionSnapshot()))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE),
+					 errmsg("the materialized view is incrementally updated in concurrent transaction"),
+					 errhint("The transaction might succeed if retried.")));
+	}
+	else
+		LockRelationOid(matviewOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
+
+	/* On the first BEFORE to update the view, initialize trigger data */
+	if (!found || entry->snapshot == InvalidSnapshot)
+	{
+		Snapshot snapshot;
+
+		/*
+		 * Get a snapshot just before the table was modified for checking
+		 * tuple visibility in the pre-update state of the table.
+		 *
+		 * In READ COMMITTED, use the latest snapshot again to see the
+		 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+		 * transaction started.
+		 */
+		if (IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			snapshot = GetActiveSnapshot();
+		else
+			snapshot = GetTransactionSnapshot();
+
+		entry->matview_id = matviewOid;
+		entry->before_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->after_trig_count = 0;
+		entry->snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(snapshot);
+		entry->tables = NIL;
+		entry->has_old = false;
+		entry->has_new = false;
+
+		/*
+		 * If this is the first table modifying query in the transaction,
+		 * initialize the list of subxids.
+		 */
+		if (!found)
+			entry->subxids = NIL;
+	}
+
+	entry->before_trig_count++;
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * IVM_immediate_maintenance
+ *
+ * IVM trigger function invoked after base table is modified.
+ * For each table, tuplestores of transition tables are collected.
+ * and after the last modification
+ */
+Datum
+IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
+	Relation	rel;
+	Oid			relid;
+	Oid			matviewOid;
+	Query	   *query;
+	Query	   *rewritten = NULL;
+	char	   *matviewOid_text = trigdata->tg_trigger->tgargs[0];
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	int old_depth = matview_maintenance_depth;
+	SubTransactionId subxid;
+
+	Oid			relowner;
+	Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestore = NULL;
+	Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestore = NULL;
+	DestReceiver *dest_new = NULL, *dest_old = NULL;
+	Oid			save_userid;
+	int			save_sec_context;
+	int			save_nestlevel;
+
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table;
+	bool	found;
+
+	ParseState		 *pstate;
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = create_queryEnv();
+	MemoryContext	oldcxt;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	int			i;
+
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
+	relid = rel->rd_id;
+
+	matviewOid = DatumGetObjectId(DirectFunctionCall1(oidin, CStringGetDatum(matviewOid_text)));
+
+	/*
+	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
+	 */
+	if (!mv_trigger_info)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	/* get the entry for this materialized view */
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+	entry->after_trig_count++;
+
+	/* search the entry for the modified table and create new entry if not found */
+	found = false;
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == relid)
+		{
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) palloc0(sizeof(MV_TriggerTable));
+		table->table_id = relid;
+		table->old_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->new_tuplestores = NIL;
+		table->rte_indexes = NIL;
+		table->slot = MakeSingleTupleTableSlot(RelationGetDescr(rel), table_slot_callbacks(rel));
+		/* We assume we have at least RowExclusiveLock on modified tables. */
+		table->rel = table_open(RelationGetRelid(rel), NoLock);
+		entry->tables = lappend(entry->tables, table);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* Save the transition tables and make a request to not free immediately */
+	if (trigdata->tg_oldtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->old_tuplestores = lappend(table->old_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_oldtable);
+		entry->has_old = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (trigdata->tg_newtable)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		table->new_tuplestores = lappend(table->new_tuplestores, trigdata->tg_newtable);
+		entry->has_new = true;
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new || entry->has_old)
+	{
+		CmdType cmd;
+
+		if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_INSERT;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_DELETE;
+		else if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+			cmd = CMD_UPDATE;
+		else
+			elog(ERROR,"unsupported trigger type");
+
+		/* Prolong lifespan of transition tables to the end of the last AFTER trigger */
+		SetTransitionTablePreserved(relid, cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	/* If this is not the last AFTER trigger call, immediately exit. */
+	Assert (entry->before_trig_count >= entry->after_trig_count);
+	if (entry->before_trig_count != entry->after_trig_count)
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If this is the last AFTER trigger call, continue and update the view.
+	 */
+
+	/* record the subxid that updated the view incrementally */
+	subxid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
+	if (!list_member_xid(entry->subxids, subxid))
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+		entry->subxids = lappend_xid(entry->subxids, subxid);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Advance command counter to make the updated base table rows locally
+	 * visible.
+	 */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+
+	/* Make sure it is a materialized view. */
+	Assert(matviewRel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW);
+
+	/*
+	 * In READ COMMITTED, get and push the latest snapshot again to see the
+	 * results of concurrent transactions committed after the current
+	 * transaction started.
+	 */
+	if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+		PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for active uses of the relation in the current transaction, such
+	 * as open scans.
+	 *
+	 * NB: We count on this to protect us against problems with refreshing the
+	 * data using TABLE_INSERT_FROZEN.
+	 */
+	CheckTableNotInUse(matviewRel, "refresh a materialized view incrementally");
+
+	/*
+	 * Switch to the owner's userid, so that any functions are run as that
+	 * user.  Also arrange to make GUC variable changes local to this command.
+	 * We will switch modes when we are about to execute user code.
+	 */
+	relowner = matviewRel->rd_rel->relowner;
+	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(relowner,
+						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION);
+	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
+
+	/* get view query*/
+	query = get_matview_query(matviewRel);
+
+	/*
+	 * When a base table is truncated, the view content will be empty if the
+	 * view definition query does not contain an aggregate without a GROUP clause.
+	 * Therefore, such views can be truncated.
+	 */
+	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_TRUNCATE(trigdata->tg_event))
+	{
+		ExecuteTruncateGuts(list_make1(matviewRel), list_make1_oid(matviewOid),
+							NIL, DROP_RESTRICT, false, false);
+
+		/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+		clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false, InvalidSubTransactionId);
+
+		/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+		if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+			PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+		table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+		/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+		AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+		/* Restore userid and security context */
+		SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * rewrite query for calculating deltas
+	 */
+
+	rewritten = copyObject(query);
+
+	/* Replace resnames in a target list with materialized view's attnames */
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, rewritten->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		tle->resname = pstrdup(resname);
+		i++;
+	}
+
+	/* Set all tables in the query to pre-update state */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(rewritten, entry->tables,
+												  pstate, matviewOid);
+	/* Rewrite for counting duplicated tuples */
+	rewritten = rewrite_query_for_counting(rewritten, pstate);
+
+	/* Create tuplestores to store view deltas */
+	if (entry->has_old)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		old_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_old = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_old,
+									old_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+	if (entry->has_new)
+	{
+		oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopTransactionContext);
+
+		new_tuplestore = tuplestore_begin_heap(false, false, work_mem);
+		dest_new = CreateDestReceiver(DestTuplestore);
+		SetTuplestoreDestReceiverParams(dest_new,
+									new_tuplestore,
+									TopTransactionContext,
+									false,
+									NULL,
+									NULL);
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
+	}
+
+	/* for all modified tables */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		ListCell *lc2;
+
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		/* loop for self-join */
+		foreach(lc2, table->rte_indexes)
+		{
+			int	rte_index = lfirst_int(lc2);
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_old;
+			TupleDesc		tupdesc_new;
+
+			/* calculate delta tables */
+			calc_delta(table, rte_index, rewritten, dest_old, dest_new,
+					   &tupdesc_old, &tupdesc_new, queryEnv);
+
+			/* Set the table in the query to post-update state */
+			rewritten = rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(rewritten, table, rte_index);
+
+			PG_TRY();
+			{
+				/* apply the delta tables to the materialized view */
+				apply_delta(matviewOid, old_tuplestore, new_tuplestore,
+							tupdesc_old, tupdesc_new, query);
+			}
+			PG_CATCH();
+			{
+				matview_maintenance_depth = old_depth;
+				PG_RE_THROW();
+			}
+			PG_END_TRY();
+
+			/* clear view delta tuplestores */
+			if (old_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(old_tuplestore);
+			if (new_tuplestore)
+				tuplestore_clear(new_tuplestore);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Clean up hash entry and delete tuplestores */
+	clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, false, InvalidSubTransactionId);
+	if (old_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_old->rDestroy(dest_old);
+		tuplestore_end(old_tuplestore);
+	}
+	if (new_tuplestore)
+	{
+		dest_new->rDestroy(dest_new);
+		tuplestore_end(new_tuplestore);
+	}
+
+	/* Pop the original snapshot. */
+	if (!IsolationUsesXactSnapshot())
+		PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Roll back any GUC changes */
+	AtEOXact_GUC(false, save_nestlevel);
+
+	/* Restore userid and security context */
+	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);
+
+	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that base tables' RTEs will represent "pre-update"
+ * state of tables. This is necessary to calculate view delta after multiple
+ * tables are modified.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_preupdate_state(Query *query, List *tables,
+								  ParseState *pstate, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	ListCell *lc;
+	int num_rte = list_length(query->rtable);
+	int i;
+
+
+	/* register delta ENRs */
+	register_delta_ENRs(pstate, query, tables);
+
+	/* XXX: Is necessary? Is this right timing? */
+	AcquireRewriteLocks(query, true, false);
+
+	i = 1;
+	foreach(lc, query->rtable)
+	{
+		RangeTblEntry *r = (RangeTblEntry*) lfirst(lc);
+
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		foreach(lc2, tables)
+		{
+			MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc2);
+			/*
+			 * if the modified table is found then replace the original RTE with
+			 * "pre-state" RTE and append its index to the list.
+			 */
+			if (r->relid == table->table_id)
+			{
+				List *securityQuals;
+				List *withCheckOptions;
+				bool  hasRowSecurity;
+				bool  hasSubLinks;
+
+				RangeTblEntry *rte_pre = get_prestate_rte(r, table, pstate->p_queryEnv, matviewid);
+
+				/*
+				 * Set a row security poslicies of the modified table to the subquery RTE which
+				 * represents the pre-update state of the table.
+				 */
+				get_row_security_policies(query, table->original_rte, i,
+										  &securityQuals, &withCheckOptions,
+										  &hasRowSecurity, &hasSubLinks);
+
+				if (hasRowSecurity)
+				{
+					query->hasRowSecurity = true;
+					rte_pre->security_barrier = true;
+				}
+				if (hasSubLinks)
+					query->hasSubLinks = true;
+
+				rte_pre->securityQuals = securityQuals;
+				lfirst(lc) = rte_pre;
+
+				table->rte_indexes = lappend_int(table->rte_indexes, i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* finish the loop if we processed all RTE included in the original query */
+		if (i++ >= num_rte)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * register_delta_ENRs
+ *
+ * For all modified tables, make ENRs for their transition tables
+ * and register them to the queryEnv. ENR's RTEs are also appended
+ * into the list in query tree.
+ */
+static void
+register_delta_ENRs(ParseState *pstate, Query *query, List *tables)
+{
+	QueryEnvironment *queryEnv = pstate->p_queryEnv;
+	ListCell *lc;
+	RangeTblEntry	*rte;
+
+	foreach(lc, tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		ListCell *lc2;
+		int count;
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->old_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *oldtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(oldtable);
+			enr->reldata = oldtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+
+		count = 0;
+		foreach(lc2, table->new_tuplestores)
+		{
+			Tuplestorestate *newtable = (Tuplestorestate *) lfirst(lc2);
+			EphemeralNamedRelation enr =
+				palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+			ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
+
+			enr->md.name = make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, count);
+			enr->md.reliddesc = table->table_id;
+			enr->md.tupdesc = NULL;
+			enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+			enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(newtable);
+			enr->reldata = newtable;
+			register_ENR(queryEnv, enr);
+
+			nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForENR(pstate, makeRangeVar(NULL, enr->md.name, -1), true);
+			rte = nsitem->p_rte;
+
+			query->rtable = lappend(query->rtable, rte);
+
+			count++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#define DatumGetItemPointer(X)	 ((ItemPointer) DatumGetPointer(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(n) DatumGetItemPointer(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+/*
+ * ivm_visible_in_prestate
+ *
+ * Check visibility of a tuple specified by the tableoid and item pointer
+ * using the snapshot taken just before the table was modified.
+ */
+Datum
+ivm_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	Oid			tableoid = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
+	ItemPointer itemPtr = PG_GETARG_ITEMPOINTER(1);
+	Oid			matviewOid = PG_GETARG_OID(2);
+	MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+	MV_TriggerTable		*table = NULL;
+	ListCell   *lc;
+	bool	found;
+	bool	result;
+
+	if (!in_delta_calculation)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("ivm_visible_in_prestate can be called only in delta calculation")));
+
+	entry = (MV_TriggerHashEntry *) hash_search(mv_trigger_info,
+											  (void *) &matviewOid,
+											  HASH_FIND, &found);
+	Assert (found && entry != NULL);
+
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+		if (table->table_id == tableoid)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	Assert (table != NULL);
+
+	result = table_tuple_fetch_row_version(table->rel, itemPtr, entry->snapshot, table->slot);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_prestate_rte
+ *
+ * Rewrite RTE of the modified table to a subquery which represents
+ * "pre-state" table. The original RTE is saved in table->rte_original.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+get_prestate_rte(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+				 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv, Oid matviewid)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *subquery;
+	ParseState *pstate;
+	char *relname;
+	static char *subquery_tl;
+	int i;
+
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET;
+
+	relname = quote_qualified_identifier(
+					get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(table->rel)),
+									   RelationGetRelationName(table->rel));
+
+	subquery_tl = make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(table);
+
+	/*
+	 * Filtering inserted row using the snapshot taken before the table
+	 * is modified. ctid is required for maintaining outer join views.
+	 */
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		"SELECT %s FROM %s t"
+		" WHERE pg_catalog.ivm_visible_in_prestate(t.tableoid, t.ctid ,%d::pg_catalog.oid)",
+			subquery_tl, relname, matviewid);
+
+	/*
+	 * Re-add rows deleted from the old transition tables, excluding those
+	 * also present in the new transition tables.
+	 */
+	if (list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str," UNION ALL SELECT %s  FROM (",
+			subquery_tl);
+
+		for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->old_tuplestores); i++)
+		{
+			if (i != 0)
+				appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+			appendStringInfo(&str," TABLE %s",
+				make_delta_enr_name("old", table->table_id, i));
+		}
+		for (i = 0; i < list_length(table->new_tuplestores); i++)
+		{
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " EXCEPT ALL ");
+			appendStringInfo(&str," TABLE %s",
+				make_delta_enr_name("new", table->table_id, i));
+		}
+		appendStringInfo(&str,")");
+	}
+
+	/* Get a subquery representing pre-state of the table */
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	subquery = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/* save the original RTE */
+	table->original_rte = copyObject(rte);
+
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = subquery;
+	rte->security_barrier = false;
+
+	/* Clear fields that should not be set in a subquery RTE */
+	rte->relid = InvalidOid;
+	rte->relkind = 0;
+	rte->rellockmode = 0;
+	rte->tablesample = NULL;
+	rte->perminfoindex = 0;         /* no permission checking for this RTE */
+	rte->inh = false;			/* must not be set for a subquery */
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_subquery_targetlist_from_table
+ *
+ * Make a targetlist string of a subquery representing a delta table or a
+ * pre-update state table. This subquery substitutes a modified table RTE
+ * in the view definition query during view maintenance. In the targetlist,
+ * column names appear in order of the table definition. However, for
+ * attribute numbers of vars in the query tree to reference columns of the
+ * subquery  correctly even though the table has a dropped column, put "null"
+ * as a dummy value at the position of a dropped column.
+ *
+ * We would also able to walk the query tree to rewrite varattnos, but
+ * crafting targetlist is more simple and reasonable.
+ */
+static char*
+make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(MV_TriggerTable *table)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	TupleDesc	tupdesc;
+	int			i;
+
+	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(table->rel);
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	for (i = 0; i < tupdesc->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(tupdesc, i);
+
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, ", ");
+
+		if (attr->attisdropped)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, "null");
+		else
+			appendStringInfo(&str, "%s", quote_identifier(NameStr(attr->attname)));
+	}
+
+	return str.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make_delta_enr_name
+ *
+ * Make a name for ENR of a transition table from the base table's oid.
+ * prefix will be "new" or "old" depending on its transition table kind..
+ */
+static char*
+make_delta_enr_name(const char *prefix, Oid relid, int count)
+{
+	char buf[NAMEDATALEN];
+	char *name;
+
+	snprintf(buf, NAMEDATALEN, "__ivm_%s_%u_%u", prefix, relid, count);
+	name = pstrdup(buf);
+
+	return name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * makeDeltaTable
+ *
+ * Make a RTE representing a delta of the specified table.
+ */
+static RangeTblEntry*
+makeDeltaTable(RangeTblEntry *rte, MV_TriggerTable *table,
+		   bool is_new, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	StringInfoData str;
+	ParseState	*pstate;
+	RawStmt *raw;
+	Query *sub;
+	int		i;
+
+	const char *prefix_union = is_new ? "new" : "old";
+	const char *prefix_except = is_new ? "old" : "new";
+	int num_union = is_new ? list_length(table->new_tuplestores) : list_length(table->old_tuplestores);
+	int num_except = is_new ? list_length(table->old_tuplestores) : list_length(table->new_tuplestores);
+
+	/* the previous RTE must be a subquery which represents "pre-state" table */
+	Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY);
+
+	/* Create a ParseState for rewriting the view definition query */
+	pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
+	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
+	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_NONE;
+
+	initStringInfo(&str);
+	appendStringInfo(&str,
+		" SELECT %s FROM ( ",
+		make_subquery_targetlist_from_table(table));
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_union; i++)
+	{
+		if (i > 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&str, " UNION ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" TABLE  %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix_union, table->table_id, i));
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < num_except; i++)
+	{
+		appendStringInfo(&str, " EXCEPT ALL ");
+
+		appendStringInfo(&str,
+			" TABLE  %s",
+			make_delta_enr_name(prefix_except, table->table_id, i));
+	}
+	appendStringInfo(&str,")");
+
+	raw = (RawStmt*)linitial(raw_parser(str.data, RAW_PARSE_DEFAULT));
+	sub = transformStmt(pstate, raw->stmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the subquery so that it represent the combined transition
+	 * table.  Note that we leave the security_barrier and securityQuals
+	 * fields so that the subquery relation can be protected by the RLS
+	 * policy as same as the modified table.
+	 */
+	rte->rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY;
+	rte->subquery = sub;
+
+	return rte;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_counting
+ *
+ * Rewrite query for counting duplicated tuples.
+ */
+static Query *
+rewrite_query_for_counting(Query *query, ParseState *pstate)
+{
+	TargetEntry *tle_count;
+	FuncCall *fn;
+	Node *node;
+
+	/* Add count(*) for counting distinct tuples in views */
+	fn = makeFuncCall(SystemFuncName("count"), NIL, COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL, -1);
+	fn->agg_star = true;
+	if (!query->groupClause && !query->hasAggs)
+		query->groupClause = transformDistinctClause(NULL, &query->targetList, query->sortClause, false);
+
+	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate, fn->funcname, NIL, NULL, fn, false, -1);
+
+	tle_count = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) node,
+								list_length(query->targetList) + 1,
+								pstrdup("__ivm_count__"),
+								false);
+	query->targetList = lappend(query->targetList, tle_count);
+	query->hasAggs = true;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calc_delta
+ *
+ * Calculate view deltas generated under the modification of a table specified
+ * by the RTE index.
+ */
+static void
+calc_delta(MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index, Query *query,
+			DestReceiver *dest_old, DestReceiver *dest_new,
+			TupleDesc *tupdesc_old, TupleDesc *tupdesc_new,
+			QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+	RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+
+	in_delta_calculation = true;
+
+	/* Generate old delta */
+	if (dest_old && list_length(table->old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the old delta table and calculate the old view delta. */
+		lfirst(lc) = makeDeltaTable(rte, table, false, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_old, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_old, "", false);
+	}
+
+	/* Generate new delta */
+	if (dest_new && list_length(table->new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		/* Replace the modified table with the new delta table and calculate the new view delta*/
+		lfirst(lc) = makeDeltaTable(rte, table, true, queryEnv);
+		refresh_matview_datafill(dest_new, query, queryEnv, tupdesc_new, "", false);
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state
+ *
+ * Rewrite the query so that the specified base table's RTEs will represent
+ * "post-update" state of tables. This is called after the view delta
+ * calculation due to changes on this table finishes.
+ */
+static Query*
+rewrite_query_for_postupdate_state(Query *query, MV_TriggerTable *table, int rte_index)
+{
+	ListCell *lc = list_nth_cell(query->rtable, rte_index - 1);
+
+	/* Retore the original RTE */
+	lfirst(lc) = table->original_rte;
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_delta
+ *
+ * Apply deltas to the materialized view. In outer join cases, this requires
+ * the view maintenance graph.
+ */
+static void
+apply_delta(Oid matviewOid, Tuplestorestate *old_tuplestores, Tuplestorestate *new_tuplestores,
+			TupleDesc tupdesc_old, TupleDesc tupdesc_new,
+			Query *query)
+{
+	StringInfoData querybuf;
+	StringInfoData target_list_buf;
+	Relation	matviewRel;
+	char	   *matviewname;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+	int			i;
+	List	   *keys = NIL;
+
+
+	/*
+	 * get names of the materialized view and delta tables
+	 */
+
+	matviewRel = table_open(matviewOid, NoLock);
+	matviewname = quote_qualified_identifier(get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(matviewRel)),
+											 RelationGetRelationName(matviewRel));
+
+	/*
+	 * Build parts of the maintenance queries
+	 */
+
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	initStringInfo(&target_list_buf);
+
+	/* build string of target list */
+	for (i = 0; i < matviewRel->rd_att->natts; i++)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+
+		if (i != 0)
+			appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, ", ");
+		appendStringInfo(&target_list_buf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier(NULL, resname));
+	}
+
+	i = 0;
+	foreach (lc, query->targetList)
+	{
+		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(matviewRel->rd_att, i);
+
+		i++;
+
+		if (tle->resjunk)
+			continue;
+
+		keys = lappend(keys, attr);
+	}
+
+	/* Start maintaining the materialized view. */
+	OpenMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	/* Open SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");
+
+	/* For tuple deletion */
+	if (old_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int				rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_old;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(old_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = old_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		apply_old_delta(matviewname, OLD_DELTA_ENRNAME, keys);
+
+	}
+	/* For tuple insertion */
+	if (new_tuplestores && tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores) > 0)
+	{
+		EphemeralNamedRelation enr = palloc(sizeof(EphemeralNamedRelationData));
+		int rc;
+
+		/* convert tuplestores to ENR, and register for SPI */
+		enr->md.name = pstrdup(NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME);
+		enr->md.reliddesc = InvalidOid;
+		enr->md.tupdesc = tupdesc_new;;
+		enr->md.enrtype = ENR_NAMED_TUPLESTORE;
+		enr->md.enrtuples = tuplestore_tuple_count(new_tuplestores);
+		enr->reldata = new_tuplestores;
+
+		rc = SPI_register_relation(enr);
+		if (rc != SPI_OK_REL_REGISTER)
+			elog(ERROR, "SPI_register failed");
+
+		/* apply new delta */
+		apply_new_delta(matviewname, NEW_DELTA_ENRNAME, &target_list_buf);
+	}
+
+	/* We're done maintaining the materialized view. */
+	CloseMatViewIncrementalMaintenance();
+
+	table_close(matviewRel, NoLock);
+
+	/* Close SPI context. */
+	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_old_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_old
+ * which contains tuples to be deleted from to a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_old_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_old,
+				List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+	StringInfoData	keysbuf;
+	char   *match_cond;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* build WHERE condition for searching tuples to be deleted */
+	match_cond = get_matching_condition_string(keys);
+
+	/* build string of keys list */
+	initStringInfo(&keysbuf);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, "%s", quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname));
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&keysbuf, ", ");
+	}
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+	"DELETE FROM %s WHERE ctid IN ("
+		"SELECT tid FROM (SELECT pg_catalog.row_number() over (partition by %s) AS \"__ivm_row_number__\","
+								  "mv.ctid AS tid,"
+								  "diff.\"__ivm_count__\""
+						 "FROM %s AS mv, %s AS diff "
+						 "WHERE %s) v "
+					"WHERE v.\"__ivm_row_number__\" OPERATOR(pg_catalog.<=) v.\"__ivm_count__\")",
+					matviewname,
+					keysbuf.data,
+					matviewname, deltaname_old,
+					match_cond);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_DELETE)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * apply_new_delta
+ *
+ * Execute a query for applying a delta table given by deltname_new
+ * which contains tuples to be inserted into a materialized view given by
+ * matviewname.  This is used when counting is not required.
+ */
+static void
+apply_new_delta(const char *matviewname, const char *deltaname_new,
+				StringInfo target_list)
+{
+	StringInfoData	querybuf;
+
+	/* Search for matching tuples from the view and update or delete if found. */
+	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
+	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
+					"INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM ("
+						"SELECT diff.*, pg_catalog.generate_series(1, diff.\"__ivm_count__\")"
+							" AS __ivm_generate_series__ "
+						"FROM %s AS diff) AS v",
+					matviewname, target_list->data, target_list->data,
+					deltaname_new);
+
+	if (SPI_exec(querybuf.data, 0) != SPI_OK_INSERT)
+		elog(ERROR, "SPI_exec failed: %s", querybuf.data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_matching_condition_string
+ *
+ * Build a predicate string for looking for a tuple with given keys.
+ */
+static char *
+get_matching_condition_string(List *keys)
+{
+	StringInfoData match_cond;
+	ListCell	*lc;
+
+	/* If there is no key columns, the condition is always true. */
+	if (keys == NIL)
+		return "true";
+
+	initStringInfo(&match_cond);
+	foreach (lc, keys)
+	{
+		Form_pg_attribute attr = (Form_pg_attribute) lfirst(lc);
+		char   *resname = NameStr(attr->attname);
+		char   *mv_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("mv", resname);
+		char   *diff_resname = quote_qualified_identifier("diff", resname);
+		Oid		typid = attr->atttypid;
+
+		/* Considering NULL values, we can not use simple = operator. */
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, "(");
+		generate_equal(&match_cond, typid, mv_resname, diff_resname);
+		appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " OR (%s IS NULL AND %s IS NULL))",
+						 mv_resname, diff_resname);
+
+		if (lnext(keys, lc))
+			appendStringInfo(&match_cond, " AND ");
+	}
+
+	return match_cond.data;
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate_equals
+ *
+ * Generate an equality clause using given operands' default equality
+ * operator.
+ */
+static void
+generate_equal(StringInfo querybuf, Oid opttype,
+			   const char *leftop, const char *rightop)
+{
+	TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
+
+	typentry = lookup_type_cache(opttype, TYPECACHE_EQ_OPR);
+	if (!OidIsValid(typentry->eq_opr))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_FUNCTION),
+				 errmsg("could not identify an equality operator for type %s",
+						format_type_be_qualified(opttype))));
+
+	generate_operator_clause(querybuf,
+							 leftop, opttype,
+							 typentry->eq_opr,
+							 rightop, opttype);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mv_InitHashTables
+ */
+static void
+mv_InitHashTables(void)
+{
+	HASHCTL		ctl;
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(MV_TriggerHashEntry);
+	mv_trigger_info = hash_create("MV trigger info",
+								 MV_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
+								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+
+	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
+	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
+	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(DroppedImmvInfo);
+	dropped_immv = hash_create("Dropped IMMVs", 16,
+							   &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtAbort_IVM
+ *
+ * Clean up hash entries for all materialized views. This is called at
+ * (sub-)transaction abort. When the top-level transaction is aborted,
+ * InvalidSubTransactionId is set to subxid.
+ *
+ * Also, remove dropped IMMV information if it is aborted.
+ */
+void
+AtAbort_IVM(SubTransactionId subxid)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+			clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(entry, true, subxid);
+	}
+
+	if (dropped_immv)
+	{
+		DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, dropped_immv);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			if (subxid == InvalidSubTransactionId || subxid == entry->subxid)
+				hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * AtPreCommit_IVM
+ *
+ * Record the transaction ID that updated the view incrementally.
+ * Also, remove the entry for dropped IMMVs.
+ */
+void
+AtPreCommit_IVM(void)
+{
+	HASH_SEQ_STATUS seq;
+
+	if (mv_trigger_info)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry;
+
+		/*
+		 * Record the transaction ID that udpate the view incrementally,
+		 * and perform the final clean up of the entry.
+		 */
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, mv_trigger_info);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			setLastUpdateXid(entry->matview_id, GetTopFullTransactionId());
+			hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (dropped_immv)
+	{
+		DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+
+		LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+		hash_seq_init(&seq, dropped_immv);
+		while ((entry = hash_seq_search(&seq)) != NULL)
+		{
+			hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+			hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &entry->immv_oid, HASH_REMOVE, NULL);
+		}
+		LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+	}
+
+	in_delta_calculation = false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean_up_IVM_hash_entry
+ *
+ * Clean up tuple stores and hash entries for a materialized view after its
+ * maintenance finished. This is called at the end of table modifying query
+ * or (sub-)transaction abort. When the top-level transaction is aborted,
+ * InvalidSubTransactionId is set to subxid.
+ */
+static void
+clean_up_IVM_hash_entry(MV_TriggerHashEntry *entry, bool is_abort,
+						SubTransactionId subxid)
+{
+	bool found;
+	ListCell *lc;
+
+	/* clean up tuple stores */
+	foreach(lc, entry->tables)
+	{
+		MV_TriggerTable *table = (MV_TriggerTable *) lfirst(lc);
+
+		list_free(table->old_tuplestores);
+		list_free(table->new_tuplestores);
+		if (!is_abort)
+		{
+			ExecDropSingleTupleTableSlot(table->slot);
+			table_close(table->rel, NoLock);
+		}
+	}
+	list_free(entry->tables);
+	entry->tables = NIL;
+
+	if (is_abort)
+	{
+		bool	remove_entry = false;
+
+		/*
+		 * When the top-level transaction is aborted, remove all subxids.
+		 * When a sub-transaction is aborted, remove only its subxid.
+		 */
+		if (subxid == InvalidSubTransactionId)
+			remove_entry = true;
+		else
+		{
+			foreach(lc, entry->subxids)
+			{
+				if (lfirst_xid(lc) == subxid)
+				{
+					entry->subxids = list_delete_cell(entry->subxids, lc);
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			/*
+			 * If all the subxid are removed, it means that the view was not
+			 * updated at all in this transaction.
+			 */
+			if (list_length(entry->subxids) == 0)
+				remove_entry = true;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Remove entries of not updated views from the hash table.
+		 */
+		if (remove_entry)
+			hash_search(mv_trigger_info, (void *) &entry->matview_id, HASH_REMOVE, &found);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* When the query sucsessully finished, unregister the snapshot */
+		UnregisterSnapshot(entry->snapshot);
+	}
+
+	entry->snapshot = InvalidSnapshot;
+}
+
+/*
+ * setLastUpdateXid
+ *
+ * Store the transaction ID that updated the view incremenally.
+ */
+static void
+setLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid, FullTransactionId xid)
+{
+	LastIvmUpdateEntry *entry;
+
+	LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+	entry = (LastIvmUpdateEntry *) hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_ENTER, NULL);
+	entry->oid = immv_oid;
+	entry->last_ivm_update = xid;
+	LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+}
+
+/*
+ * getLastUpdateXid
+ *
+ * Get the most recent transaction ID that updated the view incrementally.
+ */
+static FullTransactionId
+getLastUpdateXid(Oid immv_oid)
+{
+	FullTransactionId xid = InvalidFullTransactionId;
+	LastIvmUpdateEntry *entry;
+	bool found;
+
+	LWLockAcquire(IvmControlLock, LW_SHARED);
+	entry = (LastIvmUpdateEntry *) hash_search(LastIvmUpdateHash, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_FIND, &found);
+	LWLockRelease(IvmControlLock);
+	if (found)
+		xid = entry->last_ivm_update;
+
+	return xid;
+}
+
+void
+removeImmv(Oid immv_oid)
+{
+	DroppedImmvInfo *entry;
+
+	if (!dropped_immv)
+		mv_InitHashTables();
+
+	entry = (DroppedImmvInfo *) hash_search(dropped_immv, (void *) &immv_oid, HASH_ENTER, NULL);
+	entry->subxid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
+}
+
+/*
+ * isIvmName
+ *
+ * Check if this is a IVM hidden column from the name.
+ */
+bool
+isIvmName(const char *s)
+{
+	if (s)
+		return (strncmp(s, "__ivm_", 6) == 0);
+	return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
index 95abaf4890c..95e974e1138 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@
 #include "commands/defrem.h"
 #include "commands/event_trigger.h"
 #include "commands/extension.h"
+#include "commands/matview.h"
 #include "commands/repack.h"
 #include "commands/sequence.h"
 #include "commands/tablecmds.h"
@@ -1811,6 +1812,9 @@ RangeVarCallbackForDropRelation(const RangeVar *rel, Oid relOid, Oid oldRelOid,
 	state->actual_relkind = classform->relkind;
 	state->actual_relpersistence = classform->relpersistence;
 
+	if (classform->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW && classform->relisivm)
+		removeImmv(relOid);
+
 	/*
 	 * Both RELKIND_RELATION and RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE are OBJECT_TABLE,
 	 * but RemoveRelations() can only pass one relkind for a given relation.
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt b/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
index 560659f9568..d97c35eeef0 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
+++ b/src/backend/utils/activity/wait_event_names.txt
@@ -370,6 +370,7 @@ WaitLSN	"Waiting to read or update shared Wait-for-LSN state."
 LogicalDecodingControl	"Waiting to read or update logical decoding status information."
 DataChecksumsWorker	"Waiting for data checksums worker."
 AioWorkerControl	"Waiting to update AIO worker information."
+IvmControl	"Waiting for read or update IMMV information.."
 
 #
 # END OF PREDEFINED LWLOCKS (DO NOT CHANGE THIS LINE)
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
index 3cb84359adf..65a739af22a 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_proc.dat
@@ -12718,4 +12718,14 @@
   proname => 'hashoid8extended', prorettype => 'int8',
   proargtypes => 'oid8 int8', prosrc => 'hashoid8extended' },
 
+# IVM
+{ oid => '786', descr => 'ivm trigger (before)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_before', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_before' },
+{ oid => '787', descr => 'ivm trigger (after)',
+  proname => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance', provolatile => 'v', prorettype => 'trigger',
+  proargtypes => '', prosrc => 'IVM_immediate_maintenance' },
+{ oid => '788', descr => 'ivm filetring ',
+  proname => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate', provolatile => 's', prorettype => 'bool',
+  proargtypes => 'oid tid oid', prosrc => 'ivm_visible_in_prestate' },
 ]
diff --git a/src/include/commands/createas.h b/src/include/commands/createas.h
index f895c67c0c2..c286ebcd70e 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/createas.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/createas.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
+#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
 #include "parser/parse_node.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
 #include "utils/queryenvironment.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ extern ObjectAddress ExecCreateTableAs(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *st
 									   ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,
 									   QueryCompletion *qc);
 
+extern void CreateIvmTriggersOnBaseTables(Query *qry, Oid matviewOid);
+extern void CreateIndexOnIMMV(Query *query, Relation matviewRel);
+
 extern int	GetIntoRelEFlags(IntoClause *intoClause);
 
 extern DestReceiver *CreateIntoRelDestReceiver(IntoClause *intoClause);
diff --git a/src/include/commands/matview.h b/src/include/commands/matview.h
index 738c731c1a9..f1dbfc052c5 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/matview.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/matview.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #define MATVIEW_H
 
 #include "catalog/objectaddress.h"
+#include "fmgr.h"
 #include "nodes/params.h"
 #include "nodes/parsenodes.h"
 #include "tcop/dest.h"
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 
 extern void SetMatViewPopulatedState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
 
+extern void SetMatViewIVMState(Relation relation, bool newstate);
+
 extern ObjectAddress ExecRefreshMatView(RefreshMatViewStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
 										QueryCompletion *qc);
 extern ObjectAddress RefreshMatViewByOid(Oid matviewOid, bool is_create, bool skipData,
@@ -33,4 +36,12 @@ extern DestReceiver *CreateTransientRelDestReceiver(Oid transientoid);
 
 extern bool MatViewIncrementalMaintenanceIsEnabled(void);
 
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_before(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_immediate_maintenance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern Datum IVM_visible_in_prestate(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+extern void AtAbort_IVM(SubTransactionId subtxid);
+extern void AtPreCommit_IVM(void);
+extern void removeImmv(Oid immv_oid);
+extern bool isIvmName(const char *s);
+
 #endif							/* MATVIEW_H */
diff --git a/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h b/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
index d7eb648bd27..756c63baf97 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/lwlocklist.h
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ PG_LWLOCK(54, WaitLSN)
 PG_LWLOCK(55, LogicalDecodingControl)
 PG_LWLOCK(56, DataChecksumsWorker)
 PG_LWLOCK(57, AioWorkerControl)
+PG_LWLOCK(58, IvmControl)
 
 /*
  * There also exist several built-in LWLock tranches.  As with the predefined
diff --git a/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h b/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
index 9ad619080be..481e15d00a1 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/subsystemlist.h
@@ -88,3 +88,6 @@ PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(DataChecksumsShmemCallbacks)
 
 /* AIO subsystem. This delegates to the method-specific callbacks */
 PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(AioShmemCallbacks)
+
+/* Incremental View Maintenance */
+PG_SHMEM_SUBSYSTEM(IvmShmemCallbacks)
-- 
2.43.0


--Multipart=_Fri__3_Jul_2026_19_11_16_+0900_CskxSIu_iGcDMEyM
Content-Type: text/x-diff;
 name="v39-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename="v39-0005-Add-Incremental-View-Maintenance-support-to-psql.patch"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



^ permalink  raw  reply  [nested|flat] 86+ messages in thread


end of thread, other threads:[~2026-05-29 09:06 UTC | newest]

Thread overview: 86+ messages (download: mbox mbox.gz follow: Atom feed)
-- links below jump to the message on this page --
2017-12-21 08:33 [PATCH 4/6] TAP test for the slot limit feature Kyotaro Horiguchi <[email protected]>
2017-12-21 08:33 [PATCH 4/6] TAP test for the slot limit feature Kyotaro Horiguchi <[email protected]>
2017-12-21 08:33 [PATCH 4/6] TAP test for the slot limit feature Kyotaro Horiguchi <[email protected]>
2017-12-21 08:33 [PATCH 4/6] TAP test for the slot limit feature Kyotaro Horiguchi <[email protected]>
2019-12-20 01:21 [PATCH v28 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2019-12-20 01:21 [PATCH v27 5/9] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2019-12-20 01:21 [PATCH v30 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2019-12-20 01:21 [PATCH v29 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2019-12-20 01:21 [PATCH v29 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2019-12-20 01:21 [PATCH v24 06/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2019-12-20 01:21 [PATCH v26 06/10] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2019-12-20 01:21 [PATCH v30 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2019-12-20 01:21 [PATCH v27 5/9] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2019-12-20 01:21 [PATCH v31 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2019-12-20 01:21 [PATCH v29 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2019-12-20 01:21 [PATCH v29 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2019-12-20 01:21 [PATCH v23 06/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2019-12-20 01:21 [PATCH v32 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2019-12-20 01:21 [PATCH v25 06/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2019-12-20 01:21 [PATCH v24 06/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2019-12-20 01:21 [PATCH v30 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v24 05/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v26 05/10] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v27 4/9] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v38 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v39 4/8] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v28 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v37 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v32 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v39 4/8] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v24 05/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v31 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v38 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v37 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v25 05/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v23 05/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v37 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v30 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v29 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v30 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v38 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v29 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v29 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v29 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v27 4/9] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v30 04/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-11-11 08:01 [PATCH v39 4/8] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to pg_dump Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-12-22 09:40 [PATCH v25 07/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-12-22 09:40 [PATCH v23 07/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-12-22 09:40 [PATCH v26 07/10] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-12-22 09:40 [PATCH v24 07/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2020-12-22 09:40 [PATCH v24 07/15] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2022-04-21 02:58 [PATCH v27 6/9] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2022-04-21 02:58 [PATCH v27 6/9] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2023-01-26 16:42 Re: [EXTERNAL] Re: Add non-blocking version of PQcancel Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>
2023-01-27 11:50 ` Re: [EXTERNAL] Re: Add non-blocking version of PQcancel Jelte Fennema <[email protected]>
2023-02-28 20:59   ` Re: [EXTERNAL] Re: Add non-blocking version of PQcancel Gregory Stark <[email protected]>
2023-03-01 19:09     ` Re: [EXTERNAL] Re: Add non-blocking version of PQcancel Greg S <[email protected]>
2023-05-31 09:59 [PATCH v32 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2023-05-31 09:59 [PATCH v30 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2023-05-31 09:59 [PATCH v31 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2023-05-31 09:59 [PATCH v29 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2023-05-31 09:59 [PATCH v29 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2023-05-31 09:59 [PATCH v29 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2023-05-31 09:59 [PATCH v28 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2023-05-31 09:59 [PATCH v30 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2023-05-31 09:59 [PATCH v30 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2023-05-31 09:59 [PATCH v30 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2026-05-29 09:05 [PATCH v39 5/8] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2026-05-29 09:05 [PATCH v39 5/8] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2026-05-29 09:05 [PATCH v37 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2026-05-29 09:05 [PATCH v38 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2026-05-29 09:05 [PATCH v39 5/8] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2026-05-29 09:05 [PATCH v37 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2026-05-29 09:05 [PATCH v38 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2026-05-29 09:05 [PATCH v37 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2026-05-29 09:05 [PATCH v38 05/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support to psql Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2026-05-29 09:06 [PATCH v38 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2026-05-29 09:06 [PATCH v38 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2026-05-29 09:06 [PATCH v39 6/8] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2026-05-29 09:06 [PATCH v37 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2026-05-29 09:06 [PATCH v37 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2026-05-29 09:06 [PATCH v37 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2026-05-29 09:06 [PATCH v38 06/11] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2026-05-29 09:06 [PATCH v39 6/8] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>
2026-05-29 09:06 [PATCH v39 6/8] Add Incremental View Maintenance support Yugo Nagata <[email protected]>

This inbox is served by agora; see mirroring instructions
for how to clone and mirror all data and code used for this inbox